Muhammad KAMRAN – FCA.
Objectives
To understand what project financing is and
what steps are involved in securing and
managing it.
Part – 1
Introduction
For whom is it important to understand project financing?
Why is it important to understand project financing?
What is a project?
Types of projects.
What is project financing?
Key characteristics of project financing.
Advantages of project financing.
Disadvantages of project financing.
Introduction – For whom is it important to
understand project finance?
Financial managers
Sponsors
Lenders
Consultants and practitioners
Project managers
Builders
Suppliers
Engineers.
Researchers
Students.
Introduction – Why is it important to
understand project finance?
The people involved in a project are used to find financing deal
for major construction projects such as mining, transportation
and public utility industries, that may result such risks and
compensation for repayment of loan, insurance and assets in
process. That’s why they need to learn about project finance in
order to manage project cash flow for ensuring profits so it can
be distributed among multiple parties, such as investors, lenders
and other parties.
Introduction – What is a Project?
A Project is normally a long-term infrastructure, industrial or
public services scheme, development or undertaking having:
large size.
Intensive capital requirement – Capital Intensive.
finite and long Life.
few diversification opportunities i.e. assets specific.
Stand alone entity.
high operating margins.
Significant free cash flows.
Such projects are usually government regulated and monitored
which are allowed to an entity on B.O.O or B.O.T basis.
Introduction – Types of Project.
Motorway and expressway.
Metro, subway and other mass transit systems.
Dams.
Railway network and service – both passenger and cargo.
Power plants and other charged utilities.
Port and terminals.
Airports and terminals.
Mines and natural resource explorations.
Large new industrial undertakings –
[no expansion and
extensions.
Large residential and commercial buildings.
Introduction – What is Project Financing?
International Project Finance Association (IPFA) defined project
financing as:
“The financing of long-term infrastructure, industrial projects
and public services based upon a non-recourse or limited
recourse financial structure where project debt and equity used
to finance the project are paid back from the cash flows
generated by the project.”
Project finance is especially attractive to the private sector
because they can fund major projects off balance sheet.
Introduction – Key characteristics of Project
Financing.
The key characteristics of project financing are:
Financing of long term infrastructure and/or industrial projects
using debt and equity.
Debt is typically repaid using cash flows generated from the
operations of the project.
Limited recourse to project sponsors.
Debt is typically secured by project’s assets, including revenue
producing contracts.
First priority on project cash flows is given to the Lender.
Consent of the Lender is required to disburse any surplus
cash flows to project sponsors
Higher risk projects may require the surety/guarantees of
the project sponsors.
Introduction - Advantages of Project
Financing.
Eliminate or reduce the lender’s recourse to the sponsors.
Permit an off-balance sheet treatment of the debt financing.
Maximize the leverage of a project.
Avoid any restrictions or covenants binding the sponsors
under their respective financial obligations.
Avoid any negative impact of a project on the credit standing
of the sponsors.
Obtain better financial conditions when the credit risk of the
project is better than the credit standing of the sponsors.
Allow the lenders to appraise the project on a segregated and
stand-alone basis.
Obtain a better tax treatment for the benefit of the project,
the sponsors or both.
Introduction – Disadvantages of Project
Financing.
Often takes longer to structure than equivalent size
corporate finance.
Higher transaction costs due to creation of an independent
entity. Can be up to 60bp
Project debt is substantially more expensive (50-400 basis
points) due to its non-recourse nature.
Extensive contracting restricts managerial decision making.
Project finance requires greater disclosure of proprietary
information and strategic deals.
Part – 2
Stages in Project Financing.
Project identification
Risk identification & minimizing
Technical and financial feasibility
Equity arrangement
Negotiation and syndication
Commitments and documentation
Disbursement.
Monitoring and review
Financial Closure / Project
Closure
Stage
Repayments & Subsequent monitoring.
Pre Financing Stage
Financing Stage
Post Financing
Stages in Project Financing – Project
Identification.
Identification of the Project
Government announced
Self conceived / initiated
Identification of market
Product of the project
Users of the product
Marketability of the product
Marketing Plan
Stages in Project Financing – Risk
Identification and Minimizing.
Risk
Solution
Completion Risk
Contractual guarantees from contractors,
manufacturer, selecting vendors of repute.
Price Risk
hedging
Resource Risk
Keeping adequate cushion in assessment.
Operating Risk
Making provisions, insurance.
Environmental Risk
Insurance
Technology Risk
Expert evaluation and retention accounts.
Interest Rate Risk
Swaps and Hedging
Insolvency Risk
Credit Strength of Sponsor, Competence of
management, good corporate governance
Stages in Project Financing – Risk
Identification and Minimizing.
Currency Risk
Hedging
Political and
Sovereign Risk
• Externalizing the project company by forming
it abroad or using external law or jurisdiction
• External accounts for proceeds
• Political risk insurance (Expensive)
• Export Credit Guarantees
• Contractual sharing of political risk between
lenders and external project sponsors
• Government or regulatory undertaking to
cover policies on taxes, royalties, prices,
monopolies, etc
• External guarantees or quasi guarantees
Stages in Project Financing – Technical
and Financial Feasibility.
Technical feasibility
Location
Design
Equipment
Operations / Processes.
Financial feasibility
Business plan / model
Projected financial statements with assumptions
Financing structure
Pay-back, IRR, NPV etc.
Stages in Project Financing – Equity
arrangement.
Sponsors
Lead sponsors
Co – sponsors
Private equity participation
Angel investors – Private equity funding
Financial institutions
Non-financial institutions.
Stages in Project Financing – Negotiation
and syndication.
Lenders
Banks.
Non- banking financial institutions.
International lending institutions.
Syndication
Lead arranger.
Co-arrangers.
Negotiation
Pricing.
Documentation.
Disbursement.
Stages in Project Financing –
Documentation.
Commitment letters / MOUs
Commitment letters from sponsors and investors
MOU signing with financiers.
Documents
Offer Letters
Lending agreements
Security documents
Disbursement plan
Contracts
Management/shareholder agency relationship
Inter corporate agency relationship
Government/corporate agency relationship
Bondholder stockholder relationship
Stages in Project Financing –
Disbursement.
Equity Disbursement
Shares application.
Shares proceeds.
Share certificates.
Loan Disbursement
Sponsor loans
Advance payments
Progress Payment
Stages in Project Financing – Monitoring
and Review
Why?
Project is running on schedule
Project is running within planned costs.
Project is receiving adequate costs.
How?
First hand information.
Project completion status reports.
Project schedule chart.
Project financial status report.
Project summary report.
Informal reports.
Stages in Project Financing – Financial
Closure / Project Closure
Financial closure is the process of completing all project-related
financial transactions, finalizing and closing the project financial
accounts, disposing of project assets and releasing the work site.
Financial closure is a prerequisite to project closure and the Post
Implementation Review (PIR). A project cannot be closed until all
financial transactions are complete, otherwise there may not be
funds or authority to pay outstanding invoices and charges.
Financial closure establishes final project costs for comparison
against budgeted costs as part of the PIR. Financial closure also
ensures that there is a proper disposition of all project assets
including the work site.
Project closure and commencement take place after financial
closure.
Stages in Project Financing – Repayment
& Subsequent Monitoring
Repayments
Grace period.
Monthly installment.
Quarterly installments.
Dividends
Monitoring?
Appointment of directors and managers.
Management meetings.
Board meetings.
Part – 3
Conclusion.
A typical project financing structure.
Highlights of project financing structure.
Conclusion – A Typical Project Finance
Structure.