connectors k12

CONNECTORS
Từ nối (Connectors) thường được dùng để nối từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề.
1. SO (= vì thế)  chỉ kết quả của một việc gì
Ex : - The weather was lovely, so we stayed in the garden.
- I knew I was late so I ran to the station.
2. THEREFORE (= do đó)  chỉ kết quả của một việc gì. THEREFORE thường được
đặt sau dấu chấm hoặc chấm phẩy để bắt đầu một mệnh đề hoặc một câu khác. Sau
THEREFORE thường dùng dấu phẩy. Có thể đặt THEREFORE sau chủ từ và trước
động từ.
- Ngoài ra còn có thể dùng AS A RESULT (= kết quả là) để chỉ kết quả.
Ex : - He failed his driving test the first time. Therefore, he took it again.
- He failed his driving test the first time and he therefore took it again.
- There was thick fog. As a result, our flight was delayed.
3. BUT (= nhưng)  chỉ sự tương phản của hai việc hoặc hai ý. Có thể dùng BUT để
nối hai từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề.
Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the exam.
- By the end of the way, we were tired but happy.
Chúng ta cũng dùng ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH để chỉ sự tương
phản. Nhưng khi đã nối câu bằng BUT thì không dùng những liên từ kia và ngược
lại.
Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the examination.
- Although he was intelligent, he didn’t pass the examination.
Ngoài ra BUT còn được dùng với nghĩa ngoại trừ (= except / apart from)
Ex : - I had no choice but to sign the contract.
- We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car.
4. HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS (= tuy nhiên)  chỉ sự tương phản, nhưng
HOWEVER và NEVERTHELESS thường được đặt sau dấu chấm hoặc dấu chấm
phẩy. Sau chúng phải dùng dấu phẩy. Đôi khi HOWEVER củng được đặt giữa câu
và được tách khỏi câu bằng hai dấu phẩy.
NONETHELESS cũng được dùng thay cho HOWEVER và NEVERTHELESS.
Ex : - She was feeling bad. However, she went to school and tried to concentrate.

- She was feeling bad; however, she went to school and tried to concentrate.
- She was feeling bad. She went to school, however, and tried to concentrate.
- The problams are not serious. Nevertheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.
Chú ý : Có thể dùng HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB với ý nghĩa “NO
MATTER HOW” (=cho dù đến thế nào đi nữa)
Ex : - However cold it is outside, she has the window open.
(No matter how cold it is outside, …)
- However hard he tried, he couldn’t get a promotion.
(No matter how hard he tried, …)
5. WHEN / WHILE / AS (= khi / trong khi)  chỉ thời gian
a. WHEN (= khi)
Ex : - When I came to her house, she made me a cup of tea.
- She was cooking dinner when I came.
b. WHILE (= trong khi)
Ex : - While the old man was crossing the road, a car nearly hit him.
- He was working overtime while his wife was waiting for him at home.
Có thể dùng WHILE hoặc WHEREAS để so sánh hai ý và nhấn mạnh sự khác nhau
của chúng.
Ex : - Frank is intelligent and industrious while / whereas his brother, Dick, is slow
and rather lazy.
c. AS (= trong khi) : tương tự như WHILE.


Ex : - I bumped my head into the door as I was walking into the room.
- As he was driving home, he was stopped by the traffic police.
Chú ý : AS và SINCE cũng được với nghĩa BECAUSE.
Ex : - As he lives near his office, he always walks to work.
- I’ll go first as I know the way.
- Since she was tired, she refused to go out with us.
- Since he is a married man, he rarely goes out in the evening.

d. ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + AS / THOUGH + SUBJECT + VERB  có thể dùng
AS sau tính từ hoặc trạng từ với ý nghĩa như ALTHOUGH.
Ex : - Hot as it was, he was wearing a thick coat.
(Although it was hot, …)
- Tired as we were, we tried to finish work before going home. (Although we
were tired, …)
- Bravely as they fought, they lost the battle.
6. BESIDES / IN ADDITION (TO) (= ngoài ra, hơn nữa). BESIDES và IN ADDITION
có thể đứng riêng một mình
Ex : - I don’t really want to go. Besides, it’s too late now.
- This job is interesting. In addition, it provides me with opportunities to go
abroad.
Các từ MOREOVER và FURTHERMORE cũng có thể được dùng với nghĩa như
BESIDES.
Ex : - I’m not ready to go now. Moreover, it’s raining.
- I haven’t discussed the matter with Mr. Lee. Furthermore, I haven’t
contacted him.
Có thể dùng BESIDES và IN ADDITION TO với một danh từ hoặc một V-ing.
Trong trường hợp này chúng được xem như là giới từ.
Ex : - My wife and I have a lot of things in common besides music.
- Besides / In addition to working as a teacher, she also plays the violin in an
orchestra.
7. MỘT SỐ TỪ NỐI KHÁC :
a. OTHERWISE (= OR ELSE) : trái lại, ngược lại
Ex : - We must be early, otherwise we won’t get a seat.
- We must be early, or (else) we don’t get a seat.
b. IN CASE : trong trường hợp, phòng khi
Ex : - You should bring more money in case you want to buy something.
- We bought some more food in case our friends came.
Không dùng WILL sau IN CASE. Chỉ dùng thì hiện tại với nghĩa tương lai.

Có thể dùng IN CASE OF + NOUN và JUST IN CASE (= chỉ phòng hờ)
Ex : - In case of fire, you can telephone this number for fire truck.
- I don’t think it will rain, but I’ll take a raincoat just in case.
c. AS LONG AS, PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT) … : miễn là
Ex : - You can use my bike as long as you return it by six o’clock.
- Travelling by car is convenient provided / providing (that) you have
somewhere to park.
Khi nói về tương lai, không dùng WILL sau AS LONG AS và PROVIDED ?
PROVDING (THAT), chỉ dùng thì hiện tại đơn.
d. NOT ONLY …… BUT ALSO : không những …… mà còn ……
Ex :
- She was not only a teacher but also a good writer.
- He not only shouted at me but threatened to hit me.
e. HARDLY …… WHEN …… / NO SOONER …… THAN …… : vừa mới …… thì
đã ……
Ex : - He had hardly had dinner when the lights went out.


EXERCISE 1 – Complete each sentence using one of the words or phrases from the
box. You can use some words more than one.
BUT
UNTIL
EVEN THOUGH
SO THAT
WHILE
PROVIDED SINCE SO AS BECAUSE OF
AS IF
BECAUSE
HOWEVER
AND

1. Studying all night before an exam is foolish …… you feel so tired the next day.
2. I like sports cars. ……, I don’t want to buy one for myself.
3. …… you like eating so much, why don’t you cook tonight ?
4. Miguel speaks very little Spanish …… his parents are from Mexico.
5. There’s a 50-kiloometer speed limit on this road …… most drivers go faster than
that.
6. …… “Shrek” is a children’s movie, parents like watching it, too.
7. My husband always gets up at 6.30 a.m., …… I tend to get up at the same time.
8. Most people like this restaurant …… its friendly atmosphere.
9. …… there had been no customers all day, the manager decided to close the shop
early.
10. I’ve done the washing up …… I’ve also cleaned the kitchen.
11. Joe was short and dark, …… his sister was exact the opposite.
12. I’m staying here …… I get my money back.
13. You look …… you’ve seen a ghost.
14. You can cancel the ticket …… you tell the airline 48 hours in advance.
15. I’m going to the bank now …… I’ll have enough money for shopping.
- EXERCISE 2 – Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. My boss is going on vacation next month, …… she’ll be away from the office for
about four weeks.
A. in other words
B. for instance
C. on the other hand
D. such as
2. Green vegetables …… cabbage and broccoli are my least favourite food.
A. as well as B. such as
C. neither
D. in addition
3. English is the language spoken by the people of the USA, Canada, the UK, New
Zealand and Australia. ……, English is one of the international languages of

business.
A. Like
B. In addition
C. On the contrary
D. For example
4. We all felt cold, wet and hungry; ……, we were lost.
A. moreover B. for example C. however D. although
5. The kitchen is on the first floor, …… the floor at street level.
A. furthermore
B. that is
C. for instance
D. as a result
6. I dislike one subject in college, German.
A. namely
B. such as
C. including D. for example
7. …… she felt sleepy, she decided to go to bed early.
A. As
B. Although C. Despite
D. Because of
8. The report was very sleepy, she decided to go to bed early.
A. unlike
B. because
C. so that
D. nevertheless
9. On the one hand, he’s a good salesman, but ……, he can’t work out discounts
correctly.
A. in the same way
B. as a result
C. on the other hand

D. in addition
10. …… teaching in a high school, he wrote articles for a magazine.
A. Because of B. Besides
C. In spite of D. Therefore
11. It was …… route that we ended up getting lost.


A. a such complicated
B. such a complicated
C. such complicated
D. so complicated
12. …… the football team, our town has a hockey team.
A. In addition B. Also
C. Beside
D. Besides
13. By the end of the day they were ravenous, as they had eaten nothing …… apples.
A. but
B. until
C. for
D. than
14. We all enjoyed ourselves on vacation, …… the awful weather.
A. nevertheless
B. although
C. in spite of
D. so
15. …… Mark brings the money for our lunch, we’ll go right down to the cafeteria.
A. Since
B. As soon as C. Now that D. Until
16. When …… a dictionary, you need to be able to understand the symbols and
abbreviations it contains.

A. use
B. using
C. having used D. to use
17. …… the danger, many people wanted to take part in the expedition.
A. Although B. Because
C. Besides
D. Despite
18. Bats are fascinating …… have many interesting and amazing qualities.
A. animals. Therefore, they B. animals, they
C. animals. Because they
D. animals. They
19. They’re going to Bermuda …… a vacation.
A. about
B. with
C. to
D. for
20. ……, he couldn’t catch up with the leading runner.
A. In spite of he ran fast
B. Even though his running fast
C. Fast though he ran
D. As fast as he running
21. …… extremely bad weather in the mountains, we’re no longer considering our
skiing trip.
A. Since
B. Because
C. Due to
D. Due to the fact that
22. …… my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she’ll be able to drive.
A. Once
B. Since

C. Because
D. Although
23. My son likes to swim, jog, and …… football.
A. plays
B. playing
C. play
D. to play
24. He wore a false beard …… recognize him.
A. so as not to
B. for everyone not
C. in order no one to
D. so that no one could
25. Jimmy spent …… money buying movie tickets that he didn’t have enough left to
buy a soft drink or candy bar.
A. a lot of
B. such much C. too much D. so much
26. Great white sharks are dangerous to …… will attack without warning.
A. humans. They
B. humans, they
C. humans. Because they
D. humans. As long as they
27. She turned out the light …… electricity.
A. not waste
B. so not waste
C. so not wasting
D. so as not to waste
28. ……, they went on walking to the next village.
A. They were hungry
B. Hungry as they were
C. Although were hungry

D. Despite they were hungry
29. They were …… good roads that we could drive at high speed.
A. so
B. such
C. such a
D. very
30. The ladder wasn’t …… to reach the window.
A. too tall
B. enough tall C. so tall
D. tall enough