Khảo sát tình hình ô nhiễm nguồn nước, xác định một số chỉ tiêu trong nước thải của quá trình sản xuất nông nghiệpx
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (1.84 MB, 60 trang )
KHOA CÔNG NGHỆ HOÁ HỌC
BÀI TIỂU LUẬN
PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU KHOA
HỌC
!"#$%
& '()"*
+,-.+/,01,-1,-23,4+/,
56789:8;
<=>7<
?@AB43CD,?E,?+,-
>BF-G+,-,EH75;5Mục lục
2I,4
JKL3BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
;B?I+M2NOPI,Q=OARO-.1MS,-M2R,4T,-+DH,43F,,Q=OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;
;B;B?I+M2NOPI,Q=OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;
;B7B-U,VWOPI,Q=OM2/,M2X+KYMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;
;B7B;BQ=O,4ZMM2/,V[H\MKYMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;
;B7B7BQ=O,4ZMM20,4]N,4KYMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7
;B:B-U,]0R+,Q=OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7
;B:B;BQ=OM-+/,,-+/,^,Q=OA+,--0RMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7
;B:B7BQ=OM-_+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:
;B`B-1,->-L,OXOO-YMM20,4,Q=OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:
;B`B;BaOb,4BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB`
;B`B7B-]023I.1A3]cIMdBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB`
;B`B:BXOH3W+AeMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB9
;B`B`BXOH3W+IH0,+3HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB9
;B`B9B-GTfCBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB9
;B`BgB-0A>-03ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB9
;B`B8Bah+[HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBg
;B9BXOMXOKa,44UCT,-+DH,43F,,Q=OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBg
;B9B;B,--QJ,4i0-0RMKa,4AW,4OPIO0,,4Qj+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBg
;B9B7B,--QJ,4i0>-XMM2+k,,T,4,4-+l>BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB8
;B9B:B,--QJ,4i0>-XMM2+k,OT,4,4-+l>.1imO-.nBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB8
;B9B`B,--QJ,4i0HaMAW,43C/,,-U,h-XOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB6
;BgBS,-M2R,4T,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB6
;BgB;BS,-M2R,4T,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4MR+.+lM,IHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB6
;BgB7B2/,M-o4+=+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;:
;B8B-U,]0R+,Q=OM-_+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;9
;B8B;BQ=OM-_+A+,--0RMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;9
;B8B7BQ=OHQIBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;g
;B8B:BQ=OM-_+OT,4,4-+l>.1,T,4,4-+l>BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;8
7Bp3q3_OPIT,-+oH,Q=OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;6
7B;B,--QJ,4Ko,HT+M2Qj,4BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;6
7B;B;BQ=O.1A+,-.pMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB;6
7B;B7BYM.1A+,-.pMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB75
7B;B:B-T,4h-GBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7;
7B7B,--QJ,4Ko,O0,,4Qj+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7;
7B7B;BbOh-0rO0,,4Qj+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7;
7B7B7B,--QJ,4Ko,Kj+AW,4BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB78
:BXO>-Qs,4>-X>ft]u,Q=OM-_+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7v
:B;B-Qs,4>-X>Os-ZOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7v
:B;B;B0,4O-e,2XOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB7v
:B;B7B<e,4OXMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:5
:B;B:B<e,4BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:5
:B;B`B3Ck,,w+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:5
:B7B-Qs,4>-X>ft]u-0X-ZO.1-0X]uBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:;
:B7B;B-Qs,4>-X>M23,4-01BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:;
:B7B7Bd0MnxMR0VT,4BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:;
:B:B-Qs,4>-X>A+,--ZOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:7
:B:B;B-Qs,4>-X>A+,--ZOhmh-GBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:7
:B:B7B-Qs,4>-X>A+,--ZO-+o3h-GBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB::
`B-U,MGO--1H]Qy,4HaMAWO-zM+/3M20,4,Q=OM-_+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:`
`B;B-zM+/3IH0,+3HBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:`
`B7B-zM+/3O-]02+idBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:9
`B:B-zM+/3@{O-dH+OI]0fC4d,idHI,i|BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB:6
`B`B-zM+/3}@{V+0O-dH+OI]0fC4d,idHI,i|BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB`;
`B9B-zM+/3@{i+A0].di0fC4d,|BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB``
`BgB-zM+/3>-0A>-IMd.1Mw,4>-0A>-03ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB`6
`B8"XOKm,--1H]Qs,4IAd,BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB9;
oM]3p,BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB~
-n]nOBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
1+]+l3M-IHh-_0BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Mở đầu
Q=O]1,43F,M1+,43C/,M-+/,,-+/,q•C4+X!]1Co3MWh-T,4M-kM-+o3O-0
A€AW,4!JKU3O•,Q=OJK•O•A€AW,4B3C,-+/,O‚,4.=+A€>-XMM2+k,OPIA€
AW,4!q3XM2S,-KTM-m-0X!OT,4,4-+l>-0X!.1M-UHOI,-,T,4,4-+l>,41CO1,4
>-XMM2+k,KƒO•,-+[3_,--QJ,4fY3Ko,,43F,M1+,43C/,,1CB-+[3,s+,43F,
,Q=OV[H\MM-pHO-GO_,Q=O,4LHKƒVmT,-+DH,4-+/HM2Z,44UC_,--QJ,4
fY3M=+O-YM]Qy,4OPI,Q=O.1_,--QJ,4Ko,AbOh-0rOPIO0,,4Qj+.1Ka,4.pM
]1H4+_H,E,4f3YM.1O-YM]Qy,4OUCM2F,4B
+l,,ICM-o4+=+KI,423,4-F+O-3T,4VX0Ka,4.[M-€OM2R,4T,-+DHHT+
M2Qj,4M01,OL3BT+M2Qj,4KƒM2JM-1,-.Y,K[O-3,4OPIM01,,-U,]0R+.1KQyO
M01,M-o4+=+q3I,MUH!O‚,4.=+A€,•,4]/,OPIM2X+KYM4UC-+l3b,4,-1hG,-.1
f3YM-+l,,41CHaM,-+[3]„M-P,4M2/,ML,4…0,V_0.lM2X+KYMh-†+OXOM+IO€O
MGHB‡HM20,4h-3,4O_,-O-3,4K•OPIM-o4+=+HT+M2Qj,4?+lMIHO-•,4MI
f3W,4OY>OnOVai0O-•,4MIKI,4M20,4M-j+hˆ>-XMM2+k,OT,4,4-+l>-•I!-+l,
KR+-•I!KTM-m-•I.1A€ME,4HpMKaiU,AWq3X,-I,-JOXOh-3KTM-mB
+h‰H.=+A€>-XMM2+k,K•]1.Y,K[T,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4i0OXO,43F,2XO
M-_+!,Q=OM-_+!h-GM-_+4UC2IBYMO_OXO,43F,M-_+,•+M2/,K[3O-bIK€,4M20,4
,•V+oMVI0,-+/3]0R+O-YMKaO-R+BXO,43F,M-_+KQyOKQI2IHT+M2Qj,4-L3-oM
K[3O-QIKQyOft]u-0\OH=+ft]uAsVai0.pC4UC2IT,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4K\O
V+lM]1HT+M2Qj,4,Q=OB-Š,4,43F,,Q=OM-_+!,Q=OM-_+M‹OXO,41,-OT,4
,4-+l>H1M20,4K•O•O-bI2YM,-+[3O-YMKaO-R+M‹K•K+.10OW,4!2ƒ,-!AT,4!
-F]1HT,-+DHOXO,43F,,Q=O]1O-PCo3B-Š,4O-YM,1CK+.10OsM-kM‹O0,
KQj,4E,3W,4!-T-Y>O-•,4MGO-]3ŒM20,4OsM-kO0,,4Qj+.1A+,-.pM4UC2I
,-Š,4MXO-R+.TO‚,4,43C-+kHB?Y,K[]1]1HM-o,10KkKX,-4+XHbOKaT
,-+DHO•,4,-QfXOKm,--1H]Qy,4OPIOXOO-YMKaO-R+M20,4,Q=OM-_+M2Q=Oh-+
KQI.10HT+M2Qj,4BM2Q=OM-€OMoK•O-•,4dHf+,O-Z,K[M1+ŽKhảo sát tình hình
ô nhiễm nguồn nước, xác định một số chỉ tiêu trong nước thải của quá trình sản
xuất công nghiệp•B[M1+,1Cf+,K[Op>Ko,.Y,K[T,-+DH,43F,,Q=O.1OXO
>-Qs,4>-X>ft]uO•,4,-QOXO>-Qs,4>-X>fXOKm,-HaMAWO-zM+/3q3I,M2Z,4
M20,4,Q=OM-_+B
;B Vai trò của nước sạch và tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường nước
1.1. Vai trò của nước
Q=O]1HaM,43F,M1+,43C/,M-+/,,-+/,2YM>-0,4>-•q3I,-MI!M‹,-Š,4
iN,4O-_C!AT,4-F!,Q=O,4LHKo,KR+iQs,4H/,-HT,4]1,s+H3T,]01+M-3•
A+,-A+,-AW,4!,Q=OKQyOAtin,4M20,4HZ+H\MOPIKj+AW,4O0,,4Qj+.1HZ+
]01+Ka,4M-€O.pMM2/,M2X+KYMB3C,-+/,,43F,,Q=OARO-q3G4+XKI,4Vmh-I+
M-XOiL,OR,h+lM!M-+o3,Q=OARO-h-T,4,-Š,4_,--QJ,4Ko,Kj+AW,4O0,,4Qj+
H1ON,_,--QJ,4Ko,OXO]0R+A+,-.pMM2/,M2X+KYMO•,4,-QHZ+-0RMKa,4A_,
f3YM!A+,--0RMB3aOAW,4M2/,2X+YMVeM,43F,M‹M20,4,Q=OBYMO_OXOA€
AW,4M2/,2X+YMK[3>-nM-3aO.10,Q=O.10.N,4M3L,-01,,Q=OB
Q=OO•_,--QJ,4q3CoMKm,-Ko,h-G-p3.1]1,43C/,,-U,MR02IM-j+M+oMB
E,4]Qy,4H\MM2j+AQJ+YHh-T,4KF,4K[3OXOKR+iQs,4KƒMR0,/,OXO
iN,4-_+]Q3M2/,M01,OL3B@N,4-_+]Q33]cM2dIH.p,O-3Ck,,Q=OYHM‹.‚,4
?m,- df+O0 Ko, }eOR+ UC @Qs,4]1H _,- -QJ,4 Ko, h-G -p3 OPI .1+
.‚,4O-U3‘3B
Q=O]1M-1,->-L,q3I,M2Z,4OPIOXOMoV10A+,--ZO.1]1HT+M2Qj,4OPI
OXOq3XM2S,-A+,--•IOsV_,,-Qq3I,4-y>B
s,85’i+l,MGO-OPI2X+YMKQyOVI0>-PVJ+,Q=OB<Qy,4,Q=OM2/,
2X+YMO•.10h-0_,4;!:6MzhH“B20,4K•v8!`’]1,Q=OH\,M20,4OXOKR+
iQs,4M2/,M-o4+=+!>-L,ON,]R+!7!g’!]1,Q=O,4ZM!MF,MR+O-PCo3iQ=+iR,4
VE,4M3CoMK•,4J-I+O€O.1
M2/, OXO ,4Z, ,•+! O-z O•
5!:’,Q=OM2/,M01,M-o4+=+
{-IC:!gM2+l3hH“|]1O•M-k
At in,4 ]1H ,Q=O 3W,4B
?+lOO3,4OY>,Q=O3W,4A”
]1HaMM20,4,-Š,4M-tM-XO-
]=,,-YMOPI]01+,4Qj+M20,4
.1+M-p>,+/,M=+KUCB43F,
,Q=OO•,4Kƒ]1,43C/,,-U,4UC2IHaMM20,4,-Š,4O3aOO-+o,M2I,-J23,4
p,T,4B
Q=OKQyOAtin,4M20,4OT,4,4-+l>M‹]U3,-Q]1,43F,,-+/,]+l3{OW+fIC
,Q=O!HXC-s+,Q=O!,-1HXCM-PCK+l,|!]1O-YMM2I0Kw+,-+lMB
1.2. Phân bố của nước trên Trái đất
2I,49
Hình 1: Chu trình của nước trên trái đất
<Qy,4,Q=OM€,-+/,O•v8’]1,Q=OH\,>-U,VwJV+k,.1KR+iQs,4!
:!9’ON,]R+>-U,VWJKYM]+[,Bw,4]Qy,4,Q=O]=,,-Q,4]Qy,4,Q=O,4ZMO-z
O•M-kAtin,4OXO,43F,AI3
;B7B;B Nước ngọt trên bề mặt đất
− <Qy,4,Q=OHQI2s+f3W,4H\MKYMB
− Q=OMF,MR+M20,4OXOAT,4!2RO-!I0!-FB
− aM>-L,2YMGM,Q=OM‹KLH]LC.1VE,4M3CoMB
;B7B7B Nước ngọt trong lòng đất
Q=OiQ=+KYMO•]0R+,Q=OH\,!,Q=O]y.1,Q=O
,4ZM!M20,4K•,Q=O,4ZMO-zO•]Q3]Qy,4,-YMKm,-B
Q=OiQ=+KYMKQyOM1,4M2ŠM20,4OXO]„-w,4.1h-d
-JKYMKXB
IB Tầng chứa nước
XO]=>KYMKXO•M-1,->-L,-RMM-T{OXM!AR,!A†+|!h-d-J!,bM,r!O•MG,-
M-YH,Q=O!i•,,Q=OMWMH1O0,,4Qj+O•M-kh-I+M-XO,Q=O>-nO.nO-0,-3OL3
OPIHS,-4Z+]1OXOML,4O-bI,Q=OB
VB Tầng cách nước
<1ML,4KYMKX.=+M-1,->-L,-RMHm,{A–M!VaMA–M|!O•-lAWM-YH,-†!h-_
,E,4O-0,Q=OM-YHf3C/,q3ICo3!h-_,E,4h-I+M-XO,Q=OM20,4ML,4,1CM-Y>B
1.3. Phân loại nước
Q=O]1,43F,M1+,43C/,q3u!]1Co3MWh-T,4M-kM-+o3O-0HZ+-0RMKa,4
AW,4M2/,M2X+KYMB3C,-+/,!O‚,4.=+q3XM2S,->-XMM2+k,OPIO0,,4Qj+!KTM-m
-0X!OT,4,4-+l>-0X,41CO1,4>-XMM2+k,Kƒ_,--QJ,4fY3Ko,,43F,M1+,43C/,
,1CB2Q=OMS,--S,-,43F,,Q=OVmT,-+DH,41CO1,4,4-+/HM2Z,4!OXOOY>]ƒ,-
KR0!OXOOsq3I,O-bO,E,4KƒM+o,-1,-h+kHM2I,43F,,Q=OKkM‹K•KQI2IOXO
V+l,>-X>,-‡HO_+M-+l,MS,--S,-BQ=OKQyO>-U,]0R+,-QAI3
;B:B;B Nước thiên nhiên – nước sinh hoạt
Q=OM-+/,,-+/,VI04FHOXO,43F,,Q=OJAT,4,4N+!I0-F!A3W+!HRO-
,4LH!V+k,BQ=OM-+/,,-+/,]1HaMimM-kVI04FHOXOO-YMh-T,4MI,O•,43F,
4WO.TOsO•,4,-Q-Š3OsBXOO-YM,1CKQyOfUH,-p>.10,43F,
2I,4g
Hình 2. Vòng tuần hoàn nước trong tự
nhiên
,Q=OM‹KYM!KX!Ka,4.pM!M-€O.pMO•,4,-QO0,,4Qj+~-d0,43F,>-XMA+,-
,4Qj+MIO-+I,Q=OM-+/,M-1,-OXO]0R+AI3
− Q=OHQI-Qj,4KQyO-01 MI,
;]Qy,4h-G
7
!
7
!
7
.1HaMAW
h-Gh-XOB 401+ h-G-01MI,M20,4
,Q=OHQION,O•]•,Vn+VpH.1.+
M2‚,4,/,,Q=OHQIM-3aO]0R+,Q=O
H[H!ARO-HXMh-+H=+-b,4B
− Q=O HRO-! ,Q=O ,4LH @0
,Q=OM-YHM20,4]N,4KYM]U3Kj+MR0
M-1,-,-Š,4HRO-,Q=OO-_CM20,4]N,4
KYM.SKQyOO-eO]ZOq3I,-+[3ML,4]=>,/,,Q=OHRO-M-3aO]0R+,Q=OH[H!
M20,4HXM!i0K•KQyOi‚,4,-+[3M20,4A+,--0RMB
− Q=OJM2/,V[H\MM2X+KYM-QJI0!-F!AT,4!V+k,~\OK+kHOPI,Q=O
,1CM-Qj,4O-bI,-+[3MR>O-YMh-XO,-I3!M‚C.10M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4]ƒ,-M-w~
− Q=O3W,4,Q=O3W,4O-PCo3]1,Q=O,4ZMM€,-+/,M20,4K•KƒKQyOq3C
Km,-OnM-k.[OXOM-1,->-L,-•I-ZO^.+A+,-^OXO+0,h+H]0R+~AI0O-0>-‚
-y>.=+q3XM2S,-M2I0Kw+O-YMOPIO0,,4Qj+B
;B:B7B Nước thải
Q=OM-_+]1hoMq3_OPIA€,-+DHV—,,Q=OV[H\MOPI,Q=OM€,-+/,i0
OXO-0RMKa,4A+,--0RM!A_,f3YMOPIO0,,4Qj+-ICi0q3XM2S,->-U,-3•OPIfXO
Ka,4!M-€O.pMB-1,->-L,,Q=OM-_+>-nM-3aO,-+[3.10,43F,,-+DHV—,h-XO
,-I3,-Q,T,4,4-+l>!OT,4,4-+l>~.1OXO-0RMKa,4A+,--0RMh-XOOPIO0,
,4Qj+B
20,4,Q=OM-_+O•2YM,-+[3O-YMh-XO,-I3M3ˆM-3aO.10M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4
h-3A_,f3YM~•O•M-k]1,-Š,4O-YMMI,M20,4,Q=O-ICJiR,4-3C[,>-‚!,-•
MQs,4O-0Ko,OXO]0R+.+h-3—,~@0MQs,4MXO-0X-ZO4+ŠIOXOO-YM]1HO-0>
OPIHT+M2Qj,4M-ICKw+!ON,OXOO-YM-3C[,>-‚!hoMMPI]1H,4E,O_,A€>-XM
M2+k,OPIOXO]0R+.+A+,-.pM]1HARO-,Q=O!O_,M2JA€>-XMM2+k,OPIOXO]01+Ka,4!
M-€O.pMJM20,4,Q=OO•,4,-QJOXO.‚,4f3,4q3I,-B
1.4. Thành phần các chất trong nước
20,4,Q=OO•2YM,-+[3M-1,->-L,h-XO,-I3O‚,4MF,MR+>-nM-3aO.10
M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4h-3OT,4,4-+l>O•,4,-QOXO-0RMKa,4AW,4OPIO0,,4Qj+B?G
in˜.‚,4h-I+h-0X,4M-SO•,-+[3OXOh+H]0R+!OXOIO+i.TOsB˜.‚,4A_,f3YM
2I,48
Hình 3. Nước sinh hoạt ở nông thôn bị ô
nhiễm
KF4WHM-SO•,-+[3VI2+!OIi+H+!]+M+!HI,4I,!Ad]d,~N,.‚,4A_,f3YMiIM-SO•
,-+[3OI,f+!-Ci20A3,c3I!,IM2+A3,c3I! O20H! h”H!
,+hd,~
;B`B;B Độ cứng (Các muối
Cacium và Magiesium)
I]O+3H .1 HI4+dA+3H
MF,MR+M20,4,Q=OO-PCo3JOXO
iR,4 V+OI2V0,IMd {
:
x
|!
I2V0,IMd {
:
7x
|! -]02+id
{]
x
|! 3]cIMd {
`
7x
|B I+ +0,
,1CV+k3M-mO-0KaOb,4OPI,Q=OBG,-Ob,4,1CM-ICKw+M3ˆM-d0-1H]Qy,4OXO
H3W+OI]O+3H.1HI4,dA+3HO•M20,4,Q=O]1H_,--QJ,4Ko,A+,--0RMO•,4,-Q
M20,4A_,f3YMB•7OXO-KkO-+IKaOb,4
− XO-;-+IKaOb,4]1H7]0R+]1KaOb,4OI2V0,IM.1KaOb,4h-T,4
OI2V0,IMBaOb,4OI2V0,IMV+k3M-m]Qy,4OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+iR,4H3W+
:
x
ON,KaOb,4h-T,4OI2V0,IMdV+k3M-mH3W+OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+
iR,4]
x
.1
`
7x
B
− XO-7-+IKaOb,4]1H:]0R+]1KaOb,4MRHM-j+!KaOb,4.™,-Ot3.1
KaOb,4O-3,4-ICKQyO4Z+]1KaOb,4M01,>-L,B
− aOb,4MRHM-j+OPI,Q=OV+k3M-mH3W+
:
x
OPIOI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3H
Vm>-U,-3•h-+K3,,•,4B
I{
:
|
7
šI
:
›
7
›
7
4{
:
|
7
š4
:
›
7
›
7
74{
:
|
7
š{4|
7
:
›:
7
›
7
− aOb,4.™,-Ot3]1KaOb,4ON,]R+AI3h-+K3,J;550V+k3M-mMw,4
]Qy,4I
7›
.14
7›
JiR,4H3W+O]023I-0\OH3W+A3,cIMB
− aOb,4O-3,4]1Mw,4OPIKaOb,4MRHM-j+.1KaOb,4.™,-Ot3B
;B`B7B Clorua (Cl
-
) và sunphat (SO
4
2-
)
]
x
.1
`
7x
-L3,-QO•H\MM20,4OXO]0R+,Q=OM-+/,,-+/,B•h-T,4M-k
-+l,MG,-Ob,4O•,4,-Qh-T,44UCMXO-R+M20,4.+lOAtin,4B3C,-+/,,o3OXO
H3W+,1Cq3XOI0M-S4UC2IX>A3YMOI0M20,4q3XM2S,-Atin,4,F+-s+.S,•]1
,-Š,4-y>O-YMiDMI,M20,4,Q=OB\Mh-XO!_,--QJ,4Ko,A+,--0RMOPIO0,
,4Qj+!Ko,A€AW,4OPIKa,4^M-€O.pMM20,4,Q=Oh-+-1H]Qy,4q3XOI0B
;B`B:B Các muối Sắt (Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
)
2I,46
Hình 4. Một trạm xử lý nước thải
eMM-Qj,4MF,MR+M20,4,Q=OJiR,4H3W+œd{
:
|
7
B-+M+o>f•O]U3.=+
h-T,4h-G!H3W+AeMM2/,iDVm0fC-0XM-1,-H3W+AeM{|.14UCO\,œd{|
:
]1H
O-0,Q=OKnOB
;B`B`B Các muối Amonium (NH
4
+
)
(H0,+3H{
`
›
|{M-€O2Ih-T,4q3XKaOKW+.=+OsM-k,4Qj+{M+/3O-3—,]1
:H4•<|B-Q,4M20,4q3XM2S,-h-I+M-XO!ft]u.1]Q3M2Š,Q=O!,•O-3Ck,-•I
M-1,-,+M2+Md.1,+M2IMdB+M2+Md]1O-YMKaO2YMO•-R+O-0OsM-kB-+,4Qj+3W,4
>-_+!,•A”O-3Ck,-•IM-1,-,+M20AIH+,!HaMO-YMO•M+[H,E,44UC3,4M-QBXO
,4-+/,Ob3O-0M-YC!;4(H0,+3Hh-+O-3Ck,-•I-oMA”MR0M-1,-7B84,+M2+Md.1
:Bg94,+M2IMdB20,4h-+K•!-1H]Qy,4O-0>-–>OPI,+M2+Md]15B;H4•<.1,+M2IMd
]1;5^95H4•<B+=+-R,O-0>-–>OPI(H0,+IOh-T,4.QyMq3X:5H4•<B
;B`B9B Khí Oxy
-G
7
O•M20,4,Q=O4+•>GO-O-0OXOq3XM2S,-A+,--•IB<Qy,40fCM20,4
,Q=OO-PCo3]1fC-NIMI,{@|ž,-3OL3fC-•I-ZO{@|.1,-3OL3fC
A+,--ZO{}@|B
;B`B9B;B Lượng Oxy hòa tan (DO)
<Qs
Ÿ
,40fC-NIMI,M20,4,Q=OA”M-IH4+Iq3XM2S,-M2I0Kw+O-YM!i3CM2S
,E,4]Qy,4O-0q3XM2S,->-XMM2+k,!A+,-A_,.1MX+A_,f3YMOPIA+,-.pMAW,4iQ=+
,Q=OB?[H\M-•I-ZO!0fCh-T,4M-IH4+I>-_,b,4.=+,Q=OH1Ka-NIMI,OPI
0fCM20,4,Q=O>-nM-3aO.10X>A3YM.1,-+lMKaB
;B`B9B7B Nhu cầu oxy sinh học (BOD)
<1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk.+h-3—,Atin,4>-U,-PCO-YM-Š3OsiQ=+K+[3
h+l,-+o3h-GB-zM+/3,1CKkKX,-4+Xh-_,E,4M€]1HARO-OPI,43F,,Q=OB
}@O1,4OI0O-b,4M†HbOKaT,-+DHO1,4,\,4B
;B`B9B:B Nhu cầu oxy hóa học (COD)
<1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk0fC-•I-oMOXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsO•M20,4,Q=OB
Q=O,-+DHV—,A”O•Ka0fC-•IOI0>-_+MW,,-+[3-•IO-YMO-0OT,4MXOh-t
M2‚,4B
;B`BgB Phosphous
1H]Qy,4>-0A>-03AM20,4,Q=OMF,MR+iR,4
`
:x
!KQyOA+,-2IVJ+>-U,!
2XO2QJ+!OXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsM20,4A+,--0RM.1M20,4A_,f3YMM-_+2IB-0A>-IMd
]1H-•IO-YMV•,OUC!O-YMhGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4!O-YMMR0VZMM20,4VaM4+\M!O-YM
]1HH[H,Q=O!hGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4,-+[3]0R+.+A+,-.pM!>-+/3A+,-.pM!M_0~
-0A>-IMd4UC,-+[3MXOKa,4M20,4.+lOV_0.lHT+M2Qj,4B
;B`B8B Độ kiềm
2I,4v
20,4M-+/,,-+/,Kah+[HM-Qj,44UC2Ii0A€-+l,i+l,OPIOXOH3W+IO+i
Co3MF,MR+iQ=+iR,4
:
x
,-Q
:
!I
:
!I{
:
|
7
B20,4HaM.1+
M2Qj,4-y>Kah+[HM-Qj,44UC2Ii0+0,
x
-IC
:
7x
HYMK+M‹
:
x
Ba
h+‰HKQyOO-+I]1H:]0R+
− ah+[H
x
− ah+[H
:
7x
− ah+[H
:
7x
1.5. XOMXOKa,44UCT,-+DH,43F,,Q=O
41C,IC!,-3OL3>-XMM2+k,h+,-Mo,-I,-.=+HnOM+/3]y+,-3p,OI0!O0,
,4Qj+Kƒ]jK+OXOMXOKa,4_,--QJ,4Ko,OXO,-U,MWM€,-+/,.1HT+M2Qj,4HaM
OXO-M2€OM+o>-0\O4+X,M+o>B\OV+lMKW+.=+OXO,Q=OKI,4>-XMM2+k,.1OXO,Q=O
,4-‰0Kƒ]1HO-0HT+M2Qj,4,Q=OVmT,-+DH,41CO1,4M2LHM2Z,4-s,B€4+I
ME,4iU,AWq3X,-I,-]1,43C/,,-U,O-G,-4UCX>]€O]/,,43F,,Q=OB?S,-3
OL3,Q=OO-0>-XMM2+k,,T,4,4-+l>Kk4+IME,4]Qs,4M-€OM-€O>-—H!>-XMM2+k,
OT,4,4-+l>Kk4+IME,4-1,4-•I.14+IME,4M-/H,-+[3-S,-M-bOimO-.n~
;B9B;B ,- hưởng do hoạt động sống của con người
XOiN,4,Q=OH\M{AT,4! h/,- 2RO-~| K\O
V+lM]1J.‚,4KTM-mK[3VmT ,-+DHM2LHM2Z,4VJ+
2XOM-_+!,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMM‹ OXO h-3 iU, OQ f_
.10h/,-2RO-O-QIq3Ift]uB S,-M2R,4]Y,O-+oH
]N,4!VjAT,4h/,-2RO-KkA+,- AW,4!f_2XO.1,Q=O
M-_+M2€OM+o>M2/,V[H\M4UCT ,-+DH,Q=OH\M!O_,
M2J]Q3M-T,4OPIiN,4O-_C!MeO,4-”,OW,42ƒ,-MR0,Q=OM‚BT+M2Qj,4CoHh-G
4+IME,4>-U,-PCOXO-y>O-YM-Š3Os!h-T,4,-Š,44UCH‚+-T+M-W+!T,-+DH
,43F,,Q=O.1HT+M2Qj,4H1ON,4UCh-•h-E,M20,4.+lO]YC,43F,,Q=OH\Kk
ft]uM-1,-,43F,,Q=OARO-OY>O-0,-3OL3fƒ-a+B
-3OL3,Q=OAtin,4O-0E,3W,4!A+,--0RM.1OXO-0RMKa,4h-XOOPIO0,
,4Qj+4+IME,4!i•,Ko,MS,-M2R,4h-I+M-XO,Q=OiQ=+KYMM21,]I,4UCOR,h+lM
,43F,,Q=O.1_,--QJ,4Ko,HT+M2Qj,4,-QAn>]•,!,-+DHH\,~
+ŠI,Q=OH\,.1,Q=O,-RMO•HaM2I,-4+=+!h-+-0RMKa,4h-I+M-XO,Q=O
iQ=+KYMq3XHbOKQj,42I,-4+=+,1CA”M+o,iL,Ko,OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XO!H€O
,Q=OH\,fUH,-p>iL,!K—C]‚+H€O,Q=O,4ZM.10AU3.1]1H,-+DHH\,OXO
OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XOM20,4h-3.€OB
;B9B7B Ảnh hưởng do phát triển nông nghiệp
2I,4;5
Hình 5. Một kênh nước bị ô nhiễm
?+lOO-E,,3T+4+IA•O4+IOLHJ-a4+IKS,-.‚,4,T,4M-T,ON,O-QIO•u
M-bOM+oMh+lH,43F,,Q=OM20,4.+lO.lA+,-!.lA+,-O-3F,4M2R+!O-QIO•-l
M-W,4ft]uO-YMM-_+,Q=OM-_+!>-L,]=,O-0.10I0-F!VkM€-0R+KkM-YH.10KYM
iD4UCT,-+lHHT+M2Qj,4K\MV+lM]1,43F,,Q=O,4LHB
?+lO,3T+OXOV‰OX!V‰MTHM2€OM+o>M2/,OXOiN,4,Q=OH\MAT,42RO-Kƒ
]1HT,-+DH,43F,,Q=Oi0HaMAW,43C/,,-U,M-bOE,
OPIOXiQM-‹I!A€h-3YCKa,4,43F,,Q=O!A€O_,M2J]Q3
M-T,4iN,4H\MB
?=+MS,-M2R,4Atin,4V‹IVƒ+!M‚CM+l,OXO]0R+
-•IO-YMM20,4>-U,V•,!OXO]0R+M-3WOhGO--0RM>-XM
M2+k,OUC~-+[3-lM-W,4h/,-HQs,4MQ=+M+/3,a+KF,4KƒVmT,-+DH,43F,
,Q=O.1>-XMMX,2a,4BlM-W,4MQ=+M+/3.1-S,-M-bOMQ=+M+/3h-T,4-y>]u]1
,43C/,,-U,4UCM-YMM-0XM]Q3]Qy,4,Q=O]=,M20,4,41,-M2F,4M2ZMB
;B9B:B Ảnh hưởng do phát triển công ngiệp và dịch vụ
?+lO4+IME,4,-+[3,-1HXC!fG,4-+l>M‹q3CHT,-†-a4+IKS,-Ko,q3C
HT]=,i•,Ko,,-3OL3.[,43F,,Q=OME,4!h-T,4,-Š,4,Q=O>-nO.nO-0A_,
f3YMH1ON,>-nO.nA+,--0RMO-0HaMAW]Qy,4]=,OT,4,-U,M‹,-+[3.‚,4h-XO
,-I3Mp>M23,4.[B\OV+lMJOXOh-3.€OO-QIO•-lM-W,4OY>,Q=O!HpMKah-I+
M-XO,Q=OiQ=+KYMA”4+IME,4,-I,-!M‹K•i•,Ko,MS,-M2R,4OR,h+lM,43F,,Q=O
.1An>]•,KYMB
XOO-YMM-_+OT,4,4-+l>,-Qh-W+!Vn+~MR0,/,HQIIfGMh-T,4,-Š,4
]1HM-ICKw+O-YM]Qy,4,Q=O,4ZM!H1ON,_,--QJ,4fY3Ko,KYM.1HT+M2Qj,4
A+,-M-X+B
?+lOf_,Q=OM-_+A_,f3YMM‹OXO,-1HXC!h-3O-of3YMh-3OT,4,4-+l>
O-QIKQyOft]u.10AT,42RO-!I0-F4UCT,-+DH,Q=OH\M!,Q=OiQ=+KYMB-pH
O-GO•,s+ON,O-0,Q=OM-_+O-_CM21,M2/,H\MKYMKkM€M-YHf3W,4KYM-0\OK10
OXO-WiQ=+KYMKkf_,Q=OM-_+]1H_,--QJ,4,4-+/HM2Z,4Ko,OXOML,4,Q=O
iQ=+KYMB
;B9B`B Ảnh hưởng do một số nguyên nhân khác
lM-W,4h/,-2RO-h-T,4KQyO,R0.–Mi•,Ko,MGO-MnHaMh-W+]Qy,4]=,
OXO.pMO-YM-Š3OsM‹,Q=OM-_+!2XOM-_+4UCVF+]e,4.1_,--QJ,4Ko,.+lOM+/3
M-0XMOPIiN,4,Q=OB
XOVƒ+O-T,2XOh-T,4KRMC/3OL3hŒM-3pM!,Q=O2z2IM‹2XOM-YH.10
HRO-,Q=O,4LH-0\OO-0O-_CM21,M2/,H\MKYM.10h/,-2RO-B
2I,4;;
Hình 6. Nguồn nước bị ô nhiễm do hoạt động
nông nghiệp
XOiN,4,Q=OH\MM2/,AT,4!h/,-2RO-ON,VmT,-+DHi0fE,4iL3OPIOXO
M13V‰K+]R+!-0\OOXOA€OW.p,O-3Ck,h-XOM2/,AT,4!V+k,B
,--QJ,4i0O-QIO•uM-bO.[Atin,4.1V_0.l,43F,,Q=O,-QAt
in,4V‹IVƒ+-0I,4>-G!h-T,4K•,4HnOKGO-Atin,4B
1.6. Tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường
Q=OO•,4,-Qh-T,4h-G!X,-AX,4h-T,4M-kM-+o3KQyOM20,4O3aOAW,4
OPIO0,,4Qj+BƒCM-tMQJ,4MQy,4Ko,HaM,41C,10K•HZ+,43F,,Q=OM2/,
M2X+KYMK[3Vm,-+DHV—,M-SM-o4+=+,1CA”2IAI0B-G,-.S.I+M2Nq3I,M2Z,4OPI
,Q=OKW+.=+A€AW,4,/,OXOq3WO4+IK[3i1,-A€q3I,MUHKo,.+lO4+Š4S,
,43F,,Q=O!,-YM]1,Q=OARO-B
XO ,-1 h-0I -ZO MG,- M0X, Mw,4 ]Qy,4 ,Q=O M2/, M2X+ KYM h-0_,4
;B:v5B555B555hH
:
!M20,4K•]Qy,4,Q=OH\M!,Q=O,4LH-s,6Bg55B555hH
:
!ON,
]R+O-PCo3]1,Q=OV+k,B1+,43C/,,Q=O!,-YM]1,Q=O,4ZM,41CO1,4GM.1f3
-Q=,4,-+DHV—,]I,2a,4KI,4]1HW+KdiZIKW+.=+,-+[3,Q=OM2/,M-o4+=+B
;BgB;B Tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường tại việt nam
+l,,ICJ?+lMIH!H\Oi‚OXOOY>!OXO,41,-KƒO•,-+[3OW4e,4M20,4
.+lOM-€O-+l,O-G,-AXO-.1>-X>]3pM.[V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4!,-Q,4MS,-M2R,4T
,-+DH,Q=O]1.Y,K[2YMKX,4]0,4R+B
WOKaOT,4,4-+l>-0X.1KTM-m-0Xh-X,-I,-.1A€4+IME,4iU,AW4UC
X>]€O,41CO1,4,\,4,[iW+.=+M1+,43C/,,Q=OM20,4.‚,4]ƒ,-M-wBT+M2Qj,4
,Q=OJ,-+[3KTM-m!h-3OT,4,4-+l>.1]1,4,4-[,41CO1,4VmT,-+DHVJ+,Q=O
M-_+!h-GM-_+.1O-YMM-_+2e,BJOXOM-1,->-W]=,!-1,4M2EHOsAJA_,f3YMOT,4
,4-+l>KI,44UCT,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4,Q=Oi0h-T,4O•OT,4M2S,-.1M-+oMVmft]u
O-YMM-_+B,-+DH,Q=Oi0A_,f3YMOT,4,4-+l>]12YM,\,4B?GinJ,41,-OT,4
,4-+l>ilMHIC!,41,-OT,4,4-+l>4+YC.1VaM4+YC!,Q=OM-_+M-Qj,4O•Ka>
M23,4VS,-M‹vx;;žO-zAW,-3OL3TfCA+,--0X{}@|!,-3OL3TfC-0X-ZO
{@|O•M-k]/,Ko,855H4•;.17B955H4•;ž-1H]Qy,4O-YM2e,]s]t,4BBBOI0
4Y>,-+[3]L,4+=+-R,O-0>-–>B
1H]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+OPIOXO,41,-,1CO•O-bIfCI,3I{x|.QyMKo,6`
]L,!
7
.QyM`!7]L,!-1H]Qy,4
:
.QyM6`]L,M+/3O-3—,O-0>-–>,/,Kƒ4UC
T,-+DH,\,4,[OXO,43F,,Q=OH\MM20,4.‚,4iU,OQBbOKaT,-+DH,Q=OJ
OXOh-3OT,4,4-+l>!h-3O-of3YM!OnHOT,4,4-+l>Mp>M23,4]12YM]=,BR+OnH
OT,4,4-+l>-IH<Qs,4!M-1,->-WF-G+,-!,43F,,Q=OVm,-+DHV—,VJ+
,Q=OM-_+OT,4,4-+l>.=+Mw,4]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+Q=OMG,-955B555H
:
•,41CM‹OXO
,-1HXC4+YC!VaM4+\M!,-3aH!ilMBJM-1,->-W-X+43C/,!,Q=OM-_+OT,4
2I,4;7
,4-+l>M-_+2IM‹OXOOsAJA_,f3YM4+YC!]3Cl,4I,4M-–>!]3Cl,h+HH13!h-I+
M-XOM-I,ž.[H‚IOR,Mw,4]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+h-3.€OM-1,->-W-X+43C/,O-+oH
h-0_,4;9’]Q3]Qy,4AT,4L3ž,Q=OM-_+M‹A_,f3YM4+YCO•>M‹6!`xv.1-1H
]Qy,4
`
]1`H4•<!-1H]Qy,4O-YM-Š3OsOI0!,Q=OM-_+O•H13,U3!H‚+h-•
O-m3~
-_0AXMHaMAW]1,4,4-[AeMM-–>!K•OKF,4!,-TH!O-S!4+YC!ilM,-3aHJ
}eO+,-O-0M-YCO•]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+-1,4,41,H
:
•,41Ch-T,4q3Ift]u!4UCT
,-+DH,43F,,Q=O.1HT+M2Qj,4M20,4h-3.€OB
?=+,Q=OMI!A€>-XMM2+k,OT,4,4-+l>!imO-.nM20,4,-Š,4,EH.‹Iq3I
M-+o3OU,,-eO.[V1+M0X,V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4Kƒ]1H,43F,,Q=OVmT,-+DH.1
HT+M2Qj,4Vm-PC-0R+B˜,-+[3Mz,-!M-1,->-WMS,-M2R,4T,-+DHKƒKo,HbO
VX0Ka,4BQ=OM2/,AT,4T<mO-J1a+Kd,K\O!VWOH‚+-T+M-W+B˜M-1,-
>-WF-G+,-OXO-oMM2e,4M2/,AT,41+N,B
˜)3_,4IH!HbOKaT,-+DH,43F,,Q=OO-QIKo,HbOVX0Ka,4,-Q,4
Kƒf3YM-+l,,-+[3,„+]0B-YMM-_+OPIOXO,-1HXCM-_+2IAT,4Oa,4.=+A€h-I+
M-XOq3XHbOKƒ]1H,43F,OXVW,4AT,421OR,h+lMB"ƒm,-<0,4!-3Cl,s,
m,-O-3C/,]1H,4-[h-I+M-XOOXVW,4.=+755O-+oO4-dJf•H(,<aO!(,
-Qs,44+jM-S>-L,]=,KƒO-3Ck,AI,4,4-[h-I+M-XOOXM!AR,B\OA_,OXVW,4
AT,421O-G,--+l3V1CVX,JOXO-1,4q3X,M2J,/,2YM-+oHB-T,4GM,4Qj+iU,
s,m,-2IKYM)3_,4IHKX,-VeMOXVW,4M2/,AT,4-3}F,HI,4.[)3_,4
4ƒ+VX,O-0OXO,-1-1,4BXVW,4)3_,4IHHS,-2w-0I!M-U,]–>!M-mMVJ
h-T,4M-kAX,-.=+OXVW,4H•!OXVW,4OXMAT,421B
Q=OJHaMAWO0,AT,4!I0-FM20,4Mz,-O•,4VmT,-+DHi0-•IO-YM.1
,-+[3]0R+O-YMM-_+B-‹,4-I+HQs+,EHM2Q=O!ObAI3H‚I]•]nM]12a]/,H‚IOX
KF,4B@U,.d,AT,4]1H,4-[]Q=+!,4-[OU3!•>,sH!M-_]jO•,43F,M-3,-p>
h-XM‹OXKF,4B+jM-S]XOKXO!,4Qj+]1H,4-[O-1+]Q=+.d,AT,4>-_+MSHhoA+,-
,-I+M‹,4-[h-XOB
S,-M2R,4T,-+DH,Q=OJOXOKTM-mM-YC2 ,-YM]1JM-1,->-W1a+.1
M-1,->-WF-G+,-BJOXOM-1,->-W,1C!,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMh-T,4O•-l
M-W,4ft]uMp>M23,4H1M2€OM+o>f_2I,43F,M+o>,-p,{AT,4!-F!h/,-!HQs,4|B
\Mh-XO!ON,2YM,-+[3OsAJA_,f3YMh-T,4ft]u,Q=OM-_+!>-L,]=,OXOVl,-
.+l,.1OsAJCMo]=,O-QIO•-lM-W,4ft]u,Q=OM-_+žHaM]Qy,42XOM-_+2e,]=,
M20,4M-1,->-Wh-T,4M-340H-oMKQyO~]1,-Š,4,43F,q3I,M2Z,44UC2IT
,-+DH,Q=OB+l,,IC!HbOKaT,-+DHM20,4OXOh/,-!AT,4!-FJOXOM-1,->-W
]=,]12YM,\,4B
2I,4;:
˜M-1,->-W1a+!Mw,4]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+OPIM-1,->-W]/,M=+:55B555x
`55B555H
:
•,41Cž-+l,H=+O-zO•9•:;Vl,-.+l,O•-lM-W,4ft]u,Q=OM-_+!
O-+oH79’]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+Vl,-.+l,ž:g•`55OsAJA_,f3YMO•ft]u,Q=OM-_+ž
]Qy,42XOM-_+A+,--0R+O-QIKQyOM-340Hh-0_,4;B755H
:
•,41CKI,4f_.10OXO
h-3KYM.d,OXO-F!h/,-!HQs,4M20,4,a+M-1,-žO-zAW}@!0fC-01MI,!OXO
O-YM
`
!
7
x
!
:
x
JOXOAT,4!-F!HQs,4,a+M-1,-K[3.QyMq3Xq3CKm,-O-0
>-–>JM-1,->-WF-G+,-M-S]Qy,42XOM-_+]/,M=+4L,`B555MY,•,41CžO-zO•
7`•;`7OsAJCMo]=,]1O•ft]u,Q=OM-_+žh-0_,4:B555OsAJA_,f3YM4UCT
,-+DHM-3aOi+l,>-_+i+ij+B
-T,4O-zJ1a+!M-1,->-WF-G+,-H1JOXOKTM-mh-XO,-Q_+
-N,4!3o!1¡,4!IHm,-!_+@Qs,4~,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMO•,4h-T,4
KQyOft]uKaT,-+DH,43F,,Q=O,s+M+o>,-p,,Q=OM-_+K[3.QyMq3XM+k3
O-3—,O-0>-–>{|!OXOM-T,4AWO-YM]s]t,4{|!}@ž@žTfC-01MI,
{@|K[3.QyMM‹9x;5]L,!M-pHO-G75]L,B?[MS,-M2R,4T,-+DH,Q=OJ
,T,4M-T,.1h-3.€OA_,f3YM,T,4,4-+l>!-+l,,IC?+lMIHO•4L,8g’iU,AW
KI,4A+,-AW,4J,T,4M-T,]1,s+OsAJ-RML,4ON,]RO-p3!>-L,]=,OXOO-YMM-_+
OPIO0,,4Qj+.14+IA•Oh-T,4KQyOft]u,/,M-YHf3W,4KYM-0\OVm2tIM2T+!
]1HO-0MS,-M2R,4T,-+DH,43F,,Q=O.[H\M-Š3Os.1.+A+,-.pM,41CO1,4
OI0B-d0VX0OX0OPI}aT,4,4-+l>.1-XMM2+k,,T,4M-T,!AW.+h-3—,œdOI
O0]+c02HM23,4VS,-V+o,Kw+M‹;B955x:B955•;55H]JOXO.‚,4.d,AT,4+[,
.1AT,4p3!ME,4]/,M=+:655x;7B955•;55<JOXOh/,-MQ=+M+/3B
20,4A_,f3YM,T,4,4-+l>!i0]RHin,4OXO]0R+M-3WOV_0.lM-€O.pM!OXO
,43F,,Q=OJAT,4!-F!h/,-!HQs,4VmT,-+DH!_,--QJ,4]=,Ko,HT+M2Qj,4
,Q=O.1AbOh-0r,-U,iU,B
-d0M-W,4h/OPI}a-3•A_,!Mw,4i+l,MGO-H\M,Q=OAtin,4O-0,3T+
M2F,4M-3•A_,Ko,,EH755;OPIO_,Q=O]189;Bvvv-IB@0,3T+M2F,4M-3•A_,F
RM!M-+o3q3C-0RO-!h-T,4M3U,M-d0q3CM2S,-hŒM-3pM,/,Kƒ4UC,-+[3MXOKa,4
M+/3O€OM=+HT+M2Qj,4,Q=OB‚,4.=+.+lOAtin,4,-+[3.1h-T,4K•,4OXO-
OXO]0R+-0XO-YMM20,4,3T+M2F,4M-3•A_,!M-SOXOM-bOE,iQ]e,4f3W,4KXCI0!
-F!]N,4AT,4]1HO-0HT+M2Qj,4,Q=OVmT,-+DHOXOO-YM-Š3Os!]1H>-XMM2+k,
HaMAW]01+A+,-.pM4UCVl,-.1f3YM-+l,HaMAWM_0KaOžM-pHO-GKƒO•iY3-+l3
f3YM-+l,M-3•M2+[3K†JHaMAW.‚,4.d,V+k,?+lMIHB
•,-+[3,43C/,,-U,h-XO-q3I,.1O-Pq3I,i•,Ko,MS,-M2R,4T,-+DH
HT+M2Qj,4,Q=O!,-QA€4+IME,4iU,AW!H\MM2X+OPIq3XM2S,-OT,4,4-+l>-0X!
-+l,KR+-0X!OsAJ-RML,4Co3h–H!]RO-p3,-p,M-bOOPI,4Qj+iU,.[.Y,K[
2I,4;`
HT+M2Qj,4ON,O-QIOI0~X,4O-•u]1A€VYMOp>M20,4-0RMKa,4q3_,]u!V_0
.lHT+M2Qj,4B-p,M-bOOPI,-+[3OY>O-G,-q3C[,!Osq3I,q3_,]u!MwO-bO.1
OX,-U,O•M2XO-,-+lH.[,-+lH.nV_0.lHT+M2Qj,4,Q=OO-QIAU3AeO.1KLC
KPžO-QIM-YC2 T,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4,Q=O]1]0R+T,-+DH4UC,43C-+kHM2€OM+o>!
-1,4,41C.1h-•h-eO>-nOKW+.=+Kj+AW,4O0,,4Qj+O•,4,-QA€>-XMM2+k,V[,
.Š,4OPIKYM,Q=OBXOq3CKm,-.[q3_,]u.1V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4,Q=OON,M-+o3
{O-¢,4-R,,-QO-QIO•OXOq3CKm,-.1q3CM2S,-hŒM-3pM>-nO.nO-0OT,4MXO
q3_,]u.1V_0.l,43F,,Q=O|BsO-o>-U,OT,4.1>-W+-y>4+ŠIOXOOsq3I,!
OXO,41,-.1KmI>-Qs,4O-QIKF,4 Va!ON,O-F,4O-–0!O-QIq3CKm,-M2XO-
,-+lH2 21,4B-QIO•O-+o,]QyO!q3C-0RO-h-I+M-XO!Atin,4.1V_0.lM1+
,43C/,,Q=OM-d0]Q3.€O.1OXO.‚,4]ƒ,-M-w]=,B-QIO•OXOq3CKm,--y>]u
M20,4.+lOK•,44•>M1+O-G,-Kkq3_,]u.1V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4,Q=O!4UC,/,MS,-
M2R,4M-+o3-nMM1+O-G,-!M-3h-T,4KPO-+O-0V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4,Q=OB
4U,AXO-KL3MQO-0V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4,Q=OON,2YMM-Y>{HaMAW,Q=O
(£(KƒKL3MQ,4U,AXO-O-0V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4]1;’@!ON,J?+lMIH
H=+O-zKRM5!;’|BXOO-Qs,4M2S,-4+X0inOOa,4KF,4.[HT+M2Qj,4,•+O-3,4
.1HT+M2Qj,4,Q=O,•+2+/,4ON,q3XGMBa+,4•OX,Vaq3_,]uHT+M2Qj,4,Q=O
ON,M-+o3.[AW]Qy,4!Co3.[O-YM]Qy,4{+l,,ICJ?+lMIHM23,4VS,-O•
h-0_,4:OX,Vaq3_,]uHT+M2Qj,4•;M2+l3iU,!M20,4h-+K•JHaMAW,Q=O
(£(M23,4VS,-]185,4Qj+•;M2+l3iU,|BBB
-T,4O-z,43F,,Q=OVmT,-+DHH1f3,4q3I,-O-•,4MIMYMO_K[3VmT
,-+DH!M‹h-T,4h-GO-0Ko,KYMKI+OI,-MXOVJ+O-YMM-_+OT,4,4-+l>.1A+,-
-0RMB-•,4MIKƒ]YCK+M‹HT+M2Qj,4MYMO_,-Š,44SOL,M-+oM,-YMO-0O3aOAW,4
,-Q,4]R+M2_O-0HT+M2Qj,4,-Š,4>-oM-_+B+[3VYM-y>]u,1CKI,4i+D,2I
-1,4,41CKƒ]1H>-X.¤A€OU,V‡,4.[HT+M2Qj,4A+,-M-X+.1-PC-0R+O3aO
AW,4h-T,4O-zM20,4-+l,MR+H1O_MQs,4]I+B
<3pM}_0.lHT+M2Qj,4
OPI,-1,Q=OVI,-1,-iQj,4
,-QKƒh-T,44•>>-L,O_+M-+l,
KQyO MS,- M2R,4 T ,-+DH HT+
M2Qj,4M21, ]I,BaMh-+,Q=O
ARO-.1HT+M2Qj,4O-QIKQyO
fdH]1M+/3O-GOPI>-XMM2+k,M-S
2YMh-•O-0.+lO,U,4OI0,-p,
M-bO!M2XO- ,-+lHOPI M01,fƒ
2I,4;9
-a+KW+.=+.+lOV_0.l!4+Š4S,,43F,,Q=OARO-.1HT+M2Qj,4Bo3,-Q@
ME,4]/,!.+lO]1HKQyOMR02I,-+[3!M-3,-p>KQyOO_+M-+l,,-Q,4HT+M2Qj,4
O1,4,41CO1,4fY3K+M-S]+l3O•K_HV_0KQyOA€>-XMM2+k,V[,.Š,4B}J+h-T,4
M-k4Z+]1>-XMM2+k,,o3O-•,4MI]3T,VmVl,-MpM.1M-+/,MI+KdiZI,-+[3-s,B
?[H\M,-p,M-bO!H3W,V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4M2Q=O-oM>-_+V_0.l,43F,
,Q=O!h-T,4h-GVJ+,43F,,Q=OARO- O-0O3aOAW,44+W,4,-QHX3]Q3M-T,4
M20,4OsM-kB2XO-,-+lH,1Ch-T,4OPI2+/,4I+H1]1OPIM01,fƒ-a+!OPI,-+[3
M-o-l,W+M+o>Bo3O-•,4MI]YCK+OPIHT+M2Qj,4q3X,-+[3M-bH1HT+M2Qj,4
h-T,4M-kMX+MR0KQyOO•,4MbO]1O-•,4MIKI,4]YC.10HaM>-L,O3aOAW,4OPI
O0,O-X3!OPIM-o-lhoM+o>Bo3O-•,4MIM-_+2IHT+M2Qj,4,-Š,4M-bKaO-R+!
,-Š,4M-bH1HT+M2Qj,4h-T,4M-k>-U,-PCKQyOM-SA”]1HO-0O3aOAW,4OPI
M-o-lHI+AI3h-T,4O-eOO-e,!h-T,4M-pMA€V[,.Š,4B
-p,M-bOK•,4A”i•,Ko,-1,-Ka,4K•,4Bo36`M2+l3,4Qj+M20,4O_
,Q=OH„+,4Qj+HaM,EHO-zM2F,4HaMOUCfI,-M-T+M-SO•,4O-G,-]1-1,-Ka,4
V_0.l.1MX+MR0,43F,,Q=OBo3H„+,4Qj+h-T,4M-_+2XOV‹IVƒ+!h-T,44•>
>-L,]1HV—,HT+M2Qj,4M-SO3aOAW,4A”fI,-.1K¥>4Y>,4-S,]L,B
3W,V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4M2Q=O-oM>-_+M+oMh+lH!K\OV+lM]1M+oMh+lH,43F,
,Q=OB-I+M-XOq3XHbO,43F,,Q=OA”]1HO-0,•HI3OR,h+lM.1Kk]R+-p3q3_
h-T,]Qj,4B?‹IM+oMh+lH!H„+,4Qj+O•,4OL,O•-1,-.+V_0.l.1>-nO-F+HT+
M2Qj,4V‡,4,-+[3OXO-,-Qh-T,4O-\M>-XOUCfI,-!h-T,4M-_+2XOV‹IVƒ+!
h-T,4]1HV—,,43F,,Q=OB
-1,Q=OO•.I+M2N-oMAbOq3I,M2Z,4M20,4.+lOV_0.l,43F,,Q=OARO-
.1HT+M2Qj,4B3C,-+/,HaMHS,-,-1,Q=OA”2YMh-•-01,M-1,-KQyOOT,4
.+lO-lM2Z,4.1h-•h-E,,1CB-G,-.S.pCA€M-IH4+IOPIM01,fƒ-a+.=+uM-bO
MGO-O€OOPIHZ+OT,4iU,A”]1Co3MWq3CoMKm,-O-0.+lOV_0.l,43F,,Q=OARO-
.1V_0.lHT+M2Qj,4B
;BgB7B Trên thế giới
20,4M-p>,+/,g5!T,-+DH,Q=O]nOKmI.1KR+iQs,44+IME,4.=+,-m>Ka
KX,4]0,4R+B+o,KaT,-+DH,Q=O>-_,X,-M23,4M-€OM+o,Va>-XMM2+k,hŒ,4-lB
IO•M-khk2IKUC.1+M-GinM+/3V+k3B(,-)3WOO-¢,4-R,¦L3M-oh•;v!AT,4
IH+Ad2YMARO-B•M2JM-1,-W,4OW,4]aM-+/,.104+ŠIM-oh•,1CBXOAT,4
h-XOO•,4O•MS,-M2R,4MQs,4M€M2Q=Oh-+,4Qj+MIKQI2IOXOV+l,>-X>V_0.l
,4-+/H,4\MBQ=O-X>2a,4-s,!hŒ,4-l>-U,MX,.1,-+[3AT,4]=,!,-Q,4.Y,
K[O•,4h-T,4h-XOVI0,-+/3B@U,I2+AON,3W,4,Q=OAT,4d+,dKo,O3W+M-o
h•;6B‹K•.Y,K[Kw+h-XOOXOAT,4]=,.1,Q=O,4LH,-+[3,s+h-T,4ON,
2I,4;g
Hình 7 : Một con kênh bị ô nhiễm
i‚,4]1H,Q=OA+,--0RMKQyO,ŠI!9B555hHAT,4OPI-X>VmT,-+DHHƒ,MG,-B
T,4-+,O-_Cq3I.‚,4hŒ,4-l-•IHR,-!h-3.€OO•-s,`5M2+l3,4Qj+!]1
,R,,-U,OPI,-+[3MI+,R,{,-QO-XC,-1HXCM-3WOI,i0…J}U]d,EH;v6g|
M-/H.10OXO,43F,T,-+DHM-Qj,4f3C/,B˜0IˆMS,-M2R,4M-_HM-Qs,4J
Vj>-GIKT,4O•,4,-Q,-+[3.‚,4h-XOB
?‚,4¦R+-FVmT,-+DH,\,4!M20,4K•-F£2+d!,MI2+0K\OV+lM,4-+/HM2Z,4B
EH;v6`!}-0>I]{*,a|]1,s+Kƒ
f_C2IHaMMI+,R,h+,--01,4h-+,-1HXC
A_,f3YMM-3WOM2‹AU3,+0,I2V+id,i+IB
M-_+2I,401+HT+M2Qj,4`5MY,+…0f+I,IM.1
HdM+]IB-d0.+l,}]IOhAH+M-!O-G,-]Qy,4
h-GKaO-R+,1CKƒ4UC_,--QJ,4h-T,4
,-† Ko, AbO h-0r OPI -1,4 M2EH ,4-S,
,4Qj+iU,.1h-+o,;9B555,4Qj+Mt.0,4B
-pMKX,4]0,4R+h-+.Y,K[T,-+DHJh-3
.€O,1C.•,O-QIKQyO4+_+q3CoMHaMOXO-M2+lMKkB4Qj+MI,4-+,4j2‡,4OXO
HRO-,Q=O,4LHKƒVm,-+DHKaOB
EH7555!.nMI+,R,-LHH†f_C2IMI+OT,4MC(323]{3HI,+|KƒM-_+2I
95x;55MY,f+I,3.1h+H ]0R+ ,\,4{,-QKF,4|.10iN,4AT,44L,}I+II2d
{M-3aO.‚,4T,4x}eO|B€,-+DHKaO,1CKƒh-+o,OXO]01+M-3•A_,JKUCO-oM
-1,4]0RM!Mw,-R+Ko,-lM-€O.pM.1]1HV—,,43F,,Q=OARO-!_,--QJ,4Ko,
O3aOAW,4OPI7!9M2+l3,4Qj+B
3VIMI0{}2I…+]|!M-1,->-WOPI-1,4]ZIMOXOh-3]+/,-y>OT,4,4-+l>Os
h-G.1-0XiL3B-Q,4OXOOT,4MCJKUCKƒŽ.TMQ•M-_+OXOO-YMM-_+OT,4,4-+l>
{h”H!cd,0]I!M-3•,4U,!iL3|.10OXOiN,4AT,4OPIM-1,->-WM‹,-+[3M-p>hz
,ICB?+lOft]u,43F,,Q=OM-_+O-QIKQyOM-€O-+l,KLCKPM-d0K•,4q3CKm,-B
4Qj+iU,M-1,->-WM-Qj,4f3C/,HeOOXOVl,-]+/,q3I,Ko,KQj,4-T-Y>!
H\Oi‚4U,-1,4M-o4+=+Kƒh-3Co,OX0}2I…+]X>in,4OXOK+[3]3pMV_0.l-l
A+,-M-X+,4-+/Hh-eOM20,4,-Š,4,EHq3IB
-0Ko,,-Š,4,EHO3W+M-j+hSO-+o,M2I,-]R,-!@…d2…-+,Ah]3T,]1M23,4
MUH]=,.[A_,f3YM.•h-G-0X-ZOB-d0VX0OX0OPI}]IOhAH+M-!.Y,K[,-+DH
KaOHRO-,Q=O,4LH]3T,KQyOK\M2IB!M3w+M-ZM23,4VS,-O-zh-0_,4`5M3w+.=+
O_-I+4+=+B
‡HMR+h-3.€OO-G,-4+ŠIKYM,Q=O23,4)3WO!iN,4AT,43I+i1+;v86
hHKQyOO0+,-Q,s+T,-+DH,-YMOPI,Q=O,1Ci0OXOO-YMM-_+OT,4,4-+l>!
2I,4;8
Hình 8.Dòng sông Huai -)
Ka,4.pM.1,T,4,4-+l>!bOKaHeOOXOVl,-OI0VYMM-Qj,4OPIOa,4KF,4iU,
OQAW,44L,]Q3.€OAT,4Kƒh-+o,O-G,->-P>-_+fo>,43F,,Q=OOPIO0,AT,4J
HbOKaT,-+DHKaO-R+,-YMB3C,-+/,!O-G,->-P23,4)3WO-+l,KI,4O‚,4
.=+4U,-1,4M-o4+=+,„]€O4+_+q3CoMMS,-M2R,4,1CB
IV3{}eO*,a|x-1,->-WM2/,AT,4!.=+7!`M2+l3iU,!]1,s+Mp>M23,4
OPI,-+[3fQJ,4M-3aOiIB-Š,4h-_0AXM!,4-+/,Ob3OPI-G,->-PKƒO-0M-YC
HaM.1+h-3.€OO•HRO-,Q=O,4LHKƒVm,-+DHKaOi0>-—H,-3aH!OXOO-YM
-0X-ZOKaO-R+{O20H!O-S|BaMO-3s,4M2S,-O-zKR0]1HARO-,43F,,Q=O,4LH
KI,4KQyOM2+k,h-I+B
I2+]I0{-+]+>+,d|lM-W,4OXOAT,44L,.‚,4,40R+TMz,-}3]IOI,J
-+]+>+,dA]1,s+]Q3M-T,4-1,4-0XO-0OXOh-3.€OM-3aOiI!M+,-O-oh+H]0R+!
K•OO-SBXOO-YMT,-+DH4UC2IOXO.Y,K[.[AbOh-0rO-0OQiU,M20,4.‚,4.1
fI-s,,•ON,4UC-R+M=+,41,-KX,-VeMMR+.m,-I,+]]dB
s,Vƒ0IM2+,IKƒ4UCM-+lM-R+]=,,-YM.[M+[,OPIO•,4,-QA+,-HR,4
M20,4]mO-At,Q=OŒ.1O•,4Kƒ4UC2I-1,4]0RM,-Š,4M2p,]nMJd§¨dI]I,i!
K+[3K•h–0M-d0A€T,-+DHM2/,i+l,2a,4i0h+H]0R+,\,4O•]•,M20,4KYM.1
O\,iL3J-I+,Q=O,1CB-Š,4,„]€Oh-eO>-nOT,-+DHKI,4KQyOOXO,-1O-bO
M2XO-]+/,K01,.1q3WO4+I,4-+/,Ob3O‚,4.=+ho-0RO-fUCi€,4]R+OXOM-1,-
>-WVmM1,>-XB
1.7. Phân loại nước thải
-d0M+/3O-3—,.+lM,IH9v65;vv9.1g;58•;;v65,Q=OM-_+]1,Q=O
KƒKQyOM-_+2IAI3h-+KƒAtin,4-0\OKQyOMR02IM20,4HaMq3XM2S,-OT,4,4-l
.1h-T,4ON,4+XM2mM2€OM+o>KW+.=+q3XM2S,-K•B-T,4M-Qj,4,Q=OM-_+KQyO
>-U,]0R+M-d0,43F,4WO>-XMA+,-2IO-•,4
− Q=O M-_+ A+,- -0RM! ]1
,Q=OM-_+M‹OXOh-3iU,
OQ! h-3 .€O -0RM Ka,4
M-Qs,4HR+!h-3OT,4AJ!
M2Qj,4-ZO.1OXOOsAJ
MQs,4M€B
− Q=OM-_+OT,4,4-+l>!]1
,Q=OM-_+M‹OXO,-1HXC
KI,4 -0RM Ka,4 -0\O
M20,4K• ,Q=OM-_+ OT,4
,4-+l>]1O-PCo3B
2I,4;6
Hình 9: Ô nhiễm do rác thải sinh hoạt
− Q=OM-YHq3I!]1,Q=OM-YH.10-lM-W,4W,4V‡,4,-+[3OXO-h-XO,-I3!q3I
OXOh-=>,W+!OXOT,4O•h-3CoMMpM-ICM-1,--W4I!-WfGB
− Q=OM-_+M€,-+/,!,Q=OHQIKQyOfdH,-Q,Q=OM-_+M€,-+/,J,-Š,4M-1,-
>-W]=,-+l,KR+!,Q=OHQIKQyO40HM-d0-lM-W,42+/,4B
− Q=OM-_+KTM-m!]1M-3pM,4ŠO-3,4O-zO-YM]†,4M20,4-lM-W,4OW,4M-0XM,Q=O
OPIHaMM-1,->-W!M-mfƒ~K•]1-„,-y>OPIOXO]0R+,Q=OM-_+M2/,B
401+2IOE,Ob.10MG,-O-YMOPI,43F,M-_+O•M-k>-U,]0R+M-1,-
− 43F,K+kH{,Q=OM-_+OPIOXOOsAJOT,4,4-+l>!OXOh-3iU,OQ!M-1,->-W~|
− 43F,h-T,4K+kH{,Q=OHQIO-_CM21,!,Q=OM-_+,T,4,4Q,4-+l>~|
;B8B;B Nước thải sinh hoạt
XO]0R+,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMA+,-2IM‹OXO,43F,,-QM‹OXO-a4+IKS,-!
Vl,-.+l,!h-XO-AR,!OT,4AJM2Qj,4-ZOB
Q=OM-_+M‹OXOin,4On.lA+,-,-Q-WfG!O-p32tI!VF,MeH!4+\MVI04FH
O_,Q=OM-_+A+,-]uOPIO0,,4Qj+B
Q=OM-_+M‹,-1Vo>,Q=O2tI!,Q=OM-_+M‹,-1E,~
Q=O2tI,-1!AU,!KQj,4!>-W~
Thành phần và tính chất của nước thải sinh hoạt
\OK+kHO-3,4OPI,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RM]1O-•,4O-bIh-0_,496’O-YM-Š3
Os.1`7’O-YMh-0X,4B\OK+kHOsV_,OPI,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RM]1-1H]Qy,4OI0
OXOO-YM-Š3Osh-T,4V[,A+,--ZO,-QOIOV0,-Ci2IM!>20Md+,!H¤~O-YMi+,-
iQ¤,4,-Q>-TM>-IM!,+M0!.+M23,4!.+h-3—,!O-YM2e,.1H‚+B
-1,->-L,.1MG,-O-YM,-+DHV—,>-nM-3aO.10Mp>q3X,A+,--0RM!HbO
AW,4OPI,4Qj+iU,!HbOKa-01,M-+l,OPIM2I,4M-+oMVm!M2R,4M-X+]1H.+lOOPI
M-+oMVmM-340H,Q=OM-_+~
W]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+M3ˆM-3aO.10K+[3h+l,M+l,,4-+OPIO3aOAW,4!Mp>q3X,
i‚,4,Q=OOPIM‹,4iU,MaOBMQs,4b,4.=+,-3OL3i‚,4,Q=O!AW]Qy,4,Q=OM-_+
OXOh-3iU,OQiI0Ka,4M20,4h-0_,4;:5^;95]+M•,4Qj+•,41CB
Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMO•O-bIOXOO\,VƒOXOO-YM2e,VI04FHO-YM2e,.TOs
,-QKYMOXM!H3W+.TOs!O-YM2e,-Š3Os,-Q.+h-3—,!Ka,4.pM,43C/,A+,-!M_0!
>-U,2XO!OXOO-YM-Š3Os,-QM-€O>-—H!iL3H¤~OXOO-YMi+,-iQ¤,4.1.+
A+,-B-1,->-L,,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMM-ICKw+M-d0M-j+4+I,B4Qj+MIq3CQ=O4+X
M2mVS,-q3U,,-QAI3B
Bảng 1: Tải lượng ô nhiễm nước thải sinh hoạt
XO,-U,T,-+DH _+]Qy,4{4•,41C| XO,-U,T,-+DH _+]Qy,4{4•,41C|
}@9
@
`9^9`
;B6×}@
(H0,+
w,4>-0A>-0
7!`^`!6
5B6^`
2I,4;v
-YM2e,]s]t,4
@L3H¤
w,4,+Ms
755
;5^:5
gx;7
w,4O0]+c02H
œdOI]O0]+c20H
2b,44+3,AX,
;5
g
x;5
v
;5
9
x;5
g
;5
:
20,4,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMON,O-bIHaMAW-0XO-YMKaO-R+,-QO-YMM—C2tI!
M-3WOM—C!M-3WO,-3aH~
;B8B7B Nước mưa
?10H‚IHQI!,Q=OHQIO-_CM21,q3IOXOh-3.€OiU,OQ!,-1HXC!Vƒ+
O-bI,43C/,]+l3~A”O3W,M-d0OXOO-YM2e,!OXOO-YM-Š3OsBo3h-T,4q3—,]u
MWM,Q=OO-_CM21,,1CA”MXOKa,4M+/3O€OKo,,43F,,Q=OH\M!,Q=O,4LH.1Kj+
AW,4M-3•A+,-M20,4h-3.€OB
F,4KaOXOO-YMT,-+DHM20,4,Q=OHQIO-_CM21,Q=OMG,-.10h-0_,45B9
^;B9H4•<!5B55`^5B5:H4•<!;5^75H4@•<!;5^75H4•<BA0.=+
,Q=OM-_+,Q=OHQIh-XARO-!.S.pCO•M-kMXO-2+/,4,Q=OHQIh-†+,Q=OM-_+.1
M-_+M2€OM+o>q3IOW,4M-0XMBQj,4M-0XM,Q=O>-_+O•Va>-p,O-e,2XOM2Q=Oh-+
Kw2IOW,4M-0XMM2X,-MeO,4-”,KQj,4OW,4B
;B8B:B Nước thải công nghiệp và nông nghiệp
W]Qy,4.1M-1,->-L,>-nM-3aO.10iR,4A_,f3YMKQyOM2S,-V1CiQ=+
V_,4AI3
Bảng 2: Các tác nhân ô nhiễm điển hình trong nước thải công nghiệp
Công nghiệp Chất ô nhiễm chính Chất ô nhiễm phụ
Chế biến sữa }@!>!
13!Mw,4!!!Ka
KnO
Chế biến đồ hộp, rau
quả
}@!@!>!!@ 13!Mw,4!!!
Chế biến rượu bia
}@!>!!!!O-YM2e,O•
M-k]e,4
@! H13!Ka KnOBVZM
,w+
Chế biến thịt }@!>!!iL3H¤!KaKnO!
O-YM2e,O•M-k]e,4
`
›
!@!!H13
Xay bột }@! @!>!!@
Luyện thép
@L3 H¤! >!
`
›
!
x
! 2!
>-d,0]!!œd!,!¨,
]0!
`
7x
Cơ khí
@!iL3H¤!!x!2!¨,!
+!V!i
Thuộc da
}@
9
!@!!HI3ih+H]0R+
,\,4!
`
›
! iL3 H¤! >-d,0]!
A3]c3I
!!@!Mw,4O0]+c20H
Xi măng @!>!
20HIM! ! ¨,! A3]c3I!
@
Phân bón hoá học
Phân đạm
`
›
!@!
:
x
!
`
7x
!32d >!
`
:x
!
`
7x
! -y>
2I,475
O-YM-Š3Os
Phân lân @!œ!>!!
(]! œd! 4! !
`
7x
!
32I,+3H
Hoá chất hữu cơ
}@!@!>!!@!iL3
,w+
aKnO!O]0-Š3Os!!
h+H]0R+,\,4!>-d,0]
Hoá chất vô cơ
aIO+i!Kah+[H!!!@!
]
x
!
`
7x
!>
}@! @! !
>-d,0]! œ! A+]+OIM!
x
!
h+H]0R+,\,4
Hoá dầu
`
›
!}@!@!2!iL3!>!
>-d,0]!!@!A3]c3I
]
x
!
x
!V!!!!
¨,!KaKnO
7B Hậu quả của ô nhiễm nước
2.1. Ảnh hưởng đến môi trường
7B;B;B Nước và sinh vật nước:
a) Nước
− Nước ngầm: 401+.+lOOXOO\,]s]t,4M20,4,Q=OH\M!OXOO-YMM-_+,\,4]e,4
f3W,4KXCAT,4!AI3h-+>-U,-3•!;>-L,]Qy,4O-YMKQyOOXOA+,-.pMM+/3M-n!;
>-L,M-YHf3W,4HRO-,Q=OV/,iQ=+{,Q=O,4LH|q3IKYM!]1HV+o,Kw+MG,-O-YM
OPI]0R+,Q=O,1CM-d0O-+[3-Q=,4fY3{i0OXOO-YMO-bI,-+[3O-YM-Š3Os!h+H
]0R+,\,4~|!V/,OR,-K•!.+lOh-I+M-XO,Q=O,4LHV‹IVƒ+.1,4Qj+iU,fUC
i€,4 OXO ]0R+ -LH
O-bI O-YM M-_+ O•,4
4•> >-L, ]1H A3C
4+_HO-YM]Qy,4,Q=O
,4LH!]1HO-0]Qy,4
,Q=O ,4LH .W, Kƒ
h-I,-+oH!,ICO1,4
-+oH-s,,ŠIB
− Nước mặt@0,-+[3
,43C/, ,-U, h-XO
,-I3!4UC2IA€HYM
OU,V‡,44+ŠI]Qy,4O-YMM-_+2IHT+M2Qj,4,Q=O{2XOM-_+A+,--0RM!OXOO-YM-Š3
Os!~|.1OXOA+,-.pMM+/3M-n]Qy,4O-YMM-_+,1C{.+A+,-.pM!M_0!~|]1HO-0OXO
O-YM-Š3Os!O-YM2e,]s]t,4!~h-T,4KQyO>-U,-3•!.•,ON,]Q3]R+M20,4,Q=O
.=+h-W+]Qy,4]=,!i•,Ko,.+lO,Q=OiL,HYMK+A€M+,-h-+oMVI,KL3!]1HO-YM
]Qy,4,43F,,Q=OVmA3C4+_H,4-+/HM2Z,4B
b) Sinh vật nước:
,-+DH,Q=O_,--QJ,4M2€OM+o>Ko,OXOA+,-.pM,Q=O!K\OV+lM]1.‚,4
AT,4!i0,Q=OO-m3MXOKa,4OPIT,-+DH,-+[3,-YMB-+[3]01+M-3•A+,-i0-Y>
2I,47;
M-nOXOO-YMKaOM20,4,Q=O!M-j+4+I,]U3,41C4UCV+o,Kw+M20,4OsM-k,-+[3]01+
M-3•A+,-!HaMAWM2Qj,4-y>4UCKaMV+o,4d,!MR0,-+[3]01+H=+!HaMAWM2Qj,4
-y>]1HO-0,-+[3]01+M-3•A+,-O-oMB
20,4`,41C]+/,M+o>{M‹;6x7;B;5|!MTH!OXO-oM-1,4]0RMMR+h+,-+ŠI
-†{Y>LH‚,4!fƒ2L,-=+!-3Cl,X+Q=O!1I3|!OR,-"G,4-+l>O-o
V+o,M-3•A_,IH<0,4M-3aOT,4MCOw>-L,f3YMh-—3M-3•A_,X+T+?1H
{Ii0.+Hdf|BQ=OM20,4h+,-Kd,,4NH.1H‚+-T+M-W+VWO]/,,F,4,\OB+Ko,
KL3h+,-OR,-"G,4-+l>O-oV+o,M-3•A_,IH<0,4M-SM-YC,Q=OM-_+M20,4Vƒ+
2XOA+,--0RMOPIfG,4-+l>,1CKI,4M21,f3W,4h+,-B"XOOXO-oMM2/,h+,-+ŠI
-†!-3Cl,X+Q=O{Mz,-1I3|BUC]1O0,h+,-O-RCi1+4L,`hH!,W+M‹
Vƒ+2XOOPI"G,4-+l>O-o V+o,M-3•A_,IH<0,4.=+AT,4X+Q=OxLH
‚,4!O•-1,4M2EH-aiU,]YC,Q=OM‹iN,4h+,-,1CKk,3T+OX!MTHBR+iQs,4
M3CO-+oH©i+l,MGO-M2X+KYM!,-Q,4O•,4h-T,4M-kh-T,4O-m3MXOKa,4VJ+.+lO
,Q=OVmT,-+DH!H1HaM>-L,A€T,-+DH,Q=OKR+iQs,4]1i0OXO-0RMKa,4OPI
O0,,4Qj+,-Q.+lOh-I+M-XOiL3!2XOM-_+M‹,4Qj+K+V+k,!~4UC_,--QJ,4
h-T,4,-†Ko,KR+iQs,4.1OXOA+,-.pMKR+iQs,4!]1Hf3YM-+l,,-+[3-+l,
MQy,4]R!KF,4M-j+]1HO-0,-+[3]01+A+,-.pMV+k,h-T,4O•,s+AW,4!HaMAW
.‚,4O•,-+[3]01+A+,-.pMV+k,O-oM-1,4]0RM~
Hiện tượng thủy triều đen: S,-M2R,4O-YM]Qy,4,Q=O-F4+_HKaM,4aM
,4-+/HM2Z,4.1MS,-M2R,4OXO-oM-1,4]0RMM20,4,-+[3,41ChkM‹M-p>,+/,;v85B
+l,MQy,4,1CKQyOOXO,-1h-0I-ZO4Z+M/,]1ŽM-PCM2+[3Kd,•B-U,MGO-OXO
H•3,Q=O-F]YCM‹,-+[3,Q=OM2/,M-o4+=+O-0M-YC-+l,MQy,4ŽM-PCM2+[3Kd,•
M-Qj,4f_CM20,4-F,Q=O.10H‚IM-3B-+K•!O-YM-Š3OsiQ=+KXC-FVeMKL3
>-U,-PCiQ=+MXOin,4OPIOXO.+A+,-.pM!]1HM-+o3TfCiQ=+KXC-F!4+_H-1H
]Qy,4>.1ME,4,F,4KaOXO4WOIfGMhI]+,+M2IMB-3hˆ,1C]1HME,4MS,-M2R,4
M-+o3TfCM20,4,Q=O.1]UC]I,-y>O-YMA3,c3I!V+o,,Q=O-FO•H13Kd,.1H‚+
-T+B20,4q3XM2S,-M-ICKw+O-YM]Qy,4,Q=O!OXO-0RMKa,4OPIO0,,4Qj+,-Q
M-_+O-YMM-_+OT,4,4-+l>.1A+,--0RM.10-FO•,4O•M-kMR02IŽM-PCM2+[3•B
Thủy triều đỏ€>-XMM2+k,q3XHbOOPI,[,OT,4,4-+l>-+l,KR+Kƒh–0
M-d0,-Š,4-p3q3_,\,4,[.[HT+M2Qj,4!]1HM-ICKw+-lA+,-M-X+V+k,B\M
h-XO!A€T,-+DH,Q=OV+k,i0OXOO-o>-—H>-nO.n,3T+MTH!iQ]Qy,4OXO]0R+
M-3WOhGO-M-GO-!M-3WOM2‹AU3!M-3WOV_0.lM-€O.pMBBB4•>>-L,]1HME,4.ZMML,
A3YMf3YM-+l,M-3•M2+[3K†J,-+[3,s+M2/,M-o4+=+.1J?+lMIHB-T,4O-z_,-
-QJ,4,4-+/HM2Z,4Ko,,[,h+,-MoV+k,!M-3•M2+[3K†ON,]1HHYMOU,V‡,4A+,-
M-X+V+k,!T,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4V+k,BKhi4\>,-Š,4HT+M2Qj,4M-3p,]y+,-QK+[3
2I,477
h+l,,-+lMKa!A€Q3iQ¤,4OPI.€O,Q=OBBBOXO]01+.+M_0>-XMM2+k,M-d0h+k3V‚,4
,wAW]Qy,4MoV10!]1HM-ICKw+-¢,H13,Q=OBXO,-1h-0I-ZO4Z+K•]1A€,J
-0IOPIM_0-ICŽM-3•M2+[3K†•B-3•M2+[3K†>-X.¤A€OU,V‡,4A+,-M-X+V+k,!
4UC-R+M2€OM+o>KW+.=+A+,-.pM.1O0,,4Qj+BaMAW]01+.+M_0A_,A+,-2IKaO
MWB?S.pC!O0,,4Qj+O•M-kVm,4aKaOi0E,>-_+,-Š,4A+,-.pMVm,-+DHKaOMW
.+M_0B-3•M2+[3K†]1Mp>-y>OPIHaMAW]Qy,4O€O]=,]01+M_0KaOO•M/,4Z+
(]dfI,i2+3Hc3,iCd,AdB<01+M_0,1CO•O-bI]0R+KaOMWAIf+,M0f+,!Kƒ4+oMO-oM
;`O0,OX.0+M2/,.‚,4V+k,(M]I,M+O!.10,EH;v68B
7B;B7B Đất và sinh vật đất:
a) Đất
Q=OVmT,-+DHHI,4,-+[3O-YM.TOs.1-Š3OsM-YH.10KYM4UCT,-+DH
,4-+/HM2Z,4O-0KYMBQ=OT,-+DHM-YH.10KYM]1H
− <+/,hoM4+ŠIOXO-RMhd0KYMVmVr4ƒC!OY3M2•OKYMVm>-X.¤B
− -ICKw+K\OMG,-]u-ZO!-•I-ZOOPIKYMB
− ?I+M2NKlH!MG,-0fC-•I!MG,-i•,K+l,!i•,,-+lMOPIHT+M2Qj,4KYMM-ICKw+
HR,-B
− -1,->-L,O-YM-Š3Os4+_H,-I,-]1Hh-_,E,44+Š,Q=O.1M-0XM,Q=OOPIKYM
VmM-ICKw+BaMAWO-YM-IC+0,O•M20,4,Q=OM-_+_,--QJ,4Ko,KYM
− )3XM2S,-0fC-•IOXO+0,œd
7›
.1,
7›
O•,F,4KaOI0MR0M-1,-OXOIf+Mh-T,4
MI,œd
7
:
.1,
7
4UC2I-+l,MQy,4Ž,Q=O>-‰,•i•,Ko,K•,4M-1,-.X,4M2/,
H\MKYM{K•,4>-‰,|I,f+!HI4+d.1OXO+0,h+H]0R+h-XOM20,4KYMVm,Q=OO-bI
If+MOIOV0,+O2tIM2T+M-SKYMA”VmO-3I-•I
b) Sinh vật đất
-+OXOO-YMT,-+DHM‹,Q=OM-YH.10KYMh-T,4,-Š,44UC_,--QJ,4Ko,
KYMH1ON,_,--QJ,4Ko,O_OXOA+,-.pMKI,4A+,-AW,4M20,4KYMB
− XO+0,œd
7›
.1,
7›
J,F,4KaOI0]1OXOO-YMKaO-R+.=+M-€O.pMB
− 3M20,4,43F,,Q=OT,-+DHM‹OXOh-3OT,4,4-+l>M-_+2IM-YH.10KYMh-T,4
KaO]eHKW+.=+Ka,4.pM,-Q,4KaOKW+.=+OUCOW+J,F,4KaM23,4VS,-B
− XOO-YMT,-+DH]1H4+_Hq3XM2S,--0RMKa,4>-U,-PCO-YMOPIHaMAW
.+A+,-.pMM20,4KYM
− <1,43C/,,-U,]1HO-0,-+[3OUCOW+ON+OZO!h-_,E,4O-W,4O-m3h–H!
h-T,4>-XMM2+k,KQyO-0\OO•M-kVmM-W+4WOH1O-oM•,-+[3]0R+O-YMKaOV[,
.Š,4h-•Vm>-U,-PCO•h-_,E,4fUH,-p>MGO-]•CM20,4OsM-kA+,-.pMB-+
.10OsM-kA+,-.pMO-YMKaOO•,4O•M-k>-_+OL,M-j+4+I,KkMGO-]•CKo,]•OKRM
HbO,F,4Ka4UCKaOB
2I,47:
7B;B:B Không khí:
,-+DHHT+M2Qj,4,Q=Oh-T,4O-z_,--QJ,4Ko,O0,,4Qj+!KYM!,Q=OH1
ON,_,--QJ,4Ko,h-T,4h-GBXO-y>O-YM-Š3Os!.TOsKaO-R+M20,4,Q=OM-_+
M-T,4q3I.N,4M3L,-01,,Q=O!M-d0-s+,Q=O.10h-T,4h-G]1HO-0HpMKaVn+
V—,M20,4h-T,4h-GME,4]/,B-T,4,-Š,4.pC!OXO-s+,Q=O,1CON,]14+XVXH
O-0OXO.+A+,-.pM.1OXO]0R+h-GV—,OT,4,4-+l>KaO-R+h-XOBaMAWO-YMh-G
KQyO-S,-M-1,-i0q3XM2S,->-U,-PCOXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsM20,4,Q=OM-_+,-Q
7
!
7
!!~_,--QJ,4,4-+/HM2Z,4Ko,HT+M2Qj,4h-Gq3Ck,.1O0,,4Qj+!
4UC2IOXOOE,Vl,-]+/,q3I,Ko,KQj,4-T-Y>,-Q,+/HHROKQj,4-T-Y>M2/,!
.+/H>-w+!.+/H>-oq3_,Hƒ,MG,-!4UCV¥,-M+HHRO-!ME,4H•,O_HJ,-Š,4
,4Qj+HeOVl,--d,!~
2.2. Ảnh hưởng đến con người
7B7B;B Sức khỏe con người:
a) Do kim loại trong nước:
XOh+H]0R+,\,4O•M20,4,Q=O]1OL,M-+oMO-0A+,-.pM.1O0,,4Qj+.S
O-•,4]1,-Š,4,43C/,MW.+]Qy,4H1A+,-.pMOL,M3C,-+/,.=+-1H]Qy,4OI0
,•]R+]1,43C/,,-U,4UCKaOO-0O0,,4Qj+!4UC2I,-+[3Vl,--+kH,4-‰0,-Q
3,4M-Q!KaMV+o,B\OV+lMKI3]N,4-s,]1,•]1,43C/,,-U,4UC,/,,-Š,4]1,4
3,4M-QBXO+0,h+H]0R+KQyO>-XM-+l,]1-y>O-YMhSH-ƒHd…CHdHR,-B-•,4
MXOin,4]/,>-T+Mt,-Q,-•H^
:
.1M20,4HdM-+0,+,.1fCAMd+,BI3KUC
]1HaMAWh+H]0R+O•,-+[3_,--QJ,4,-+/HM2Z,4,-YMB
Trong nước nhiễm chì
-SO•MG,-KaOOI0KW+.=+O0,,4Qj+.1Ka,4.pMB€M-UH,-+DHO-S.10Os
M-kO0,,4Qj+M‹2YMA=HM‹M3L,M-b75OPIM-I+hS.1M+o>i+D,A3WMhSHI,4M-I+B
2rdHO•HbO-Y>M-nO-SOI04Y>:x`]L,,4Qj+]=,B\Mh-XOM-j+4+I,VX,A+,-
-ZOO-SOPIM2rdHO•,4i1+-s,OPI,4Qj+]=,B-SMGO-KZ,4JfQs,4B2rdHM‹
gM3w+M2Jf3W,4.1>-n,ŠO•M-I+]1,-Š,4KW+MQy,4H•,O_H.=+,-Š,4_,-
-QJ,4,43C-R+OPIO-S4UC2IB-SO•,4O_,M2JO-3Ck,-•IOI,f+V‡,4OXO-M2€O
M+o>-IC4+X,M+o>M-T,4q3IhSH-ƒHA€O-3Ck,-•I.+MIH+,@B-S4UCKaOO_Os
q3I,M-L,h+,-M23,4Qs,4]•,M-L,h+,-,40R+V+/,B-SMXOKa,4]/,-ld,…CHd!
K\OV+lM]1d,…CHd.p,O-3Ck,-+K20B-+Vm,-+DHKaO!,4Qj+Vl,-VmHaMAW2W+
]0R,OsM-k!M20,4K•O-PCo3]12W+]0R,Va>-p,MR0-3CoM{MPCfQs,4|B
‚CM-d0HbOKa,-+DHKaOO•M-k4UC2I,-Š,4MI+V+o,,-QKI3Vn,4O-S!
KQj,4.+[,Kd,}32M0,J]y+!KI3h-=>!.+/HM-p,!OI0-3CoMX>.™,-.+D,!]+lM!MI+
V+o,]ƒ0,o3,\,4O•M-k4UCMt.0,4BXOin,4-•IA+,-OPIO-SO-PCo34UC_,-
2I,47`
-QJ,4Ko,Mw,4-y>HX3!>-X.¤-F,4OL3B-SbOO-oHaMAWd,…CHdq3I,M2Z,4
M20,4q3XM2S,-Mw,4-y>HX3i0MGO-KZ,4OXO-y>O-YMM23,44+I,OPIq3XM2S,-
M2I0Kw+O-YMB-ShSH-ƒHq3XM2S,-Atin,4
7
.14]3O0…0KkA_,f3YM,E,4]Qy,4
O-0q3XM2S,-AW,4B€hSH-ƒH,1CO•M-k,-p,M-YCh-+,F,4KaO-SM20,4HX3
h-0_,45!:H4•]B-+,F,4KaO-SM20,4HX3]=,-s,5!6H4•]O•M-k4UC2I-+l,
MQy,4M-+o3HX3i0M-+o3-dH04]0V+,Bo3-1H]Qy,4O-SM20,4HX3h-0_,45!9x
5!6H4•]A”4UC2W+]0R,O-bO,E,4OPIM-p,.1>-X-PC,ƒ0Bª£œ(KƒM-+oM]p>4+X
M2mMRHM-j+O-0]Qy,4O-SKQI.10OsM-kO•M-kO-m3K€,4KQyOKW+.=+M2rAsA+,-
.1M-+o3,-+]179H4•h4M-kM2Z,4Bs,v5’]Qy,4O-SM20,4HX3MF,MR+M20,4
-F,4OL3B@R,4]=,,-YM.1MWOKaO-pH]1M20,4h-3,4fQs,4!O-3hSVX,-PC]1
75,EH!iR,4h-T,4V[,-s,,‡HM20,4HTH[HBw,4AWMGO-]•CA3WMKj+OPIO-S
O•M-kM‹755H4x955H4B-SM20,4-lM-L,h+,-M23,4Qs,4O•f3-Q=,4MGO-]•C
M20,4KR+,ƒ0.1,-U,MoV10B
Trong nước nhiễm thủy ngân
-PC,4U,.TOsO-PCo3_,--QJ,4Ko,M-p,!M20,4h-+K•HdM-C]M-PC,4U,
_,--QJ,4O-G,-Ko,-lM-L,h+,-M23,4Qs,4BI3h-+Vm,-+DHKaO,4Qj+Vl,-iD
OX34eM!hGO-M-GO-!f•OKa,4!2W+]0R,M+/3-•I2W+]0R,M-L,h+,-!.+/H]y+!23,4
O-U,Bo3Vm,-+DHKaO,\,4O•M-kMt.0,4BaOMG,-OPIM-PC,4U,MXOin,4]d,
,-•H A3,c3I-Ci2C] {x| OPI -l
M-W,4d,…CHdB€]+/,hoMOPIM-PC
,4U,.=+H1,4Mo V10,4E,O_,A€
.p,O-3Ck,KQj,4q3IH1,4.1O-0
>-–> imO- O-3Ck, hI]+ M=+ H1,4B
+[3,1Ci•,Ko,A€M-+o3-nM,E,4
]Qy,4M20,4Mo V10.14UC2W+]0R,
M-L,h+,-B-G,-.S,43C/,,-U,,1C
,-Š,4M2rAsA+,-,-+DHHdM-C]M-PC
,4U,M‹H¥A”VmMXOKa,4]/,-lM-L,
h+,-M23,4Qs,4!HeOOXOVl,-,-Q
MUHM-L,>-U,]+lM!h–H>-XMM2+k,M2GM3l!O04+pMB-+DHKaOHdM-C]M-PC,4U,ON,
i•,M=+>-U,]p>M-k,-+DHAeO!>-X.¤M-k,-+DHAeO.1,4E,O_,A€>-U,O-+IMo
V10B20,4HT+M2Qj,4,Q=O!M-PCA+,-.pMO•M-k-Y>M-nM-PC,4U,.10OsM-k!
K\OV+lM]1OX.1OXO]01+Ka,4.pMh-T,4fQs,4AW,4!OX-Y>M-nM-PC,4U,.1
O-3Ck,-•IM-1,-HdM-C]M-PC,4U,{
:
4
›
|2YMKaO.=+OsM-k,4Qj+B-YM,1C
-NIMI,M20,4H¤!>-L,O-YMV–0OPIOXOH1,4.1M20,4MPCB
2I,479
