ứng dụng phương pháp phân tích đa biến nhằm tìm ra nguồn phát tán kim loại nặng, mức độ lan truyền ô nhiễm kim loại nặng từ môi trường vào các sinh vật này
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4
CHƯƠNG 1: TỔNG QUAN
1.1. Tổng quan về rác thải điện, điện tử
1.1.1 Tình hình rác thải điện, điện tử trên thế giới
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5
Hình 1 : Rác thải điện tử chất thành đống
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Bảng 1: Các chất độc hại trong rác thải điện, điện tử
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1.1.3. Tình hình thu gom, tái chế và xử lý rác thải điện tử ở Việt Nam
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1.2. Chỉ thị sinh học
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• Chỉ
thị sinh học:
11
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!}!_"#0"A!#"`1@">J!#Z"o#%W154&_"4!F"#0!s!#v-%#517EX
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:%'!^˜! !!F"#0>JL>%#T""A!#"`P&0& #% o#%W11o%"Et"~E
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"*1"#ZU"4!F"#0>J!#4"#%"#o"%#F" !&@>%##?!!s!#Z"o
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B# !#[30,46]
*
Điều kiện lựa chọn sinh vật tích tụ:
Các sinh vật tích tụ được lựa chọn thỏa mãn yêu cầu sau:
- †&EX!&=#74C%•5
NO%#T"!_B#$z"#0#%'&EX!>["EF&F%$%Š7EX!#Z"o
#%W1"A!#"`"4!F"#0!#v5@&@"b*#!s!#Z"o#%W1"41o%"Et
#4/!"4#Š!#Z"7V&?#U"4"#K!z9bZ"B*="A54(^E-%bZ"B*&%
B%'54
NO%#T"!_"#0"A!#"`!#Z"o#%W115B#ob=!#,"
12
NO%#T"!_&t%>J"…#"C%&0&$1b$4j!#Z"o#%W115_"A!#"`!_7%+
&,B#[!#%+!K
NO%#T"!_>J7EXD#4D#v9B#[!#%+!K5"J"#F75D#GbJ@
L"J%E75D#GbJ"45!SP&0!_"#0&J%!#%,%Š! !B#[!
NO%#T"!_&t%>J^5%&0!_"#07ZU1R#%7SB#%!SO%#T"!_&t%>J
^5%("$%†"#t%%^5%!s>[o#%W1_!‡751%#!#K!#4#Š" !
&@&,1o%"Et"4"#t%%^5%(B#o7%+"`!
NO%#T"!_BA!#"#E-!D#˜#XD&0!_"#0!!ZD#Š1o&s7-!#4%'!D#G
"A!#/!"A#5U!‡!S"#%,"!#4%'!#%+!K>["A!#"`"4#Š!F&/!
b%'"!s!F"#0>%#T"
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%J! !&%B%'1o%"Eto#%W11o%"Et#<!_#ETU1-%!_"#0>4> #
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* Các sinh vật được lựa chọn để làm chỉ thị ô nhiễm kim loại nặng:
NThực vật, tảo sống dưới nước _#%E&%01B#%>)^`&J%"EX5U#E^W
7ZU1R(^WD#Gb%'"(>J7EX#%(D#GbJ@!_B#$z!#J!#=-%1K!o
#%W1!4
13
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^%!#U0+B#o^W^56 !&=#1J%#'%Š#517EX!#Z"o#%W1"4!F
"#0!#v-%l"#$%o#%W1
NĐộng vật giáp xác, hai mảnh, ốc @T"#%1$#"#Et&EX!>)^`&0& #
% o#%W1B%174C%/*!#v&†&EX!&=#74C%•5(^W#T^C(!_BA!#"#E-!
xD#$%(>J7EX#%(^W"A!#"`!#Z"o#%W1(!_&t%>J"…#"C%5!_B#$z>J
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751!#<"#=>%##?!&0D#G"A!#6 !&=#7EX,"! !B%174C%[36]. #v!_B#$z
"A!#"`! !B%174C%,"#E^((Ib-%#517EX7-#F>4-%B#$z&_9!
5"$4[23]. %(J!!_"#0"A!#"`^"41o!s!#v91K!#517EX!4#FZD
;;;;;7S1K!#517EX"*1"#ZU"41o%"Et6#[53].#vD#GbJ9
! !B#[!&=78@("#A!#K&EX!-%>["#U&%#%'"&@!‡#E! !&%B%'
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14
Hình 4: Trai nước ngọt
1.3. Độc tính kim loại nặng
d%174C%/75#ŠB%174C%!_D#G")7EX7-#FQ.b4l11@">J
B%174C%#E>((((^(4(Ib(•(Ob(#ŠB%174C%/U#%01
#Z"D#EF^%'GUo#%W11o%"EtE-!75•((Ib(^((%(>5
4>J#ŠB%174C%5U!_(%(5•75#ŠU+"J%7EX!S"#%,"
!#4>%#T""#sU>%#(!#v!#<GU&@!9l&@!4
Nguồn gây ô nhiễm kim loại nặng:
N l"[#%+B%174C%/D# "#%'91?%F%("4& (&Z"56G1#TD54
"#sU[!! ! "*#"[#%+(D#4#_(6_%1}()"o%
N l#G"C4! ! "*#>$6Z"!o#%'DL#EB#%B#4 (!#,b%,
/B%174C%(!#,b%,>F("#J!#@1(P(E-!"#$%>%##4C"(o#%'D
L#_!#Z"b$4'"#[!T"P
@">JB%174C%/Z"!S"#%,"!#4!F"#0>J5!4Et%#v75! !U+
"J%7EXB#o"#0"#%,(>[1Z"!Gbj! !U+"J%7EX5U!_$##E9
"[!"%,D"-%>K!B#~m!s!4Et%OV"%vDzxb'#"#%,1 (B•175" !#G
"?"4#F;;74C%m™U1m+#†!s! !7?"#J!%"1%("#J!b6
B#4 !#Z""#Et!_((qm(((d(•(!#v!_#517EX"#ZD5&EX!b%,"
&,#E7EX,"aEX#~! !B%174%5U!_"4B#uD#Sz!s!4Et%*
15
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"#0GUJ%74C "*#>%#78(GU&@!!#4!F"#0
d%174C%/!_&@!"A#75! !B%174C%!_"ž"?7-ZDQ7S"ž"?!s
E-!#v75! !B%174C%bLB#o"#1%54! ! "*#>%##4 "4!F"#0P
5!_"A#"A!#"`>%##?!L!#U0"%,D"4!#‹%"#K!z5&%54!F"#0!4Et%P
#vb4l1(>(Ib(^((( !B%174C%/B#%6G1#TD54!F"#0
>%#T">•GU&@!"A#[23]
d%174C%/6G1#TD54!F"#0Et%&Et#o#ZD("#K!z#U#ZD"#`
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16
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!#A#75!o#%'D7U'B%1(!o#%'DD%(! !#51 U !(! !>$D#u1!#Jz
1}(>F(#[(!4>F"#0!4Et%!_"#0"A!#"`•5,•"A!#"`-%#51
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17
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! !"%'!#K%J#E!v1(>J"(&&S(&B#VD1*#1uU#%W1&@!1†"A#^
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7EX"EF%"%(J!74C%^˜751"#[!D#u1!#4Et%[22]
N#*LIbP!_"4‡B#A&C^EX!(J1>K(6z^S("#sU"%#!#*#*!‡
&EX!^˜#%"4T"7%'6GU^[(!o#%'D!FB#A(D%Ib" !&@&,#'"#S
B%#(751%$1>[D# ""%0†4!s"‰#~(GUJ%74C#G! !#9Et%7-(%$1!#<
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1.4. Các phương pháp phân tích kim loại nặng
1.4.1. Phương pháp quang phổ khối plasma cảm ứng (ICP-MS)
#T"ŠMILM^!"%m7U4D7m^I7>1P^˜&0!#<?7)D7>1"C4"#5#
bj^}&%'!_"S>J!4L!›™P&EX!!!ZDbj1@"1 UD# "p^%4
qmm!UI4rmLpqIP?7)D7>1!_#%'"&@Z"!4!_" !^`!#U0! !
U+"J"41R!SD#G"A!#"#5#^C%4
OL>>ODm!"41m"UP75D#wD#%D#"#m4>JB#J%#U!#A#6 !#F75"#m4"ž>J
%Š>JB#J%5&%'"A!#L1 •P
xB#%6Z"#%'D7>1!$1K-%! !"A#z5E&%01T#5##F#ƒ
! !l#l5"%&%'"#*1@"!o!`1-%&†^S^S&EX!D# ""%0"#5#1@"
"#XDMI#wD-%1@"B#J%D#B,%E&%01%bT"!sMINO75!_&@D#G%$%
!45^W" !#! !#%W$##E97R#^4&_!_"#0D# "#%'&EX!#S#,"! !
U+"J"4b$"S#45I#EFD# DD#G"A!#5U^["+! !U+"V!!s
>[bU#F%(D#G" !#(%4#_!s! !U+"J#_#?!B#%!#v&EX!&E541o%
"EtD7>1!_#%'"&@!4O&_! !%45U&EX!D#G" !#B#~%#"#m4"ž>J
B#J%7EX &%'"A!#L1 ™P!s!#v(bj"#%,"b=D#G"A!#B#J%7EX!_"x"A#5&@
D#G%$%!4D# "#%'(B#U,!#&C%"A#%'5&,1bj"#%,"b=&%'")B…"#T">J
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D##ZD"#`U+")LOP(D#D# "6CD7>1!$1KLMINˆO#U
MINhˆOPI#EFD# DMINO#F#ƒ! !B…"#T"D#G"A!#B%174C%/B# !9
! !&%01>!_&@#CU!4(&@7/D7C%!4(6 !&=#&l"#t%&EX!#574C"! !B%1
74C%"4"#t%%D#G"A!#V[9]
*Sự xuất hiện và bản chất của phổ ICP-MS
nE-%" !^`!slMI(! !D#G")"41RD#G"A!#&EX!D#G7%"#5#
! !U+")"[^49"C"# %#F% !D#S")5UB#%"l"C%"41o%"EtBA!#
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L1 •P>•"C4D#B#J%!sU+")!#Z"!SD#G"A!#5&EX!D# "#%'#t! !
^m"m!"4"#A!##XD
Các quá trình xảy ra trong nguồn ICP
N_#F%!#Z"1R(U+")#_! !D#G")(%4#_! !U+")(>[D#G%$%
!s! !%4"#m4>JB#J%>•>%#D#MINO
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* Ưu điểm của phương pháp phân tích bằng ICP-MS
19
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Hình 5: Ứng dụng phương pháp phân tích ICP-MS trong các lĩnh vực
Ưu điểm phép đo phổ ICP- MS:
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ICP-MS
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1.5. Các phương pháp xử lý mẫu trầm tích, sinh vật
1.5.1. Nguyên tắc xử lý mẫu [10]
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