! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
-./ 001
!"#
$$ %&'"(#
$$$)"*+,-"!",
$$)"*+(#
$$./0#1(#
$$2'345(#
$6"78,9"
$$:;"<=><,9"
$?"@,"A=><B
$)1=><
$$)1
$:;"=><CD4="
$.)1<CE
$2)1F#
τ
'+<!"<7845"
$'+<7*<'+
'+<7*<'+
.G<CCE7#H
2'+<4=I"#+
J'+<4=I"+!"<7845"
. G<C'=;
.$K=ILD7#7+!"<78
.''=;(# AMN?NKB
!"#
.$OC''+<
.'P
.$PQ+34"#C
.P7#7=F
..'+<!"<78R
..$'<7PP
∆
..G<C<D(##"!"<78R
...K=IR
..2K="4=IS'7"87+!"<78R
..JTS7#4*,@DCE
..UK3,V
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
$%&"'
2$'1#4+7WX4Y>
2'7Z4R1!"*0
2$'7Z4R
2)1!"*+D !"#
2.)194+41,L
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
#20 3045
T["34E+#1<7S\]^_JC
UZ<M<7=FC*17;(",!"^
C@["3<34"+
7+^_`7Z4*C=F#C\C=#[<,
^,LN^a+QF#,+!",Y
4+b<&,L=7<NN^#NEN
<N%D;=;#4=;C;LNc"
CS<"34"05d#C&I>CS
_4=INc" I;
]4+*"34"CSC*C=I4=I#+%&4
NC04LCSEN^#N<4+*<
#+e
?+C& (#,^C=I >"f
C&7=#0SQ <=<N !"#N
/e
7+Cg<X0V
!"#;_"
%44/C/" 3D #'
C+""NQ+c4"#,+Y*
XS7<H#07+!"<78h9
,>RbCij,+38(#()*+(,+(-+.
CSX0S+DCg<
%kN<l_m
./012,345637)89+.:
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
58;+.
<!(=>!
?@! !A
B27CD.EFEG5H2IJ-K2FILG5M
6",g0^/#"4;H!",N4;;N4;H7"N4;
H4#N
nK;H!",44;H+N@N+80"CHNH(#
oA#7##B@>DA#X+7#B'AX9X4#B
n?=;4;HH44;HN147"8NHo
@Nc#@"1NQp9#9<>MH'cQ>
nq*#"4+*<F140N
8#+14E4;Hc@"9>14Hr7"sc4E
8MH7"(#oHQpQ3i>4D
'
nG<0YE4;HHN@14H4#Nb0
"fC&'<#" X+4+*MH4#o0"
7f*7HQp+7#H*7+!"<78MH
D0""*MH4#'"*<<+
n7+ 4K;+/+(#c0
^+HN7+0c#^Q/"t'#7+0^+
4;@>OE!",=F0$N+&.=F
8j0
F+.7NOPIQIG5*+IB27CDIJ-K2FILG5M47R+575SDTK2F78;E:
QIODCEUVUL+5W+ LG5MI5X4T: LG5MUYE4T:
uMH!", 2.u2J 2$u2
uK;; u. $u2
uMH7" Uu`NJ Uum
uH4# Uu. Uul
B27CDIJ-+5W+ILG5M
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
v#+gnt
nOQQ=i
5L+5G5*+56-5ZIIJ-+5W+ILG5M
F+.75L+5G5*+56-5ZIIJ-+5W+ILG5M
5L+5G5*+56-5ZI R+5[\+..]^^. R+5[\+.3.]^^.
u=; mu$
u)Q/" 2u$m
u%* $NmuNJ
ut7+X lu$U
u)#WX $Aw7##BNAx+"#B
u)4+7+X#9
u7+X44X $
u#
u)#WX##9 mul
u)#WX#9 $
utX+y# J
uE Ju.
u##7+ Ju$
uGX4"4+ $u
uqX9X4"4+
uK 2
u)#9 mJu$
ut+# $.u$UJ
uf .u$
u#7 2
uO## $u2J
$R+5I5B7U17O_IJ-ILG5M+5W+
)C=I07#]0)0Q</"
QN0@"Q+,$N@"7E+,NJ
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
uTD4=I7ρzUJ
.
uQ"7zN.`#4
)
uω
$
z{Nω
z${
uCECD0*+a(#
ω
τ
U.N.`N
JN.
4.2.N2$mN
+
+−=
7+C0
4CE+aCD0*
τ
4F#
ω 4CEL7"8
$UB$AJNBAJN
$
=+=+= ωωω
{
M3
UlNJU
$UNU.N.`N
JN.
.
$
4.2.N2$mN ≈=
+
+−=
!"#A!
E`E75EP2IQIG58;+.G5QGaF+b2B7ILG5M+5W+
,9"VC'4+*H<4;#+H1!"#
*CS"C=I%SD0E<7
=>L#+b#,CcCECACEL
"/"Bxg#"C0<!"<78>
=7#NENY##q+&<,L
<0D=^#N<4+*<|+
7+["3,9"0=><'
u t=><,9"=;
u t=><,9"
nt=><,9"=;g#C+*'
u:#C+*9< =>> 4+*H< 4;HN<
F+>CcCEC
u:#C+*9#9<N4+*H<4;H7"E/H4#N*+
nt=><,9"j0E#C+*'4#">
!",CcCECQ <9<4+*H<4;H#+
1N/!"##C+*,9"0
+<=><#
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
t=><"C>,N'D_4=IN
==>< 0 @"*4 "E+ C@" F
0j I;>0C@"'3"f@"=#'N
C<cC=I^"/"@&4=I
t=> < =; c * >N D @" _
4=I>N CgFCY HQ"@ } =#+< [
"3#+>==><'I;1+,N1
C@"'3"F%gF7bfC=IF#,9"N_
_"(#<#+4=I,L
q#Z=;#N<<N9',9"(
"~Q=><A=><PCSB
cWdI52de+aF+a2B7ILG5M+5W+4G58;+.G5QGf5/:
"3,+!",!",
4+*4*
G<=>
x~#
K7<+
Bd
G<
"C=I
%0#+C=#+,+!",
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
58;+.
_":
z
5Z+G58;+.G5QGaBd
5Z+75Eg7[haBd
!"#4"Q CS*K+*
C=IQ 7E7\7+#""+*CS<3LQ**
0'=;H7+DN34"C=IC,+7E*N
9b@";<NQ+C07#+CP*NDCE#N
CECgC@"(#,L#++7#NY0S4;
_"4;
E`E75EP2G58;+.G5QGaBd+6+.
%SNQ =><0N<0
CEL=>CD•,Q-C<"7+<,
O&<CE34"_3CE>7+<#+Q-_
4Q+C0<">=;7@&3}_X+d#4
ZC0R4<"^#@&34"7=F
FC00RQ"SL]7+4Y34"7#@&C
+7=F
)0<CS*+7#CE4<">=;^#34"
7=F
n:,<"(#<V<CD00
n_<">=;7+4"
€ !"#<#C+*(#!"<78DPC
X+@"Q 7+ N*C=I4CCE
#+CN#"C07>9"D7+!"<78C0N34"9b;<
NR<!"<787"@7"@D4#>L
FCE(# 34"•C=I3"SCQ1X+@"
Q TC@"Q N34"•C*C=ICEL/
+!"<78,+!",4${
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
;ij+.2dM+O_IJ-75Eg7[h
5Z+7QI+5W+aBdULaBdI5gikaBd
n)1<
%D;AjY04;4#+B7+!"<78
"/"*pN<"/"CE#+
#1<4'0
n)1CE
=FNCE7+D !"#C=IS"4#+
g#"D CE < +
$
CE7#H
N0g4="N*C=I4CCE#+
CN#"C07>9"D7+!"<78C0N34"9b;<
N R < !"< 78 7"@ 7"@ D 4 # > L
CE<7#H
C=I1#++PQ+<
#C4HDCE<C7+ •C=I!"
C>E#"'+<4="4=I<7+!"<7845"N
1Q DCEC=I1>E•C=IS7#4*
#"'+<9+!"<78R
)1CE_c+"'NE4R4(##
4_c+34"
%D;34"4/0ECE'ICSC,
,+^C=I<'@=>N"fN</07+
*#1D(#<=#"
D<
nCE+
$
zm
)
nCE7#
z
nAJ‚$B
)N;
4CECD0
+a(#
D(#34"
nCE34"+
$
z
z.N.
)NCEL'
ϕ
zm{A
z.N.
)
ϕ
zm{N<"'!"Sz`J`q4'
3"Z%#K#B
n%EL#C/"(#34"ƒ
$
z{
n%EL(#34"#"ƒ
z${
)#4+7WX7
KY>
$
,
$
6"*
A.N.)Nm
{B
! "#$%&' (") *+*+#,
:/",C=#3 4"4p" c# !"#Cd#DN 34"
C=IC=#+ 0D4=IVE„
$5Z+75lE.E-+aBd
M9<CF#C0#7Y!"#717+'+<
3 )< " D , =Z C F #
"E+@""D4+*34"N8Q<N'=;81(#
34"NCELC/""D(#34"N4+*N=><"
NCEACENCEL=>CDDCE<B
t=><9<CF#V,'0RC=I
0CE'9<uR=F1X+RCD;
; !"#
#1F#4τzb
R+57DQ+K2Q7)m+5aBdO_752dg7
6"<7845"0g4="S"Qp7Cg…uQA8•B
ϕ1
ϕ2
t1
t0
0
I
d
I
2
= I
3
ϕ = 100%
1
2
0
d
2
d
0
= d
1
t2
(g/kgkkk)
(kJ/kgkkk)
n%S†A
N
ϕ B47*<'+
n%S$A
$
N
$
ϕ B47*<'+"g
n%SA
N
ϕ B47*<'#"!"<7845"
R+57DQ+7)C+.75QEf5/+.f5R[M++.DLE
M8'+4+4'7+9=Z
=F#+>PC>+;7*<'+€
M#=#0c""@C@830S1
z.N.
)
ϕ
zm{N<"'!"Sz`J`q4'3"Z%#K#