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PCFs FyFKLӅXGjLOӟQYjVX\KDRUҩWWKҩS
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3
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3&)VFyFiFOӛNKtVҳS[ӃSWKHRFҩXWU~FOөFJLiF.

4
ABSTRACT
PCF, photonic crystal fiber, is a new kind of optical fiber created basing on
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impossible for conventional fiber. Basically, a PCF is a photosynthetic fiber
composing of silica with air holes parallel to its axles. Unlike conventional fiber, the
core and cladding areas of PCFs are made of the same material and it is the air holes
that make PCF totally different from other kind of fiber. The variety in the way
these air holes are arranged enables PCF to control well the reflection of light
between its core and optical crystals within cladding areas and bring about many
amazing optical properties as well. Besides the basic properties similar to
conventional fiber, PCF possesses a number of distinguished ones such as better
speed, bandwidth, and ability to be bent, low level of dispersion, etc. Also, PCF can
be in endlesslly single mode, be linear or not, having low differential index, and be
able to maintain the polarization. All of these superiorities make PCF the potential
substitute for conventional fibers today. At the moment, PCF can be produced with
great length and at low depreciation levels.
There are two main types of PCF: high-index core fiber and low-index core
fiber. In this project, I will focus primarily on high-index core fiber, the one our
group has done a lot of research on, reproduced and designed using APSS program.
This kind of PCF often has solid core and is composed of pure, not mixed materials.
The degree of reflection for conventional fiber is affected by various ordering
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a certain direction (one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional). The

difference in the way air holes are ordered creates the differences in the properties
of each kind of fibers. A reasonable way of ordering them can produce a PCF with
excellent properties. Some samples of PCF with air holes arranged into hexagonal
form were imitated in this project (please refer to Reproducing part for more
details).

5
0Ө&/Ө&
LӠ,1Ï,ĈҪU .................................................................................................................. 1
7Ï07Ҳ7ĈӖ È1............................................................................................................ 2
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 4
MӨC LӨC ........................................................................................................................ 5
'$1+6È&++Î1+9Ӏ................................................................................................... 8
'$1+6È&+%ҦNG BIӆU............................................................................................ 10
'$1+6È&+&È&7Ӯ VIӂT TҲT................................................................................ 11
PHҪN MӢĈҪU............................................................................................................. 12
CHѬѪNG 1 - Lé7+8<ӂT TӘNG QUAN Vӄ SӦI QUANG.................................... 13
1.1 Nhu cҫXEăQJWK{QJUӝng hiӋn nay......................................................................... 13
1.2 Giӟi thiӋu chung vӅ sӧi quang................................................................................ 15
1.2.1 Lӏch sӱ SKiWWULӇn sӧi quang ............................................................................ 16
ѬXÿLӇm cӫa sӧi quang.................................................................................... 17
1.3 Sӵ truyӅQVyQJiQKViQJWURQJVӧi quang ............................................................... 19
1JX\rQOêWUX\Ӆn dүn...................................................................................... 20
1.3.2 SӧLTXDQJYjFiFPRGHWUX\Ӆn dүn .................................................................. 21
&iFSKѭѫQJWUuQK0D[ZHOO.............................................................................. 23
&iFSKѭѫQJWUuQKGүQVyQJ.............................................................................. 24
6X\KDRYjFiFQJX\rQQKkQJk\VX\KDRWURQJVӧi quang...................................... 24
1.4.1: Suy hao hҩp thө ............................................................................................. 24
1.4.1.1 Sӵ hҩp thө cӫDFiFWҥp chҩ
t kim loҥi......................................................... 24

1.4.1.2 Sӵ hҩp thө cӫa ion OH: ............................................................................ 25
1.4.1.3 Sӵ hҩp thө bҵng tia cӵFWtPYjKӗng ngoҥi: .............................................. 26
1.4.2 Suy hao do uӕn cong....................................................................................... 26
6X\KDRGRWiQ[ҥ............................................................................................ 26
7iQ[ҥ Rayleigh: ...................................................................................... 26
7iQ[ҥ do mһWSKkQFiFKJLӳDO}LYjOӟSNK{QJ KRjQKҧo ......................... 27
7iQVҳc trong sӧi quang ......................................................................................... 28
1.5.1 HiӋQWѭӧQJQJX\rQQKkQYjҧQKKѭӣng cӫDWiQVҳc ........................................ 28
&iFORҥLWiQVҳc ............................................................................................... 29
7iQVҳc vұt liӋu (material dispersion) ....................................................... 30
7iQVҳc dүQVyQJZDYHJXLGHGLVSHUVLRQ ................................................. 31
7iQVҳFÿѫQVҳc (chromatic dispersion) .................................................... 32

6
7iQVҳc mode (mode dispersion) .............................................................. 32
1.6 SӧLÿѫQPRGHYjÿDPRGH..................................................................................... 32
1.6.1 SӧLÿѫQPRGH606LQJOH0RGH................................................................... 32
1.6.2 SӧLÿDPRGH000XOWL0RGH ..................................................................... 33
7¬,/,ӊU THAM KHҦ2&+ѬѪ1*....................................................................... 35
CHѬѪNG 2 - SӦI QUANG TINH THӆ (PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER).............. 36
2.1 Giӟi thiӋu sӧi quang tinh thӇ PCF .......................................................................... 36
ĈӏQKQJKƭD ...................................................................................................... 36
2.1.2 Lӏch sӱ............................................................................................................ 37
3KkQORҥLYjWtQKFKҩt mӟi cӫa PCFs...................................................................... 42
3KkQORҥi......................................................................................................... 42
2.2.2 Mӝt sӕWtQKFKҩt mӟi cӫa PCFs........................................................................ 43
27tQKFKҩt cӫa sӧi quang tinh thӇ FyO}LFKLӃt suҩt cao............................................. 44
7tQKFKҩt cӫa sӧi quang tinh thӇ FyO}LFKLӃt suҩt cao vӟLFiFOӛ NKtVҳp xӃSFy
cҩXWU~F.................................................................................................................... 46
ĈѭӡQJÿһFWtQKGȁ.................................................................................. 47

7tQKFKҩWQJѭӥng ..................................................................................... 49
2.3.1.3 Suy hao do uӕn cong cӫa PCFs l}LFKLӃt suҩt cao...................................... 53
7iQVҳc..................................................................................................... 55
7¬,/,ӊU THAM KH
Ҧ2&+ѬѪ1*....................................................................... 57
CHѬѪNG 3 - PHҪN Mӄ00Ð3+ӒNG APSS ......................................................... 58
(APOLLO PHOTONIC SOLUTIONS SUITE) ........................................................... 58
3.1 Giӟi thiӋXFiFѭXÿLӇm cӫa phҫn mӅPP{SKӓngAPSS.......................................... 58
&iFWtQKQăQJFKtQKFӫD$366SKLrQEҧn 2.04....................................................... 59
3.2.1 ChӭFQăQJQәi bұt cӫD$366SKLrQEҧn 2.04................................................... 59
3.2.2 ChӭFQăQJKѫQKҷn cӫa APSS......................................................................... 60
3.3 ThiӃt kӃ vӟi APSS................................................................................................. 61
3.3.1 Khӣi tҥo project vұt liӋu.................................................................................. 62
3.3.2 Khӣi tҥo project waveguide............................................................................. 64
3.3.3 Chҥ\P{SKӓng............................................................................................... 68
4XiWUuQKFKҥ\P{SKӓng ................................................................................ 73
3.4 KӃt quҧ P{SKӓng.................................................................................................. 74
3.4.1 Phә iQKViQJ................................................................................................... 74
Ĉӝ WiQVҳc....................................................................................................... 77
3.4.3 DiӋQWtFK hiӋu dөng......................................................................................... 79

7
7¬,/,ӊU THAM KHҦ2&+ѬѪ1*....................................................................... 80
CHѬѪNG 4 - THIӂT Kӂ SӦ,3&)V/®,&+,ӂT SUҨ7&$2&Ï&È&/Ӛ .+Ë
SҲP XӂP THEO CҨ875Ò&/Ө&*,È& .................................................................. 81
4.1 Mүu 1.................................................................................................................... 83
+uQKGҥQJNtFKWKѭӟc..................................................................................... 83
4.1.2 &iFNӃt quҧ P{SKӓng................................................................................ 84
ĈѭӡQJWiQVҳc .......................................................................................... 84
4.1.2.2 DiӋQWtFKKLӋu dөng.................................................................................. 85

4.1.2.3 Phә iQKViQJ ............................................................................................ 85
4.2 Mүu 2.................................................................................................................... 87
+uQKGҥQJNtFKWKѭӟc..................................................................................... 87
&iFNӃt quҧ P{SKӓng..................................................................................... 88
ĈѭӡQJWiQVҳc .......................................................................................... 88
4.2.2.2 DiӋQWtFKKLӋu dөng.................................................................................. 89
4.2.2.3 Phә iQKViQJ ............................................................................................ 89
4.3 Mүu 3.................................................................................................................... 91
+uQKGҥQJNtFKWKѭӟc..................................................................................... 91
&iFNӃt quҧ P{SKӓng..................................................................................... 92
ĈѭӡQJWiQVҳc .......................................................................................... 92
4.3.2.2 DiӋQWtFKKLӋu dөng.................................................................................. 93
4.3.2.3 Phә iQKViQJ ............................................................................................ 93
6RViQKFiFPүu .................................................................................................... 95
6RViQKGLӋQWtFKKLӋu dөng............................................................................. 95
6RViQKÿһFWtQKWiQVҳc................................................................................... 95
PHӨ LӨC ....................................................................................................................... 96
PHӨ LӨC1.................................................................................................................. 97

8
'$1+6È&++Î1+9Ӏ
+uQK1KXFҫXYӅEăQJWK{QJ,QWHUQHWWURQJQKӳQJQăPJҫQÿk\WKHR,67>@ ... 14
+uQK6ѫÿӗ*LJDELW/$1WURQJPӝWWzDQKj>@ ...................................................... 15
+uQK&ҩXWҥRFӫDPӝWVӧLTXDQJWK{QJWKѭӡQJ........................................................... 19
+uQK6ӵSKҧQ[ҥYjNK~F[ҥiQKViQJ........................................................................ 20
+uQK1JX\rQOêWUX\ӅQGүQiQKViQJWURQJVӧLTXDQJ ................................................ 21
+uQKĈӝKҩSWKөFӫDFiFWҥSFKҩWNLPORҥL ................................................................ 25
+uQK6ӵVX\KDRKҩSWKөFӫDLRQ2+ YӟLQӗQJÿӝ
-6
) ........................................... 25

+uQK6X\KDRGRWiQ[ҥ5D\OHLJK............................................................................... 27
+uQKÿѭӡQJÿһFWX\ӃQVX\KDR................................................................................... 27
+uQK&iFORҥLWiQVҳF ............................................................................................... 30
+uQK7iQVҳFFKҩWOLӋXG
mod
WiQVҳFGүQVyQJG
wg
YjWiQVҳFWKӇWKD\ÿәL WKHREѭӟF
VyQJ ............................................................................................................................... 31
+uQK7iQVҳFG
mod
WKD\ÿәLWKHRFKLӃWVXҩW............................................................ 32
+uQKVӧLÿѫQPRGH .................................................................................................. 33
+uQKVӧLÿDPRGH..................................................................................................... 34
+uQKVӧLTXDQJWLQKWKӇ3&)>@.............................................................................. 37
+uQK3&)VWURQJWӵQKLrQ>@.................................................................................. 38
+uQK0һWFҳWFӫDPүX3&)O}LÿһFÿҫXWLrQFyÿѭӡQJNtQKOӛNKtOjQPYjNKRҧQJ
FiFKJLӳDOӛOLӅQNӅOjȝP>@.............................................................................. 40
+uQK0һWFҳWVӧL3&)VO}LUӛQJYӟLȁ ȝPYjÿѭӡQJNuQKO}LG ȝP>@.. 40
+uQK0һWFҳWPӝWVӕORҥLVӧLTXDQJWLQKWKӇ>@....................................................... 43
+uQK0ӝWVӕGҥQJFҩXWU~FVҳS[ӃSFiFOӛNKtWURQJ3&)V ......................................... 45
+uQK6ӧL3&)VFҩXWU~FOөFJLiFO}LÿһFYӟLFiFWK{QJVӕGȁ ................................... 46
+uQK&ҩXWU~F3&)VO}LÿһFYӟLFiFOӛNKtWKHRFҩXWU~FOөFJLiFGQJVLOLFDWURQJÿy
YzQJOӛNKtSKtDWURQJÿѭӧFWKD\ÿәLWKjQKKuQKrOLS>@............................................. 46
+uQK6ӧL3&)VFyOӛNKtVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQK WDPJLiF>@......................................... 47
+uQKĈѭӡQJWҫQVӕÿӏQKPӭFȁȜYӟLVӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHR
KuQKWDPJLiFYjO}LFKLӃWVXҩWFDRYӟLWӍOӋGȁ >@............................................ 48
+uQKĈѭӡQJWҫQVӕÿӏQKPӭFȁȜYӟLVӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHR
KuQKWDPJLiFYjO}LFKLӃWVXҩWFDRYӟLWӍOӋGȁ >@.............................................. 50
+uQK+DLPRGHFӫDVӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQKWDPJLiFYjO}L

FKLӃWVXҩWFDRYӟLWӍOӋGȁ ӣÿѭӡQJÿӏQKPӭFWҫQVӕȁȜ >@ ...................... 51
+uQK*LiWUӏ9FӫD VӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQKWDPJLiFYjO}L
FKLӃWVXҩWFDR>@ ......................................................................................................... 52
+uQK0ӕLTXDQKӋFӫD8
eff
Yj9
eff
FӫDVӧL3&)VO}LFKLӃWVXҩWFDR>@................... 52
+uQK6X\KDRGRXӕQFRQJFӫDVӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQKWDP
JLiFYjO}LFKLӃWVXҩWFDRNKLFӕÿӏQKȁ P>@ ................................................... 53
HuQK6X\KDRGRXӕQFRQJFӫDVӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQKWDP
JLiFYjO}LFKLӃWVXҩWFDRNKLȁFKҥ\WӯWӟLP>@ ................................................. 54
+uQK7iQVҳFFӫDVӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQKWDPJLiFYjO}L
FKLӃWVXҩWFDRNKLFӕÿӏQKȁ PWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiSIXOOYHFWRU>@....................... 55
+uQK7iQVҳFFӫDVӧL3&)VFyFiFWLQKWKӇTXDQJVҳS[ӃSWKHRKuQKWDPJLiFYjO}L
FKLӃWVXҩWFDRNKLFӕÿӏQKȁ PWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiSIXOOYHFWRU>@....................... 56
+uQK9tGөYӅP{SKӓQJPҥFKTXDQJWURQJ$366..................................................... 60
+uQK7ҥRSURMHFWYұWOLӋX ........................................................................................... 62
+uQK7KrPYұWOLӋXYjRSURMHFW.................................................................................. 63

9
+uQK7ҥRYұWOLӋXPӟL................................................................................................ 64
+uQK.KӣLWҥRSURMHFWZDYHJXLGHPӟL ....................................................................... 65
+uQK&KӑQYұWOLӋXFKRSURMHFWZDYHJXLGH................................................................. 66
+uQK&KӑQORҥLFҩXWU~FFKRSURMHFWZDYHJXLGH ......................................................... 66
+uQK9ӁFiFOӛNKt..................................................................................................... 67
+uQK7KrPYұWOLӋXFKRWӯQJWKjQKSKҫQ ................................................................... 68
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QKLӉXÿLӋQ Wӯ FiF[XQJ ÿLӋQWӱ QKLӉXWҫQ Vӕ Y{WX\ӃQ9u WKӃKRҥW ÿӝQJFӫD KӋ
WKӕQJWK{QJWLQTXDQJNK{QJEӏҧQKKѭӣQJNKLWUX\ӅQTXDP{LWUѭӡQJQKLӉXÿLӋQ
ĈLӅXÿyFyQJKƭDOjQyFyWKӇOҳSÿһWFXQJӭQJYӟLFiSÿLӋQOӵFYjFyWKӇVӱGөQJ
WURQJP{LWUѭӡQJSKҧQӭQJKҥWQKkQ
x &yWtQKEҧRPұWWtQKLӋXWK{QJWLQFDR
ÈQKViQJWӯVӧLTXDQJEӏEӭF[ҥPӝWFiFKNK{QJÿiQJNӇQrQFK~QJFyWtQK
EҧRPұWWtQKLӋXFDRĈһFWtQKQj\SK KӧS YӟLTXkQÿӝLQJkQKjng YjFiF ӭQJ
GөQJWUX\ӅQGӳOLӋX\rXFҫXÿӝEҧRPұWFDR
x &yNtFKWKѭӟFYjWUӑQJOѭӧQJQKӓ
SӧLTXDQJFyEiQNtQKUҩWQKӓWKѭӡQJEiQNtQKQj\NK{QJOӟQKѫQEiQNtQK

VӧLWyFFRQQJѭӡL9uWKӃWKұPFKtNKLVӧLTXDQJÿѭӧFSKӫWKrPQKӳQJOӟSEҧRYӋ
WKuFK~QJ YүQQKӓYjQKҽKѫQQKLӅXVRYӟLFiSÿӗQJ
x 6ӧLFyWtQKFiFKÿLӋQWӕW
SӧLTXDQJÿѭӧFFKӃWҥRWӯWKXӹWLQKKRһFplastic ÿӅX OjQKӳQJFKҩWFiFKÿLӋQ
YuWKӃNK{QJJLӕQJYӟLGk\GүQNLPORҥLQyNK{QJFy QKӳQJWUөFWUһFFѫEҧQ+ѫQ
QӳDÿһFWtQKQj\OjPFKRYLӋFWUX\ӅQWK{QJWLQFӫDVӧLTXDQJWUӣQrQSKKӧSPӝW
FiFKOtWѭӣQJWURQJQKӳQJP{LWUѭӡQJFyÿLӋQ OӟQKD\ViWQJXӗQÿLӋQ.
x 7LQFұ\YjOLQKKRҥW
MһFGFiFOӟSEҧRYӋOjFҫQWKLӃWVӧLTXDQJÿѭӧFFKӃWҥRYӟLVӭFFăQJFDR
EiQNtQKUҩWQKӓ9ӟLOӧLWKӃYӅNtFKWKѭӟFYjWUӑQJOѭӧQJVӧLTXDQJQyLFKXQJOj
WӕWKѫQWURQJYLӋFOѭXWUӳFKX\rQFKӣ[ӱOtYjOҳSÿһWGӉKѫQKӋWKӕQJFiSÿӗQJ
x 6ӧLÿѭӧFFKӃWҥRWӯYұWOLӋXUҩWVҹQFy
6ӧLTXDQJÿDSKҫQÿѭӧFOjPWӯWKӫ\WLQKPjWKӫ\WLQK ÿѭӧFÿLӅXFKӃWӯFiWOj
QJXӗQWjLQJX\rQVҹQFyYuWKӃVӧLTXDQJFy JLiWKjQKWKҩS

1JKLrQFͱXP{SK͗QJYjWKL͇t k͇ sͫL3&)VO}LFKL͇t sṷt cao c̭XWU~F c̩nh
+RjQJ7X̭Q9L͏W± ĈL͏QW͵± K50
19
'RFyFiFѭXÿLӇPWUrQPjFiFKӋWKӕQJWK{QJWLQTXDQJQKDQKFKyQJÿѭӧFiS
GөQJUӝQJUmL trong FiFWX\ӃQÿѭӡQJWUөFWUXQJNӃOLrQWӍQKWKXrEDRNpRGjLFKR
WӟLFҧYLӋFWUX\QKұSYjRPҥQJWKXrEDRlinh KRҥWYjÿiSӭQJÿѭӧFPӑLP{LWUѭӡQJ
OҳSÿһWWURQJQKjWURQJFiFFҩXKuQKWKLӃWEӏFKRWӟL[X\rQOөFÿӏDYѭӧWÿҥLGѭѫQJ
FK~QJ ÿiS ӭQJ Fҧ Fi WtQ KLӋX WѭѫQJWӵ DQDORJ Yj Vӕ GLJLWDO FK~QJ FKR SKpS
WUX\ӅQGүQWҩWFҧFiFWtQKLӋXGӏFKYөEăQJKҽSYjEăQJUӝQJÿiSӭQJÿҫ\ÿӫPӑL
\rXFҫXFӫDPҥQJVӕOLrQNӃWÿDGӏFKYө,6'1&iFKӋWKӕQJWK{QJWLQTXDQJFNJQJ
UҩWSKKӧSFKRFiFKӋWKӕQJWUX\ӅQGүQVӕ, NK{QJORҥLWUӯWtQKLӋXGѭӟLGҥQJJKpS
NrQKQjR.
ĈLӅXÿyFKRWKҩ\WLӅPQăQJӭQJGөQJUҩWOӟQFӫDF{QJQJKӋSKiWWULӇQWK{QJ
WLQFiSTXDQJVӧL7URQJQKӳQJSKҫQsau FӫDFKѭѫQJQj\em VӁÿLVkXKѫQYjRFiF
ÿһFWtQKFӫDVӧLTXDQJ

1.3 6ӵWUX\ӅQVyQJiQKViQJWURQJVӧLTXDQJ
&iS TXDQJ FiS VӧL TXDQJ EDR JӗP ba WKjQK SKҫQ FKtQK Oj O}L VӧL TXDQJ
FRUHOӟSSKҧQ[ҥiQKViQJ(cladding) YjFiFOӟSEӑFFiS (coating)6ӧLTXDQJ VӧL
GүQTXDQJ OjWKjQKSKҫQFKtQKFӫDFiSFyFKӭFQăQJWUX\ӅQGүQVyQJiQKViQJ9u
WKӃNKLP{WҧP{LWUѭӡQJWUX\ӅQGүQTXDQJFӫDKӋWKӕQJWK{QJWLQTXDQJWKuFKӍFҫQ
GLӉQ JLҧLWUrQ VӧL TXDQJ Oj ÿӫ %DR EӑF FRUH OjOӟS FODGGLQJ- OӟS WKӫ\ WLQK KD\
plastic - QKҵPEҧR YӋYjSKҧQ [ҥiQKViQJWUӣOҥLFRUH &iFOӟSEӑFVӧLFyFKӭF
QăQJFKtQKOjEҧRYӋVӧLNKӓLEӏWiFÿӝQJWӯFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJOҳSÿһWFiS
+uQK&ҩXWҥRFӫDPӝWVӧLTXDQJWK{QJWKѭӡQJ

1JKLrQFͱXP{SK͗QJYjWKL͇t k͇ sͫL3&)VO}LFKL͇t sṷt cao c̭XWU~F c̩nh
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20
1.31JX\rQOêWUX\ӅQGүQ
ÈQKViQJWURQJWK{QJWLQTXDQJQҵPӣYQJFұQKӗQJQJRҥLYӟLEѭӟFVyQJWӯ
QPÿӃQQPĈһFELӋWWDFyEDYQJFӱDVәWK{QJGөQJOjYj
1550 nm.
%ҧQJ1.1 CiFYQJ EѭӟFVyQJWURQJWK{QJWLQTXDQg theo TCN68-160:1996
9QJ %ѭӟFVyQJOjPYLӋc
800 ± 900 nm 850 nm
1260 ± 1360 nm 1310 nm
1430 ± 1580 nm 1550 nm
ChiӃt suҩt cӫDP{LWUѭӡng:
݊ =
ܥ
ܸ
VӟLQOjFKLӃt suҩt cӫDP{LWUѭӡng
ܥ =3.10
8
PVOjYұQWӕFiQKViQJ

9OjYұQWӕFiQKViQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡng
9uܸ൑ܥQrQ݊൑1
1JX\rQ Oê WUX\ӅQ GүQ FӫD VӧL TXDQJ Oj ӭQJ GөQJ KLӋQ WѭӧQJ SKҧQ [ҥ WRjQ
SKҫQ +LӋQWѭӧQJSKҧQ[ҥWRjQSKҫQOjKLӋQ WѭӧQJ[ҧ\UDkKLiQKViQJÿLWӯ P{L
WUѭӡQJFyFKLӃWVXҩWOӟQKѫQVDQJP{LWUѭӡQJFyFKLӃWVuҩt nhӓ KѫQYjFyJyFWӟi i
lӟQKѫQJyFtӟigiӟi hҥnNKLÿy mӑLWLDViQJÿӅu bӏ phҧn xҥNK{QJFyWLDNK~F[ҥ.
+uQK4Sӵ phҧn xҥ YjNK~F[ҥ iQKViQJ

1JKLrQFͱXP{SK͗QJYjWKL͇t k͇ sͫL3&)VO}LFKL͇t sṷt cao c̭XWU~F c̩nh
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21
NӃu ݊
1
> ݊
2
WKuߙ < ߚ nӃXWăQJĮWKuȕFNJQJWăQJWKHRYjȕOX{QOӟQKѫQĮ
Khi ߚ =90ι WӭFOjVRng song vӟi mһt tiӃSJLiSWKuĮÿѭӧc gӑLOjJyFWӟi hҥn ߙ
ܶ
nӃu
tiӃp tөFWăQJVDRFKRĮ > ߙ
ܶ
WKuNK{QJFzQWLDNK~F[ҥ PjFKӍ FyWLDSKҧn xҥ. HiӋn
WѭӧQJQj\JӑLOjVӵ phҧn xҥ WRjQSKҫn.
DӵDYjRÿӏnh luұW6QHOOFyWKӇ WtQKÿѭӧFJyFWӟi hҥn ߙ
ܶ
ݏ݅݊ ߙ
ܶ
=
݊
2

݊
1
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1
, lӟp
phӫ QJRjLEҵng thӫ\WLQKFyFKLӃt suҩt ݊
2
vӟi ݊
1
> ݊
2
ÈQKViQJWUX\ӅQWURQJO}L
VӧLTXDQJVӁJk\UDSKҧQ[ҥWRjQSKҫQQKLrXOҫQWUrQPһWWLӃSJLiSJLӳDOӟSO}LYj
OӟSSKҧQ[ҥ OjP iQKViQJWURQJVӧLVӁWUX\ӅQÿLÿѭӧFYӟLFӵO\GjLFKRGVӧLEӏXӕQ
FRQJWURQJJLӟLKҥQFKRSKpS
+uQK5 1JX\rQOêWUX\ӅQGүQiQKViQJWURQJVӧLTXDQJ
1.3.2 6ӧLTXDQJYjFiFPRGHWUX\ӅQGүQ
x 6ӧLÿDPRGHFKLӃWVXҩWQKҧ\ EұF (Step index - SI) &iFWLDViQJNLӇX
6WHSLQGH[WUX\ӅQWKHRQKLӅXKѭӟQJNKiFQKDXYuYұ\FyPӭFVX\KDR
FDRYjWӕFÿӝNKiFKұP6WHSLQGH[tWSKәELӃQWKѭӡQJGQJFKRFiS
TXDQJ32)3ODVWLF2SWLFDO)LEHUFiSTXDQJOjPEҵQJSODVWLc).

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22
x 6ӧLÿDPRGHFKLӃWVXҩWOLrQWөF*UDGHGLQGH[ -GI)&iFWLDViQJNLӇX
*UDGHGLQGH[WUX\ӅQGүQWKHRÿѭӡQJFRQJYjKӝLWөWҥLPӝWÿLӇP'R
ÿy *UDGHG LQGH[ tW VX\ KDR Yj Fy WӕF ÿӝ WUX\ӅQ GүQ FDR KѫQ 6WHS
LQGH[*UDGHGLQGH[ÿѭӧFVӱGөQJNKiSKәELӃQ
x 6ӧLÿѫQPRGH FKLӃWVXҩWQKҧ\EұF VӱGөQJQJXӗQSKiWODVHUWUX\ӅQWLD

ViQJ[X\rQVXӕWYuYұ\WtQKLӋXtWEӏVX\KDRYjFyWӕFÿӝNKiOӟQ6ӧL
ÿѫQPRGH WKѭӡQJKRҥWÿӝQJӣEѭӟFVyQJ1310nm, 1550nm.

ĈӇWtQKWRiQVӵODQWUX\ӅQFӫDVyQJiQKViQJ WURQJVӧLTXDQJKLӋQQD\FK~QJ
WDYүQÿDQJӭQJGөQJEҵQJFiFSKѭѫQJWUuQK0D[ZHOO9LӋFSKkQWtFKFiFYҩQÿӅ
[XQJTXDQKFiFSKѭѫQJWUuQK0D[ZHOOÿӕLYӟLUDQKJLӟLO}LVӧLOjFҫQWKLӃWÿӇWDFy
WKӇKLӇXPӝWFiFKFKLWLӃWFѫFҩXWUX\ӅQWtQKLӋXTXDQJWURQJ VӧLTXDQJGүQ7URQJ
SKҫQWLӃSWKHRFӫDÿӗiQHP[LQWUuQKEj\NƭKѫQYӅQKӳQJSKѭѫQJWUuQKQj\

1JKLrQFͱXP{SK͗QJYjWKL͇t k͇ sͫL3&)VO}LFKL͇t sṷt cao c̭XWU~F c̩nh
+RjQJ7X̭Q9L͏W± ĈL͏QW͵± K50
23
1.3.3 &iFSKѭѫQJWUuQK0D[ZHOO
9ӟLPӝWP{LWUѭӡQJÿLӋQP{LÿҷQJKѭӟQJWX\ӃQWtQKNK{QJFyGzQJÿLӋQFiF
SKѭѫQJWUuQKQj\FyGҥQJ
׏ൈܧ = െ
߲ܤ
߲ݐ
(1.1)
׏ൈܪ=
߲ܦ
߲ݐ
(1.2)
׏ൈܦ=0 (1.3)
׏ൈܤ=0 (1.4)
Ӣÿk\(Yj+WѭѫQJӭQJOjFiFYpFWѫWUѭӡQJÿLӋn tӯ&zQ'Yj%OjFiFPұt
ÿӝ WK{QJOѭӧQJWѭѫQJӭQJ &iF PұWÿӝ WK{QJ OѭӧQJFy OLrQTXDQ YӟL FiF YpFWѫ
WUѭӡQJQKѭVDX
ܦ = ߝܧ + ܲ (1.5)
ܤ = ߤܪ + ܯ (1.6)

7URQJÿyİOjKҵQJVӕÿLӋQP{LYjOjÿӝWӯWKҭPFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJFKkQNK{QJ
FzQ3Yj0WѭѫQJӭQJOjFiFSKkQFӭFÿLӋQYjWӯĈӕLYӟLVӧLTXDQJWKu0 YuEҧQ
FKҩWFӫDWKӫ\WLQKODNK{QJQKLӉm tӯ.
ViӋF [iF ÿӏQK FiF KLӋQ Wѭӧng vӅ WUѭӡQJ ÿLӋn tӯ Fy WKӇ nhұQ ÿѭӧc tӯ FiF
SKѭѫQJWUuQK0D[ZHOO7ӯ FiFSKѭѫQJWUuQK1.Yj1.2) ta Fy
׏ൈ(׏ൈܧ)=െߤ
߲
߲ݐ
(׏ൈܪ)=െߝߤ
߲
2
ܧ
߲ݐ
2
(1.7)
Sӱ dөQJSKpSÿӗng nhҩWYpFWѫWDVӁ Fy
׏ൈ(׏ൈܧ)=׏(׏ήܧ) െ׏
2
ܧ (1.8)
Tӯ (1.Yj1.WDFy
׏
2
ܧ = ߝߤ
߲
2
ܧ
߲ݐ
2
(1.9)
7ѭѫQJWӵVӁFy

׏
2
ܪ = ߝߤ
߲
2
ܪ
߲ݐ
2
(1.10)
+DLELӇXWKӭF1.Yj1.OjFiFSKѭѫQJWUuQKVyQJFKXҭQ

1JKLrQFͱXP{SK͗QJYjWKL͇t k͇ sͫL3&)VO}LFKL͇t sṷt cao c̭XWU~F c̩nh
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24
1.3.4 &iFSKѭѫQJWUuQKGүQVyQJ
7DÿL YjRSKkQ WtFK TXi WUuQKODQ WUX\ӅQ FӫD VyQJÿLӋQ Wӯ GӑFWKHR VӧL GүQ
quang. HӋ thӕng tӑDÿӝ trөc (ݎ, ׎, ݖ) [iFÿӏnh theo trөc z nҵm dӑFWKѭRWUөc cӫa sӧi.
NӃXFiFVyQJÿLӋn tӯ truyӅn lan theo trөF]FK~QJVӁ FyKuQKGҥQJQKѭVDX
ܧ = ܧ
0
(ݎ, ׎)݁
݆ (߱ݐെߚݖ)
(1.11)
ܪ = ܪ
0
(ݎ, ׎)݁
݆ (߱ݐ െߚݖ )
(1.12)
Ĉk\ Oj FiF KjPÿLӅX KzDWKHR WKӡi gian t trong tӑD ÿӝ z. Tham sӕ ߚ WKXӝF
WKjQKSKҫQ]FӫDYpFWѫWUX\ӅQODQYjÿѭӧF[iFÿӏQK QKӡFiFÿLӅXNLӋQELrQWUrQ

WUѭӡQJÿLӋQWӯWҥLUDQKJLӟLSKkQFiFKO}LYjYӓFӫDVӧL.KLWKD\WKӃFiFSKѭѫQJ
WUuQK1.Yj1.YjRFiFSKѭѫQJWUuQKGҥQJ[RҳQFӫD0D[ZHOOTXDFiFSKpS
FKӭQJPLQKWDVӁFyNӃWTXҧYӅSKѭѫQJWUuQKGҥQJVyQJWURQJWӑDÿӝ trө QKѭVDX
߲
2
ܧ
ݖ
߲ݎ
2
+
1
ݎ
߲ܧ
ݖ
߲ݎ
+
1
ݎ
2
߲
2
ܧ
ݖ
߲׎
2
+ ݍ
2
ܧ
ݖ
=0 (1.13)

߲
2
ܪ
ݖ
߲ݎ
2
+
1
ݎ
߲ܪ
ݖ
߲ݎ
+
1
ݎ
2
߲
2
ܪ
ݖ
߲׎
2
+ ݍ
2
ܪ
ݖ
=0 (1.14)
Vӟi ݍ
2
= ߱

2
ߝߤ െ ߚ
2
Tӯ FiF SKѭѫQJ WUuQK WUrQWD WKҩy tӯQJSKѭѫQJWUuQK FKӍ chӭD ÿӵng mӝW ÿҥi
Oѭӧng hoһFOjܧ
ݖ
hoһFOjܪ
ݖ
ĈLӅXQj\QJөêUҵQJFiFWKjQKSKҫQGӑFFӫD(Yj+Oj
WiFKELӋWYjÿѭӧFFKӑQW\êPLӉQOjFK~QJWKӓDPmQFiFSKѭѫQJWUuQKWUrQ. Tuy
nhLrQFһp ܧ
ݖ
ݒ ܪ
ݖ
QKuQFKXQJÿѭӧF\rXFҫXWӯFiFÿLӅXNLӋQÿѭӡQJEDRFӫDFiF
WKjQKSKҫQWUѭӡQJÿLӋQWӯÿѭӧFP{WҧWURQJFiFSKѭѫQJWUuQKPRGH
1.4 6X\KDRYjFiFQJX\rQQKkQJk\VX\KDRWURQJVӧLTXDQJ
1.4.6X\KDRKҩSWKө
1.4.1.1 6͹K̭SWKͭFͯDFiFW̩SFK̭WNLPOR̩L
&iFWҥSFKҩWNLPORҥLWURQJWKXӹWLQKOjPӝWWURQJQKӳQJQJXӗQKҩSWKөQăQJ
OѭӧQJ iQK ViQJ FiF WҥS FKҩW WKѭӡQJ JһS Oj VҳW )H ÿӗQJ &X PDQJDQ 0Q
choromiun (Cr), cobar (Co), niken (Ni).

1JKLrQFͱXP{SK͗QJYjWKL͇t k͇ sͫL3&)VO}LFKL͇t sṷt cao c̭XWU~F c̩nh
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25
0ӭFÿӝKҩSWKө FӫDWӯQJWҥS FKҩWSKө WKXӝF YjRQӗQJÿӝWҥS FKҩWYj EѭӟF
VyQJiQKViQJWUX\ӅQTXDQy9ӟLWҥSFKҩWPӝWSKҫQWULӋXWKuÿӝKҩSWKөFӫDYjLWҥS
FKҩWQKѭKuQK.6.
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ĈӇFyÿѭӧFVӧLTXDQJFyÿӝVX\KDRGѭӟLG%NPFҫQSKҧLFyWKXӹWLQKWKұW
WLQKNKLӃWYӟLQӗQJÿӝWҥSFKҩWNK{QJTXiPӝWSKҫQWӹ
-9
).
1.4.1.2 6͹K̭SWKͭFͯDLRQ2+
&iFOLrQNӃWJLӳD6L2
2
YjFiFLRQ2+FӫDQѭӟFFzQVyWOҥLWURQJYұWOLӋXNKL
FKӃWҥRVӧLTXDQJFNJQJWҥRUDPұWÿӝVX\KDRKҩSWKөÿiQJNӇKuQK1ĈһFELӋW
ÿӝKҩSWKөWăQJYӑWӣFiFEѭӟFVyQJJҫQQPQPYjQP
1KѭYұ\ÿӝҭPFNJQJOjPӝWWURQJQKӳQJQJX\rQQKkQVX\KDRVӧLTXDQJ
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-6
)

D
(dB/km)

3
2
1
0
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
O
(nm)
600
500
400
300
200

100
0
Cu
Fe
Mn
500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
O
(nm)
D
(dB/km)