Báo cáo khoa học bắt đầu và thể khởi phát tiếng việt

NG6N

NGtr
2011

so 2

V'

BATDAUYA THE KHClI PHAT TIENG VIET
TS NGUYEN VAN PHO
1. Dan nh^p
Trong cdc tdi lipu ngdn ngfl hgc,
thi (aspect) Id mgt khdi rupm dd dugc
thira nhgn Id phgm trft pho qudt - it
nhdt Id pho qudt hom thi (tense) [1],
[2], [14]. Lyons cho rdng nhieu ngdn
ngfl khdng cd thi nhung rat it ngdn
ngft khdng cd till [10, 705]. Vd nhilu
nhd ngu hgc cho rdng till van Id mgt
pham tru it dugc h o ^ chua dugc chu
y diy dft [3], [10].
Phgm tiu thi lien quan din vipc
djnh vj thdi gian cua sy tinh dang
duge ndi den (event time) ttong quan
hp vdi thdi gian cua phat ngdn (thdi
diem dua ra phdt ngdn - speech time)
hodc/ vd thdi gian quy chieu (reference
time). CJ tiing Anh, quan hp tiudc sau
gifta thdi gian sy tinh vd thdi gian
phdt ngdn sS dugc thi hipn bdng cdc

phuang tipn hinh thai hgc, vd ta cd
thi qud khft, hipn tgi vd tuomg lai (past
present, future). Quan hp trudc sau
giira ba tiidi gian se tgo ra pluperifect
ho^c futiire perfect [3], [II], [13].
Trong khi dd, till Id mgt phgm tiu
ngdn ngu hgc bilu hipn d^ctiungtiidi
gian mang tuih chu quan (subjective)
ve sytinhdugc dien dgt hay ndi each
khac, till d$c tiung cho gdc nhin cua
ngudi ndi vl dudng net tiidi gian cua
sy tinh. Mpt sy tinh dien ra cd till
dugc ngudi ndi nhin tii ngodi nhu
mgt todn the ho$c nhin tii ttong d mgt
khuc dogn ndo dd [3, 24].

Theo truyin thdng, thi hoan thdnh
(perfective) bilu thj mgt tinh hudng
bj hgn djnh vl thdi gian, vd la mgt
tinh huong dugc nhin tft ben ngodi
(extenal), khdng cd cdu true ngi tgi.
Ngugc Igi, till phi hoantiidnh(imperfective) bilu tiij mgt tinh hudng khdng
hgn djnh ve m$t thdi gian. Id mgt tinh
huong nhin tii ben ttong (internal).
Do vgy, mgttinhhuong phi hoan tiianh
cd thi phan tich thdnh cdc khuc dogn
(khdi diu, dien tiln, kit tiiuc) vd nd
cd till mang thugc tinh Idp (repetitive)
hay tgp qudn (habitiial).
Cdc nhd n ^ e n cuutiiudngphan

chia the thMitiiengu ph^ (grammatical
aspect) vd till tu vyng (lexical, sitiiational
hay inherent aspect, vd d$c bipt Id
Aktionart), va khdng it khi cdp khdi
nipm aspect - Aktionart dugc dien
gidi nhu la sy doi lap gifta thi ngft
phap vd tiie tii vyng. Sy doi lap ndy
CO Ig cdn cu vdo cac ngdn ngu An Au
vdn it nhieu dya vdo hp biin hinh
(inflection) ngfl phdp dl danh diu till.
Xuat phdt tii quan dilm cho rdng
the Id mgt phgm tiu ph6 qudt ma ngdn
ngu nao cflng cd cdch bilu hipn (vl
ni^t nay nd ddi Igp vdi titi), chung tdi
cho ring tmdc het nd phdi dugc xdc
djrih nhu mgt phgm tiu mang tinh ngu
nghia. Nghia Id, ngi dung ngft ngMa
cua V}tir,cua cdc tiiam td cfta vj tu
vd sy tirong tde gifta chung sg hinh
fnh gia ti, till [8], [12], [14]. Smitii
dua ra khdi mpm verb constellation


Bdt ddu.

>i nrt«ili*1^

13

start) nfta md cd thi thi hipn qua sy

tuong tdc gifla cdc thdrtii phan cdu.
Chinh vi vgy, cdc cdu sau day diu dugc
Smith cho Id mang y nghia khdi phdt:
(1) a. Mary got angry. (M. trd
nen gidn da.)
h. John became tired. (J. trd
nen met.)
c. Her face whitened. (Mat cd
trdng bech ra.)
d. The page yellowed. (Td gidy
vdngdi.)
e. They began to walk to school.
(Hg bdt ddu di bg den trudng.)
f. They walked to school at noon.
(Hg di bg den trudng liic giUa trua.)
g. Mary began to run. (M. bdt
ddu chgy.)
Theo nhilu tdi lipu, the khdi phdt
h. Suddenly Mary ran. (Bdt ngd
dugc till hipn luan phien bdng ho^c
inchoative (tgm djch: khdi trgng) ho$c M. (bd) chgy.)
ingressive (inceptive, tgm djch: khdi
Nhu vgy, theo Smith, (i) cac vj
su). Cd tdc gid khdng phdn bipt ([3], tft get, become, (ii) phy td -en hodc
[13]), cd tdc gid Igi phan bipt ([9], [14]) biin the zero, tiii) cdcttgngngft dilm
hai khdi nipmtiren.Chdng hgn, Lehman tinh diu cd the tgo thdnh tinh hudng
xip inchoative vdo kilu sy tinh qud khdi phdt.
tiinh (process situation) vdi d ^ tnmg
Thgt ra, chuyen thdi (change of
thdi lugng vd vd kit (atelic); ttong

state)
vd khdi phat Id hai khdi nipm
khi ingressive lgi Id mgt bien co (event),
khdc
nhau:
mgt ben till hipn mgt ttang
hflu ket (telle). Smith cho inchoactive
thi hipn sy xuit hipn mgt ttgng thdi thdi da dugc thay ddi khdc vdi trudc
(state), khdng cd tdc the (agent); cdn (ttgng thai trudc vd sau khdc nhau,
inceptive "di vdo" mgt biin co [14,22]. nhung khoang cdch thdi gian khdng
xdc djnh) cdn mgt ben la mgt ttgng
Trong qud trinh phdn tich. Smith thdi mdi xuit hipn Ae tit mgt thdi dilm
cho rSng cdu khdi phdt (cd khdi trgng vd xdc djnh (dft cd hiin ngdn hay khdng).
khdi sy) cd thi suy ra (infer) gidn tilp
Xet them hai cau sau:
(indirect) cdc cau hdnh dgng (activities),
dogn tirih hflu kit (accomplishments)
(2) a. The leafbecomes (I became)
ho^c ttgng thdi (statives). Nghia Id, yellow. (Chiic la trd nen vdng)
vdi Smith, the ndi chung vd the khdi
h. The leaf started to be yellow.
phdt ndi rieng hodn todn Id mgt phgm
trft ngft nghia [14, 1] - thi khdng edn
O (a), ta cd sy chuyln thai: qud
gidi hgn d cdc phy to hay cdc "sieu trinh vdng bdt diu tft khi ndo khdng
vj tir" (super-lexical verbs, nhu begin. dugc thi hipn, nhung khi nhan dinh
'Vj tft chftm" de bilu hipn quan hp
gifla vj tft vd cdc tham to cua nd [14].
I 2. Nh$n difn sy tinh khdi phdt
2.1. Thi khdi phdt danh dau sy

bit dau cua mgt hdnh dgng ho$c sy
khdi dau cua mgt trgng thdi, qud trinh.
Nhu vgy, thi khdi phdt cd the xem Id
mgt phgm tru phy thugc (subcategory)
cua phgm tru phi hodn thdnh ho^c
phgm tru thdi lugng (durative). (Vdi
mgt so tdc gid, phgm tru thdi lugng phi thdi lugng tuomg ftng vdi phgm
tiii phi hodn thdnh - hodntiidnh).Trong
tiing Latinhho$c tiing Nga, thi khdi
phdt dugc hinh thdnh bdng phy to -scho^ 20-, diSng hgn:tiingLatinh;«Qscerie
"bit dau/ tio nen bilt", florescere "bdt
dau ra hoa"; tieng Nga: zagovorit
"bdt dau ndi", zapet "bdt diu hdt", v.v..


Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011

14
dugc dua ra thi chile Id dang cd mdu
vang. Dgng tuomg ung d tieng Vipt
phdi Id: "(Bay gid) chiec Id dang (tird
nen) vang"; doi lgp vdi "became
yellow" - qua trinh chuyln tft mgt mdu
gi dd sang mdu vdng dd kit thuc (ket
thuc d mdu vdng): "Chile Id dd vdng
roi" [9]^

tinh cd bdt ddu, ngft vj tu tiieo sau
bao gid cflng dugc hilu [+ tiidi lugng].
(ii) Sy hiin ngdn cua mgt khdi

dilm tiidi gian cd till Idm cho mgt sy
tinh [+ tiidi lugng] mang nghia khdi
phdt^:

Trong khi dd, d (b) vdi "started",
ta cd sy tinh khai phat: chiec la bit
diu qud trinh chuyln vdng, nhung
khdng hdm nghia kit qud, tftc Id qud
trinh chuvin vdng dd bdt dau nhung
cd the ket thuc khi chile Id chi vua
chdm vang - Smith ggi cdch kit thuc
ndy la v5 dodn (arbittary endpoint),
doi Igp vdi cdch kit thuc ty nhien
(natural endpoint) d sy tinh hflu kit
[14,73].

h. 6 gid nd di bgti-ongcdng vien.

Nhu vgy, ban chat sy doi l^ khdi
phat - chuyln thdi chu ylu Id d sy
cd m^t tilm tdng ho^c hiin ngdn kit
dilm diu (ggi tdt Id "khdi dilm", initial
endpoint).
2.2. N I U hilu sy tinh khdi phdt
Id mgt sy tinh [+ thdi lugng], [vd kit]
cd khdi dilm thi tiong tiing Vipt nhflng
sy tinh khdi phdt cd the dugc bilu
hipn bdng (i) vj tft bdt ddu, (ii) ciu
true vj ngft cd khung de hay trgng ngft
diem tinh, (iii) vj tft tinh thdi mdi, (iv)

cac v\ tft tinh thdi mang nghia dgt biin
(ndi sinh, phdt, khdi, ddm, od, v.v.).
Sau day chftng tdi dilm qua cdc trudng
hgp dd:
(i) Sy tinh khdi phdt hien ngdn
vdi sy ed m^t cfta vj tii bdt ddu:
(3) a. An xong, nd bdt diu ldm
bdi tgp.
h. Nghe tin dd, nd hit diu lo.
Bdt ddu cho bilt: ke tii khdi diem,
sy tmh dien ra vd sg dien ra trong mgt
tiidi dogn nhit djnh. Trong mpt sy

(4) a. Nd thi ldc 8 gid.
Hai cau tten cd till hilu la "bdt
dau" (vd cd till tiiem bdt ddu vdo tiudc
vi tft). Tuy nhien, cdch hilu khdi phdt
nhu till tiiy thugc rat nhieu vao ngft
canh, vdo kiln thuc nin cua ngudi
nghe. N I U md rgng hay thay doi ylu
to thdi gian cd lien quan (chdng hgn:
"Sdng hdm qua no di bg... ", "II gid
trua nd di bg... ", "Nd thi vdo thu ti/')
ho^c cd mgt sy tinh khdc ldm nin
(ching hgn: "Nd khdng dinh den vu
do ddu. Vi tdi biit 6 gid sdng nd di
bg trong cdng vien") thi y nghia khdi
phdt bien mat. Hom nua, khdng phai
logi sy tinh ndo ciing cd the dugc hieu
khdi phdt nhu vgy (ching hgn: "6 gid

tren dudng cd nhieu xe" hay "Tdi hdm
qua nd ddng cdi ghi do" khd cd thi
hilu Id khdi phdt). Do sy phy thugc
vdo ngu canh, cd till xem day Id mgt
y nghia khdi phdt mangtinhtinhhuong.
(iii) Trong tiing Vipt, vj tft mdi
cflng cd tiie bieu tiij nghia khdi phdt.
Thi dy:
(5) a. Nd mdi khde ddy.
h. Nd mdi luge thdi, chua mim.
Nghia khdi phdt cua wd? till hipn
khi hdnh chftc tten cdc vj tii [+ tiidi
lugng], [vd kit]. Tuy nhien, y nghia
khdi phdt ndy hmh tiidnh tten cai nen
tinh tiidi "dien dgt sy tuih xay ra d
tiidi diem ngay ttudc tiidi dilm quy
chieu" eho nen, tiieo chftng tdi, ddy
chi Id y nghia tiift sinh (secondary).


Bdt ddu...
(iv) Ngodi ra, ttong tiing Vipt
cd mgt logt vj tii thih tiidi cd gia ttj
tgo thi, chdng hgn: sinh, ddm, ndi,
phdt, khdi, bgt, biing, khai; vd mgt
so vj tii cd tinh ad hoc: dd (t^nh, ng),
nga (bpnh),/7/Ki (Ien cudi), da (khdc),
vgt (len, ra), v.v.. Thi dy:
(6) a. Nd bgt khdc.

15

b. Cdn nhd bung chdy. ^'
c. Nd sinh nghi.
J Ar'v*\ 1- ngg.
"
d.
No dam'/(ra)
^ nghi
* *
e.^ Chung tdi se khdi ddng logt
bdi dieu tra ndy trong sdtdi.
f Nghetinndy, bd dy phdt dien.
g. Nhin thdy ng bd dy noi gign.
r^' • ^^ 1 -i ., • 1 ~ 1. .• w
Cac V} tu bieu tm nghia khdi phdt
*_„
' ' *-ft A^ ' ^i.)^ A. ^i.'S
tiong cac cau tren deu co the thay the
ui u^* ^> -r-^* u •x-i. '
bdng oa/aaw. Tat nhien, moi tu CO
nghia tft vung khac nhau, do vgy nd
sg mang den mgt nghia mdi cho cdu.
Dilm chimg nhat Id n^t nghia lien
quan din tinh tiidi dgt biin. . ,
a (a), "Nd bgt khdc" nghia Id
nd bit diu khdc, ttgng thdi khdc cd
till k^o ddi, nhung sau khi "bgt" titi
khdng till dua ra nhgn djnh "Nd bgt
khdc" dugc nfta md chi cd till Id "Nd

khdc". 6 (b), "Cdn nhd bung chdy"
nghia Id bdt diu chdy, ttudc dd chua

hgn, tiong "Nd bgt dung day"tinbdt
chi Id mgt ylu to tinh tiidi bilu tiij sy
nhanh chdng vd dgt biin, vi "dung
dgy" khd cd the bilu thj mgt hdnh
dgng cd thdi dogn, nhit Id khi nd kit
hgp vdi bdt. Hom nfta, sau khi "bat
dirng dgy" thi nd khdng (tilp ti^c)
" * ^ ^ y " " ^ ° ^ ^^ (^^ ^yc) "dftng"
thdi. Ciing do y nghia ndy, nhflmg
t r ^ ngft bilu hipn nghia dgt biin (nhu
bdng, chgt, bdt ngd, thinh linh, v.v.)
chi
cd. thi mang
nghia khdi.,.-,
phat khi-,
dl^.cung
vol,.mgt-r.vj •tu.. [+^,thai
lugng]
vd [vd kit]. Cd till xem (iv) Id tiudng
hgp khdi phdt tiift sinh.
Vi khudn kho cua mgt bdi vilt
cd hgn, sau day chung tdi sg chi tiln
hdnh khdo sdt hogt ddng cua vj tft
u^* ^' +,- .*'.*•- ^ .*x J.^
oa/tfoM, tu do dl sau vao djc tiung
~ /~ w
- Ji.^ i u - •

ngft nghia - ngu phap cua the khoi
u'tt
V't
*^
g i? •
^ ^Bit dau vd die khdi phdt tieng
^i?*
Bdt ddu cd till xem Id vj tft tieu
bilu cho y nghia khdi phdt, vi y nghia
tft vyng tirdng minh, vi khd ndng cd
°i^t ttong hau het cdc logi sy tinh vd
'^V^S T^ PJ^V sdc ttmig tinh (neuttal)
f,^ ""?• ^^^ P^^^u quan mpni tiie
! . " £ " ^ J i ^ " ^/?°^ ^ ^^"^ "^"^^
f ^} ^"^ f." l"^ ^^%Au^ T

chdv vd nud tiinh chaV cd thi sg diln

^ ^ 1°^ "^^^ *'^" ^'^" ^ * ^ ^^V

cha^ va qua ttmh chay co tiie sg dien j ^ . ^A
^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^. ^^^
ra rat Iau sau dd. Tucmg ty^ a tc). Wo rj 2331 •
^' ^
sinh nghr nghia Id nd bdt dau nghi
ngd,tiididg nghi ngd cd till Uo ddi,
Sy tinh ton tgi:
nhung sau dd khdng till ndi "Nd sinh
Sy tinh ton tgi la sy tinh phan
nghi" duoc nfta. V.v.. Ndi chung, sau anh "d mgt noi ndo do cd cai gi", dugc

khi bit dau (bilu thj bdng vj tii dftng till hipn bdng mgt cau time ttong dd
tiudc), hogt dgng, qud trinh hay ti^g khdng bao gid cd Chft dl md chi cd
thdi (bilu thj bdng vj tft dftng sau) sg Khung de. Xet cdc thi dy sau:
tilp tyc dien ra ttong mgt tiidi dogn
(7) ^ j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^
nhat djnh.
u T - ^ ^ ui. ^i .
b. Tren duang bdt dau co xe.
Nhu vgy, nhftngtiudnghgp khong
,,
,
r
ddp ftng ngi dung ngft nghia ndy sg
^- Trong phong eo muot.
khdng dugc xem Id khdi phdt. Ching
d. Trong phdng bit diu cd mudi.


16
6 (a) vd (c) ta cd cac sy tinh tdn
tgi [- dgng], tiic Id ttong nghia bilu
hipn cfta cau true sg khdng cd bit ky
sy thay ddi nao lien quan din tiiyc
the tdn tgi, xet tren trye thdi gian. Trong

Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011
ton tgi nua ma sg Id mgt sd lugng xe
hoi khdc. Ta cd mgt tiiyc tiie mang
tinh djnh lugng (quantization). (So
sdnh: "Tren dudng cd ba chile xe hoi

vdo Iftc bit diu bo rdp").

^^.^t i ^ \ "?. ^^^' 1 ' ° f ^^ 2"^
(Chft tiuch: Khdi nipm Ifly tich
ttinh [+dgng] hdm yrdn^edsy tiiay yd djnh lugng dd dugc Kriflca [8] phan
t t i S ^ r " ^ ? ^ "^uL^-J"^
b i p S n g ^ . Cd till gidititichdon
then diem quy chieu (thudng Id thdi
•• u
dilm ndi), dudng chua cd xe, phdng g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a u :
chua cd muoi. Sau thdi diem quy chilu,
Trong "Nam dn chudi\ chudi
"xe", "muoi" tilp tyc ton tgi, nhung la mpt danh ngft lfl>; tich, vi dft Nam
"xe" vd "muoi" Iftc nay khdng hodn <^ ^ nfta qud chudi hodc ndm gud
todn Id "xe" vd "muoi" tgi thdi diem chuoi thi cflng Id "Nam dn chudi".
quy chilu nfta.
Trong khi dd, d "Mzm dw 6a ^ C/JMOV',
Khi mgt sytinht6n tgi dugc danh f ^ ^"^ '!;f'}^ / ° ^ ! ' ^ " ? * '^fj
diu khdi phdt nd cd nhihTg rdn^ bugc ^^Z'dfT d^ T "^ f"^- ?
vl m^t ngfl phdp vd ngfl nghia. x £
^"^ ^ 5", ^f? ^^. ^,f. '^^^l ^
cdc cdu"^^ ^^ ^°^^ ^^^ 1"^ ^^^S phai la
"dn ba qud chudi".)
(S) a. Tren dudng hit dka cd xe
r ^ , , - •. ,~ .^. . > . , • . ,
fj^
Khai mpm luytichva djnh lugng
lien quan den cd vj tft vd danh ngft b. Tren dudng hit dau cd tiiam to. 6 thi dy (8), sy doi lap Ifly
vdi (/ mgt sg nhieu) chiic xe hai.
tich vd djnh lugng cho thay y nghia

, c. ? Tren dudng bdt diu cd ba * ! gdn vdi vjtiibdt ddu chu khdng
chiic xe hai.
phdi vdi cd.
Cau (a) doi tugng ton tai dugc
^ ^^ m§t ngfl phap, d qud trinh
bieu hipn bdng mgt danhtiikhoi (mass ^on tgi, ddc tinh Ifly tich tiiudng dugc
noun), khdng mang thupc tutii so. Q ^^^^ ^} hing mgt danh ngft mang
cau (b) ta cd mgt lugng khdng chi'nh P^^'^^ sd khdng xac djnh hodc mpt
xdc; ngay khi nhgn djnh dugc dua ra, ^^^ tft khdi. Tuy nhien, mgt danh
sy tdng ho$c gidm mgt (vdi) phin tii ^^ ^}^^ ^ mpt lurgng chinh xac van
ttong cdi lugng iy van khdng ldm ^d tiie xuit hipn nlu nd cd chfta mgt
tiiay ddi bdn chat y nipm 'Vdi", "mpt ^Vdh ngu hgn djnh dl lam rd sd chi
sd" ho^c "nhilu", nghia Id ngi dung ^ua cdi tgp hgp chfta cdc phanttrtiiudc
nhgn djnh khdng tiiay doi. Q cd hai '^"^^g ^^- Khi dd, cdc tiiyc till - phin
truang hgp (a) vd (b) ta cd mgt tiiyc tft Idm nen tgp hgp cd till dugc tri
tiie mang tinh IGyti'ch(cumulativity). ^ ^ ^ rtiiu mpt khoi dan nhit doi Idn
Trong khi dd, d (c) ta cd mgt s6 lugng ^di nhung tiiyc till cftng loai neodi
chinh xdc tgi tiidi dilm nhgn djnh: "d. CWnh tten cdi khdi don nhit nav
sy tdn tgi cua "ba chile xe hoi" chi ^^ cd tiie xdc lap khftc doan din
bdo dam dung tgi tiidi dilm "bdt diu" g'^^, cudi cfta mgt sy tinh. Thi du(tiidi diem ndm d ranh gidi giiia yyjd«j?
(Q\ :> Nn,>, M- ,\
va CO "ba chi^c xe hd"). Ngay 1
Ha mi hk2u°6 T fT^"*"'
do CO « -ba chiic xe hd*H,6ng cmteHLZZl""'
"''"> '"


17

Bdt ddu.

b. Tren tudng bdt ddu treo bdn
buc tranh dit gid nhat cua hga si Bui.

ben Id khuc dogn diu cdn mgt ben
Id khuc dogn gifla cua qud trinh.

Cau (9a) hdm y rdng sau dd (sau
tiidi diem quy chilu) cd till sg cd nhieu
xe hoi, nhung Id nhflng chiec xe hoi
khdc, khdng till dien dgt bdng bdt
ddu vd ddu tien dugc nfta. (9b) hdm
y ring sau dd sg tilp tyc cd nhflng
hue khdc, "bon bftc tranh" kia Id bon
bftc diu tien.

Cd the hinh dung: d thdi dilm
quy chilu t "tten dudng bdt diu cd
xe", nghia Id d thdi diem t{.\ chua cd
xe vd d thdi diem t+n vdn cd xe; nhung
d thdi dilm t\^nH) svr ton tgi cua xe
khdng quan ylu doi vdi nhgn djnh
dugc dua ra. Hay ndi cdch khdc, vdi
bdt ddu ngudi ndi chi quan tam din
khuc dogn dau cua qua trinh chft khdng
quan tam din cdc khuc dogn sau dd,
Igi cdng khdng khong quan tam din
kit qud hay sy kit thftc. (Ban chit cua
the khdi phdt logi trft y nghia ket qud
(resultative) ho§c kit thuc (terminative)).
Day ciing chinh Id co sd ngft nghia

cua yeu eau vl tinh Ifly tich cfta bdt
ddu. Them mgt vdi thi dy:

Yeu cau ve tinh don nhit cua
cdi tgp hgp (do danh ngft bilu hipn)
ggi y ring vin de ndm d quan h? bg
phgn - todn till cfta tgp hgp (part-whole
relation). Bdt ddu tdc dgng trye tilp
din bg phgn dau tien cfta todn thi ngay sau dd tgp hgp van ton tgi - chft
khdng phdi tdc dgng din mgt dom vj
"dgc lgp" cua mgt tong so cdc dom
vj. (y (9a), bit dau xuat hipn mgt chile
(tiong "ba chile xe hoi dautien")cflng
cd nghia Id "ba chile xe hoi diu tien"
xuit hipn; nghia Id ta cd mgt tgp hgp
mang tinh luy tich.
d cdc sy tinh sau, d ^ dilm don
nhat ndy sS dugc the hipn rd hon.
v l m^t y nghia, khi ddnh dau
khdi phdt, bdt ddu ciing dong thdi
bdo hipu rdng vao thdi dilm quy chilu
doi tugng dugc de cgp buoc vdo (step
in) qud trinh ton tgi; tftc Id nd mang
Igi thugc tinh [+ dgng] cho sy tinh
ton tgi. Trgng thdi trd thdnh qud tiinh.
Cdc cdu (7), (8) vd (9) deu cdtilltiiay
thi bdt ddu bdng dang. Tuy nhien,
qud trinh ton tgi khdng dong nghia
vdri tilp dien (progressive), vi mgt

(10) a. * Trong phdng bit diu
cdn ngudi.
h. Tren tudng bit dau treo tranh
cd.
c. Dudng phd bdt dau treo cd chdo
mitng Qudc khdnh.
d. ITren tudng bdt diu treo hai
bite tranh.
Cdn Id mgt vj tft tdn tgitieubieu,
nhung d (a) khdng till ddnh diu khdi
phdt. Li do: cdn Id mgt vj tft bilu thi
khuc dogn gifla cuattgngtiiditdn tgi,
ttong ngfl nghia cua nd dd ham y sg
di din kit thuc. d cau (b) vd (c), cd
vg nhu ngudi ta ttdng chd rdng d thdi
diem ti+n ndo dd (n phdi du Idn de bao
ddm qudtiinhcd dugc tinh thdi lugng)
sg cdtiiemnhilu bucti^nhco vd nhilu


18

Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011

la cd dugc tteo. Cau (lOd), tiiong ty
Cflng tiiong ty nhu d sy tinh tdn
(8c), qud tiiyc khd cd till hinh dung tgi, bdt ddu ddi hditiiamto doi tiigng
nd cd till dugc sft dyngtiongmgt ngft phdi cd tinh Ifly tieh. 6 cdu (1 Id) hai
canh nhu till ndo: nlu ngi dung tiuyen djnh ngfl ddu tien vd (cua) hgp ddng
dgt Id sy doi I ^ cd - khdng thi chi can dd tgotinhdom nhit cho "ba cdi bdn" ndi "bit diu tteo ttanh", cdn neu Id do vgy, cd danh ngft tham to dd mang

sy doi Igp gifla "hai (buctiranh)"vdi tuih Ifly tich. Tat nhien, vl m^t ngu
mgt so lugng khdc thi phdi ddnh dau nghia, khi "nd" bit diu ddng cdi ban
tuih dom nhat cfta nd - nghia Id danh thft nhit (ttorg "ba cdi bdn diu tien"
ngft nay can mgt djnh ngft.
4y) thi cflng cd nghia Id "nd" bdt diu
thyc hipn "ba cdi bdn dautiencua hgp
Hdnh dgng chuyen tdc:
\/f-*ux u.*«
u i *' IA «.^ dong". Trong khi do, d(lib), khi "nd"
Mgt hdnh dgng chuyen tac Id mgt
, ^
^ ,
; /
Ui u J- .1. >1 >x. ^
bdt dau ddng cai bdn thu nhat thi khong
hdnh dgng tdc dgng vdo dot tugng,
.,
u r IA AC^ ^
.u A^' thi ndi Id "nd" ddng "ba cdi ban" Danh
tgo ra ho^c Idm dot tugng thay dot
,
A
,
, ^.
ngfl - tham to d (1 lb) mang tinh djnh
^^
..L '• .' 1 1 A. •. .X1 , -i
(ttgng tiiai, tmh chit, vj tii) hay biln ^
u - •,~ . - 1 A /iT ^
«.. -.u' u i .'

lugng chu khong phai luytich.O (lie),
^* XT'- u
mat. Noi chung, mgt v}tirchuyen tac
/ °.,
. f^
\^
,.' ;
.*
AA u A)^ .^U^IU'- U.C. i Ui
neuhieu bdt dau dong mgt cai ban
dugc ddnh dau the khoi phdt ve bdn
, , , ,.
,
*
u'!* w^u'^u-'^
-^ i . ^ u 4 r ,
tuc Id thyc hipn nhflmg dgng tdc dau
chat phai the hipn mgt qud trinh [+
... ,
, \
&v t
., , . ,
T , , ., i. ..A
,.i tien (cua, bao, dye, chdng hgn) nhdm
thai lugng], vd d thdi diem quy chieu
, '
s> -^ J
• U--1 •.._' u~ u A .Ui ^^'^ X tgoracat ban thi "mgt cai ban" Id danh
no phai logi tiu nghia hodn thdnh hodc
,.. , ,

u^. 'XT A- .u^iu'- u'.
ngft Ifly tich. Cdu (lie) kha chap,
ket qua. Ngodi ra, the khoi phat cua
'
^
mgt hdnh dgng chuyln tde cflng cd
The khdi phdt hen quan den khftc
mgt so rdng bugc nhit djnh vl vj tii "^ogn hay pha (phase) diu cfta mgt
vd vl danh ngft - tham to. So sdnh:
hdnh dgng; vi vgy nd chi till hipn khi
(11) a. Nd bit diu ddng bdn.
^ ^ ^ ^ g '^^'^c dl cgp diln m ttong
, ^
mgt dg ddi tiidi gian nhat djnh (tinh
b. INd bdt dau ddng ba cdi bdn. thdi lugng, durative). Dilu nay lien
c. Nd bit diu ddng mgt cdi bdn. quan chdt chg vdi tinh Ifly tich cua
d. Nd bit diu ddng ba cdi bdn ^ ^ " ^ ^ ^ *° tham gia vao hogt
ddu tien cua hgp ddng
**^"g '^^^y^" tdc.
e. Nd bit diu ddt (xdp) tdi lieu
. ^° ' ^ ^^ }^> ^^ (^ if)' «•« rang
fn^j-uk.A^
^/ -' ./ . '
"bat dau dot (xap) tdi lipu" dl chip
f Wo bdt dau dot mau giay do. nhgn ban "bdt ddu ddt miu giiy" rit
g. *Ndh^ dm uong vien thudc dd. nhieu, vi hdnh dgng sau cd ve khd
'^'"^-1.
h. Nd bit
bdt
, diu

dau
, udng
uong
, chai
thudc
,thudc
khdng
dd chip
(So
xe"
f fsanh
tiu
'nhgn
' cd
^"bdt
khdi
ve
cdcnhu
dau
pha
phdt
hdnh
ddt"
banban,
hdnh
dgng
vd vi
"bit
dgng
"xe"

ndddu
tmdc.
dede


Bdt ddu...
dugc hinh dung Id bao hdm nhieu dgng
tde "x^" khdc nhau tten cung doi
tugng, multi-events).

19
(13) a. Nd bit dau ddp dia va
thdnh tiing mdnh.
r
b. Nd bit dau dgp mdy cdi dia
Lgi so sdnh cdc cau (1 Ig), (1 Ih) va thdnh timg mdnh.
vd (1 li). Uong "vientiiuocdd" Id mgt
c. Nd bit dau dgp ddng dia vg
hdnh dgng dien ra tiong mgt thdi gian thdnh timg mdnh.
"chdp nhodng" (instantaneous), do
d. INd hit dau dgp (mgt) cdi dia
vgy khd cd till xdc djnh pha khdi diu;
trong khi dd, vdi "chai thuoc dd" hay vd thdnh timg mdnh.
(13a) gan nghia vdi (13b) vd (13c)
"thuoc khdng sinh" thi Igi hodn todn
vi "dia" mang tinh Ifly tich - d day
deddng.
nd de dugc hieu Id phftc sd. Trong
Vdi vj tft ndi ndng,tinhhinh cung

khi dd, d (13d) doi tugng rd rang Id
tuong ty:
don so do vgy nd can cd ngft cdnh
(12) a. *Nd bit dau ndi; "Chdol" (ho^ tinh huong ngodi ngdn ngfl) de
b. Nd bit dau ndi chuyen chinh bdo ddm ring "dgp" Id mgt qud trinh
cd dg ddi thdi gian nhit djnh. Tuy
trj.
nhien, nlu d (1 Ic) hdnh dgng "ddng"
c. Nd bit dau ndi Id sep cd tdm cd thi bao gom nhilu thao tdc khdc
nhin xa.
nhau (vd cd dg ddi thdi gian dang kl
d (12c) "sip cd tdm nhin xa" dl cd the phan chia sy tinh thdnh cdc
khdng phdi Id mgt danh ngft Ifly tich khuc dogn) titi d (13d) "dgp" khd cd
hay djnh lugng, vi ldi ndi cd thi chi thi hilu nhu vgy, cho nen hanh dgng
dugc ndi ra mgt Ian. (12e) chi cd thi "dgp" sg dugc hilu Id bao gom nhieu
hilu: "nd bdt dau c6 Idi Ig ca ngpi sip - hdnh dgng "dgp" noi tilp nhau dl "mgt
tiudc dd nd von cd thai dg ngugc Igi". cdi dia" vd thdnh tftng mdnh. Trong
tiiyc tl, thudmg chi can "dap" mgt lan
d cac cau tmc gay khioi (causative), Id du dl mgt cai dia vd tan. Chinh vi
bdt ddu cflng cd nhflng yeu ciu tuomg vgy, (13d) Id mgt ciu true k ^ ty nhien.
ty. d cau tnic chuyln tdc ndy, danh So sdnh (13d) vdi (13e):
ngfl bilu thj thyc the chju tdc dgng
(13) e. Nd bit dau cdt td gidy
bao gid cflng mang tinh Ifly tich dl
thdnh
nhiing hinh vudng.
bdo dtai rdng gifla hdnh dgng tdc dgng
vd kit qud tdc dgng cd mgt khodng
Cftng mgt cau true nhung rd rang
cdch thdi gian nhit djnh vl khi khodng (13e) ty nhien hom rit nhilu vi vj tft

cdch thdi gian dd Id z^rotiiivjtiihdnh cdt thod mdn dugc yeu ciu vl dg ddi
dgng sg trd thdnh diemtinh(punctual). thdi gian, d day ta cd nhilu hdnh dgng
"cdt" khdc nhau (multi-events).
Thidy:


20

Ngdn ngfif so 2 nam 2011

Nhu tt^n dd ndi, vl nguyen tdc,
ft^ d ^ ld»Mig di vdi kit qud (resultative),
vi mgt ben Id pha khdi diu cdn mgt
(14) a. Nd hdt thudc ldm cho mgi
ben Id pha kit thuc. Tuy nhien, cin
ngudi khd chju.
tiiiy rdng cdi kit qudtiongtiudnghgp
b. ? A/d bit dau hut thuoc ldm cho ndy khdng giong vdi cdi kit qud cua
mgi ngudi khd chju.
» ^'>n-i ciu true gay khiln: d day khodng cdch
(d cdc cau (13) doi till cua hdnh thdi gian gifla hdnh dgng vd kit qua
dgng chuyln tdc dong thdi Id chu thi theo sau Id mgt dgi lugng e tipm cgn
cua vi tii kit qud, cdn d cdc cau (14), z6ro (e - • 0), tgo thdnh mgt ciu true
bieu thj mgt sy tinh tuong ti^ sy tinh
hai tham to ndy hodn todn phan bipt).
dilm tinh. Do vgy, nlu doi tugng
Trong hai cau tten, chung tdi chuyln tdc dugc bilu hipn bing mgt
cho ring chi cd (14a) Id ciu true gay danh tft khoi thi cdi danh tft khdi dd
khiln tiiyc sy: vj tft gay khiln ldm ddi khi phdi nhd vdo ngfl cdnh mdi
cho Id vj tft chinh cua cau true; "nd cdtilltiiamgia vdo qua trinh khdi phdt.

huttiiuoc"Id mgt cau tiuc de - thuyet
Xet cdc cau sau day:
dd bj hg cip (backgrounding). Nhu
(15) a. *Nd bdt diu be gdy cdy bdt.
vgy D I cua cau true cd thi tinh luge
ho^e cdi bientiidnh"Nd bit dau ldm
h. Nd bit dau be cong cdy biit.
cho..." ho$c "Vipc hut thuoc cua nd
c. Nd bit diu be gdy sd but vita
bdt dau Ito cho..." md ngfl nghia khdng
nhgn dugc/ nhiing cdy but do.
thay doi'.
d. ?? Nd bit dau be gay but.
Trong khi dd, d (14b) hut thuoc
d (a), gdy ttong be gdy Id mgt
Id vj tft chinh (do vgy nd dugc ddnh
vj
tft
dilm tinh nen sy tinh khdng the
diu khdi phdt). Ta cd mgt cau true
khd gidi thich cd vl m$t ngft phdp Ian danh diu khdi phdt; trong khi dd, cong
ngft nghia. Ve ngft phdp, khdng thi Id mgt vj tft cd tinh thang dg (scalarity)
xdc djnh tu cdch "Idm cho" vd cd thdnh nen (b) hodn todn khd chip.
d (c), hdnh dgng "be" vd kit qud
phin sau nd ttong quan hp vai thdnh
phin di trudc. Ve ngfl nghia, sg khdng "gdy" dugc thyc hipn tten moi phin
the xdc djnh vipc "hut thuoc" hay Id tii ("gdy" van Id vj tft dilm tinh), do
viec "bit dau hut thuoc" gay khd chju do bdt ddu cd thi ddnh diu pha khdi
cho mgi ngudi. Chung tdi cho ring diu cua qud tiinh nhdm di din cdi kit
cd Ig xft Ii (14b) nhu mgt cau true qud chung Id todn bg cac phin tft diu

quan hp thi hgp Ii hon: "Nd bit diu bj gdy.
hut thuoc, Idm cho mgi ngudi khd
d (d) doi tugng Id mgt danh tu
chju" (cf Cao Xudn Hgo [2,240]).
khoi, nghia Id cd tilm ndng mang ddc

Ve cau true gay khiln can \€t
hai trudmg hgp sau day:


Bdt ddu...
tinh cua mgt thyc the Iflytfch,nhimg
ttong tiudng hgp ndy tiem ndng dd
khdng dugc hipn tiiyc. d day nd van
Id mgt danh tu khdng mang phgm
tni s6, tiic Id khdng hdm chfta mgt
hflu hgn cdc phan tii. Cau (15d) khd
dugc chip nhgn ttong mgt b6i cdnh
binh thudng.
Vdinhftngvituchuylntacchuyln
vj, bdt ddu cd the ddnh dau thi khdi
phdt, dong tiidi nd cflng giup djnh
hudng lgi ngfl nghia cua sy tinh. So
s^nh:
,, -. -,, ..
(16) a. No ddy cdi xe vdo nhd.
b. Nd bit dau ddy cdi xe vdo nhd.
r^^
« /I/: ^ ^^ ^ uu A
Trong cau (16a), tuy tinh huong,

"nhd" cd till Id hudng (direction), cd
till Id dich (goal). Khi dugc ddnh diu
khdi phdt (16b), "nhd" chi cd till Id
hudng chft khdng the Id dich. Li do
don gidn: bdt ddu^ khdng till di vdi
mgt sy^tinh^hftu ket^(teUc) ho$c dugc
ddnh dau ket qud, ket
tiiuc.
(17) a. *Nd bit diu ddy cdi xe
vdo nhd mdt mudi phat.
K *AMKsf-4^ ^ ' '^
h.*Nd\y^da^daycaixevao
den nha.
. i
,
c. Nd bdt dau ddy cdi xe vdo
nhd nhung dugc vdi budc thi ngd.
^ ^
^ Ngay cd khi cd mgt yeu to ddnh
dautiienhu dS, roi, chua, sdp, lgi, v.v.
titi cdc yeu to ndy chi tdc dgng din
vj tft bdt ddu chft khdng dnh hudng
dinvjtftdisau
. ^
.
(18) A^d (dd) bdt dau day cdi xe
vdo nhd roi.
Hdnh dgng "diy" van chua dgt
din dich.

21
Tuy nhien, dieu ddng chu y Id d
sytinhchuyen tdc chuyen vj, bdn chit
<=? ^
"S* tiiam to khdng phdi la
^^^1° ^^T ^^^ " !lf";»"^ ^^uyen
tac [+tiidi lugng]. Thi dy:
(^9) ^; ^^ ^^t diu ddy xe/ chiec
^^^ *" ''^'^'^ ^^ ^^° "^^•
b. Nd bit dau chuyin ghi/ bdn
^^^^"""^ chiic ghi/qua phdng dn.
^^y chinh Id d$c dilm dl phan
^^^t logi sy tinh ndy vdi kilu ciu tiuc
^^y ^ ^ " ^ tren (so vdi cac cau (13)).
L^ do: vj tft chuyln tdc ttong trudmg
hgp ndy mang tinhtiiddlugng rat rd:
^ , ^dt, ddn, keo, ldi, v.v. diu Id nhftng
vj tft cd dg ddi thdi gian dang kl. So
sdnh (19a) vdi (20) sau day:
, ,
(20) a. INd bdt ddu xd chiic xe
^"•
b. INd bdt ddu gigt chiic cue
do ra.
yj tft xg gigt khdng cdtinhtiidi
dogn nen khd chip nhgn danh ngfl
don so "chile xe", "chile cue do". (Tuy
"hien, vdi ngfl cdnh nhat djnh, ching
hgn khi can hdng logt hdnh dgng dh
cd till chuyln vjd6itiigng("xd", "gigt"

nhilu lin) titi (20) khd chip).
^
Hdnh dgng vd tdc:
" ^ *^^"8 ^° tdc Id hdnh dgng
khdng nhdm tde dgng den doi tugng
ndo. Hdnh dgng vd tdctiiudngId hdnh
dgng di chuyln, cu dgng, ung xft.
^^ vi. ^i ^^ , jx , A ,,
, , , ° ° *^f ^^" ^
^^ *^ ^ ^
phdt nd khongtiietiicrnghgp vdi cdc
hanh dgng hflu kit (telle), bat ke dogn
tinh hay dilm tinh (accomplishment
vd achievement, Vendler).
(21) a. Nd chgy din (/vdo) cdng
vien.
—


22

Ngdn ngfif so 2 nam 2011

h. Nd bit dhi chgyti-ongcdng
b. Nd bit dau chgy den (/vdo)
vien
(trong) mgt tieng.
cdng vien. . - ^
Nhin chung, vdi cdc sy tinh hdnh
c. Nd chgy trong cong vien.

dgng vd tdc di chuyln dilm tinh (din,
d A'd bdt dau chgy trong cong vien.
tdi, vao, rdi (khdi), ra (khdi), v.v.)
d (a) ta cd mgt sy tinh hiiu kit cflng can chu y den ca ciu true eua
(telle), vi theo Comrie ben ttong sy tham to chu the ehft khdng chi tham
tinh cd chua kit dilm, hdnh dgng sg to doitiigng.Day Id mgt van de quan
kit thuc khi dgt din kit diem ay. Cdn yeu ve m$t tri nhgn (cognitive). Xet
d (c) ta cd mgt sy tinh vo kit, hdnh cdc cau sau:
dgng "chgy ttong cong vien" khong
(23) a. Nd bit dau rdi (khdi) nhd.
cd kit dilm dau vd cuoi. (Trong tiing
h. INd bit dau rdi thdnh phd.
Vipt cd till kilm tta tinh hflu kit/ vd
kit bing cdch ttic nghipm vdi dd vd
c. Dodn qudn bit dau rdi thdnh
dang. Mgt vi ngfl vo kit chap nhgn phd.
cd da vd dang md ngi dung sy tinh
d. Cd gia dinh bit dau rdi nhd.
khong cd thay doi ldn; ttong khi dd,
vj ngfl hflu kit khdng ed khd ndng
Ngay tgitiididilm qiw chilu, "nd"
ndy) (Cf [2], [12]).
thyc hipn nhflmg budc dau tien vugt
qua ranh gidi gifta "nhd" vd "khdng
Bdt ddu d (b, d) ddnh diu till
phai nhd" - theo kiln thuc thdng tiiudng,
khdi phdt dong thdi ciing ddnh diu
hdnh dgng ndy cd till dugc xdc djnh
tinh dien trinh cua hdnh dgng. d (b),
mgt cdch minh bgch ve ca thdi gian

bdt ddu dd logi trft thugc tinh hflu kit.
(diing 7 gid sdng, chdng hgn) vd khdng
Hdnh dgng "chgy" dugc thyc hipn mgt
gian (ranh gidi Id cdi cfta, chdng hgn);
ldn, bdt ddu ddnh dau khuc dogn dau
do dd (23a) Id binh thudng. Trong
cua hdnh dgng dd. Tham to thft hai
khi d (23b), ve tri nhgn, ta cd mgt sy
"cdng vien" dugc hieu Id hudng, vi
ma ho hiin nhien: d thdi diem xde
qud tiinh "chgy" cd till dd dugc khdi
djnh ndo thi "nd" vugt qua ranh gidi
dgng nhung khdng cd nghia Id duong
"tiidnh pho"? Cd phdi ranh gidi dd
nhien sg dgt din dieh. d (d), do sy
Id mgt cgt cay so chdng? Vd dieu quan
cd m^t cua tham to vj tri (location),
tix?ng hom ca, it nhit ddi vdi ngu phap
"chgy" dugc hieu Id mgt hdnh dgng
chftc ndng, (23b) sg dugc dung ttong
dugc tiln hdnh nhiiu ldn, mang tinh
tinh huong ndo? Tuy nhien, nlu tham
1^ (iterative). Nhu vgy, "bit dau chgy
to chu till Id mgttiiyctillIflyti'ch(23e)
ttong cdng vien" tftc Id bit dau mgt
till mgi chuypn sdng rd: tgi tiidi dilm
hogt dgng thi thao chu khdng phdi
quy chilu, nhiing (mgt/ vdi) dom vj
Id bit diu mgt hdnh dgng chuyln ddi
dau tien cua "dodn qudn" vugt qua

vj tri. K I ed khi sy tinh dugc ddnh
ranh gidi "tiidnh pho", vd qud trinh
dau thdi dilm khdi dau ho^ thdi gian
dd chi mdi khdi diu (sau mgt tiidi
dien tiln thi tinh hinh ciing khdng cd
lugng ddng kl sg kit tiiuc bing vipc
gi thay doi. Thi dy:
ngudi linh cuoi cimg budc qua ranh
i22) a. Hdm qua (/Ngdy mai) nd gidi do). Theo phantichndy, cdu (23d)
cd thi hilu ho^c nhu (23a) ho^c nhu
bit dau chgy trong cdng vien.


Bdt ddu...
(23c); ve m$t tii nhgn, cd Ig cdch hilu
sau de chap nhgn hom. (Cf "Nd bit
dau di" vs. "Dodn quan bit dau di").
Vdi vj tii vd tdc bieu tiij hdnh
dgngftngxu h o ^ cdc hdnh dgng lien
quan din hogt dgng cua cdc giac quan,
bdt ddu cd the ddnh dau khuc dogn
dau cua hdnh dgng dd. d day, cau
true cua cdc tham to cflng cd vai ttd
tuong ty nhu nhflng tiudng hgp tren.
(24) a. A'd bit dau nghe nhgc (/
bdi hdt do).
h. *Nd bit dau nghe mgt tieng
nd "dm".
c. Nd bit dau ngdm (bite) tranh
tren tudng.

d. Nd bit dau chdo mgi ngudi (/
?tdi).
d (a), "nhgc" cd the Id am nhgc
ndi chung, mgt bdi hdt ho$c mgt dogn
hod tiu - ngi dung bilu hipn cua cdu
khdng cd gi thay doi. Nhung (b) thi
khd dugc chip nhgn, vi "mgt tiing
no "am"" Id dau hipu cua mgt sy tinh
dilm tinh. 6 (d) "chdo" (bdng cdi ggt
dau chdng hgn) cung Id mgt sy thih
dilm tinh, do dd nlu thay "mgi ngudi"
bdng "tdi" thi khd dugc chap nhgn.
(Cf "Mgi ngudi bit dau chdo tdi").
Vdi vj tft vd tdc bilu hipn cu chi
titi tinh hinh cd dilm khdc bipt Idn
so vdi cdc sy tinh dd ndi tten. Khdc
bipt dd Id bdt ddu khdng ddnh diu
khuc dogn diu cua sy tinh dugc dien
dgt bdng vj tft hdnh dgng, cung khdng
ddnh dau sy kipn l^p, md ddnh dau
sy khdi diu cua qud trinh (chuin bj)
vd kit qud Id dgt din cdi trgng thdi
md kit ciu ngft vj tft dien dgt - cdi
kit qud ndy khdng quan ylutiongngfl
nghia cua cau. Thi dy:

23

(25) a. ? A'd bit diu ngdi (/dung
ndm).

b. A'd bit diu ngdi dgy.
c. Nd bit dau dimg len.
d. Luc tdi bit diu dimg (len), chdn
phdi hoi dau.
6 (b), (c) "bit dau ngdi dgy" hay
"bit dau dung Ien" dien dgt pha diu
cua hdnh dgng; d thdi dilm quy chieu
"nd" chua cdtiltill"ngoi" ho^ "dftng"cd v^ nhu chung ta dang xem mgt
phim ehilu chgm. Hdnh dgng kit thuc
khi "nd" dgt dugctiitill"ngoi", "dung".
d cau (d), hdnh dgng "dung" (ho^c
"dung Ien") dd lui vdo hgu cdnh, cho
nen cd thi hilu dd Id khuc dogn diu
cua trgng thdi dftng.
Chinh vdi y nghia vua ndi, nlu
ngft vj tft bilu thj mgt hdnh dgng diem
tinh thi khd dugc chap nhgn, ching
hgn:
(26) a. ?A^d bdt ddu nhdc ddu (/
ggt ddu, nhiin vai).
h. INd bdt ddu diing lgi.
Khi tham to chu the Id mgt thyc
thi Ifly tich thi hdnh dgng dilm tinh
ndy Igi biln thdnh dogn tinh. Thi dy:
(27) Dodn xe (/Ddng ngudi) bat
ddu dimg lgi.
Qud trinh chuyln tdc:
Mgt qud trinh khdc vdi mgt hanh
dgng d cho [- chu y]. Mgt qud trinh
chuyln tdc thudng cd tham td tdc the

Id mgt lyc (force) [- dgng vgt], khdng
phai Id mgt cdng cy (instrument). Thi
khdi phdt ciia mgt qud trinh chuyln
tdc ciing chju nhiing rdng huge ve
thugc tinh thdi lugng cua ngft vj tft,
ve ciu true tham to hay Id tinh Ifly
tich cua tdc till vd doi till. Thi dy:


24

Ngon ngfif s6' 2 nam 2011

(28) a. (? Con) Song bdt ddu ddnh bit dau chit"), d (29d) "Id" phai dugc
hilu Id danh tft khoi, "Id me" la mgt
mgnh vdo mgn tdu.
b. Nu&c bdt ddu nhan chim thdnh tiiyc till Ifly tich; cau tten cd nghia
Id chi mdi cd mgt so "Id me" ryng.
phd.
d (29), ve CO ban bdt ddu cflng hdnh
c. (Nggn) Lita bdt ddu liim qua chftc tuong ty nhflng kieu sy tinh tren,
day nhd ben Ida dudng.
qud ttinh "ngd", "chet", "ryng" dd
d. *Set bdt ddu ddnh chit ngudi khdi dgng nhung deu chua dgt den
ket diem.
dan dng do.
Trgng thdi:
d (28a), ddnh Id vj tii diem tinh,
do vgy tac thi bugc phdi Id "sdng" luy
Trgng thai Id mgttinhHnh (situaticMi)

tich chu khdng thi Id "eon sdng". O [- dgng] [+ ngi tgi], bao gdm tinh chit
(28b,c) khdng cd ddi hdi gi ve tdc till, vd tinh ttgng.
vi doi till Id tiiyc till luy tich. (28d)
Tinh chit la mgt ttgng thai phan
khd dugc chip nhgn vi bdn chit vj
bipt
vdi
tinh trgng d tinh bat bien vl
tft (dilm tinh) vd cd tham to doi thi
thdi
gian
[+ thudng ton]. Trong khi
(dom vj, xdc djnh) cua nd.
khdo sdt d^c trung thi, Lehman [8]
Qud trinh vd tdc:
gh^p sy tinh ndy vdi sy tinh kilu nhu
Mgt aud tiinh vd tdc Id mgt qua "Anh iy Id bdc sF' (Lehman ggi Id
tiinh chuyen vj hay chuyen thdi [- ehu class membership) vi tinh phi thdi
y], ididng cd thyc thi ndo dugc xem gian (atemporal) cua nd. Nhu vgy, sy
Id doi tugng chju tdc dgng cfta vj tft tinh tinh chit khdng cd the khdi phdt
dien dgt qud trinh dd.
(vd ciing khdng cd thi hodn tit).
Vdi nhihig vj tft qud trinh dilm
(30) a. *Cdi bdn ndy bdt ddu bdng
tinh, de mang thugc tinh khdi phdt
gdqud the (processor) phdi cd tinh luy
h. *Ong dy bdt ddu rdt cao ldn.
tich. Thi dy:
(29) a. * Thdng be bdt ddu ngd.
h. Todn linh bdt ddu ngd.

c. Cdy me bdt ddu chit.
d. Ld me bdt ddu rung.
Cdu (29a) khd dugc chap nhgn
(tiong dilu kipn binhtiiudngi,nhung
(29b) titi ty nhien, vi cd tiie hilu Id
"nhflng ngudi linh diu tien (cfta todn
linh) ngd xuong". d (29c), "chif' dilm
tinh vd "cdy" Id danh tft don vj, do vgy
cau ndy chi khd chip khi hilu ring
qud trinh "chit" dugc khdi dgng d
mgt bg phgn ndo dd cua cay; "cay me"
chua tiiyc sy "chit". (Cf *"Con chd

c. * Vien kim cuang bdt ddu cdng.
Trong nhdm ndy,riengvj tft bilu
thj tinh chit thuge Imh vyc tuih than
hay phong cdch ung xft thi van cd thi
kit hgp vdi bdt ddu [2,239]. Thi dy:
(31) a. A'^d bdt ddu thdng minh
(/ chgm hieu) rdi ddy\
h. Nd bdt ddu ndng ndy (/trung
thuc).
Cdc cau (31) khdng cd nghia Id
"nd bit dau mgt tinh chat..." md chi
cd nghia Id "nd bit diu hanh dgng
(hay ftng xft) mgt cdch thdng minh
(hay ndng nay)". C) day ta cd mgt


IS

Bdt ddu.
qud trinh ftng xft chft khdng phai Id
sy tinh tinh chat.
Tinh ttgng Id mgt ttgng thdi cd
tinh tiidi lugng, do vgy cd till ddnh
dau cdc pha ben ttong cua nd. Day
cflng Id Ii do bdt ddu cd the tde dgng
din vj ngfl tinh ttgng ("gid") ho^c vj
ngfl qud tiinh ("gid di"). Thi dy:
(32) a. dng dy bdt ddu gid (/gid
di).
h. Nd bdt ddu beo (/ beo ra).
Vdi bdt ddu, cdc cau tten bilu
hipn cdc qud tiinh [+ dgng]. Qud tiinh
"gid" khdi tft thdi dilm quy chilu,
khdng cd kit dilm cuoi. Vl ngfl nghia,
ngudi ta bilt qud trinh gid van tilp
dien, du day khdng phdi Id ngft nghia
quan ylu.
Fukuda [5] cho ring ttong tiing
Vipt mgt vj tft [tinh] kit hgp vdi ra
sg tgo ra inchoactive. Trong dd, bdn
than ra tgo thdnh mgt ngfl dogn thi
tinh (aspectual phrase) cdn vj tft chinh
duge nang cap vd dua ra trudc. Chung
tdi cho ring cdch gidi thich ndy khd
gan vdi trye gidc cua ngudi bdn ngft.
Hon ntia, theo chung tdi, ra (vd nhitng
tft tuong ty: di, len, lgi) khdng phdi

Id tdc to the md chi Id tdc to qud trinh
hod: nd cd vai trd biln mgt tinh chit/
tinh trgng [- dgng] thdnh mgt qua tiinh
[+ dgng]. Do vgy, nd lien quan din
sy chuyen thdi chft khdng phdi thi
khdi phdt. Trong "Ba ndm roi khdng
g$p, toi thiy chj dpp ra", khdng the
cho ring qud trinh "dpp" bit dau d
thdi dilm cdch day ba ndm, cdng
khdng thi d thdi diem ndi. Nd chi
cho bilt cd mgt sy chuyen biln tu
"khdng dpp" din "dpp"ttongkhodng
thdi gian ba ndm.
So sdnh cdc cau sau:

(33) a. Sau khi con gdi lay chdng,
dngti-dnen (/ bdt ddu) gid di.
h. Ddn ddn dng trd nen (/ *bdt
ddu) gid di.
d (a), vdi thdi dilm xdc djnh
(con gai liy chong), cd the su dyng
vj tft chuyen thdi trd nen hodc vj tft
khdi phdt bdt ddu. Nhung d (b), vdi
ttgng ngfl dien tiln "din dan", vj tft
trd nen dugc chap nhan cdn bdt ddu
thi khdng. Nhu vgy, ra vd nhflng yeu
to tuomg ty khdng the xem Id tdc td
khdi phdt.
Thye te, xac djnh mgt sy tinh Id
tinh chat ho^c tinh ttgng Id mgt vipc

khdng don gian.
Tinh chat Id thugc tinh ban chat
cua thyc the, do vgy, ve mdt nhgn thftc
cd the cho rdng tinh chat bat bien ve
thdi gian. Khi tinh chat Id tgm thdi
ho^c bj hgn djnh ve thdi gian (ndm
ttong qud triiJi chuyen doi) thi ta cd
mgt tinh ttgng. Cd thi kiem nghipm
bing vj tft dang, tinh chat khdng ham
chfta tinh dien tiln ho^c nhit tiidi nen
khdng the ket hgp vdi dang, trong
khi do tinh ttgng thi ngugc Igi.
(34) a. *Cdi bdn ndy dang bdng
goh. *Ong dy dang cao ldn.
Nhiing trudng hgp sau day thi
khdc:
(35) a. Thdng be dang ldn.
h. Thdng be bdt ddu ldn.
Sy tinh d (35) dugc tri nhgn nhu
Id sy tinh tinh ttgng. (Chu tiuch: d
day can ndi them, khd Idng ndi "dng
ay ldn qud", "tiling b^ dang cao Idn".
d ddy cd sy phan hod kha rd nghia
tinh chat vd nghia tinh ttgng cfta vi


2g
tir). Cd ve nhu bdt ddu Id tiiu6c tiift
dl phan bipt tinh chat vd tuih ttgng
(So sdnh: "Chdo d^c qua" vs. "Chdo

bit diu ddc").

Ngon ngfif so 2 ndm 2011

la ttong ding tiiftc "A la B" bdng vj
tft ldm: sy tinh quan hp dong nhat se
dugc tiiay bdng mgt sy tinh qud ttmh:
"Ong dy bdt ddu ldm nguai Ha Ngi
(/bdc Sl, thg hd)". Tinh phi tiidi gian
dd dugc tiiay till bdng tinh tiidi lugng.
Sy tinh quan hp:
Theo bdng phan logi cfta Cao
^
^^^ ^^ ^^^ q ^ h^ ^,5
Xudn Hgo, sy tinh quan hp co bon ^^^
^^ ^ . ^ ^ ^.^ k h ^
logi: (1) quan hp gifla thyc tiie voi thye
^^^
^..^ ^.^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ,^
the, (u) gifta tiiyc tiie vda sy tinh hay P^
^^ ^
^,^ ^^
chu canh, (11) gifta sy tinh vol sy tinh, '" ^^ } \.n ^3 UA„ \4in ^ tr^n^
^ /• N • .^
.0 u .i.: u ' u r>
quan hp gay khien dd ban aen a tten)
vd (iv) gifta sy tinh vdi chu canh. Do
jTZl^,
sy tinh quan hp cd cau tinic ngi bg rit 1^'
Jphftc tgp vd da dgng, d ddy chung tdi

Thi dy vl quan hp so sdnh:
chi tiinh bdy chung hai tiudng hgp:
^^6) a. Nd bdt ddu cao han anh nd.
khdng cd khd ndng vd cd khd ndng
,
, ^
ddnh diu till khdi phdt
h.Nd bdt ddu khac vol ti-uac day.
Ndi ehung, nhftng sy tinh quan
c. *A'd bdt ddu kem tiidi anh nd
hp cd till dugc ddnh dau khdi phdt
d (a), (b) vdi bdt ddu ta cd mgt
Id nhflng sy tkih tilm tdng thugc tinh qud trinh chu khdng phai Id quan hp
chuyln biln theo thdi gian (tucmg ty nfta (cd thi kilm tta bing khd ndng
nhung khdng dong nhit vdi [+ dgng]). kit hgp vdi da vd dang). Nhu vgy,
Nhu vgy, quan hp dong nhit (kieu cd mgt hdm y: mftc dg "gidi hom" vd
"A Id B"), va cdc mdi lien hp tiian mftc dg "khdc" sg tilp ti^c (va cd thi
tiiugc, vj tii, tiidi gian hiu nhu khdng gia tdng). Trong khi d (c), ngft vj tft
till ddnh diu khdi phdt: khdng till ndi k^m tudi bilu tiij mgt thugc tinh bit
"Ong dy bdt ddu Id ngudi Hd Ngi',
biln, do dd khdng thi ddnh diu till
"A'd bdt ddu la con aia bd Hai\ "Cdy khdi phdt.
bill bdt ddu a tren bdn", "Hgi nghj
_,,, x
, . , . . .,.
APEC bdt ddu diin ra trudc thdng
^ ^^ ^^ ^ " ^ ^^ ''^" ^^•
3/2011", V.V..
(37) a. A'^d bdt ddu dinh vdi ma
Tuy nhien, ttong nhieu trudng

"•^'
hgp, cdc dau hipu khdi phdt cd thi
b. A'd bdt ddu cd lien quan din
dan den mpt suy lugn khdc: "Ong ay vu trgm.
bit diu Id ngudi Hd Ngi" nghia Id dng
.^^^ ^^ ^inh (/ Uen quan)" nghia
ay bdt dau mang tir cdch ho$e cd quyen 1^ ^^ ^ ^ i^^ ^ j . . ^
^^ ^ .
^ ho^c CO cdch hdnh xu eua nguai ^^ ^^ j ^
^
.^^
Ha Ngi. Tuomg ^ : cugc song cua moi 1^ ^.^ ^ j ^ ^ , ^^^
^^ . ^
con ngudi chi cd mgt, nhung van co t,.A,„" u .^A* . 1 •-> J> J-»
;
I,-- A-^ A^^^uk^A^
« ^
'•»
trgm Id mgt sy kipn dd dien ra va
kieu dien dgt: bdt dau cugc song men . ui* tu,',„ / ur ' *• u ^
i^ ,
//-f ''ux* A ^ ,u• u^w A 111 ^^ '^^t tiiuc (nghia xac d^lh, dom sd) cho
(Cf lidt dau thong minh ,tilldy (3 la)). „ a r , ^ A . „ u u ' u
^
,~
^
'fe
'
^ V y/
neii CO sy khac nhau ve ngft nghia.

Trong thyc tl tiing Vipt, sg ty "Bit diu dinh vdi ma tiiy" thi (cd thi
nhien hem rit nhilu nlu thay hp tft hilu) sg ngay cang dinh sdu hon; nhung


Bdt ddu...
"bdt dau cd lien quan din vy ttgm"
phdi dugc hieu Id "bit dau dugc xem
Id cd lien quan" - vi vdi mgt sy kipn
qud khu ngudi ta chi cd till lien quan
ho$c khdng lien quan chu khdng till
bit dau lien quan roi hit lien quan.
Thi dy ve quan hp tuomg tdc:
(38) a. S{t chdm chi cua no bdt
ddu dnh hudng den lap hgc.
b. Chinh sdch mdi da bdt ddu
thiic ddy xudt khdu.
d (38), vj tft bilu hipn tuong tdc
cd thi cd tinh thdi lugng, thgm ehi
cd cd tinh chuyln biln (tdng, gidm)
nen hodn todn cd thi dugc ddnh diu
khdi phdt.

27
4. Ket lu^n
Y nghia khdi phdt ttong tieng
Vipt cd thi duge ddnh diu bdng nhilu
ylu to tft vyng khdc nhau, tieu bieu
la vj tft bdt ddu. Trong qud trinh hinh
thanh the, d$c tnmg cua vj tft vd cfta
cdc danh ngfl ddng vai ttd tham td cd

vai ttd hit sue quan ttgng: nd phai
ddm bdo tinh thdi lugng cho sy tinh
khdi phdt. Rieng d danh ngft tham
to, tinh Ifly tich Id yeu cau thft nhit.
Tft nhflmg phan tich tten nay ra
mgt van de cd tinh li thuyet: the ndi
chung vd the khdi phdt ndi rieng lipu
cd phdi la tinh thdi? Lipu cd sy ddi
Igp tuypt doi thi - tinh thdi ttong mgt
ngdn ngfl dan Igp nhu tiing Vipt?

Thi dy vl quan hp nhan qud (gidn

Tren day Id mgt sd quan sat ve
thi khdi phdt tiing Vipt thdng qua
(39) a. Tai ngn do bdt ddu khiin hogt dgng cfta vj tu bdt ddu. Hi vgng
bdi vilt ndy sg gdp them mgt y kiln
tdi (/mgi ngudi) lo sg.
vdo mgt van dl hit sftc phftc tap va
b. Chdt thdi cua nhd mdy bdt ddu thft vj Id till.
ldm cho cd (/ *con cd) chit.
CHU THICH
d (39), bo ngft cua cau Id mgt
' Chting toi nga rdng dn tugng ve su
tilu cu. Sytinhcua tilu cu (39a) dugc
khoi
ddu
ciia mQt s{f tinh chuyen thdi xudt
dien dgt bdng vj tft dogn tinh nen du
phdt

tif
dn
tugng ve tinh thang do ciia trang
chu thi cua nd Id tdi hay mgi ngucd
thi van cd tinh thdi lugng. Thi khdi thdi ket qud: "tra nen vdng"c6 ve nhu bdt
phdt d day dugc thi hipn day du. d ddu vdng vi sif vgt chua thifc six vdng, chua
tilu cu (39b), chit Id vj tii dilm tinh; hodn todn vdng. Chung toi cung dd tien hdnh
nlu chu thi Id danh ngft luy tich cd, kiem tra cdm nhgn cua nguai bdn ngU (My),
ta cd sy tinh dogn tinh, cdn nlu chu cdc cdu chuyen thdi tren deu khong dugc
thi Id danh ngft don so con cd, ta cd xem Id "bdt ddu ".
sy ttiih dilm tinh. Trudng hgp thu
^ Trong tieng Viet, co IS Nguyin Hodng
nhat cd thi ddnh diu khdi phdt, cdn Trung Id ngudi ddu tien xet y nghia khai
trudng hgp thft hai thi khdng.
phdt a kieu cau tnic tucmg f(<- [12].

tilp):

Nhu vgy cd the thay ring d sy
tinh quan hp, thi khdi phdt cflng ed thi
dugc ddnh diu bdng bdt ddu vdi nhiing
rdng bugc Uen quan din bdn chit eua
vj tft hay/ vd danh ngft tham to.

Quan diem ve gid tri tgo thi cua vi
tit vd cdc danh ngii, ve s\c "cdch hiiu " gidn
tiep giOa cdc logi st/ tinh ciia Smith [13] gtri
y rdng thi khai phdt khong ndm trong he
thong ngang hdng v&i cdc kiiu sy: tinh nhu

28

Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011

h4 thdng md Lehman de xuat [8], [5]. ChUngtiing Vipt T/c Ngdn ngU, So 8 va sd 10,
ta CO the khdo sdt thuQc tinh kh&i phdt nhu 2000.
mot thuQC tinh ngU nghia tren cdc kieu sif
7. Huynh Vdn Thdng Vj tft tinh tiidi
tinh khdc nhau.
tieng Vipt (doi chilu vdi tieng K"ho-Mg),
•* 0 ddy "qud trinh" dugc diing v&i Lugn dn tien sT, DHQG Tp.HCM, 2004.
nghia thong thuang tuong ttf nhu "lien trinh ",
8. Krifka M., Nominal reference,
"dien trinh ", chu khong hieu theo nghta thugt
ngii md Dik dfnh nghTa la [+ d0ngj [- chii temporal constitution, and quantification in
yJ. Lehman [9, 3299] cUng diing theo nghta event semantics, Trong K Bartsch, J. van
Benthem, and P. van Emde Boas (eds.).
thong thtf&ng ndy.
Semantics and contexmal expressions,
Cdn noi them, vi Id mpt cdu tnic de PP 75-115, Foris, Dordrecht, 1989.
thuyet bf hg cdp nen phdn thuyet trong nhiing
truang hgp ndy khong the dugc ddnh ddu
9. Lehman C, Predicates: Aspectual
tinh thdi Thidy: "No (*dd/dang/lgi/cti...)
Types, Trong Asher R.E. (ed.). The
hut thudc ldm cho mgi ngu&i kho chfii' [2,2371.Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics,
Pergamon Press, 1994.
T A I L I $ U THAM K H A O
10. Lyons J., Semanlics, VoL2. Cambridge

1. Bybee J.L., The Grammaticization
of Zero: Asymmetries in Tense and Aspect
University Press, 1977.
Systems, TrongPagbjca W. (ed). Perspectives
11. Nguyen Ditc Ddn, Bieu hipn
on Grammaticalization, John Benjamins
vd nhgn dipn thdi gian frong tiing Vipt,
Pub, 1994.
T/c Ngdn ngu. So 3, 1996.
2. Cao Xudn Hgo, Tieng Vipt, sa
12. Nguyen Hodng Trung, Thi frong
thao ngii- ph^p chirc nSng, Quyin 1, Nxb
tiing
Vipt (so sdnh vdi tiing Phdp va
KHXH, Tp HCM, 1991.
tieng Anh), Lugn dn tiin si, DHQG Tp
3. Comrie B., Aspect, Cambridge
HCM, 2006.
University Press, NY, 1976.
13. Ping Li & Yasuhiro Shirai The
4. Dahl O., Aspect, Trong: As her
Acquisition
of Lexical and Grammatical
KE. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language
Aspect Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 2000.
and Linguistics, Pergamon Press, 1994.
5. Fukuda Shin, TTie Projection of
Telicity in Vietnamese, http://idiom. ucsd.
edu/~fukuda/Vietnamese_ WECOL.pdf
2006.

6. Huynh Vdn Thdng, May nhgn
x6t ve vj tu tinh tiidi vd y nghia the trong

14. Smith Carlota S, The Parameter
of Aspect 2^ Edition, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997.
.>_,
15. Vendler Zeno, Verbs and Times,
The Philosophical Review, Vol.66, No.2,
Cornell University, 1957.