Báo cáo khoa học một cách tiếp cận ý thức con người trong giai đoạn văn học nửa cuối thế kỷ 18 đầu thế kỷ 20

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C A C H

T I E P

C A N Y

T H U C

C O N

N G U O I

TRONG GIAI DOAN VAN HOC N0A CUOI THE K i X V I I I - OAU THE K i XIX

O

C

udi the ki XVIII ddu the ki XIX, che do phong

TS. NGUYEN VlfZT NGOAN*

vd khdng dinh nhung gid trj chdn chinh cua con
ngudi. Cd mdt buc tranh sinh ddng, phong phu
cua the gidi con ngudi. Mpi con ngudi nhu rai
kien Viet Nam khong chi tiep tyc suy thoai, vdo bi kjch cua sy tim kiem hanh phuc cd nhdn.
ma da den hdi suy sup. Sy sdu mot, thdi ndt Dd Id con ngudi phi udng tudi xuan d Chinh
cua nhung ke thdng trj, sy cung khd cua ddn phy ngam; con ngudi vdt vd chdn khue phdng d
chung khien ho vung len tranh ddu, khdi nghia,

Cung odn ngam khuc; con ngudi vdi cd ndi
nhu dd cung tgo ra con suy sup ndy. Cung cd luc,
dau
ddng loai d Thugng kinh ki sy; con ngudi
giai cap phong kien thdng trj mudn cudng Iqi
«dinh menh lich su" bdng sy thdnh lap nhd vdi sy nem trdi thdi loan lac d Hoang Le nhdt
Nguyen tap quyen, chuyen che Idn chdn hung thdng chi, vd con ngudi mang ndi dau cua mpi
Nho gido, nhung xem ra chi Id sy tragi dai cua kiep ngudi" Idi rdng bqc menh cung Id Idi chung"
qudn tinh xudng ddc. Chi can mdt cu «huych" d Dogn trudng tdn thanh. Cung chi d giai doan
nhe cua xdm luqc phuong Tdy vdo giua the ki ndy, vdn hpc mdi cd duqc mdt chu nghia nhdn
XIX cung du Idm sdp dd hodn todn cdi vuang dao thyc sy. Dl nhien, day Id chu nghia nhdn
trieu vdn dd myc rudng ndy.
dao mang mdu sdc phuang Dong. Nd duac todt
Cung trong giai doan ndy, thyc te xd hdi dd
ra tu phuang thuc phdn dnh het sue mdi me, dot
cd nen kinh te hang hoa vdi sy ra ddi cdc do thi,
phd
cua bdn thdn cdc nhd vdn cung nhu ddi sdng
thuang cdng. Du rdng, Id hinh thai phuang Ddng
vdn
hpc.
Vd khdc vdi trudc dd, cdc nhd vdn giai
di chdng nua (cdn gdn vdi trung tdm chinh trj vd
doan
ndy
dd Idm cho vdn hpc hudng den hien
ddi sdng kinh te ndng nghiep), thi cung du tqo ra
thyc
mdt
cdch

ty gidc vd Id hien thyc cua chinh
mdt mdi trudng khd thudn Iqi cho y thuc thi dan,
nhdt Id tu tudng tu do, Idi sdng phd phuong, ke con ngudi. Ndi nhu M.B.Khrapchenko: «Chdn li
chg cd djp ndy nd. Tiec rdng, do sy bdo thu cua cudc sdng trong sdng tdc nghe thudt khdng tdn
nhd nude phong kien, nen kinh te hdng hod tuy tai ben ngodi cdi nhin nghe thudt cd tinh cd nhdn
dd manh nha nhung Iqi phdt trien khd chdm chap. ddi vdi the gidi vdn cd d tung nghe si thyc thy,
Nguqc vdi ljch su xd hdi het sue den tdi, day khdng ton tai ben ngodi cdc dpc diem ve tu duy
Iqi Id thdi ki phdt trien rye rd nhdt cua nen vdn hinh tuang, but phdp sdng tdc cua nghe sl"(l).
hoc nude nhd. Nd khdng chi be the ve mat sd Han nua, cdc nhd vdn cua thdi ki ndy dd sdng
luqng tdc gid, tdc phd'm, md cdn rdt phong phu tdc bdng chinh cudc ddi, sy the nghiem, chiem
tren cdc binh dien: tu tudng thdm ml, quan niem nghiem ddn dau thyc sy, «neu khdng cdm nhdn
vdn hoc, he thdng chu de, de tdi, hinh tuqng vdn sdu sdc nhung ndi thdng khd cua chien tranh,
hoc, he thdng the loqi vd cd ngdn ngu vdn hoc. cua cdnh tdi sdc bj chd dap thi dd khdng the cd
Vdn hoc giai doan ndy, Id dinh cao cua cd Chinh phy ngam, Cung odn ngam khuc, Truyen
mdt qua trinh phdt trien lien tyc tir khi nude ta Kieu, khdng cd Hat ndi cua Nguyen Cdng Tru vd
gidnh duqc ddc lap cho den bay gid. Cdc tdc Cao Bd Qudt..." {2}.
Trong hdu het cdc tdc phd'm vdn hpc, con ngudi
nhdn cua ljch su xd hdi nhu vua ndi, thyc sy Id
nhung con «dia chdn" rung ddng, Idm cho con he xudt hien Id keo theo sy bdt hgnh. Bdt hanh
ngudi nhu thuc tinh, de kjp nhdn ra bdn thdn Idn cua so kiep. So kiep cung Id hien thdn cua bdt
nhung ddi hdi nhdn sinh chinh ddng, vd tqo ra hanh. Ndi ddn dau nhdt cua con ngudi, van Id
cho vdn hpc dqt duqc thdnh tyu ca bdn nhdt cd noi dau cua sy an bdi sd phdn. Nd chi Id sd
tinh ljch su cua nd Id sy kham phd ra con ngudi * Tracing Dai hoc Sai Gon
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 2 (ki a • a/2010)


khdng to tuang vi khong con gi quyen song, quyen
lam nguai. Con nguai dau co «ngua len cui
xudng" (phu ngudng boi hoi) thi «deu thdy todn
cdnh dau Idng" (bdt thdng kim tinh chi cdm Nguyen Du, Long Thdnh cam gid ca); Con

ngudi nhu trdm udt «khdng nghe ndi Idi budn
thdm nua, cui xudng, ngd len, todn Id dieu lo
Idng" (The the bdt nhdn vdn. Phu ngudng tdm uu
tu. Phqm Quy Thich - Phd Kinh Bac). Tu dua
tieu nhi tdm be, den ke budn thung bdn bung,
ngudi dn mdy, gdi giang ho, ngudi linh, den
cd cung phi, ke mu cao do rdng,... rut cue cung
chi Id thu ma sdng «cdi duang cdn the nua Id
cdi dm" (Van tethqp logi chung sinh - Nguyen
Du). Bdi kiep ngudi nhu the, hen chi «Thdo ndo
tu luc chdn rau. Dd mang tieng khdc ban ddu
md ra" (Cung odn ngam khuc - Nguyen Gia
Thieu). Con ngudi dd nhdn ra cdi vd nghia cdi
ddi ndy: «Trdm ndm cdn cd gi ddu, chdng qua
mdt nam cd khdu xanh ri" (Cung odn ngam
khuc - Nguyen Gia Thieu), hodc «Khodng trdi
ddt cd kim, kim cd. Manh hinh hdi khdng cd, cd
khdng" (Cao Bd Qudt). Chua bao gid con
ngudi phy nu vdi sd phdn bi thdm Igi xudt hien
nhieu nhu d vdn hgc giai dogn ndy. Thiet che
ndng ne cua phuang thuc phong kien dd bdp
nghet ddi sdng tdm tu, udc nguyen cung nhu
hgnh phuc cd nhdn cua mdi con ngudi. Ndi dau
ndy khdng cua rieng ai, khi dang ton tgi trong
thdi budi den tdi dd. Tuy nhien, chi cd ngudi
phy nu Id ngudi phdi hung chju mdt cdch nghiet
ngd nhdt ve cd phuang dien giai cdp, ddng cap
Idn phuang dien gidi tinh. Ddnh ddu y thuc ve
con ngudi mdt cdch dung nghia nhdt cd le nen
ddt van de ngudi phy nuvd quyen sdng cua hg

len hdng ddu. Nhdn chdn cdi bi kjch nai con
ngudi, phdi tu tha nhdn mdi den bdn thdn de md
thau hieu «Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd. Ldi rdng
bgc menh cung Id Idi chung" (Dogn trudng tdn
thanh - Nguyen Du ).
So phdn ngudi phy nu trong tha Hd Xuan
Huang that bdp benh, hdm hiu. Nd chi nhu Id
kiep vdt, nhu chiec bdnh trdi «bdy ndi ba chim
vdi nude non", nhu con dc nhdi «dem ngdy Idn
Idc dam cd hdi", nhu qua m/?«da nd su si", nhu
mieng trdu hdi, nhu qua cau,... So phdn ngudi
phy nu phy thudc hodn todn vdo ke khdc. Neu cd
gdng gugng len, ddu chi mdt Idn, de chung minh
sy ton tqi cua minh, Igi roi vdo dau khd mdi:
«Mdnh tinh mdt khdi thiep xin mang - Tu tinh".

Ngudi cung nu (Cung odn ngam khuc) cung
khdng phdi Id chuyen cd biet ve sd phdn. Nd
cung Id kiep chung «cdi quay bung sdn tren trdi.
Md md nhdn dnh nhu ngudi di dem".
Xet den cung, nguon gdc cua bao nhieu ndi
khd, bao nhieu bi kich nai con ngudi khdng cd
gi khdc, ngodi van de che dp phong kien phi
nhdn d giai dogn suy tdn ndy. Che dp dd triet
tieu y thuc con ngudi, tdi muc khien hp chdp nhdn
nhung bdt hanh cua minh nhu Id chuyen duang
nhien. Bdt hanh nhu cdng sinh vdi kiep ngudi,
nhu Id cdn tinh cua cdi ddi. Nhung cung chi co
vdn hpc cua giai doan ndy, mdi vgch trdn dugc
nhung dieu thdng khd dy cua sd phdn. Bdi le, khi

y thuc ve cd nhdn dd phdt trien d cap dd cao, thi
mdi thdy dugc thiet thdi, mat mdt, bdt hgnh, cung
nhu ddi hdi ve quyen sdng, quyen hanh phuc.
Con ngudi thdi dqi dd khdc hdn vd trdi qua budc
ngodt ve y thuc. Nd khdng nhu Phdt chi diet dye,
diet khd, khdng nhu Nho «bdf vuu nhdn, bdt odn
thien" (khdng trach ngudi, odn trdi) nhdm an
phdn, vd sy. Rd rdng, y thuc cua con ngudi cd
nhdn ve sy thay ddi so phdn, dd'i ddi tuy chua
phdi dd hodn todn dgt ra mdt cdch true dien,
nhung cung dd khd gay gat vd cap bach trong
vdn hgc giai dogn ndy.
Trudc day, chi Id con ngudi phdn vi vdi viec
de cao chi, tdm, dqo, cdn bay gid con ngudi Id
con ngudi thdn phdn. «Chu"thdn" dd dugc neu
ra trong ddi sdng vdn hgc nhu mdt phgm tru cd
tinh triet hgc. O mdt giai dogn suy tdn nhu vdy,
than phdn con ngudi trd nen bdt dinh vd md mjt,
thi con ngudi cdng phdi khdng djnh gid trj cua
minh, khdng dmh gid trj cdi «thdn". Khdng cdn
chdp nhdn «huu thdn, huu khd phdn nan cung
ai" (ca dao), nen con ngudi phdi biet vugt qua
cd cdi an phdn budn bd cua minh. Vi vdy, cd
mdt ddng tu tudng thuong ngudi, xdt thdn ndi
len. Cung cd the xem y thuc cd nhdn ndy dd cd
phdn ty gidc, nd nhu Id mdt sy phdt hien Iqi, the
nghiem Iqi tren ca sd cua sy sup do cdc khdi
niem gido li. Do ty y thuc ve cdi thdn ndy vdi
duac sdng cudc ddi vdt chdt, nen hp khdng chdp
nhdn kiep hi sinh cho chien tranh phi nghia:

«Trong cdnh cua dd ddnh phdn thiep. Ngodi mdy
kia hd kiep chdng vay" (Chinh phy ngam), vd
dd den luc ddt gid: «Theo kiep ndy han thdy kiep
sau" (Chinh phy ngam). Y thuc bung tinh ve gid
trj con ngudi nhu Idm cho nd di ngupc Igi nhung
dieu md Idu nay dgo due thdnh hien dd xdc tin.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 2 ciu a - a/agioi


Noi nhu P.X.Likhochov: «coi nhin mat thiet ddi
vdi the gidi khdng phdi tCr ben ngodi md Id tu
ben trong con ngudi, du do Id con ngudi tudng
tuang di chdng nua"(3).
Cd luc, con ngudi so sanh minh vdi cd lodi
vdt, cdn trung, cung nhdm khdng djnh ddi hdi
hanh phuc cua thdn minh. «Kia dieu thu Id lodi
van vdt, Ddu vd tu cung biet deo bdng" (Cung
oan ngam khuc). Tu cdi ddng thuang cua con
ngudi (mong dugc nhu lodi vdt), chinh Id dd y
thuc dugc cdi gi cua rieng minh, phdi biet gidnh
lay de md hudng d luc ndy, kiep ndy, cudc ddi
ndy. Vqt chat hoa gia tri con ngudi md Idu nay
ke thdng trj dd cd tinh duy tdm hod, thi cd the
xem Id budc ngogt trong y thuc cua con ngudi.
«Mdt chi cd the trd thdnh mdt con ngudi khi ddi
tugng cua mdt trd thdnh ddi tugng xd hdi cua
con ngudi, mdt ddi tugng tu con ngudi Id trd ve
vdi con ngudi" (K. Marx). Nd nhu Id khdi mdng
y thuc, de khdng the cd mdt gidc quan ndo cua
con ngudi Igi khdng Id gidc quan mang tinh y

thuc. Vd cung khdng rieng gi truyen Kieu, hdu
het cdc tdc phd'm vdn hgc thdi ki ndy, dd trao len
khdn td mdt ddng tu tudng tinh cdm thuong than,
xdt than. Nd qua Id nhu mdt sy phdt hien Iqi. Bdi
vi, ddi vdi quan diem Nho gido, thi thdn the, tdi
sdn, danh phdn, bong Idc deu cua cha me hodc
vua ban! Con ngudi trudc dd, du mudn du khdng
vdn Id dan nhdt cua tinh than, thi nay Id phuc the
cua ty nhien, cua thdn xdc, cua nhyc dye. Tu chd
khdng cd gi rieng, chuyen sang khdng djnh thdn
phdn xd hdi, rdi Igi di den thdn xdc ty nhien, mdt
qua trinh gdn nhu «cdi ldo hodn ddng" y thuc cd
nhdn ve ddi hdi hudng thy. Tinh dye nhu mdt
khdi nguyen ty do cua con ngudi, nd khdng chdp
nhdn mdt thu trdt ty ndo cd. Thdn xdc nhu trd ve
ben ma cua cdu trudng tdm li nhyc dye:" cdi dem
hdm dy dem gi, bdng duang long bdng do mi
trap trung..." (Cung odn ngam khuc), hodc con
ngudi cua «hodi niem phdn thyc" Hd Xudn
Huang. Thod man cudc sdng bdn ndng cung Id
mdt khat vgng chinh ddng cua con ngudi md thdi.
Do vdy, y thuc ve nhu cdu bdn ndng cung chinh
Id bieu hien cua y thuc ca nhan. Cd dieu, chi vi
nhung cudng che xd hdi vdi sy da cue hod cua
vdn hod md nhung vd thuc bdn ndng nhu bj chdn
vui. Khi ndi con ngudi cd nhdn, tuc Id ndi ve con
ngudi sdng that, sdng cd ve thdn xdc lan tri tue,
tdm linh, cho nen khdng the coi thudng sy hudng
thy the xdc. Chinh dieu ndy dd khien con ngudi
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 2 (hi a . a/aoio)

dam hd to: «Sau gidn vi duyen de mom mdm...
Thdn ndy ddu dd chju gid torn" (Ty tinh I - Ho
Xudn Huang). Con ngudi ty nhien ndy Igi cdng
buong thd cdng khai khi y thuc ty do thj ddn thdi
tiep luong phong tinh «Cudc hdnh Igc choi bao
Id Idi bay. Neu khdng chai thiet d'yai bu" (Nguyen
Cdng Tru). Dd'u hieu hien dgi dd the hien khd rd
trong cudc tinh cua chdng Phgm Thdi (Van te
Truong Quynh Nhu). Cdi Idng man dau khd ndy
gdn vdi thi ca Idng mgn 1932-1945. Hd Nhu
Chi trong Viet Nam thi van gidng luqn dd nhdn
xet rdt tinh te «Nd Id net ddc sdc cd nhdn Idm
nghieng lech hdn di sy qudn binh cua nen thi vdn
cd'"(4). Chdng trdng sT chua Tieu San dd chdn
that bgc bgch rgo rye tinh di cua minh vdi cung
thdi, vd cdn cho cd hdu the. Chinh nhung udn
khuc vd ve dep bdt ngd ndy cua tdm tinh cd nhdn
nhu md ra mdt hudng mdi trong bdu trdi linh
yeu cua con ngudi thdi dd.
5y phdn hod khdi cdi chung, sy hien dien
nhung nhu cdu vugt qua khudn khd xd hdi, md
trudc do, con ngudi chi Id bd phdn cua ddng
cap, gia tdc, bj ddng nhdt vdo cdng ddng - chinh
Id sy xudt hien con ngudi cd nhdn. Mdt khi, con
ngudi cdn thdy thudc tinh cdng ddng cung gidng
nhu thudc tinh ty nhien cua minh, thi con ngudi
vdn chua y thuc sdu sdc ve minh dugc. Chinh khi
md thyc the cd nhdn cd dieu kien tach khdi cdng
ddng cung Id luc nd phdi ddi dien voi chinh nd.

Con ngudi cd nhdn d Nguyen Du Id dien hinh
chdng tdn phai, vd gid trj bdn thdn khdng dugc
tdn trgng (Pham sinh phy ki khi, thien dia phi sd
dung - Pham ngudi sinh ra cd khi Ig, trdi ddt
khdng cd chd dung thdn - Dieu khuyen). Ve hinh
thuc, van cd ve «tdm bdt nhj" (theo kieu nhd Phdt)
de de xudng tiep «chu tdm kia mdi bdng ba chu
tdi". Nhung thyc chdt cua sy nhdn chdn «Thit da
ai cung Id ngudi, Idng ndo hdng rung thdm rdi
chdng dau", «tdm Idng dn di ai ai cung Idng",
«chdng chung chua de ai chieu cho ai"..., thi dd
Id cdi dang dau xdt hien huu ton tgi that d mdi
ngudi, Id khdc khodi ve quyen sdng cua mdi con
ngudi, «hi, nd, ai, Igc" chi Id vgng niem het sue
ma hd. Vi vdy, con ngudi phdi nguyen rua sd
phdn «chem cha cdi kiep lay chdng chung" (Hd
Xudn Huong), thod mg cay ddng cho so phdn
minh «chet ve Tien But cho xong kiep, Du od trdn
gian sdng mdi chi" (Phgm Thdi); «chem cha cdi
kiep md ddo. Cdi ra rdi Igi budc vdo nhu chai"
(Nguyen Du).


Sy bat binh ndy chung td rdng con ngudi khdng
cdn cam chiu sd phdn nhu trudc day nua, md dd
cd y thuc ve cd nhdn, ve sd phdn cua minh thdng
qua viec khdng djnh cd tinh, tdi ndng. Do mqi
chudn myc gid trj dd bi ddo Idn nhu vdy nen cd
nhdn phdi tim end dua cho minh, chd dya duy
nhdt Id cai tai cua bdn thdn. A.Gurevich nhdn

xet: «Trd ve thdi trung dqi, trudc het can thdy
rdng chinh trong thdi dqi ndy, khdi niem cd nhdn
duqc hinh thdnh khd tron ven"(5). DT nhien, day
chua phdi Id cd nhdn tu sdn, nhung chdc chdn
khdng phdi Id cd nhdn cdng ddng trong trdt ty
phong kien nua. Chinh sy nd rd ve y thuc cd nhdn
ndy, con ngudi thyc sy ddng vai trd Id mdt cd
nhdn. O Nguyen Huu Chinh, cudc ddi that vd y
thuc cd nhdn cua con ngudi ndy Id trudng hqp
ddc biet. Xudt thdn tu mdt gia dinh budn bdn khd
gid, mudi sdu tudi dd dd Huong cong, sau dd
bd dudng vdn chuyen sang hoc vd. Ld ngudi phd
giup anh em Tdy San, nhung Iqi chinh bj Nguyen
Hue sai Vu Vdn Nhdm giet chet. Ong Id dien
hinh nan nhdn cua quy ludt tieu diet cdng than
«dieu tdn, cung tdng". Con ngudi hogt dau ndy
(day cung chinh Id chd de gidi nhd nho sau ndy
dinh kien che bai) Iqi cd y thuc ty vuqt thoat ra
ngodi rdng budc cua nhung tieu chi binh thudng.
Khat vong cua Cdng Chinh (thdng qua hinh tuqng
Truang Luang) cung Id khat vong cua cdc danh
nho khdc nhdm ty kiem ty do, ty tqi, ty lya chon
hdnh ddng vi khdng cdn bdn khodn ve nghia vy,
bdn phdn hay danh Iqi «... Rd rd thu son khodn
sdc, Idi ndi dng du trd nui, the sdng. Thenh thenh
non dd, am thdng, thuyen tien tu dd quen mdy
men rang... Dqo dy, sd bdn chdn vdi nguy, ddng
cao minh chi vudng sy huu vd. Long ndy, ai biet
Hdn hay Hdn, phdi bien bach keo then cung phu
ngudng" (Truong Luong hdu phu). Tran Ngqc

Vuang cung cho rdng: «Chung cue khdng may
mdn cua dng khdng cd nghTa Id sy lya chpn dy
sai Idm, md chi cd nghia Id tdm cd tdi ndng cua
dng chua du cho mdt sy lya chon nhu vdy"(6). Y
thuc ve tdi ndng cua minh khien cho con ngudi
Idm luc trd thdnh ngqo nghe: «Trdi ddt cho ta
mdt cdi tdi. Giat lung ddnh de thdng ngdy chai"
(Nguyen Cdng Tru), «Thdi cdng ddu chdc lay sy
ddi. Tieu khien mpt vdi chung leu ldo" (Cao Bd
Qudt). Cdi chet vd bi kjch cua y thuc cd nhdn nai
Cao Bd Qudt nhu Id mdt logic tdt yeu cua thdn
phdn ngudi hdo kiet trong Idng che dp , md quy
md sy chuyen che cua nd dd md den muc tdi da.

Vd ddc biet nhdt Id ngudi phy nu d Hd Xudn
Huang, dang sdng trong mdt xd hdi phong kien
day ray djnh kien, the md dd vupt qua duqc gidi
han cua «nhdt nam viet huu, thap nu viet vo" (mdt
dua con trai coi nhu cd, mudi dua con gdi coi
nhu khdng), de md ddng dac: «Kheo kheo di ddu
lu ngdn nga. Lai day cho chj dqy Idm tha", vd
nhieu luc mudn dupe dd'i ddi: «Vi day dd'i phdn
Idm trai dupe. Thi sy anh hung hd bay nhieu"
(De den Sam Nghi Ddng).
Den ngay con ngudi Le Huu Trdc, sudt ddi vi
qudn chung md Idm viec tdn tdm, hi sinh mpi thu
vui cua minh, mdt con ngudi cd bdng ddng rdng
rdi vd xung ddng Id con ngudi tri thuc trong can
phong ba du dpi, mdu myc vi mang trong minh
ndi dau ddng loqi md cdn cd luc phdi chui ddng

len «Minh that Idm tdi td cho cdi xdc thjt. Rd tiec,
mat cd hung" (Thugng kinh ki su ).
Tuy nhien, cung can thdy rdng, dieu kien ljch
su xd hdi khi dd chua cho phep con ngudi bien
udc mong trd thdnh hien thyc. Cho nen, sau tdm
li sdng khoai tuyen bd dd, hdu het deu rai vdo
thyc trang vd mdng vd that vong cung nhu cay
ddng thua nhdn: «Cd tdi md cdy chi tdi. Chu tdi
lien vdi chu tai mdt van" (Truyen Kieu). Dieu
ndy tqo ra mdt khuynh hudng bdt man trong y
thuc cua con ngudi cd nhdn giai doan nua cudi
the ki XVIII - ddu the ki XIX. Thdm chi, sy vuqt
qua chi gidi cua tdm trqng bdt mdn ndy, dd cd
trudng hqp phdi ddnh dd'i cd mang sdng cua
minh, nhu Nguyen Huu Cdu vd sau ndy Id Cao
Bd Qudt.
Xd hdi phong kien chdng nhung bdp nghet
tinh cdm «nam nu thy thy bdt than", md cdn
khdng cdng nhdn quyen yeu duang, quyen hanh
phuc cua con ngudi. Nhung khi md con ngudi
ta dd chuyen qua budc ngodt, tuc Id y thuc rd
ret ve gid trj chdn chinh cua minh, do dd ddu
tranh de gidi phdng tinh cdm cho con ngudi thi
vdn de hdng ddu Id ddu tranh de duac ty do
yeu duang. Trong hdng loat tdc phd'm, ndi len
vdn Id khdng djnh van de tinh yeu ty do. Nhung
mdi tinh that dep: Thuy Kieu - Kim Trgng, Phgm
Kim - Truong Quynh Thu, Luong Sinh - Dao
Tien... cung khdng khdc gi Romeo - Juliet ben
trdi Tdy, hodc Luong Son Ba - Chuc Anh Dai

ben trdi Ddng. Bdi nhung con ngudi trong cdc
cudc tinh ndy dd nhu cao Idn han, dep han,
khdng he vi ki tdm thudng... Tiec thay, mpi cudc
tinh thudng Id eo le, do vd vd rai vdo bi kjch.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 2 (ki a - 2/2010)


Xet cho cung khdt vong tinh yeu van khong tuang
vi ho chua gidi quyet duqc xung dot thai dqi.
Vi rang tu tudng ty do yeu duang ludn ddi hdi
mdtxd hdi ddn chu, cdn phung sy nghTa vu hdn
nhdn Igi Id sdn phd'm cua I I gido phong kien.
Ddu rdng, khdng dudi mdt Idn, con ngudi ty do
yeu duong nhu Idn dt con ngudi nghTa vy, tudng
chung nhu cudc tinh dd di den chd tdc hgp xung
ddi, de «chim lien cdnh, cdy lien cdnh" (tqi thien
nguyen tac ty dye dieu, tqi dia nguyen vi lien li
chi - Bgch Cu Dj).
Ty do yeu duang Id mdt trong nhung nhu cdu
can gidi phdng. Nhung khdt vgng gidi phdng
khdng chi Id tinh yeu. Cao han het, nd Id quyen
song, quyen hanh phuc. Con ngudi phdi dugc ty
do vdi quyen con ngudi cua minh. Cd le, con
ngudi cd nhdn Chim trong Idng (tuang truyen
ciia Nguyen Huu Cdu) phdt tin hieu gidi phdng
sdm nhdt. Con ngudi nhu ngdt nggt trong Idng
sdt xd hdi nhd hep dang cam tu nd. Trong khi
dd, vgn dam gid mdy Igi nhu ddp vdo mdt nd,
thuc giyc nai nd mdt khdt vgng ty do du ddi:
«Chim oanh ng vdy vung ddu Bde. Ddn loan kia

tuc tdc cdnh Nam. Mac ai Ddng ngu Tdy dam.
Chd khi phong tien dut giam vdn lung. Bay thdng
cdnh mudn trung Tieu Hdn. Phd vdng vdy bgn
vdi Kim d. Gian san khdch diec tri hd". Khdt vgng
ty do gidi phdng ndy cdn Id ket qua cua mdt triet
li hdnh ddng nhdm tgo cho rieng minh mdt sy
nghiep, thod man tdi ndng, thod mdn y chi cd
nhdn. Han nua, nd khdng chi Id sy vugt ra ngodi
khudn khd cua mdt dgo than tu thdng thudng,
md cdn quyet liet tim rieng cho minh mdt sy nghiep
vuang bd. Dd cdn Id con ngudi Cao Bd Qudt,
mong mudn thyc hien hdnh ddng quyet liet de
dugc dd'i ddi «Deo vdng thu kiem, quyet xoay
bgch dc Igi Idu ddi. Gdnh vdc giang son, quyet
nem thanh kham sang cdm tu" (Tdi td da cung
phu). Con ngudi ndy, tuy dd dugc dgy dd theo
tinh than Nho gido chinh thdng , nhung do nhung
tu chdt dgc biet d dng (vdn nhu Sieu Quat vo
Tien Han - tuang truyen Idi Ty Due khen tdng),
cdng vdi y thiic cd nhdn theo djnh hudng li tdm
khdc ddi vdi thdi cudc nen hg Cao dd nudi cho
minh nhung gidc ma tdo bgo. Cd dieu, mdt khi
dd vugt ra ngodi khudn khd y thiic cd nhdn, Igi
dua ra mdt li tudng chinh trj xd hdi hodn todn
sao cu qua cdu chdm ngdn Idm de cd «Binh
Duong Bo Ban vo Nghieu Thudn. Myc Da Minh
Dien huu Vu Thang", thi bi kjch vd that bai cua
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 2 tw a - a/aoioi

hg Cao Id mdt logic td't yeu . Dd cdn Id chdng

Tu Hdi cua Nguyln Du. Hg Tu qua Id mot ngudi
anh hung tuy xud't chii ng nhung chdn chinh, hodn
todn khdng the Id ke phdn nghich nhu Nho gido
chinh thdng hing ket dn. Quan niem ciia Nho gia
cho rdng «kien nghTa bdt vi vd dung da" (thdy
viec nghTa md khdng dam hdnh ddng Id ke hen
nhdt), dd nhudng budc cho tu tudng Mac gia
trong cdc hdnh ddng nghTa hiep ciia con ngudi
ndy: «Phong trdn mdi mdt ludi guam. Nhung
phuang gid do tui cam sd gi. Nghenh ngang
mdt cdi bien thuy. Kem gi cd qua, kem gi bd
vuang". Cd mdt khdt vgng ty do hodnh trdng:
«Giang hd quen thdi vdy viing, guam ddn nua
gdnh non sdng mdt cheo... Chgc trdi quay nude
mdc ddu. Dgc ngang ndo biet tren ddu cd ai".
Tii Hdi dd thyc hien mdt cdch gian tiep gidc mo
cd le tha thie't nhdt ciia con ngudi, dd Id gidc mo
ty do gidi phdng. Nhd vdy, y thiic cd nhdn trong
giai dogn ndy cd them khdt vgng mdi - ddnh
ddu sy tien bd bgc nhdt trong ljch sii nhdn thiic
ve con ngudi. Tieng ndi ciia con ngudi cd nhdn
nhu them cung bgc mdi bdi sinh khi ty do gidi
phdng thdi vdo, ddu nd cd the chju nhieu sy trd
gid khdc liet.
Dd cdn Id sy dot phd ciia y thiic cd nhdn, cung
nhu tinh chdt tdi ru hdo kiet ciia ngudi anh hung
thu kiem Nguyen Cdng Trii. Tdt cd deu ndm trong
khuynh hudng trdi day chung ciia y thiic cd nhdn
cua cd giai dogn ndy. Tuy nhien, neu nhin hi gdc
dd logi hinh hgc, rd rdng tinh chdt anh hung hdo

kiet vd cd nhdn hdnh ddng ciia Nguyln Cdng
Tru nhu cd cd tinh tuang can, so vdi Nguyln Huu
Cdu, Tu Hdi, ke cd con ngudi cd nhdn Nguyen
Hue (Hoang Le nhdt thdng chi). •

(1) M.B.Khrapchenko. Ca tinh sang tao va sy phat
trien ciia van hoc (Le Son, NguySn Minh dich). NXB
Tdcphdm mdi. H 1978, tr.66.
(2) Tran Dinh Hupu. Nho giao va van hoc Viet Nam
trung can dai. NXB Gido due. H 1998, tr 427.
(3) Tran Dinh Sir. Nhung the gidi nghe thuat tho. NXB
Gido due. H 1997, tr.366.
(4) Ha Nhu Chi. Viet Nam thi van giang luan. NXB
Van hda - thdng tin (tai han). H 1996, tr.317.
(5) A.J.A.Gurevich. Cac pham tru van hda trung cd
(Hoang Ngpc Hien dich). NXB Gido due. H 1996.tr 321.
(6) Tran Ngpc Vuong. Nha nho tai tu va van hpc
Viet Nam. NXB Gido due. H 1995. tr. 119.