BỒI DƯỠNG học SINH GIỎI LỊCH sử 12 phần 4

B S I dLT&n^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Ths. Truong Ngpc Thai

Ke hoach 5 n a m c6 n h i e m v u "phat trien t h e m m p t buoc, sap xe'p lai ca ca'u

+ Cai tao quan h§ san xua't

a day m a n h cai tai xa h p i chu nghia nen k i n h te quo'c d a n " n h a m ca ban o n

C o n g cuQC cai tao xa h p i chu nghla d u p e day m a n h v d i toe d p n h a n h t r o n g

^ j n h t i n h h i n h k i n h te - xa h p i , dap u n g yeu cau cap bach thie't ye'u nha't cua

cac v u n g m o i giai p h o n g 6 m i e n N a m . Giai cap t u san m a i ban b i xoa bo. D a i


bp p h a n n o n g dan m i e n N a m d i vao con d u o n g l a m an tap the, t h a m gia

- Thanh tuu dqt dieoc:

nhCrng h i n h thuc to chuc san xua't p h u h p p , n h u to doan ke't san xua't, tap doan

Trong san xua't nong nghiep va cong nghiep da chan d u p e da g i a m sut cua

san xua't, h p p tac xa san xua't.

nhrnig n a m 1976 -1980.

, ,

Vexdy dung eo so vat ehat - ki thuqt, t r o n g 5 n a m da hoan t h a n h hang t r a m

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Van hoa, gido due, y tc:

N g a n h giao due m a u giao, giao due pho thong, giao due d a i hpc va t r u n g

cong t r i n h t u o n g d o i Ian, hang n g h i n cong t r i n h v u a va nho, t r o n g d o c6

hoc chuyen n g h i f p phat trien m a n h , p h o n g trao b i n h d a n hpc v u da t h u h u t

nhung CO so quan t r p n g ve dien, dau k h i , xi mang, eo k h i giao thong, t h u y I p i ,

dupe nhieu n g u o i t h a m gia.

d^t... Cac hoat d p n g khoa hpc - k l thuat d u p e trien k h a i , gop p h a n thiic day san

M a n g l u o i cac benh v i ^ n , p h o n g k h a m ehCra b?nh, t r a m y te, nha hp sinh, eo

xua't, nha't la san xua't n o n g nghiep.

so dieu d u o n g d u p e m a r p n g . Cac hoat d p n g van hoa, van nghe, the d y e the

Trong cai tai quan he san xua't, dai bp phan n o n g dSn m i e n N a m d i vao con

thao da tao t h a n h p h o n g trao quan c h i i n g t r o n g cac dja p h u o n g , x i n g h i ^ p ,

d u o n g l a m an tap the. C u n g v o i vi^e ap d y n g n h u n g t h a n h t u u ve khoa hpc -

t r u o n g hpc
- Nhung khfl khan, yen kern:

kl thuat, viec thuc hi#n rpng rai p h u o n g thue khoan san p h a m cuo'i c i i n g den

Ben canh n h i i n g thanh t u u , c h i i n g ta gap rat nhieu k h o khan, han che^ nha't

nhom va n g u a i lao d p n g theo dja Chi thj 100 ( n a m i 9 8 1 ) cua Ban b i t h u T r u n g
uong D a n g t u y chua hoan t h i ^ n va con nhieu thie'u sot, song da gop m p t p h a n

Ta

la t r o n g l i n h vuc k i n h te - xa h p i .

om

/g

nang suat lao d p n g tha'p, d a i song nhan dan gap rat n h i e u k h o khan.
- Nguyen nhan eua nhung kho khan, ye'u kem:

up

ro

ngan cam, k h o n g the phat trien. San xua't phat trien cham, t h u n h ^ p quo'c dan,

quan t r p n g tao nen buoc phat trien san xua't n o n g nghiep, m o ra p h u a n g

s/

K i n h te'ciia ta m a t can do'i Ion, k i n h te quo'c doanh va tap the t r o n g san xua't
l u o n b i tho l6, k h o n g phat h u y dupe tac d u n g ; k i n h te t u n h a n va ca the bj

huong d i i n g cho vi^c c u n g eo'quan h$ k i n h te'mdi 6 n o n g t h o n .
Cham lo dai song cua nhan la nhiem v y t h u o n g xuyen va he't sue k h o k h a n

ciia D a n g va N h a nuoc ta t r o n g hoan canh nen k i n h te'con ye'u k e m , thien tai
don d a p , d a n so t a n g n h a n h . Cac nen k i n h te quo'c d a n da c6 t h u h u t t h e m
4 trieu lao d p n g . Su nghiep van hoa, giao due, y te, the due the thao, van hpc
nghe thuat phat trien va c6 n h i r n g d o n g gop nha't d j n h vao viec xay d u n g nen

nuoc. Do s u lanh dao eiia D a n g va N h a nuoc c6 n h i i n g sai l a m t r o n g viee de ra

van hoa m o i , eon n g u o i m a i .

bo

ok

.c

K i n h te'nuac ta v o n da ngheo nan lac hau lai bj chien t r a n h tan pha nang ne.
Do chinh sach cam van cua M l l a m can t r o quan h ^ k i n h tegiua n u o c ta v a i cac

ce

chu t r u o n g cai tao, xay d u n g k i n h te the h i f n 6 t u t u o n g chu q u a n n o n g v p i

2. K e hoach N h a n u a c 5 n a m 1981
- Nhiem vu va mue tieu:

-1985

ww

kieu bao t h i i , t r i tre.

w.

fa

t r o n g viec de ra bi?n phap to chuc va chi dao thue h i f n , q u a n If k i n h te theo

D a i h p i d a i b i e u toan quo'c Ian t h u V cua D a n g h p p t u ngay 27 d e n ngay
31 - 3 - 1982 de ra n h i ^ m v y each m a n g giai doan tiep theo n h a m xay d u n g chu
nghla xa h p i va bao v? To quo'c xa h p i chu nghla, hai n h i ^ m v y chien l u p c d o
quan he mat thie't v o i n h a u .
D a i h p i khang d j n h tiep tyc d u o n g 161 c h u n g each m a n g xa h p i chu nghla
va d u o n g 16'i xay d y n g k i n h te trong thai k i qua d p bat d a u eo sy d i e u chinh,
bo sung, phat trien, cy the hoa cho t u n g chang d u o n g , t i r n g giai d o ^ n p h u h g p
v o i dieu k i ^ n lieh s u cy the.

- Nhifng kho khan, ye'u kem:
Ben canh n h i r n g t h a n h t u u , c h i i n g ta gap rat nhieu k h o khan, han che, nha't
la t r o n g l l n h v u c k i n h te - xa h p i .
K i n h te'cua ta m a t can d o i Ian, k i n h te'quoc doanh va tap the t r o n g san xua't
luon b i tho l6, k h o n g phat h u y d u p e tac d y n g ; k i n h te t u n h a n va ca the b j
ngan cam, k h o n g the phat trien. San xua't phat trien cham, t h u nhap quo'c dan,
nang suat lao d p n g tha'p, d a i song nhan dan gap rat nhieu kho k h a n .
- Nguyen nhan cua nhung kho khan, ye'u kem:
Cung la n g u y e n nhan khach quan, chii q u a n cua t h a i k i t r u o c chua d u p e
l«hac phue, nha't la n g u y e n nhan do "Sai lam, khuye't d i e m t r o n g lanh dao,
quan l i ciia D a n g va N h a nuoc gay n e n " .

^


I I . C O N G C U Q C D O I M O I D I L E N C H U N G H I A X A HQI (1986 - 2000)

* Doi nuri chinh tri:

1. Hoan canh dat nuoc va the gioi. Npi dung duang loi doi moi ve k i n h te va

Xay d u n g lai N h a nuoc xa hgi chii nghia, N h a nuoc cua nhan dan, do dan

chinh trj cua Dang.

va v i dan lay l i e m m i n h giai cap eong nhan, nong dan va tang l a p t r i thuc l a m

a. Hoan earth dat nude:

nen tang cua N h a nuoc do D a n g Cong san lanh dao. Xay d u n g nen dan chu xa

T r o n g h o n m o t thap k i thirc h i ^ n hai ke hoach N h a n u o c 5 n a m

(1976

hgi chii nghia, bao d a m q u y e n lye thuge ve nhan dan. T h y c hien quyen dan

1985), each m a n g xa hgi chii nghia 6 nuoc ta dat d u g c n h i r n g thanh t y u va uu

chu cua nhan d a n , chuyen chinh d o i v o i m o i hanh d o n g xam p h a m igi ich To

d i e m dang ke tren ITnh v y c cua d a i song xa h o i . Song each m a n g c i i n g gap

quoc cua nhan dan. T h y c h i ^ n chinh sach dai doan ket dan toe, tap hgp m g i lye
l u g n g cua dan tgc, phan dau sy nghiep dan giau, nuoc m a n h , xa hgi eong

k h u n g hoang k i n h te - xa h o i . M o t t r o n g nhi>ng n g u y e n nhan co ban cua kho

bang, dan chu, van m i n h . T h y c hien chinh sach d o i ngoai hoa b i n h , hOu n g h i ,

k h ^ n , ye'u k e m la d o mac phai "sai lam n g h i e m t r o n g va keo dai ve chu t r u o n g ,

h g p tac, "Viet N a m m u o n la ban ciia tat ca cac nuoc".

chirih sach Ion, sai l a m ve chi dao chien luge va to ehue t h y c h i ^ n " .

2. N h i ^ m vu va muc tieu cua timg ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 -

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k h o n g it kho khan, dat nuoc l a m vao tinh trang k h u n g hoang, t r u o c het la

De khac phuc sai lam, khuye't d i e m dua dat nuoc v u g t quan k h u n g hoang

1991 - 1995, 1990 - 2000.

va day m a n h each m a n g xa hoi chu nghia tien len. D a n g va N h a nuoc ta phai

Cac ke hoach

tien hanh d o i m o i .

Nha nuoc 5 nam

b. Hoan canh the gioi:

1986-1990

D u o i tac d o n g cua each m a n g khoa hoc - k l thuat l a m cho quan h ^ cua cac

Ta
s/

M u o n thuc h i ^ n n h u n g m u c tieu cua Ba c h u o n g t r i n h
k i n h te, t h i n o n g nghiep, ke ca l a m nghiep va n g u

N h u vay, d o i m o i la van de cap bach, c6 y nghia song con d o i v o i chii nghia

ro

nghiep phai d u g c dat d u n g v i t r i la mat tran hang dau

xa hoi 6 nuoc ta d o n g t h a i la van de p h u h g p v o i xu t h e c h u n g cua thoi dai.

va d u g c u u tien n h u eau ve v o n dau t u , ve nang lye, vat

/g

om

c. Noi dung duang loi doi moi vekinh leva chinh tri cua Dang

.c

D u o n g loi d o i m o i cua D a n g dugc de ra dau tien tai D a i hoi V I (12 - 1986),

lye, lao dong, k ! thuat v.v...
1991

-1995

t u n g buoc cai thien nang cao d o i song nhan dan. Bat dau

bo

D a i hoi IX ( 4 - 2 0 0 1 ) .

CO tich lijy ngi bg k i n h te.

ce

* Doi moi kinh te:

Day l i i i va kiem soat d u g c lam phat. O n d j n h phat
trien nang cao hieu qua nen san xuat xa h g i . O n d j n h va

ok

dugc dieu chinh, bo sung phat trien Dai hgi V I I (6 -1991), Dai hgi V I I I (6 - 1996),

Can tap t r u n g sue n g u o i , sue cua t h y c hien bang d u g c

tituc, thuc pham, hang tieu dimg va han;:; xuat khau

up

nghia khac cijng d o i hoi D a n g va Nha nuoc ta phai tien hanh d o i m o i .

N h i f m vu, muc tieu

n h i e m v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chiam;^ trinh kinh te'va hmng

nuoc thay d o i theo xu t h e ' m a i .
Cugc k h u n g hoang toan d i ^ n , t r a m t r g n g cua L i e n X6 va cac nuoc xa hoi chu

1990,

De t h y c hien m u c tieu tren, phat h u y sue m a n h ciia cac

nghia, n h a m phat huy sue manh cua cac thanh phan k i n h t e v a tao sue manh

thanh phan k i n h te, day m a n h Ba c h u o n g t r i n h kinh te

tong h g p eiia nen k i n h te nhieu thanh phan.

v o i n h i r n g ngi d u n g cao han truoc va t u n g buoc xay

ww

w.

fa

Phat trien k i n h te'hang hoa nhieu thanh phan theo d j n h h u o n g xa hgi chu

Cai tao quan he san xuat, cac thanh phan k i n h te'lae hau k i m ham su phat
trien. Cai tao d i d o i v o i s u d y n g va thiet lap quan he san xuat xa hgi ehu nghia.
Cai tai phai d u g c coi la n h i e m v u t h u o n g xuyen, lien tuc t r o n g suot t h o i k i qua

d y n g CO eau k i n h tetheo yeu eau eong nghiep hoa.

1996 - 2000

Day m a n h eong cugc d o i m o i m o t each toan dien va
d o n g bg, tie'p tuc phat trien nen k i n h te hang hoa nhieu

d g . Xoa bo co c h e q u a n l i k i n h te tap t r u n g , bao cap, h i n h thanh co che thj

thanh phan. Phan dau dat va v u g t m u c tieu tang t r u o n g

t r u o n g CO sy quan l i ciia N h a nuoc.

k i n h te'nhanh, hieu qua cao va ben vi>ng d i d o i v o i giai

T h y c hien chinh sach m o cua, m o rgng quan he k i n h t e d o i ngoai, m o rgng
su phan eong lao d o n g va h g p tac k i n h te'quoe tc, tich eye khai thae nguon
v o n , khai thae eong nghe k h a i thae t h i t r u o n g .
184

quyet nhi>ng van de buc xuc ve xa h g i ; cai thien d o i song
nhan dan, nang'cao tich l u y t u n g i b g den k i n h te.
185


3. Nhmig thanh tmi va yeu kem ve kinh te - xa hpi ciia nuoc ta trong t ^ g ke
ho^ch Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990,1991 - 1995,1990 - 2000.
Cac ke hoach

Thanh t\ru

Nha nuoc 5 nam

Ve

luang

tieu c h u y e u cua ke hoach

tren t h e ' g i o i : l u c l u p n g san

5 n a m hoan thanh

xua't nho be, co so v a t chat

vupt

tit cho thieu an

d o i I o n , l a m phat v a n 6

K i n h te d6'i ngoai phat

mien, c h i i n g ta da

m u c cao, lao d o n g thieu

v u o n len d a p l i n g n h u cau

vi^c l a m tang, h i ^ u qua

t r o n g nuoc, c6 d u tru va

k i n h te tha'p, nhieu ca so

xua't khau, g o p phan quan

san xua't d i n h d o n keo d a i .

trong on dinh

d o i song

Che

can xua't - nhap k h a u .

bang l u o n g hoac t r g cap xa

trien m a n h , m o rong Hon

cap, tinh trang tham nhung,

truoc

ve q u y m o , h i n h

an hoi 16, m a t dan c h i i , bat

thuc... da g o p phan quan

cong xa h p i va nhieu hien

Ta
up

n h i i n g m a t tiep tuc x u o n g

ce

b u o c da lam phat.

phan,

v a n hanh

theo CO che t h i t r u o n g c6
s u quan h' ciia N h a nuoc.
Nhirng

thanh

tuu, uu

diem,

tie'n b o dat d u g c

chung

to d u o n g 161 d o i

moi

ciia D a n g

la d u n g ,

b u o c d i ciia cong cupc d o i
m o i ve co ban la p h u hgp.

w.

thanh

ww

hang hoa nhieu

fa

Buoc dau h i n h thanh nen
k i n h te

khau

dupe

rpng,

suat lao d p n g , chat l u p n g

nguon

v o n dau t u ciia

san p h a m , chat l u p n g cong

mo

khoa

t r i n h tha'p.
T i n h trang t h a m n h u n g ,

CO buoc phat trien m o i ,

lang p h i , b u o n lau, l a m an

van hoa xa h p i c6 n h i i n g

p h i phap c u n g n h u hien

chuyen bien tich cue.

t u p n g tieu cue t r o n g bp

qu6'c p h o n g va an n i n h

m a y N h a n u o c ehua d u p e
ngan chan triet de.
Su p h a n hoa giau ngheo
gii>a cac v u n g , g i i i a thanh

d u p e Cling c6'.
r o n g quan

h$ d o i

thj v a n o n g t h o n , giira cac

ngoai, p h a the bao v a y ,

tang

t h a m gia tich cue vao cac

nhanh. D o i song ciia m p t

hoat d p n g ciia cpng d o n g

bp p h a n n h a n d a n , nhat la

qu6'c te.

n h u n g v u n g sau, v i m g xa,

ok

k i m che dugc m o t

bo

Da

ne v a p h o bieh.

.c

trong vao vi^c thuc h i ^ n cac t u p n g tieu cue khac nang
muc tieu kinh te - xa hoi.

nang

Mo

/g

phat

s/

n g h i ^ p v a n hoa c6

om

K i n h te d o i ngoai

Su

chuyen bien cham;

t r j - xa h p i d u p e g i u v u n g ,

n o n g dan b i g i a m sut.

ro

t u o n g d o i thuan Igi.

trien, t h j t r u o n g xua't nhap

O n d j n h tinh hinh chinh

nhat la hang tieu dung, d o i h p i v a cua m o t so b p phan
dao, da dang va l u u thong

ngh§

Khoa hoc va cong nghe

n g u o i lao d p n g chii y e u

Hang hoa tren t h i truong,

hpc va cong

n u o c ngoai tang nhanh.

d p tien l u o n g bat

ngheo

- k l thuat lac hau; t r i n h d p

muc.

nhan d a n va thay d o i can h o p l i , d o i song ciia n h u n g

186

trong nhirng nuoc

N e n k i n h te con m a t can

trien

N u o c ta v a n c o n la m p t

te d a y m a n h , nhieu m u c

thyc

pham,

thuc,

Yeu kem

N h i p d p phat trien k i n h

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1986 - 1 9 9 0

"^991 - 1 9 9 5

lop cu

dan

tang

con nhieu k h o k h a n .
1996-2000

te v a n g i i i

N e n k i n h te phat trien

d u p e n h j p d p tang t r u o n g

chua v i r n g chac; nang suat

kha, CO cau k i n h te co s u

lao d p n g hieu q u a va sue

chuyen d j c h tich cue.

canh tranh tha'p. - M p t so

Nen kinh

Can

can d o i chii yeu

vah de buc xiic ve van hoa -

t r o n g nen k i n h te da d u p e

xa h p i con cham d u p e giai

dieu c h i n h thich h p p

quye't.

K i n h te d o i ngoai phat
trien
Khoa hpc va cong n g h ^
CO b u o c chuyen bien tich
cue. Giao d u e va dao tao
CO b u o c phat trien m o i ca

10 I

'Iff i
1-)t.))

ve q u y

inu)

mo, chat

lugng.

cAu

H i n h t h i i c dao tao va co so

lU 1. Sau thang i p i khang chien chong MT c i i u nuoc, each m a n g 6 hai m i e n

vat chat.

- N a m CO n h u n g t h u a n i p i va kho khan gi? N h i i n g thanh t u u dat d u p e 6

Cac ITnh vuc van hoa - xa
hpi

CO buoc

phat

lam sau nam 1975.

trien

,

d a n g ke.

Cau 2. D a n g va c h i n h q u y e n each mang da c6 n h u n g chu t r u o n g va bien

'j

phap g' nhSm giai quye't n h i i n g n h i e m v u cap bach sau k h i cupc k h a n g chien

T i n h h l n h chinh trj - xa

chong MT ke't thiic?

hoi CO ban on djnh; quoc

i i

p h o n g - an n i n h duoc tang

; '

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[

Cau 3. T r o n g viec t h y c hien k e h o a c h N h a nuoc 5 nam 1976 - 1980 va 1981 j985, nuoc ta dat dupe n h u n h thanh t u u g i , co n h u n g kho khan va yeu kem gi?
fjguyen nhan cua nhOng kho khan, yeu kem do.

c u o n g ; quan h^ d o i ngoai
khong

Hdii O N T A P

ngung

duoc

mo

I rong.

Cau 4. Viet N a m thuc h i ^ n d u o n g loi d o i m o i t r o n g hoan canh dat nuoc va
gioi n h u the nao? N e u n p i d u n g d u o n g loi d o i m o i ve k i n h te'va c h i n h t n

\

4. Y nghia cua n h u n g thanh tuu ve k i n h te - xa hpi nuoc ta trong 15 nam

It

aia Dang.

(1986 - 2000) thyc h i ? n duong loi doi moi. N h u n g kho khan yeu kem

Cdu 5. N e u n h i e m v u va m u c tieu ciia t i r n g k e h o a c h N h a n u o c 5 nam: 1986 -

a. Nlmri*; thanh tyu vc kinh tc'- xa hoi nuvc ta tron^ 15 nam dot m&i (1986 ~

1990, 1991 -1995, 1990 - 2000.

2000) CO y n^hia v6 cutig^ quan tron^, do la:

Ta

Cdu 6. T r i n h bay n h i r n g thanh t u u va yeu kem Ve k i n h te - xa h p i cua nuoc ta

Da tang c u o n g siic m a n h t o n g hop cua dan toe tren tat ca cac ITnh v u c kinh

s/

trong t u n g k e h o a c h N h a nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990, 1991 - 1995, 1990 - 2000.

te, c h i n h t r j , xa hoi, van hoa, giao due.

up

Cdu 7. D o i m o i dat nuoc d i len chii nghia xa hpi t u D a i hpi V I (12 - 1986) ciia

ro

C o n g cupc d o i m o i v o i n h u n g thanh t u u dat d u o c t r o n g 15 n a m qua da lam

/g

thay d o i bo mat cua dat nuoc va cuoc song cua nhan dan.

om

N h O n g thanh t u u cua cong cupc d o i m o i gop phan c u n g co v u n g chac doc

.c

lap dan tpc va c h e d o xa h o i chu nghia, nang cao vj t h e v a u y t i n ciia V i ^ t Nam

hpi nuoc ta t r o n g 15 nam (1986 - 2000) thuc hien d u o n g 161 d o i m o i .
Cdu 8. So sanh cong cupc cai to cua Lien X6 v o i cong cupc d o i m o i 6 Viet
Nam theo yeu cau sau:
Tieu chi
so sanh

ok

tren t r u o n g quoc te.

D^ng dupe hieu n h u the nao? N e u y nghTa ciia n h i i n g thanh t u u ve k i n h te - xa

bo

h. NhCmg kho khan va yeu kem vekinh tc- xH hoi cua nude ta sau 15 nam (1986 - 2000)

ce

thifc hien difdn^ loi doi moi.

fa

Mot la, nen k i n h t e p h a t trien chua that s u v u n g c h i c , nang sua't lao dong,

w.

hi#u qua va sue canh tranh tha'p. Chat l u p n g san p h a m chua that s u tot, gia

ww

thanh van con cao. Quan he san xuat mot so mat chua phu hop. K i n h te'Nha nuoc
chua dupe cung c o t u o n g x u n g v o i vai tro chu dao. K i n h te'tap the chua manh.
Hai la, m o t so van de van hoa - xa hpi buc xiic va gay gat cham dupe giai
quye't. Cac boat d p n g khoa hoc va cong ngh^ chua dap u n g tot y e u cau cU'i
cong n g h i f p hoa, hien dai hoa, xay d u n g va bao ve To quoc. T i le that n g h i ^ p
thanh thj va thie'u viec l a m 6 n o n g thon con 6 m i i c cao.
Ba la, t i n h trang tham n h u n g chua dupe khac phuc tri^t de.

L i e n X6

Vi^t Nam

Boi canh
• Doi moi
; chinh trj

'i

Doi moi

i | j < i n h te
fChinh sach
^ o i ngoai
jiCaM 9. N e u n h i r n g thang Ipi Ijch su tieu bieu cita each m a n g V i e t N a m d u o i
I lanh dao cua D a n g t u n a m 1930 den nay. N g u y e n nhan co ban va bai hpc
n i ; h i e m ciia thang Ipi d o la gi?
!^«« 10. L a p b a n g ve n h i i n g s u kien tieu b i e u gan v o i t i r n g giai d o a n t r o n g
t r i n h Ijch sir V i e t N a m tir sau C h i e n t r a n h t h e ' g i o i t h i i nha't (1919) d e n
l y (2000).

1X8


KKe't hpfp sue

Chuy§n di 6: TdNG K^T LICH SU VI$T NAM 1919 - 2 0 0 0
1. N h u n g t h ^ n g Igri l i c h s u t i e u b i e u cua each m a n g V i f t N a m d u o i s\ Ig^j^

Svr l a n h dao d i i n g d i n cua D a n g la nhan to hang dau bao d a m thang I p i cua

dao ciia D a n g tvr n a m 1930 den nay. N g u y e n n h a n co b a n cua t h ^ n g I g i do

each m a n g Vi?t N a m .

- Nhung thang Icn tieu bieu:

3, N h u n g s v k i ^ n t i e u b i e u g i n v d i t i m g g i a i doan t r o n g t i e n t r i n h l i c h s u

D a n g C o n g san V i ^ t N a m ra d o i vao ngay 3 - 2 - 1930, m o ra m p t bu6c

V i ? t N a m t i r n a m 1919 den n a m 2000

ngoat Ijch s u v 6 c u n g q u a n t r o n g t r o n g lich su cua d a n tpc ta.

a) Tit nam 1919 den nam 1930

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Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 thang Igi, m o ra m o t k i n g u y e n m o i cho

T h u c dan Phap tien h a n h k h a i thae thupe dia Ian t h i i hai, xa h p i Vi?t N a m

dan tpc: k i n g u y e n doc lap dan tpc gan lien v o i chii nghla xa h p i , giai p h o , ,

CO n h i f n g bien d o i sau sac. M a u thuan dan tpc va giai cap gay g i t .

d a n tpc gan lien v o i giai p h o n g giai cap.

Phong trao d a u t r a n h chong t h y c dan Phap d o giai cap t u san v a tieu t u san

Chien d i c h D i ? n Bien Phii thang I p i n a m 1954, bupc thuc dan Phap k i ke't

b i i n g no, euoi eiing that bai.

H i f p d i n h G i o n e v o , cong nhan dpc lap chu q u y e n , t h o n g nha't va toan ven lanh

N g u y e n A i Quoc t i m d u d n g euu nude den v d i chu nghla Mac - L e n i n , t i m

tho ciia ba nude D o n g D u o n g , ke't thuc cupc khang chien chong t h y c dan Phap

ra con d u d n g each m a n g d i i n g dan, d d la con d u d n g each m a n g v 6 san. L a n

va can t h i ^ p M i , d u a m i e n Bac tien len xay d u n g chii nghla xa h p i .

lirgrt t r u y e n ba chii nghla Mac - Len n i n vao V i ^ t N a m .

Cupc l o n g tien cong va n o i day m i i a Xuan n a m 1975, d a n h bai am m u u

Phong trao d a u t r a n h ciia giai cap cong n h a n V i ^ t N a m tir n a m 1919 -

x a m lupc cua M i 6 V i ^ t N a m , d u a ca nude b u o c vao t h a i k i xay d u n g chu

ro
/g

- Nguyen nhan thang Igi:

om

N h a n dan ta doan ket m o t long, giau l o n g yeu nude lao d p n g can cii sang

ok

.c

tao, chien dau kien c u d n g v i dpc lap t u do. T r u y e n t h o n g d o ciia d a n tpc duoc
phat h u y cao d p t r o n g t h a i k i each m a n g do D a n g lanh dao.

bo

D a n g C o n g san Vi?t N a m d o C h u tjch H o C h i M i n h sang lap, la d p i tien

ce

p h o n g ciia giai cap cong nhan, dai d i f n tieu bieu cho q u y e n I p i cua giai cap va

fa

dan tpc. Su lanh dao sang suot ciia D a n g v d i d u d n g 161 each m a n g d i i n g dan,

ww

w.

sang tao, dpc lap, t u chu la nhan to thang Ipi hang dau, chi p h o i cac nhan to
khae ciia each m a n g Viet N a m .

2, N h i h i g b a i hpc k i n h n g h i ? m cua each m ^ n g V i ^ t N a m t i r n a m 1930 den
n a m 2000
N a m viiTig d u p e n g p n ed dpc lap dan tpc va ehu nghla xa h p i , m p t bai hc^'
xuyen suot qua t r i n h each m a n g nude ta.
Su nghiep each m a n g la eiia nhan dan, d o nhan dan va v i d a n . N h a n dan 1''
n g u d i l a m nen thSng I p i lich su.
K h o n g n g i r n g eiing cd, tang c u d n g doan ket: dogm ket toan D a n g , doan ket
toan dan, doan ke't d a n tpc, doan ket quoc te.
ion

Ta

up

khae phuc n h i i n g k h o khan, sua ehua sal l a m , d u a dat nude v u p t qua thoi ki

s/

C o n g cupc d o i m o i dat nude d u p e de ra t u D a i h p i Ian t h i i V I cua Dang,

1925

con m a n g t i n h t u phat.

nghia xa h p i .

k h u n g hoang, day s u nghiep each m a n g xa h p i chii nghla tien len.

m a n h d a n tpc v d i sue m a n h t h d i dai, sue m a n h t r o n g nude v d i

sure m a n h quoc te.

T o chiic c h i n h t r j ciia giai cap v 6 san: H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien

thanh lap (6 - 1925); ciia tang Idp tieu t u san: Tan V i f t Cach m a n g dang (8 1928) l a m n h i ? m v u t r u y e n ba chii nghla Mae - L e n i n vao V i ^ t N a m de chuan

b i cho s y h i n h t h a n h dang ciia giai cap v 6 san; to ehue c h i n h t r i ciia giai cap t u
san d a n tpc: V i ^ t N a m Quoc dan dang t h a n h lap (12 - 1927) to ehiic cupc k h d i
nghla Yen Bai bj that bai, cham d i i t vai trd d o i v d i each m a n g Vi?t N a m .
Phong trao d a u tranh ciia cong nhan t r o n g n h i i n g n a m 1926 - 1929 ehuyen
sang d a u t r a n h t u giac, tao d i e u k i ^ n cho ehii nghla Mac - L e n n i n d u p e t r u y e n
ba sau r p n g vao V i ^ t N a m .
Ba to ehiic epng san n o i tiep n h a u ra d d i n a m 1929, chuan b j t r y e tiep cho sy
t h a n h lap D a n g C p n g san V i ^ t N a m .

Dang Cong san Viet Nam ra dai (3 -2 - 1930) ma ra mot buac ngoat lich su vd
cung quan trong trong lich sit dan toe Viet Nam. Dang ra dai la su chuan bi td\
dau Hen c6 tinh quyet dinh cho nhitng buac phat trien nhay vot tiep theo trong lich sit
dan toe Viet Nam.
b) Tit nam 1930 den nam 1945
Tac d p n g ciia cupc k h u n g hoang k i n h te tren the g i d i 1929-1933 eiing v d i
cupc " k h i i n g b d t r a n g " ciia Phap sau k h d i nghla Yen Bai (9 - 2 -1930), da l a m
b i i n g no p h o n g trao each m a n g ciia q u a n c h i i n g ca n u d e t r o n g n h i r n g n a m

1930 - 1 9 3 1 . Sy lanh dao ciia D a n g Cpng san Vi?t N a m da d u a p h o n g trao len
t d i d i n h cao v d i sy thanh l ^ p X6 viet d N g h ? T i n h . Phong trao tir cudi n a m

191


Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vi^t

1931 d i vao thoai trao, each mang Vi$t N a m chuyen sang dau tranh n h 3 m phuc

trudc chien d i c h Bien g i d i t h u - d o n g 1950) va Tien cong ( t u chien djch bien g i d i

hoi p h o n g trao (1932 - 1935).

t h u - d o n g 1950). D i e n Bien Phu la tran t h i n g quyet d i n h d i den v i f c k i ket
H i ? p G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g .

T r o n g boi canh lich su nhfrng nam 1936 - 1939, k h i chu nghla phat xit xua't

d) Tit nam 1954 den nam

1975

thang \gi b u o c d a u , 6 nuoc ta day len p h o n g trao dau tranh cong khai rong

Sau H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o , M i nhay vao m i e n N a m V i f t N a m t h y c h i ^ n m u u

Ion. Phong trao da t h u hiit d o n g dao quan c h u n g t h a m gia d u o i sir lanh dao

do x a m luge n u d e ta. Xua't phat t u t i n h h i n h dat nude b i t a m t h a i chia cat l a m

ciia D a n g , dau tranh d o i t u d o dan sinh, dan chu, c o m ao, hoa b i n h . Day la

hai m i e n . D a n g de ra n h i e m v u cho each m a n g hai m i e n , m o i quan he giCra

p h o n g trao q u a n c h i i n g c6 muc tieu, h i n h thuc dau tranh m o i me 6 nuoc ta va

each m a n g khae n h a u va nhiem v u c h u n g cho each m a n g hai m i e n , m o i q u a n

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h i ^ n , de doa hoa b i n h tiie gioi va p h o n g trao chong phat xit 6 Phap gianh

rat hiem c6 m o t nuoc thuoc dja.

g i i i a each m a n g hai m i e n . N h i f m v u chung, d d la "nhiem vu khang chien

Cuoc Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai (1939 - 1945) da tac d o n g den toan the

chong Ml ci'fu nuac".

g i o i . Cugc chien dau cua nhan dan Lien X6 va cac luc l u g n g dan chu the gioi

6' mien Nam, tien hanh cugc each m a n g dan tgc dan chu nhan dan phat

chong phat xit thang Igi da tao dieu ki?n thuan Igi cho each m a n g nuoc ta va

trien len khai nghla ( t u 1959 - 1960) rdi chien tranh giai phong ( t u giOa 1961), ket

nhieu nuoc tien len giai p h o n g dan tgc.

hgp k h d i nghla v d i chien tranh qua 5 thdi k i ta Ian l u g t d a n h bai 4 chien luge

Dau n a m 1941, N g u y e n Ai Quoc ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang, tai

thong t r j va x a m luge thuc dan m o i ciia MT' 1954 - 1960 d a n h bai chien luge

h g i nghj T r u n g u o n g 8 (5 - 1941) da hoan chinh chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g dau

"Chien tranh d o n p h u o n g " cua Aixenhao; 1961 - 1965 d a n h bai " C h i e n tranh

tranh de ra tai hgi nghj T r u n g u o n g 6 (11 - 1939): G i u o n g cao h o n nua nggn c6

dae b i e t " cua K e n n o d i ; 1965 -1968 danh" bai chien luge "Chien t r a n h cue bg cua

Ta

giai p h o n g dan tgc, giai quyet van de dan tgc t r o n g p h a m v i t i t n g nude 6 D o n g

s/

G i d n x o n ; 1969 - 1973 d a n h bai hoan toan chien luge "Viet N a m hoa chien

up

D u o n g . T u day, each m a n g nude ta day m a n h ehuan bj tien t d i k h o i nghla

ro

gianh ehinh q u y e n .

/g

K h o i nghla gianh ehinh quyen d u a den thSng Igi Caeh m a n g thang T a m 1945

om

la ket qua cua qua t r i n h ehuan bj va tap d u g t t r o n g 15 n a m t u k h i D a n g ra d o i .

.c

D a n g da lanh dao cugc dau tranh qua nhieu t h o i k i m toan d i ^ n va true tiep

ok

nhat la t h a i k i tien t d i ehuan bj T o n g k h o i nghla 1939 - 1945. Cugc k h d i nghla

bo

t h i n g Igi, ehinh q u y e n ve tay nhan dan, nude Viet N a m D a n chu C o n g hoa
1954

fa

c) Tit nam 1945 den nam

ce

d u g c thanh lap.

w.

T r o n g h o n n a m dau sau Cach m a n g thang Tam, dat nude gap m u o n vang

ww

k h d khan t h u thach, t i n h the he't sue hiem ngheo khae nao "N;^an can trco sai
toe". N h a n dan ta vua xay d u n g chinh quyen each mang, xay d u n g che d p dan

t r a n h " ciia N i c h x o n va Pho, tien len "Danh cho n g u y nhao".
O mien Bac, t h u c hien n h i i n g n h i ^ m v u ciia each m a n g t r o n g t h d i k i qua do
d i len chii nghla xa hgi la san xua't, lao d o n g xay d u n g , va k h i M i m d rgng
chien tranh pha hoai bang k h d n g quan va H a i quan t h i m i e n Bac ket h g p chien
dau va san xua't. D o n g t h d i nhan dan m i e n Bac eon l a m n h i ^ m v y cua hau
p h u o n g ehi v i | n cho tien t u y e n m i e n N a m va thuc hien n h i ^ m v u quoc t e ' d d l
v d i Lao, Campuehia. M i e n Bac da gianh thang Igi t r o n g cugc chien dau ehd'ng
cugc chien tranh pha hoai eiia de'qudc MT: Ian t h u nhat bat dau tir ngay 5 - 8 -1964,
chinh thiic ngay 7-2

- 1965 den ngay 1 - 11 - 1968; Ian t h u hai bat dau ngay 6 -

4 - 1972, ehinh thuc t u ngay 16 - 4 -1972 den ngay 15 - 1 -1973.
Cugc Tdng tien cong va ndi day Xuan 1975 da giai phdng hoan toan mien N a m ,
thong nhat dat nude, sau d d dua ca nude tien len xay d u n g chii nghla xa hgi. .. ;

ehu nhan d a n , giai quyet nan d o i , nan d o t va n h i r n g k h d k h a n ve tai c h i n h , vua

e) Tit nam 1975 den nam 2000

dau tranh ehd'ng ngoai xam ngi phan, bao ve nen dgc lap. T u euoi nam 1946, toan

T r o n g 10 n a m dau (1976 - 1986), nhan dan da thuc hien ke hoach N h a nude

dan ta tien hanh cugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap tren p h a m v i ca nude.

,5 n a m (1976 - 1980 va 1981 - 1985) do D a i hgi I V (thang 12 -1976) va D a i hgi V

Cugc k h a n g chien chong Phap (1945 - 1954) tien hanh t r o n g d i e u k i ^ n nude

(thang 3 - 1982) ciia D a n g de ra. Ben canh nhieu thanh t u u va u u d i e m ta gap

ta da gianh d u g c doe lap va ehinh quyen. V i vay, vira k h a n g chien v u a kien

k h d n g i t k h d khan, ye'u kem, ca sai lam, khuye't d i e m . K h d k h a n ciia ta ngay

qudc la hai n h i ^ m v u chien luge each mang nude ta t r o n g giai doan nay.

cang I d n , sai l a m cham d u g c sua chua, dua den k h i i n g hoang ve k i n h te - xa

Cugc k h a n g chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luge, va t u n a m 1950 ehd'ng ca
su can t h i ^ p cua de qudc M l , trai qua hai giai doan Phong ngu (tir dau den

h g i , d o i hoi p h a i dd'i m d i .


Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ ViSt

Dirang lo'i doi mai

dugc

de ra tu Dai hpi V I (1986) nham khac phuc kho

chinh quyen, quan dpi, mat tran thong nha't
dan tpc, cong tac tai chinh.
Bau Ban Chap hanh Trung uong mai, do
Ho Chi Minh lam Chii tjch Dang va Trudng
Chinh lam Tong Bi thu.

khan, san xua't sai lam, vugt qua khiing hoang, day manh sy nghi^p each mang
xa hoi chu nghia tie'n len. Trai qua gan hai thap ki, nhan dan ta da thuc hien
thing lo'i 3 ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (va dang thuc hi?n ke hoach 5 nam laVi
thu t u 2001 - 2005) do Dai hoi V I (thang 12 -1986), Dai hpi V I I (thang 6 - 1991),
Dai hpi VIII (thang 6 - 1996) va Dai Hpi IX (thang 4 - 2001) cua Dang ta de ra.

"sT^aJ hpi T u ngay 5 den

Cong cupc doi moi da va gianh dupe thang Ipi. ThSng Ipi da dem lai nhieu
thanh tuu quan trpng ve cac mat chinh trj, kinh t e - xa hpi, van hoa - giao due
va quan h^ doi ngoai. Dong thoi tung buoc thuc hi^n tien trinh cong nghiep

dung, budc di cua cong cupc doi moi la phu hpp.

chii nhan dan trong ca nude, thuc hi^n hoa

Npi dung

binh thong nha't dat nude.

Dai hpi
Xac dinh ba nhi^m vy ciia Dang trong

\
"ff

1965) nham xay dyng budc dau co so vat

(t

chat - k l thuat ciia chii nghia xa hpi, thyc

ro

chie'n tranh de'quo'c.

up

Dang; tranh thu quan chiing rpng rai; chong

hoach Nha nude 5 nam thii nha't (1961 -

s/

thai gian truoc mat la: ciing c6' sir phat trien

/g

Thong qua Nghj quyet chinh tri, Dieu 1^

om

Dang, cac nghj quyet ve v|in dpng cong

.c

nhan, nong dan, binh h'nh, phu nir ; ve cong

hi^n mpt budc cong nghif p hoa xa hpi chii

It

nghia.

}

Bau Ban Cha'p hanh Trung uong mdi ciia

bo

ok

tac trong cac dan tpc thieu so', ve dpi t u v f

ce

va cuu te'do.

fa

Bau ra Ban Chap hanh Trung uang va bau

w.

Le Hong Phong lam Tong Bi thu ciia Dang.

ww

Nguyen A i Quoc dupe cii lam dai di$n cua
Dang ben canh Quoc te Cpng san.
2) Dai hpi

Tu ngay 11 den

Thong qua Bao cao chinh trj ciia Ban

Ian thu II

ngay 19 - 2 -

Chap hanh Trung uong Dang do Chii tich

1951

Ho Chi Minh trinh bay.
Thong qua bao cao "Ban ve each mang Vi^t
Nam" do dong ehi Truong Chinh trinh bay.

IQ4

Thong qua Bao cao chinh tri, bao cao sua

chira doi Dieu 1^ Dang va thong qua ke

Ta

Ian thu I

Cach mang hai mien c6 quan h ^ mat

hoan thanh cupc each mang dan tpc dan

den Dai hpi Ian thu VIII

Thang 3-1935

mang tung mien; ehi ro v\, vai tro ciia

thiet, g i n bo vdi tac dpng Ian nhau nham

4. Tom tit npi dung mpt so dai hpi tieu bieu ciia Dang: tir Dai hpi Ian thii I

1) Dai hpi

1960

each mang hai mien.

bang dan chii van minh. T h i n g Ipi khang dinh duong lo'i doi mdi ciia Dang la

Thoi gian

each mang ca nuac va nhi^m vy ciia each
each mang tung mien, moi quan hf giiia

hoa, hi^n dai hoa dat nuac nham muc tieu dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hpi cong

Cac Ian

ngay 19 - 12 -

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la'n thii III

Dai hpi de ra nhi^m vu chie'n lupc ciia

Dang. Ho Chi Minh dupe bau lam Chii tich
Dang, Le Duan gii> chiic Bi t h u thii nha't

H

ciia Dang.
4) Dai hpi

Tir ngay 14 den

Da de ra duong loi xay dyng chii nghia xa

Ian thii IV

ngay 20 - 12 -

hpi trong pham vi ca nude, duong loi chung

1976

each mang xa hpi chii nghia va dudng loi
xay dyng kinh te trong thai ki qua dp.
Dai hpi quyet dinh phuang hudng, nhi?m
vy va mye tieu ciia ke hoach Nha nude

'J

5 nam (1976 - 1980), la xay dung xa hpi chu
nghia, nham hai mye tieu ca ban: xay dung

Thao luan va quyet djnh nhieu chinh sach

mot bmc ca sa vat chat - ki thuat cua chu nghta

CO ban ve cong tac xay dung va ciing co

xa hoi, bmc dau hinh thanh ca cd'u kinh temai
I AC


cong

nghiep

Ian

den ngay 1 - 7 -

d u o n g loi d o i m o i , de ra chii t r u o n g , nhiem

1996

vu trong n h i e m k i m o i .

nghicp

vd cdi thien

mot

thii'

VIII

Khang d j n h tiep tuc n i m vCrng hai n h i e m
v u chien luge xay d y n g va bao v ^ to quoe

Da d a n h gia t i n h h i n h dat nuoc, kiem
Tix ngay 15 den

d i e m s u lanh dao ciia D a n g , vai tro quan l i

Ian t h u V I

ngay 18 - 12 -

cua N h a nuac t r o n g thap k i dau ca nuoc d i

1986

len chu nghla xa h p i , t u d o xac d j n h n h i e m

xa hoi chii nghla.
De ra p h u o n g h u o n g , n h i e m v u , m u c tieu

L

v u , m u c tieu ciia each m a n g t r o n g thai k i

T h a i k i l i c h sii

K h i n g d j n h tiep tuc d u o n g loi chung each

tranh chong thuc dan, p h o n g kien t r o n g p h o n g trao each

d u n g k i n h te xa hoi chu nghla d o cac dai

I'i) 1930-

hoi I V va V cua D a n g de ra.
hoi t r o n g t h o i k i qua d o tiep tuc d u o c cu the

ji

Phong trao da the hien d u g c vai tro lanh dao ciia D a n g

trong thuc tien dau tranh each m a n g . The hien d u g c sue

s/

hoa tren ca so nang cao n h a n thuc ve dac

m a n h ciia lien m i n h eong - nong.

up

d i e m t h o i k i qua d o len chu nghla xa hoi 6

D a y la eugc dien tap Ian dau tien chuan bj cho Cach

ro

tap t r u n g

sue

m a n g thang Tam n a m 1945.

/g

can

om

n g u a i , sue cua thuc hien bang d u g c nhiem
tevd

.c

v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chimng tnnh kinh

p h o n g trao.

Da tong ket, d a n h gia viee thuc h i ^ n

ce

Den thang 3 - 1935, sau k h i p h o n g trao each m a n g d u g c

d u o n g l o i d o i m o i cua D a i hoi V I , de ra chu

fa

phuc h o i . D a n g ta tien hanh D a i hgi Ian t h u nha't de eiing

t r u o n g , nhiem v u n h a m ke thua, phat huy

C O to chuc D a n g va vaeh ra p h u o n g h u o n g lanh dao,

w.

6 -

nhCrng thanh t u u , u u d i e m da dat dugc;

chuan bj cho m o t p h o n g trao each m a n g m o i .

k h i c phuc nhCrng kho khan, ye'u k e m mac

T r u o e n h i i n g bien doi ciia t i n h h i n h the g i o i va t r o n g

phai t r o n g b u o c dau d o i m o i .
Q u y e t d j n h m o t so van de ve chien luge
lau d a i . D o la t h o n g qua " C u o n g ITnh xay

d u o i su lanh dao ciia Dang, cac chien sT cgng san va quan

c h i i n g nhan dan van kien t r i dau tranh de hoi phuc

ww

1991

27 -

1935

bo

xud't khd'u.
ngay

Mac dau bj thuc dan Phap dan ap, k h i i n g bo n h u n g
5) 1932-

ok

luang thuc, thuc pham, hang tieu dung vd hang

m a n g 1930 - 1931 ma d i n h cao la X6 viet N g h ^ - T i n h .

dan Phap va p h o n g kien tay sai.

Ta

1

1990,

1931

Phong trao da giang m o t d o n quyet liet vao bgn thuc

De ra d u o n g loi xay d u n g chu nghla xa

den n a m

V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g

Vifa m o i ra d o i . D a n g da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau

m a n g xa hoi chu nghla va d u o n g loi xay

1986

k e h o a c h k i n h te - xa hgi 5 n a m 1996 - 2000.

« . V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g d o i v o i t h a n g I g i ciia each m a n g V i f t N a m

doi m o i .

Viet N a m . T r u o c mat, t r o n g 5 n a m tir nam

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5) D a i h o i

Ian t h u V I I

hifn

T u ngay

lao dgng.

Tir ngay 24 den

dat n u o c thuc

7) Dai hoi

bif&c dffi so'n<^ vat chd't vd van hod cua nhdn dan

6) D a i h o i

ket 10 n a m

cd nieac ma bo phdn chu ye'u Id ca cd'u

- nong

28-6

Tong

twng

nude. D a n g ta chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien
J) 1936-1939

luge, sach luge d i den thuc hien eugc v a n d g n g dan chii
voi muc tieu dau tranh doi t u do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh.

d u n g dat nuoe trong t h o i k i qua d o d i len

Q u a eugc van d g n g dan chii 1936 - 1939, D a n g da tap

chu nghla xa h o i " va "Chien luge on d j n h va

h g p d u g c m o t lue l u g n g c h i n h t r j quan ehung d o n g dao

phat trien k i n h te - xa hoi den n a m 2000".

va sir d u n g d u g c nhieu hinh thire dau tranh p h o n g p h u .

De ra nhiem v u , m u c tieu k i n h te - xa h o i
ciia k e h o a c h 5 n a m (1991 -1995).

D a y la eugc d i e n tap Ian thir hai chuan bj cho Cach

m a n g thang Tam nam 1945.


4) 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5
• a-

K h i Chie'n tranh the g i o i t h i i hai b u n g no, t h y c dan

6) 1954

Sau k h i H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o n a m 1954 d u p e k i ke't, m i e n
BSc nuoc ta d u p e hoan toan giai p h o n g , n h u n g m i e n N a m

Sau d o N h a t nhay vao D o n g D u o n g cau ke't v o i Phap dan

con b i de quoc M i va tay sai t h o n g t r j . D a n g ta da lanh

ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. V a n m ? n h cac dan tpc D o n g

dao nhan dan ta tie'n hanh hai n h i ^ m v u chie'n lupc: Xay

D u o n g bj de doa n g h i ^ m t r p n g .

d y n g chu nghia xa h p i 6 m i e n Bac va d a u tranh giai

T r u o c t i n h h i n h do. D a n g ta t r i ^ u tap H p i n g h i T r u n g

p h o n g dan tpc 6 m i e n N a m .

u o n g thang 11 - 1939 va H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8

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Tie nam 1954 den nam 1960:

(5 - 1941). Cac h p i n g h i nay da de ra va hoan c h i n h chu

','

' •

D o i v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n d a n m i e n

t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien l u p c cho each mang,

Bac tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phue k i n h te^ han
gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh, tien hanh cai tao xa h p i chii

dat v a n de giai p h o n g dan tpc len hang d a u , xay d u n g

nghia.

mat tran Vi?t M i n h , chuan b i luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , luc
l u p n g v u trang, can c u dja each m a n g , da d o n va chop

D o i v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g de ra N g h j quye't 15 (1 - 1959),

t h o i CO lanh dao n h a n ta v i i n g day c u o p c h i n h quyen,

N g h j quye't chu t r u o n g cho d o n g bao m i e n N a m co the

d u a Cach m a n g thang T a m den thang I p i cuol c i i n g .

d u n g l y c l u p n g v u trang ke't h p p v o i luc l u p n g chinh trj

T h a n g I p i eiia Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 da dap

de dau tranh chong M i - D i ? m . D u o i anh sang cua N g h i

tan hai tang xieng xich cua Phap - N h a t ; d u a nuoc ta t u

quye't 15, dortg bao mien N a m da l a m nen cupc D o n g

Ta

m p t nude thupc dja nua p h o n g kien t r o t h a n h m p t nuoc

ro

Sau Cach m a n g thang T a m , dat n u o c ta gap m u o n vang

up

t r o t h a n h n g u o i l a m chii dat nuoc.

s/

dpc lap CO chu q u y e n ; d u a dan tpc ta t u than p h a n no le

k h o i cuoi n a m 1959 dau n a m 1960, dua each m a n g m i e n

N a m tien len m p t buoe phat trien nhay v p t .
Tif nam 1961 den nam

1965:

D o i v o i m i e n B3c: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n dan xay
d y n g CO so vat chat - k i thuat cho chu nghia xa h p i , thuc

dan, n h i r n g chinh sach d o i ngoai m e m deo, n h o vay ta da

hi?n ke'hoach nha nuoc 5 n a m (1961 - 1 9 6 5 ) .

om

/g

k h o khan. D a n g da de ra n h i r n g c h i n h sach d o l d p i d u n g

.c

g i i i v u n g dupe chinh quyen va xay d u n g dupe nen m o n g cho

ok

che'dp m o i , bao v? dupe thanh qua Cach mang thang Tam.

bo

K h i thue dan Phap t r o lai xam lupc nuoc ta. D a n g ta da

fa

ce

de ra d u o n g loi khang chien: Toan d a n , toan dien, lau dai

w.

va t u l y c canh sinh va lanh dao nhan dan ta k h a n g chien.
Sau gan 9 n a m khang chie'n t r u o n g k i , gian kho, nhan

ww

5)1945 - 1 9 5 4

-1975

Phap tang c u a n g dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g .

D61 v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n

N a m danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i ^ t " cua M I ,
dua each mang mien N a m tien len m p t buoc phat trien m o i .
Tif nam 1965 den nam

1968:

D o l v o i m i e n Bac: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan d a n h bai
cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nhat ciia M I , bao v?

dan ta da Ian l u p t d a n h bai m p i am m u u va t h u doan cua

v i i n g chac m i e n Bac, chi v i ^ n day d i i , k i p t h o i cho each

thuc d a n Phap va b p n can thiep M I , d u a cupc k h a n g chie'n

mang mien N a m .

den thanh cong.

D o l v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n m i e n N a m

T h a n g I p i cua cupc khang chie'n eho'ng Phap da cha'm

dau tranh d a n h bai chie'n lupc " C h i e n tranh eye b p " cua

d u t cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc, d o n g t h o i cha'm d u t ach

M I . C u n g v o i thang Ipi ciia q u a n dan m i e n Bac, bupc M I

t h o n g t r j ciia thuc dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t the k i tren da't

p h a i chap nhan ngoi vao ban d a m p h a n o H p i nghj Pari.

n u o c ta; m i e n Bac nuoc ta d u p e giai p h o n g , chuyen sang
giai doan each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia, tao co so de nhan
dan ta giai p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat To quoc.

Tif nam 1969 den nam

1973:

D o l v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao nhan d a n d a n h
bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai cua M I , tao nen
IQQ


m o t " D i # n Bien Phu tren k h o n g " . M i e n Bac tie'p tuc tro

den H o i n g h i Vecxai Ban yen sack cua nhan dan An Nam.

thanh hau p h u o n g Ian cho tien tuyen Ion 6 m i e n N a m .

yeu sach d o i C h i n h p h i i Phap va cac nuoc d o n g m i n h thira

D o l v o i mien N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n
N a m danh bai chien luge

" V i ^ t N a m hoa"

va

nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chii va q u y e n b i n h dSng ciia

"Dong

nhan dan A n N a m . Giira n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc

D u o n g hoa" chien t r a n h ciia MT. C u n g v o i thang Igi ciia

ban So thdo Ian thu nha't luan cwang vevd'n dcddn toe thuoc dia.

quan dan m i e n Bac, buQC M I phai chap n h a n lei ke't H i e p

L u a n c u o n g ciia Lenin da g i u p N g u y e n A i Quoc k h ^ n g

d j n h Pari nam 1973.

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d i n h m u o n ciru nuoc va giai p h o n g dan tpc la phai d i theo

TiV nam 1973 den nam 1975: D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta

con d u o n g each m a n g v6 san.

chop t h o i CO, T o n g tien cong va noi day m u a Xuan n a m
1975 v o i ba chien djch: Tay N g u y e n , H u e - Da N a n g va

* Chudn bj ve tu tuang, chinh tri vd to chitc cho su thanh

chien d j c h H o C h i M i n h Ijch sir, giai p h o n g hoan toan

lap Dang:

m i e n N a m , thong nha't To quoc.
7) 1975

-1991

N g a y 25 - 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u D a i hoi

D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta khac phuc hau qua chien

cua D a n g Xa hoi Phap va bo phieu tan t h a n h gia nhap Quoc

t r a n h , k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te.
T r u o c nhi>ng k h o khan to Ion cua dat nuoc. D a n g de ra

^ix

d u o n g loi d o i m o i da't nuoc. D u o n g 16'i nay dug'c the hien

Ta
up

ro

cua

s/

dat n u o c da t u n g buoc v u g t qua con k h i i n g hoang va tie'p
Tat cd cdc sif kien tren chi'mg to ran^, vai trb lanh dao

IK

/g

Dang Id nhan toquyel dinh moi thdng loi cua cdch mang Viet

om

Nam.

.c

1911

den nam
1920

nuoc ciia A n g i e r i ,

Maroc,

T u y n i d i . . . N g u y e n Ai Quoc lap ra Hoi lien hiep thuoc dia 6
Pari de tap h o p tat ca n h i r n g n g u o i dan thuoc dia song tren
da't Phap. C o q u a n ngon luan ciia H o i la bao Ngirai cung kho.
N g u o i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dao, Dai

cong nhan...

song

va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phdp
Quoc b i mat r o i nuoc

ok
bo

1923). N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, vira nghien c u u , hoc tap, vie't bai
cho bao Su that ciia D a n g Cong san L i e n X6, tap chi Thu tin

ra con duomg cuu nuoc dung dan:

Ian t h u V (1924), N g u y e n Ai

w.

fa

Quoc tecua Quoc te'Cgng san. Tai D a i hoi Q u o c te'cpng san
Quoc t r i n h bay lap t r u o n g

CUQC

q u a n d i e m ciia m i n h ve v j t r i chien luge ciia each m a n g cac

hanh t r i n h t i m d u o n g c u u nuoc. C u o i nam 1912 N g u o i d i

n u o c thugc dja, ve m o i quan h f giira p h o n g trao cong nhan

M I , cuoi n a m 1913 tir M I t r o ve A n h . N a m 1917, Cach m a n g

a cac n u o c de quoc v o i p h o n g trao each m a n g 6 cac n u o c

t h a n g M u o i Nga b u n g no va thang l o i . N g u y e n A i Q u o c r o i

thuoc dia. N g a y 11 - 11 - 1924, N g u y e n Ai Quoc den Q u a n g

L u a n D o n ( A n h ) ve Pari (Phap). N g u o i t h a m gia boat d o n g

Chau ( T r u n g Quoc). Thang 6 - 1925, N g u y e n Ai Quoc thanh

t r o n g p h o n g trao cong nhan Phap va t i m hieu ve Cach

lap H o i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien de t r u y e n ba c h i i

m a n g thang M u o i N g a . N g a y 1 8 - 6 - 1 9 1 9 , thay mMt n h i r n g

nghia Mac - L e n i n ve Viet N a m .

n g u o i V i ^ t N a m yeu nuoc t^ii Phap, N g u y e n A i Quoc giri
200

c i m g v o i m o t so' n g u o i yeu

* Tim duang cuu nuoc, den vai chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tint

N g a y 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , r o i ben cang N h a R o n g bat dau

Tir nam

1925

te C p n g san va thanh lap D a n g Cong san Phap. N a m 1921,

Phap sang L i e n X6 d u Hoi nghi Quoc te'Nong dan (Thang 10 -

ce

Su ki^n

ww

T h o i gian

1945

1920

(1925). T h a n g 6 - 1923, N g u y e n Ai

6, Nhirng cong hien to Ion cua Nguyen A i Quoc - Ho C h i m i n h doi voi lich
s u dan tpc ta tu nam 1911 den nam

nam

den n a m

t r o n g N g h j quyet Dai hpi Ian t h u V I (12 - 1986). N h o vay,
tuc tien len.

Ban

1

201


A?/ duefng H5G L/ch Si? 12 - Jhs. Truong N0(>c Thai

Tny-nvrm

* Sang lap ra Dang Cgng san Viet Nam:

MI V LVVH Knan§ yiptr

T r o n g k h i chii t r p n g t o i cong n h a n va n o n g dan, N g u o i

~~'

N a m 1929, ba to chuc cpng san noi tie'p nhau ra d o i 6 V i ^ t

c i i n g T r u n g u o n g Dang con tranh t h u tap h p p r p n g rai cac

N a m : D o n g D u o n g Cpng san dang; A n N a m Cpng san dang
T u n a m 1929

tang l o p khac n h u sinh vien, hoc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san d a n

va D o n g D u o n g Cpng san lien doan. Su hoat d p n g rieng le

den nam

cua ba to chuc nay gay anh h u o n g k h o n g tot den tien t r i n h

tpc vao mat tran cuu nuoc. N a m 1943, D a n g d u a ra ban De

1930

each m a n g , can phai h p p nhat. N g u y e n A i Quoc thay mat

cuang Van hod Viet Nam, van d p n g thanh lap Hoi van hod cuu
quoc Viet Nam va dang Dan chu Viet Nam d u n g t r o n g M a t

Quoc te'Cpng san to chuc va chii t r i H p i n g h j h p p nhat ba to

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tran V i ^ t M i n h .

chuc cpng san de d i den t h o n g nhat thanh lap D a n g Cpng

- Luc luang vu trang: C i i n g v o i vi^e xay d u n g luc l u p n g

san Viet N a m . H p i nghj con thao luan va t h o n g qua C h i n h

c h i n h t r j , cong tac xay d y n g luc l u p n g v u trang each m a n g

c u o n g van tat, Sach lupc vin tat, D i e u 1$ v a n tSt do N g u y e n

d u p e H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g dac biet coi t r p n g .

A i Quoc soan thao. Day la C u o n g ITnh c h i n h t n dau tien ciia

Sau cupc k h o i nghla BMc Son that bai, m p t bp phan luc

D a n g n h a m vach ra nhCmg net co ban nhat ve d u o n g loi

l u p n g k h o i n g h l a v u t r a n g c h u y e n sang xay d u n g t h a n h

chien lupc va sach lupc cho each m a n g V i ^ t N a m .
* Ciing

Trung

ucmg Dang

huong chi dao chien

hodn

chinh

chii trucmg

n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h hoat d p n g 6 n h i r n g c u d i a Bac Son -

chuyen

Vu Nhai.

luoc:

Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh t h e g i o i t h u hai b i i n g no. M o t

Ta

Buoc san^ n a m 1941, n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h Bac Son

s/

t h o i gian sau, nuoc Phap bj Due chien d o n g (6 - 1940).

ro

Ipi cho each m a n g Vi?t N a m . N g a y 28 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i
1939

Quoc ve nuoc, tai Pae Bo - Cao Bang, N g u o i da to chuc va

den

nam

chii t r i H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g D a n g Ian t h u 8 ( t u 10 den 19 -

om

/g

Tir nam

.c

5 - 1941) de hoan thanh chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao

ok

chien lupe dupe de ra t r o n g H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g thang 11

bo

n a m 1939. D o la: G i u o n g cao h o n nua n g p n eo giai p h o n g

ce

dan tpc. Giai quyet van de dan toe t r o n g k h u o n k h o tirng

fa

n u o c D o n g D u o n g , thanh lap M a t tran Viet M i n h . De ra ehii

m a n h len va thong nhat lai thanh Trung doi citu quoc quan I
(14 - 2 - 1941). C i r u quoc quan phat d p n g chien tranh d u
k i c h t r o n g 8 thang (tir thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 - 1942) de
d o i p h o v o i s u vay quet cua dich, sau d o phan tan thanh
n h i e u bp p h a n de chan c h i n h luc l u p n g , gay d u n g co so
c h i n h t r i t r o n g q u a n c h u n g tai cac t i n h T h a i

Nguyen,

T u y e n Q u a n g , L a n g Son. N g a y 15 - 9 - 1941, Trung doi citu
quoc U ra d o i .
N g a y 22 - 1 2 -1944, H o C h i M i n h chi thj thanh lap Doi Viet
Nam

phan phat trien len Tong k h o i nghla k h i t h o i eo thuan I p i ,

d a n h thang lien tie'p 6 hai tran 6 Phay K h a t va N a N g a n

dat n h i e m v u chuan bj k h o i nghla v u trang la t r u n g tam.

(Cao Bang). Can eu Cao - BSc - Lang d u p e eung eo va m o

w.

t r u o n g k h o i nghia gianh c h i n h quyen, tir k h o i nghla t i m g

ww

1945

up

N g a y luc ay, N g u y e n A i Quoc nhan d i n h day la t h o i co c6

Ion

* Cung Trung ucmg Dang xay dung luc luang each

mang:

tuyen truyen giai phong quan. Sau k h i ra d o i , d p i da

r p n g . T h a n g 4 - 1945, N g u o i eiing T r u n g u o n g D a n g t r i ^ u

- Luc luang chinh tri: De eo luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , N g u o i sang

tap H p i n g h i Q u a n s u each m a n g BSc K i . H p i n g h i quyet

lap M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h , m p t h i n h thuc m a t tran co to chire

d j n h t h o n g nhat eae lye l u p n g vu trang va nira v u trang;

khap ea nuoc do N g u o i d u n g d a u , la m p t t r u n g tarn doan

tich eye phat trien chien tranh d u kich. N g a y 15 - 5 - 1945,

ke't dau tranh chong Phap - N h a t gianh doe lap. M a t tran

t h y c h i ^ n quyet d i n h ciia H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g

Viet M i n h da thanh lap eac hpi cuu quoc de xay d y n g luc

D a n g , V i ^ t N a m C u u quoc quan va V i ^ t N a m tuyen t r u y e n

l u p n g ehi'nh trj cua quan c h i i n g rpng khap t r o n g ea nuoc.

giai p h o n g quan thong nhat thanh Viet Nam giai phong quan.
~

'

'

203


Cty TNHH MTV PVVH Khane Vi^t

* Ho Chi Minh cung Tning uomg Dang xay dung can cvc each

\. C o n g tac xay d u n g Mat tran ciia Dang ta trong each mang Viet Nam. Bai

mang:

I hpc ve xay dtmg Mat tran ciia D a n g ta.

Cong tac xay d u n g can c u dia each m a n g c u n g d u g c H o

* Cong tac xay dimg Mat tran:

Chi M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u a n t a m . V i i n g BSc Son -

D o xae d j n h cong - nong la lue l u g n g ciia each m a n g .

chuc xay d u n g can c i i each mang: ban dau la can cii' dja Cao

1) 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 3 1

B^ng, den thang 6 - 1945 thanh lap k h u giai p h o n g Viet Bac,

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* Ciing Trung uong Dang lanh dao

H a n che: chua thay dugc kha nang each m a n g cua cac giai

Tong kh&i nghia

thang

cap va tang l o p khae t r o n g xa hoi Viet N a m .

1945:

Can c u vao t i n h h i n h t h e ' g i o i va t r o n g nuoc n h i r n g n a m

N g a y t u ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, k h i nhan d u o c n h i r n g t h o n g t i n

1936 - 1939, d o n g thoi can c u vao chu t r u o n g cua Quoc te

ve N h a t dau hang, H o C h i M i n h cung T r u n g u o n g D a n g va

C o n g san, thuc h i f n chinh sach cua M a t tran N h a n dan

T o n g bo Viet M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khoi nghia loan
quae va ra "Qmn lenh sol"

D a n g ta chi thanh lap " H o i d o n g m i n h p h a n de D o n g
D u o n g " , n h u n g chua thuc h i ^ n dugc.

bau U y ban giai p h o n g d o N g u o i d u n g d a u .
Tain

Mat tran

Thai ki

V i i N h a i d u o c xay d u n g thanh can c u dja each m a n g . To

2) 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 3 9

chinh thuc phap l^nh T o n g k h o i

Phap.

Tai H g i n g h i Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g Cong san

nghla t r o n g ea nuoc.

D o n g D u o n g (thang 7 - 1936), D a n g ta nhan d j n h : ke t h u

T u ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g

n g u y hiem, truoc mat ciia nhan dan D o n g D u o n g k h o n g

luge ciia each m a n g t u san dan q u y e n D o n g D u o n g la
chong de'quoc va p h o n g kien; n h i e m v u true tiep, t r u o c mat

ro

D o n g m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g ; quyet d j n h n h u n g v a n de

thugc dja va tay sai ciia c h i i n g . Xae d j n h n h i e m v u chieh

s/

khoi

nghTa t r o n g ca nuoc, gianh c h i n h q u y e n t r u o c k h i quan

up

Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet d i n h phat d p n g T o n g

phai la thuc dan Phap noi c h u n g ma la bgn phan d o n g

Ta

u o n g D a n g chi dao Hoi nghi loan quae cua Dang h o p 6 Tan

la dau tranh chong che do phan d o n g thugc dja, chong phat

/g

quan t r o n g ve chinh sach d o i noi, d o i ngoai sau k h i gianh

xit, chong n g u y co chien tranh, d o i t u do, dan sinh, dan chii,

om

ditgc c h i n h quyen.

c o m ao va hoa b i n h .

.c

Tiep do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc
dan d u o c tri^u tap 6 Tan Trao. D a i h p i tan t h a n h T o n g k h o i

ok

H g i nghj chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan

nghTa ciia D a n g thong qua 10 c h i n h sach cua Viet M i n h , c u

bo

dan phan de'Dong Duong.
Tai H g i nghj Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g thang 3 - 1938,

M l n h l a m C h u tich. Dai hoi quyet d j n h lay la c6 d o sao v a n g

M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan dan phan de D o n g D u o n g d o i

n a m each lam Quoe k i , bai hat tien quan ca l a m Quoc ca.

thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan chu Dong Duong, ggi tat la Mat

w.

fa

ce

ra U}/ ban dan toe giai phong Viet Nam d o d o n g chi H o C h i

D u o i s u lanh dao eiia D a n g va H o C h i M i n h , Cach m a n g

ww

tran dan chu Dong

thang T a m dien ra t r o n g 15 ngay ( t u ngay 14 den ngay 28 -

Duvng.

K h i Chien tranh the'gioi t h u hai b u n g no, thuc dan Phap

8 - 1945) va nhanh chong gianh d u o c thang I g i .

tang c u o n g dan ap, boc Igt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g , v a n

* Thdo vd doc Tuyen ngon Doe

m ^ n h eac dan tgc D o n g D u o n g bj de doa n g h i e m trgng. De

lap:

Sau k h i CUQC Tong k h o i nghTa thang T a m thang I g i , C h i i

g i a n h dgc lap, phai tap h g p rgng rai lue l u g n g dan toe, xay

tjch H o C h i M i n h thay mat D a n g va C h i n h p h u l a m t h d i

d u n g mat tran dan toe thong nhat. H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian

doe T u y e n ngon Doe lap do chinh N g u o i soan thao. T u y e n

3) 1939

-1945

t h u 6 (11 - 1939) da ehii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong
nhat dan tgc phan de'Dong D u o n g .

n g o n t u y e n bo khai sinh nuoc V i ^ t N a m D a n chii C o n g hoa,

M a t tran t h o n g nhat dan tgc phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g doan

d a n h dau thang Igi hoan toan euge Caenh m a n g thang T a m .

1^'

ket r o n g rai cae tang lop, eac giai cap, eac dan tgc, ke ca ea


W * Bat hoc vexay dung Mat tran:

nhan yeu nuac 6 Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thu

chii yeu truoc m i t la chvi nghia de quoc - phat xi't Phap Nhat, gianh dpc lap dan toe cho cac nuoc Dong Duong.
Den Hpi nghi Trung uong Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) duoi sy chii
tri ciia Nguyen A i Quoc chu truong giai quyet van de dan
toe, tap hgp luc lugng, xay dung mat tran thong nhat dan
tgc cho tung nude 6 Dong Duong. O Vi?t Nam, Dang ta
thanh lapVi^t Nam dgc lap dong minh (ggi tat la Mat tran
Viet Minh).

ta khuynh trong van de xay dyng Mat tran.
Phai dung virng tren lap trudng eiia giai cap cong nhan de xay dung Mat tran.
phuong cham ciia Mat tran la doan ket - dau tranh. Doan ket de dau tranh
y(^i ke thu ed hi^u qua. Dau tranh la de dam bao khoi doan ket trong Mat tran

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(Jugc virng chae han. NhiSng mau thuan trong ngi bg Mat tran la mau thuan
trong ngi bg nhan dan, chi cd the duge giai quyet theo phuong phap dau tranh
^ thuong lugng - nhan nhugng.

Mat tran Viet Minh lien hi?p het thay cac gioi dong bao
yeu nuoc, khong phan bi^t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai,

khong phan bi^t ton giao va xu huong chinh tri, dang ciing
nhau muu cugc dan tgc giai phong va sinh ton.

Khong ngung cving c6' va tang cudng su lanh dao ciia Dang doi vdi cong tae
Ivlat tran, trong dd, mau chdt la eiing co'khoi lien minh cong nong that viing chae.
Cd chii truong, chinh sach doan ket diing dan, dong thdi phai cd hinh thue
to chuc, tap hgp phong phii, linh boat, thi moi hinh thanh duge Mat tran dan

Mat tran V i f t Minh ra doi vao ngay 19 - 5 - 1941 va ton
tai den thang 2 - 1951. Mat tran Vi^t M i n h c6 vai tro to Ion
trong vi^c chuan bj va lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam nam
1945 th^ng Igi.

tgc thong nhat. Hinh thue Mat tran qua cac thdi ki phai thay doi cho phu hgp
vdi yeu cau, nhi^m vu each mang ciia tirng thdi ki. Phai xay dung nhieu Mat

Ta

tran khac nhau.

Sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Dang ta thay Mat

ro

SI... theo sang kien ciia Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh, thang 5 -

8. S\ nghi^p dau tranh ngo?i giao trong tien trinh each mang nuoc ta tu nam

s/

tran Vi^t Minh van chua thu hiit tang lop tren va van nghe

up

4)1945 -1954

1945 den nam 1973
Thdi k i

Nam 1951, do yeu cau ciia cupc khang chie'n va su phat

.c

Thue hien sdch luge hoa hoan vai quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc:

trien ciia each mang. Dang ta da thong nhat hai mat tran

ok

Nhugng cho cac dang Vi?t Quoc, Vi^t Cach tay sai ciia

Vi?t Minh va Lien Vi^t thanh mat tran Lien Vi?t, khoi doan

fa

Sau khi phong trao Dong khoi 1959 - 1960 6 mien Nam
gianh duge thang Igi, do yeu eau ciia each mang mien Nam

w.

5) 1954-1975

ww

sau Dong khoi nen Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong mien Nam

nay

cu, 4 ghe'Bg trudng trong Chinh phii lien h i f p chinh thiic.
Nhan nhugng cho Trung Hoa Dan quoc mot so quyen Igi
ve kinh te, nhu cung cap mgt phan luong thue, thue pham,
phuong ti^n giao thong van tai, cho phep dung tien Trung

giai phong mien Nam Vi^t Nam ra doi da tro thanh nggn c6

Quoc tren thj trudng.

de cuu nude ciiu nha.
den

1)1945 -1946

Vi^t Nam ra doi vao ngay 20 - 12 - 1960. Mat tran Dan tgc
doan ket 14 tri^u dong bao mien Nam dung len dau tranh
6) 1976

Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70 ghe trong quoc hgi khong bau

bo
ce

ket toan dan cang duge tang cuong.

Hoa

Dan quoc va hgn phan each mang d mien Bac

om

Cac to chuc quan chiing cua Mat tran cung ra dai.

Dau tranh ngoai giao
* Truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946: Dau tranh vai quan Trung

/g

1946, Dang ta thanh lap Mat tran Lien Vi#t de thu hiit hp.

N3m vCrng tinh chat dan tgc ciia mat tran, chong tu tudng hiru khuynh va

I

Sau khi da't nude duge dgc lap, hoa binh va thong nhat.
Dang ta hgp nhat cac mat tran trong ca nude thanh lap Mat
tran To quoc Vi?t Nam de doan ket toan dan, xay dung chii
nghla xa hgi trong ca nude.

Doi vai to chuc phan each mang, tay sai cua Trung Hoa Dan
quoc (Viet Quoc, Viet each). Chinh quyen each mang dua vao
quan chiing, kien quyet vaeh tran am muu va hanh dgng

chia re, pha hoai eiia chiing. Nhij-ng ke pha hoai cd dii bang
chung thi bj trung trj theo phap luat. Chinh phii con ban
hanh mgt so sac lenh nh5m tran ap bgn phan each mang.
207


eSi du&ng H9G Ljch Sir 12 - Ths. Tnrcme Ngpc Thai

ngoai giao ciia V i ^ t N a m , che d p t u o n g lai cua

Nhimg bicn phdp sack lucre nhdn nhieang tren day da hqn chc

D u o n g , q u y e n l o i k i n h te'va van hoa ciia n g u o i Phap 6 Vi?t

aic boat dong chohg phd cita Trung Hoa Dan quoc vd tay sai, Idni

Nam.

that bqi dm mim Idt dochinh quycn each mqng ci'ia quart chting.
* Til-ngay 6-3
dayqudn

den 14-9-

1946: Hod hodn vcd Phdp

Ki Hiep dinh Sa bo 6 - 3 - 1946, tqm thai hod hodn vai Phdp,

nhatn

ta trdnh duac cuoc chien dau bat lai vi phai chong lai nhieu ke

Trung Hoa Dan quoc ra khoi nuac ta

thii Cling mot luc, day dugc 20 van quan Trung

Sau k h i chie'm d o n g cac do thj 6 N a m Bo va N a m T r u n g

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Cling CO chinh quyen each mqng, chuan bi luc lugng cho moi

'

D o ta dau tranh kien quye't, cugc d a m p h a n c h i n h thuc

dan Phap dieu d i n h v o i C h i n h p h i i T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc, ki

giira hai C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m va Phap da d u g c to chuc tai

hiep Hoa - Phap (28 - 2 - 1946), theo d o T r u n g Hoa dan

Ph6ng-ten-no-bl6 tie ngay 6-7

quoc d u o c Phap tra lai cac to g i o i va n h u g n g dja ciia Phap

boat d o n g k h i e u khich. Q u a n he V i ^ t - Phap ngay cang cang

cang H a i I^hong va Hoa N a m k h o n g phai d o n g thue. De doi

thang, CO n g u y co no ra chien tranh.

l ^ i , Phap d u g c d u a quan ra Bac thay quan T r u n g H o a Dan

T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , da k i v o i dai

up

s/

Ta

quoc lam nhiem v u giai giap quan N h a t Ban.

ro

chong thuc dan Phap, k h o n g cho c h i i n g do bg len m i e n B^c;

/g

hoac hoa hoan, nhan n h u g n g Phap de tranh t i n h trang phai

om

d o i p h o v o i m g t liic v o i nhieu ke t h i i .

.c

C h i e u 6 - 3 - 1946, tai H a N g i , C h i i t j c h H o C h i M i n h

ok

t h a y m a t C h i n h p h u Vi?t N a m D a n c h i i cgng hoa k i v o i

bo

G. Xanhtoni - dai dien Chinh phu Phap - ban Hiep dinh So bo.

ce

- Noi dung cua Hiep dinh:

fa

C h i n h p h u Phap cong nhan n u o c Viet N a m D a n chu

w.

C o n g hoa la m g t quoc gia t u do, c6 c h i n h p h i i rieng, nghj

ww

vien rieng, quan d g i rieng, tai chinh rieng, va la thanh vien
L i e n bang D o n g D u o n g , nam t r o n g k h o i L i e n h i ^ p Phap.
C h i n h p h u V i ^ t N a m Dan chii C g n g hoa thoa thuan
cho 15000 quan Phap vao m i e n Bac thay quan T r u n g Hoa

- 1946. Cugc d a m phan that

bai. T r o n g liic do tai D o n g D u o n g , q u a n Phap tang c u o n g

tren dat T r u n g Quoc va d u g c van chuyen hang hoa qua

chgn m g t trong hai con d u o n g : hoac cam sung chien dau

mat

cho cuoc khdng chien lau ddi chong thiec dan Phdp.

De tranh d u n g do vox luc l u g n g k h a n g chien cua ta, thuc

H i ? p u6c Hoa - Phap da dat nhan dan ta truoc su lua

Hoa Dan quoc

Cling ban tay sai ra khoi nuac ta, gidnh them thai gian hod btnh

Bo, thuc dan Phap de ra ke hoach tien quan ra BMc nham
t h o n ti'nh ca n u o c ta.

Dong

d i ^ n ciia C h i n h p h i i Phap ban Tqm uac ngay 14 - 9 - 1946,

n h a n n h u g n g Phap m g t so q u y e n Igi k i n h te - v a n hoa 6
V i ^ t N a m . Ban Tarn uoc da tao d i e u k i ^ n cho ta c6 t h e m
t h o i g i a n xay d u n g , c i i n g co luc l u g n g , chuan b i b u o c vao
cugc k h a n g chien toan quoc chong Phap lau d a i .
* Hgi nghi Gioneva nam 1954 ve doc lap, chu quyen, thong
nhat vd todn

Idnh thocua ba nuac Dong

Duong:

Buoc vao d o n g - xuan 1953 -1954, d o n g t h o i v o i cugc tien
cong quan su, ta day m a n h cugc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o
ra kha n5ng giai quye't bang con d u o n g hoa b i n h cugc chien
tranh d Dong Duong.
Thang 1 -1954, H g i n g h i ngoai t r u o n g b o n n u o c L i e n X6,
M I , A n h , Phap h g p tai Beclin da thoa t h u a n ve vi#c t r i f u tap
m g t hgi n g h i quoc t e d G i o n e v o de giai quye't van de Trieu
Tien va lap lai hoa b i n h d D o n g D u o n g .

D a n quoc lam n h i e m v y giai phap quan N h a t , so quan nay

N g a y 8 - 5 -1954, H g i n g h j G i o n e v o bat dau thao luan

se d o n g 6 n h i i n g dia d i e m quy d j n h va r i i t d a n t r o n g t h o i

ve van de lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g . Phai doan c h i n h

han 5 nam.

p h i i ta do Pho T h i i t u o n g P h a m V a n D o n g l a m T r u o n g

H a i ben n g i r n g m g i cugc x u n g dot a m i e n N a m va g i u
n g u y e n quan d g i ciia m i n h tai v i t r i cQ, tao k h o n g k h i thuan
Igi cho d i den cugc d a m phan chinh thuc ban cac v a n de

doan c h i n h thuc d u g c m o i h g p . D e n ngay 21 - 7 - 1954,
van ban ciia H g i n g h i dugc k i ke't.

cac


- Noi dung Hiep dinh Gianeva quy dinh:
Cac nuoc tham d u Hpi nghj cam ket ton trpng cac quyen
dan toe co ban la doc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho
ciia ba nuoc Vi?t Nam, Lao, Campuchia; cam ket khong can
thiep vao cong vi^c noi bp cua ba nuoc.

va bat dau noi den thuang lugng vdi V i f t Nam.
) 1954 - 1973

Hpi nghi bon ben ve Vi?t Nam chinh thuc hpp phien dau
tien ngay 2 5 - 1 -1969 tai Pari.

binh tren toan Dong Duong.

Quan diem ciia ta: doi MT nit het quan cua minh va quan

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Cac ben tham chien thuc hien cupc d i chuyen, tap ket

dong minh khoi mien Nam va doi hp ton trpng cac quyen

dpi quan 6 hai vung:

dan tpc CO ban ciia nhan dan Viet Nam va quyen t u quyet

Hi^p djnh cam vi^c dua quan dpi, nhan vien quan sv,

ciia nhan dan mien Nam Vi^t Nam.

vu khi nuoc ngoai vao cac nuoc Dong Duong khong dupe

Phia M l CO quan diem ngupc lai, nhat la van de riit quan,

tham gia bat ki khoi liem minh quan su nao va khong de

doi quan dpi mien Bac cung riit khoi mien Nam, va t u choi

cho nuoc khac dung lanh tho cua minh vao vi^c gay chien

ki d u thao Hi?p dinh do phia V i f t Nam dua ra (10 - 1972)

tranh hoac phuc vu muc dich xam lupc.

de mo cupc tap kich khong quan b5ng may bay B52 va Ha

Viet Nam tien toi thong nhat b^ng cupc tong tuyen cu tu

Noi, Hai Phong trong 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 vai y do

do trong ca nuoc, se dupe to chuc vao thang 7 - 1956 duoi

bupc phia Viet Nam ki d u thao Hiep dinh do M i dua ra.

Ta

su kiem soat va giam sat va kiem soat ciia mot Uy ban quoc

om

Hiep dinh Gianeva 1954 ve Dong Duong la van ban phdp li

.c

quoc teghi nhan cdc quyen dan toe ca ban cm nhdn dan cdc nuac

ok

Dong Duong va duac cdc cuang quoc cung cdc nua tham du Hoi

bo

ce

No ddnh dau thang hi cugc khdng chien chong Phdp, song chua

fa

tron ven vt mai gidi phong duac mien Bac. Cugc dau tranh each

ww

w.

mqng van phdi tiep tuc nhSm gidi phong mien Nam, thong nhat
dd't nuac.

Vai Hiep dinh Gianeva, Phdp bugc phdi cham diet chien tranh
xdm luge, rut hel quan dgi venudc; de quoc Mi that hai trong dm
muu keo ddi, ma rgng, quoc te hod chien tranh xdm luge Dong
Duong.
* Hgi nghi Pari veViet

Nam:

Ngay 31 - 3 - 1968, sau don bat ngo ctia cupc Tong tien

cong va noi day Tet Mau Than cua quan ta, Gionxon tuyen
bo ngung nem bom ban pha mien Bac t u vT tuyen 20 tro ra
210

up

ro

/g

ki hi^p djnh Gionevo va nhiing nguoi ke tuc hp.

nghi cam ket ton trong.

s/

te (trong do A n Dp lam chu tich, cung hai nuoc Ba Lan va
Trach nhi?m thi hanh Hi?p djnh thupc ve nhung nguoi

giua dai di?n Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va
dai dif n Chinh phii Hoa Ki 6 Pari hpp phien dau tien.

Cac ben tham chien thuc hi?n ngirng ban, lap lai hoa

Canada).

Ngay 13 - 5 - 1968, cupc thuang lupng chinh thuc hai ben,

Nhung M l da that bai, Viet Nam da dap tan cupc tap kich
khong quan bang may bay B52 ciia M , lam nen tran "Trdn

Dim Bien Phii tren khong", sau do bupc Mi tro lai k i d y thao
Hiep djnh Pari do ta dua ra truoc do.
H i f p dinh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap la: hoa binh a
Viet Nam dupe ki tat ngay 23 - 1 - 1973 giua dai di?n hai
chinh phu Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va Hoa K i , va k i
chinh thuc ngay 27 - 1 - 1973 giiia bon Bp truong dai di^n
cho cac chinh phu tham d u hpi nghj tai Pari. Hi|p dinh Pari
bat dau CO hi^n luc tir ngay ki chinh thiie.
- Noi dung Hiep djnh gom nhitng dieu khodn co ban:
Hoa K i va cac nuoc cam ket ton trpng dpc lap, chu quyen,
thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia Vi?t Nam.
Cupc ngung ban 6 mien Nam Vi?t Nam dupe thuc hi^n
vao 24 gia ngay 27 - 1 -1973. Hoa Ki cam ket cham dut mpi
hoat dpng quan su chong mien Bac Vi^t Nam.
Hoa Ki riit het quan dpi cua minh va quan dong minh
trong thoi han 60 ngay ke tu khi ki hi?p djnh, huy bo cac
can cu quan sy M i , cam ket khong tiep hie dinh liu quan su
hoac can thi^p vao cong vi|c npi bp ciia mien Nam Vi^t
Nam.


-ujy r/vrm TvnvT'TTTTKnangyTVT

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1948 - 1950:

N h a n dan m i e n N a m Viet N a m t u quyet d j n h t u o n g lai
c h i n h t r j t h o n g qua tong tuyen cir t u do, k h o n g c6 s u can

Ve chinh tri: D a u n a m 1 9 4 9 , C h i n h p h u quyet d j n h to chuc bau c u Hoi dong

thiep cua nuoc ngoai.

nhan dan va Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh cac cap. T h a n g 6 - 1 9 4 9 , M a t tran V i ^ t

H a i m i e n N a m - Bac Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve vi^c

M i n h va H g i L i e n Vi?t quyet d i n h tien toi t h o n g nhat hai to chuc.

t h o n g nhat da't nuoc k h o n g c6 sy can thi^p cua nuoc ngoai.

Vekinh

de'quoc, bgn p h a n d g n g .

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no, chia lai r u g n g da't cong, tam cap r u g n g dat v a n g chii, r u g n g da't cap t u tay

Cac ben cong nhan thyc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m c6 hai
c h i n h q u y e n , hai quan d o i , hai v u n g k i e m soat va ba luc

C o n g n g h i e p va t h u cong nghi^p phat trien theo q u y m o n h o va p h a n tan,

l u g n g chinh t r i (luc l u g n g each mang, luc l u g n g hoa b i n h

chu t r g n g cong nghiep dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc p h o n g , dap u n g n h u

t r u n g lap va luc l u g n g chinh q u y e n Sai Gon).

cau can thie'l ye'u cua d o i song va chien d a u .

H o a K i cam ket gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g

Tren mat tran van hod, gido due: N a m 1 9 4 8 , tai H g i nghj v a n hoa toan quo'c,

chien t r a n h 6 Viet N a m va D o n g D u o n g tien t o i thiet lap

Tong Bi t h u T r u o n g C h i n h dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc va van de van hod Viet

q u a n he m o i , b i n h dang va cung c6 Igi giira hai nuoc.

Nam,

Uiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thang lai cua su ke\

gim

Phong trao " B i n h dan hgc v u " va giao due p h o t h o n g cac cap d u g c d u y t r i

ket qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien cuang, bat khud't cua quan dan ta

va phat t r i e n . T h a n g 7 - 1 9 5 0 , C h i n h p h u de ra chii t r u o n g cai each giao due

Ta

a hai mien da't nuoc, mo ra buac ngoqt mai cua cuoc khang chien

pho t h o n g .

ro

Voi Hiep dinh Pari, Mi phdi cong nhan cac quyen dan tgc co

/g

Do Id thang loi
dan ta tick

om

lich sie quan trong, tqo ra thai ca thuqn lai denhdn

ok

.c

len gidi phong todn mien Nam.

bo

9. Cong tac xay dimg hau phuong trong khang chien chong Phap va chong MI

ce

-1954)

fa

a) Khang chien chong Phdp (1945

-1947

w.

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhitng nam 1946

ww

Ve chinh tri, C h i n h p h i i quyet d i n h chia ca nuoc thanh 1 4 k h u h a n h chinh.
Cac l i y ban h a n h chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh de thuc
hien n h i e m v u k h a n g chien va kien quoc. M a t tran d a n tgc t h o n g nhat dugc
m o rgng, thanh lap H g i Lien H i e p quoc dan Viet N a m (Lien Viet).
Ve kinh te, C h i n h p h i i de ra cac c h i n h sach n h a m d u y t r i va phat trien san
xuat, truoc he't la san xuat l u o n g thuc.
hod, p h o n g trao b i n h dan hoc v u tiep tuc d u g c d u y t r i va phat trien.

T r u o n g pho t h o n g cac cap d u g c xay d u n g . Viec cham soc sue khoe cho nhan
dan d u g c chu t r o n g .

up

s/

cho'ng Ml cuu nu&c cua dan toe.
ban cm nhan dan ta, phai rut he't quan venudc.

neu ro nen v a n hoa m o i each m a n g Viet N a m d u g c xay d u n g theo

p h u o n g cham: D a n tgc - Khoa hgc - D a i c h i i n g .

dau tranh quan su dau tranh chinh tri va dau tranh ngoai giao, la

Vevdn

te: C h i n h p h u ra cac sac l?nh g i a m to 2 5 % , g i a m tuc, hoan n g , xoa

H a i ben tien hanh trao tra tu b i n h va d a n t h u o n g bj bSt.

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1951

-1953:

Ve chinh tri: T u ngay 3 den ngay 7 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , D a i hgi toan quoc t h o n g nhat
M a t tran Viet M i n h va H g i L i e n V i ^ t thanh m o t mat t r a n d u y nhat, lay ten la
Mat tran Lien hiep quoc dan Viet Nam ( M a t tran L i e n Vi$t).

Ngay 1 1 - 3 - 1951,

thanh lap Lien minh nhan dan Viet - Mien - Lao n h a m tang c u o n g h o n nCra t i n h
doan ket giCra n h a n dan ba nuoc t r o n g cuoc dau t r a n h chong ke t h u c h u n g la
thuc dan Phap va can thiep M I .

Phong trao t h i dua yeu n u o c ngay cang an sau, Ian r g n g t r o n g cac nganh,
cac g i o i l a m nay n o n h i e u d o n v i , ca nhan u u t u . N g a y 1 - 5 - 1 9 5 2 , D a i hgi anh
h u n g va chien sT t h i d u a toan quoc Ian t h i i nhat da tong ket, bieu d u o n g thanh
tich cua p h o n g trao t h i dua ai quoc va bau chgn 7 anh h u n g . D o la: CM Chinh
Lan, La Van Cau, Nguyen Quoc Tri, Nguyen Thi Chien, Ngd Gia Khdm, Tran

Dai

Nghia, Hodng Hanh.
Vekinh te: N a m 1 9 5 2 , C h i n h p h u de ra cuoc v a n d g n g san xuat va t h u c hanh
tiet k i ^ m . Cugc v a n d g n g da l o i cuon m g i nganh, m g i g i o i t h a m gia. San xuat
t h u cong n g h i e p va cong nghiep ve co ban dap i m g n h u cau ve cong cu san
xuat n h i r n g m a t hang thiet yeu cua d o i song.
D i d o i v o i day manh san xuat, Chinh p h i i de ra n h i m g chinh sach nham chan
chinh che do thue'khoa, xay d u n g nen tai chinh, ngan hang, t h u o n g nghiep.

"


* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1961 -1965:

De b o i d u o n g sue dan, nha't la nong dan, dau n a m 1953 D a n g va C h i n h p h u

Trong thai gian nay, mien BSc thue hi^n ke'hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1961 -1965).

quyet d j n h phat d p n g quan c h i i n g t r i f t de giam to va cai each r u p n g da't.
T u thang 4 - 1953 den thang 7 - 1954, ta thuc h i ^ n 5 d g t g i a m to va m g t dgt

N h i e m v u eo ban eiia ke'hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va n o n g

eai each r u p n g da't a 53 xa thuoe v i i n g t u do Thai N g u y e n , Thanh Hoa. Deh

nghiep, tie'p tuc cong eupe eai tao xa h p i ehii nghla, cung eo va tang c u a n g

euol n a m 1953, t u L i e n K h u I V t r o ra, each m a n g da t a m cap eho n o n g dan

thanh phan k i n h te quo'e d o a n h , eai thien m p t buoe d o i song vat chat va van

184.000ha r u o n g da't

hoa cua nhan dan lao d p n g , c u n g eo quoc p h o n g , tang c u a n g trat t u va an n i n h

Ve van hod, gido due, y te: Ta tie'p tuc euoe eai each giao due ( t u n a m

1950)

xa h p i .

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thue h i ^ n theo ba p h u a n g cham: phuc vu khdng ehie'n, phue vu dan sink, phuc vu

Ve k i n h te: N g a n h cong nghiep dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . N o n g

sdn xud't, gan nha t r u o n g v o l d o i song xa hoi. Van n g h | si hang hai t h a m nhap

nghiep, t u n a m 1961, cae dia p h u a n g thue hien ehii t r u o n g xay d u n g h p p tae

m o i m a t eua d o i song, ehien dau va san xua't, h u o n g u n g l a i day eiia H o Chi

xa san xua't n o n g nghiep bac cao.

M i n h "Khdng ehien hod van hod va van hod khdng ehie'n".

T h u o n g nghiep quo'e d o a n h dupe N h a n u a e u u tien phat t r i e n nen da chie'm

Cong tae van d o n g ve sinh p h o n g b?nh, thue h i ^ n d o i song m o i , bai t r u me

l i n h t h i t r u o n g , g o p phan phat trien k i n h te. C l i n g eo'quan h$ san xua't m o i , on

t i n d j doan ngay eang eo t i n h chat quan c h i i n g r o n g Ion. C o n g tae cham lo sue

d i n h va eai t h i ^ n d o i song n h a n dan.

khoe eho nhan dan d u p e coi t r p n g . B^nh v i f n , benh xa, p h o n g y te, t r a m euu

T r o n g giao t h o n g : H ^ tho'ng giao t h o n g d u o n g bp, d u o n g sat, d u o n g lien

t h u o n g d u p e xay d u n g khap n o i .

t i n h , lien h u y ^ n , d u a n g song, d u o n g hang k h o n g d u p e c i i n g c6'. Viee d i lai

* Tdc dung cua hqu phuctng trong nhung nam 1951 -1953:

t r o n g n u a e va giao t h o n g quo'e te'thuan Ipi h o n .

up

d i n h den thang I p i eua ehien t r u o n g true tie'p gop phan vao thang I p i tren mat

s/

ehie'n gianh thang Ipi euo'i eiing. H a u p h u a n g la nhan to' t h u o n g xuyen quyet

Ta

C u n g cap day d i i , k i p t h a i sue n g u o i va sue eua de d a m bao eho eupe khang

ro

tran quan s u t r o n g nhi>ng nam 1951 - 1953; Chien eupe D o n g - X u a n 1953 -

/g

1954 va ehien djeh Ijeh sir D i ^ n Bien P h i i .

om

D a p u n g n h u eau bue thie't eiia eupe khang chien, day m a n h s u n g h i ^ p quoc

.c

p h o n g , tao tien de (chinh quyen, eo so k i n h te, van hoa xa hpi) de tie'n len ehii

ok

nghla xa h p i sau nay.

bo

b) Khdng chien chong Mi (1954 -1975)

ce

* Xay dung hau phuang mien Bac trong nhicng nam 1954 -1960:

w.

k i n h te'va han gan vet t h u o n g ehie'n tranh.

fa

Sau k h i hoa b i n h lap lai, m i e n BSe tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phuc

Ve giao due, y te: H e tho'ng giao due t u p h o thong den dai hpe phat trien

m a n h . H ^ t h o n g y te, cham lo sue khoe d u p e dau t u phat trien. N h u n g loai
djch b ^ n h 6 m i e n Bae eo ban d u p e xoa bo.

* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1965 -1968:
T r o n g t h o i gian nay, m i e n Bac v u a c6 hoa b i n h , v u a phai d o i d a u v o i eupe

chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't eiia MT.
Mae dau vay, m i e n Bac v a n l a m nghla v u hau p h u o n g I a n ciia k h a n g ehie'n
chong MT euu nuoc, m i e n Bae l u o n h u d n g ve m i e n N a m . V i m i e n N a m rupt
thit, m i e n Bac p h a n d a u " M o i nguoi Idm viec bdng hai". V i tien tuye'n keu gpi,
hau p h u o n g s i n sang danh d a p lai "Thoc khdng thieu mot can, quan khdng thieu
mot nguoi".
Tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m m a n g ten H P C h i M i n h tren

chu nghla tren cae ITnh vue cpng nhi^p, thii eong nghiep, t h u o n g n g h i f p nho, cong

bp (dpe day n i i i T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo b o bien) bat dau khai thong t u

t h u o n g nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la h o p tae hoa nong nghiep.

thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay s6^ da noi lien hau p h u o n g v o i tien tuyeh.

ww

T r o n g n h i r n g nam 1958 - 1960, m i e n Bac thue h i ^ n eong eupe eai tao xa hpi

Ke't qua cai tao la da xoa bo eo ban che'dp n g u o i boe Ipt n g u o i , c6 tae d y n g

Qua hai tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc do, t r o n g 4 n a m (1965 - 1968)

thue day san xua't phat trien, nha't la t r o n g dieu k i ^ n ehien tranh, h p p tae xa da

m i e n BMc da d u a h o n 300.000 can bp, bp d p i vap m i e n N a m t h a m gia ehien

bao d a m d o i song vat chat, t i n h than eho n h i r n g n g u o i ra d i chien d a u , phyc

d a u , phuc v u ehie'n da'u, xay d u n g k i n h te, v a n hoa tai cae v i m g giai p h o n g , va

v u ehie'n d a u .

cGng da g u i vao N a m hang ehyc van tan via k h i , dan dupe, quan trang, quan

D o n g t h o i v o i n h i ^ m v u cai tao xa h p i chu nghla, eong n g h i f p quo'e doanh

d u n g , xang d a u , l u o n g thue, thuc p h a m , thuoe men va n h i e u vat d y n g khae.

dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . Den nam 1960, m i e n Bae eo 172 x i nghiep Ion

T i n h c h u n g sue n g u o i , sue eiia t u m i e n Bae d i u y e n vao N a m t r o n g 4 n a m da

do T r u n g u o n g q u a n l i , tren 500 x i nghiep do dia p h u o n g quan l i .

tang gap 10 Ian so v o i t h o i k i truoe.

214


* Xdy dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1969 - 1973:

^harLJ:

Tren k h 5 p m i e n Bac day len p h o n g trao t h i dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao d p n g
san xua't, n h 3 m t r u o c he't k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te - xa h p i .

I

Trong nong nghiep, chan nuoi duoc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hgp tac xa

SO THE

QIOI H E N D A I

N H U N G V A N D E ZQ B A N C U A L I C H S U T H E G I O I H I E N D A I

I

tich eye ap d u n g tien bo khoa hoc k l thuat, nhieu bien phap tham canh tang v u .

LICH

(tu ndm 1917 den ndm 1945)

I, C A C H M A N G T H A N G MLfCJI N G A N A M 1917

T r o n g cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep t r u n g u a n g va dja p h u o n g tan

VA CONG

CUQC

XAY D l / N G C H U N G H I A XA HQI 6 LIEN X 6

pha d u p e k h o i phuc nhanh chong. N h i e u cong t r i n h d a n g l a m dang d o dupe
,

He thong giao thong van tai, nha't la cac t u y e n giao t h o n g ehien lupe, bj pha

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1. T i n h hinh nuoc Nga truoc each mang

u u tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, d u a vao hoat d p n g .

D a u the k i XX, N g a van la m o t nuoc quan ehu chuyen che, d u n g dau la N g a

hoang N i c o l a i I I . Su ton tai ciia che dp quan chu va nhi>ng tan tich phong kien

hoai nang ne d u p e khan t r u o n g k h o i phuc.

k i m h a m nang ne s y phat trien ciia chii nghla t u ban 6 N g a . N a m 1914, Nga

Van hod, giao due, y te, cCing nhanh chong d u p e k h o i phuc va phat trien. D o i

hoang da day nhan dan N g a vao eupc chien tranh de'quoc, gay nen n h i i n g hau

song n h a n d a n on d j n h .
T r o n g k h i m i e n Bac tap t r u n g xay d u n g hau p h u o n g t h i M l tien hanh eupc

qua n g h i e m t r p n g cho dat nuoc. Phong trao phan d o i chien t r a n h , d o i lat d o

chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian t h u hai, m i e n Bac phai v u a san xua't v u a chong ehien

che d p N g a hoang Ian r p n g khap trong nuoc. C h i n h phu N g a hoang ngay cang

tranh pha hoai cua M l .

to ra bat lye, k h o n g eon kha nang tiep tuc t h o n g t r i d u p e nvta. N u o c Nga da

T r o n g d i e u k i e n t u o n g d o i hoa b i n h , ca t r o n g chien t r a n h pha hoai, mien

tien sat tai m o t eupc each m a n g .

Bac da tap t r u n g I a n kha nang ve lue l u p n g va p h u o n g tien de khae phuc k i p

2. Cach mang thang H a i nam.1917

Ta

t h o i hau qua ciia nhij-ng tran d a n h pha ae liet, v u p t qua nhi>ng eupc bao vay

Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang hai bat dau t u thang 2 - 1 9 1 7 . M o dau la

-1975:

/g

* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1973

ro

Campuchia.

eupc bieu t i n h ngay 23 - 2 ciia 9 van nvt cong nhan o t h u d o Petorograt. N g a y

up

va ehi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien t u y e n m i e n N a m , c6 ca chien t r u o n g Lao va

s/

p h o n g toa gat gao cua djch, bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang v i e n t r p t u ben ngoai

om

H i ^ p d j n h Pari n a m 1973 ve Viet N a m , q u a n M I bupe p h a i r i i t k h o i nuoe ta,

27 - 2, phong trao nhanh chong Ian rpng toan thanh pho va chuyen t u tong bai
cong c h i n h t r j sang k h o i nghla v i i trang. Quan k h o i nghia chie'm d u p e cae cong
so, bat cac t u o n g ta eiia N g a hoang. Che d p quan chii chuyen che'sup d o .
T i n thang Ipi ciia eupc k h o i nghla o thii do da bay nhanh k h 5 p t r o n g nuoc.

lai hoa b i n h , tien h a n h khae phuc hau qua ehien tranh, k h o i phuc va phat trien

Chi t r o n g v o n g 8 ngay, tren p h a m v i ca nuoc, quan c h i i n g n h a n dan da v i i n g

k i n h te - xa h p i , ra sue ehi v i ^ n eho tien t u y e n m i e n N a m .

day lat d o che d p cij. N u o c Nga t r o thanh nuoc cong hoa.

bo

ok

.c

l a m thay d o i so sanh lue l u p n g 6 m i e n N a m eo I p i eho each m a n g . M i e n Bac tro

ce

Sau hai n a m (1973 -1974),ve eo ban m i e n Bac k h o i phuc x o n g eae eo so k i n h

fa

te, cac h0 t h o n g t h u y nong, m a n g l u o i giao thong, cae cong t r i n h van hoa, giao

w.

dye, y te, k i n h te'co buoc phat trien.

ww

D e n cuoi n a m 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, n o n g nghiep tren m o t so'mat tran
q u a n t r o n g da dat v u p t m u c n a m 1964 va n a m 1971 la hai n a m dat m u c cao
nha't t r o n g 20 n a m xay d u n g ehii nghla xa hpi a m i e n Bac. T h u c h i ^ n nghia v u
hau p h u o n g , t r o n g hai n a m 1973 - 1974, mien BSc d u a vao chien t r u o n g m i e n
N a m , Campuchia, Lao gan 20 v a n bp d p i , hang van t h a n h nien x u n g phong,
can bp chuyen m o n , nhan k l thuat d p t xua't t r o n g hai thang dau n a m

1975.

M i e n Bac gap r i i t d u a vao m i e n N a m 57.000 bp d p i ( t r o n g t o n g so 108.000 bp
d p i cua ke'hoaeh d p n g v i e n 1975).

Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang H a i thang I p i . T u y nhien, m o t tinh h i n h
chinh t r j phuc tap chua t u n g eo da dien ra 6 nuoc N g a . D o la t i n h trang hai
chinh q u y e n song song ton tai. H a i chinh quyen nay dai dien cho I p i ich ciia
cac giai cap khae n h a u nen k h o n g the cung ton tai. T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, L e n i n
Va Dang Bonsevich da ehuan bj ke'hoaeh tiep tuc lam each m a n g , lat d o C h i n h
phii t u san lam t h o i .
3. Cach mang thang Mucri Nga nam 1917
a) Qua trinh chuyen tu Cach mang thang Hai sang Cach mang thang Mucri
Sau Cach m a n g thang H a i , nuoc N g a xua't hien tinh trang 2 ehinh quyen
Song song ton tai: C h i n h phii lam thai ciia giai cap t u san va X6 vie't dai bieu

Ve vat chat - k l thuat, m i e n BSc da eo n h i r n g no l y c p h i t h u o n g , dap u n g

Cong nhan va b i n h l i n h . Sau k h i nMm d u p e chinh quyen, C h i n h phii lam thai da

day d i i va k i p t h o i n h u cau to Ian va cap bach ciia eupc t o n g tien cong chien

khong giai quye't n h u n g van de da hua truoc d o n h u v a n de r u p n g dat ciia

lupe 6 m i e n N a m .

on

N g a y 3 thang 7, h a n 500.000 nhan d a n Petorograt x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h

n o n g dan, vi#c l a m cho cong nhan, tinh trang thie'u l u o n g t h y c va nhat la quy^j
theo d u o i chien tranh d e q u o c den ciing.

(Joi c h u y e n giao c h i n h quyen ve tay X6 viet n h u n g C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i da t u

T r o n g hoan canh d o , lanh t u cua dang Lenin tix T h u y ST t r a ve Phan Lan

cho'i va ra l ^ n h cho b i n h l i n h ban vao doan bieu t i n h . Sau d o , C h i n h p h i i l a m

ngay 3 thang 4 n a m 1917 da nhan diroc s y l i n g hp rat I a n ciia nhan da,^

thoi tien hanh d a n ap va bat cac dang vien Bosevich. Cac nha i n pha h i i y va
bao b i cam xua't ban. C h u n g ra lenh t r u y na Lenin de d u a ra toa, cac d o n v j
each m a n g bj t u o c k h i g i d i hoac bj day ra m a t tran. T i r do, t r o n g thang 7, t i n h

nay". Ban bao cao nay da d i vao Ijch s u v o i ten g p i "Luan c u o n g thang T u " chj

trang hai c h i n h q u y e n song song ton tai ke't thue v o i thang I p i thupe ve giai cap

ra con d u o n g chuyen t u each m a n g d a n chii t u san sang each m a n g xa hoi elm

tusan.

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Petorograt. N g a y 4 thang 4 n a m 1917, Lenin dpc m o t bai phat bieu quan t r o n ^
CO nhan de "NhCrng n h i e m v u ciia giai cap v 6 san t r o n g cupc each m a n g hi{>,^

nghla. L e n i n chi ro rang can cham d u t t i n h trang 2 c h i n h q u y e n song song td,^

T r u o c tinh h i n h d o , tir ngay 26 thang 7 den 3 thang 8, D a n g Bosevich da

tai bang each chuyen giao c h i n h quyen ve tay eac x6 viet: "Dieu dpc dao tronp

hpp D a i h p i V I de d a n h gia tinh h i n h va vach ra sach luoc da'u tranh. D a i h p i

t h a i sv n u a e N g a c h i n h la buoc qua d p t u giai doan t h u nhat ciia each mang la

chi ro phai chuan bj chuyen sang k h o i nghTa v u trang de gianh c h i n h quyen.

giai doan da d e m lai c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap t u san tien len giai doan t h u hai

Dai h p i c u n g ehii t r u a n g t a m t h a i n i t bo khau hieu "Tat ca c h i n h q u y e n ve tay

ciia each m a n g la giai doan phai d e m l a i c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap v 6 san va

X6 viet" con L e n i n r i i t ve hoat d p n g b i mat. Ve phia C h i n h p h u l a m thoi, C h i n h

cho n h u n g tang l o p ngheo t r o n g n o n g dan". Ve p h u a n g p h a p da'u tranh, Lenin

p h i i lien hiep d u a Kerenski, l a n h t y dang Mensevich len l a m t h i i t u o n g a m

viet: " V u k h i 6 t r o n g tay nhan dan, k h o n g c6 s u c u o n g b u c nao t u ben ngoai

m u u thie't lap che'dp dpc tai quan sy.

d o i v o i nhan dan, d o la thue chat cua s u vat. D i e u d o cho phep va bao dam ' •

T r o n g hoan canh d o , L e n i n phat d p n g quan c h i i n g danh tan cupc n o i loan

phat trien va hoa b i n h cua each mang". T u y nhien, Lenin cijng chi ro phai san

Ta

uy t i n ciia D a n g Bosevich tie'p tuc dang cao. N h a n d a n d a n d a n thay the cac dai

bieu D a n g Mensevich va Xa h p i each m a n g bSng cac d a i bieu Bosevich t r o n g

up

De bay to s u l i n g hp dang Bonsevich, ngay Quoc te Lao dpng 18 thang 4 (1- 5)

dong t h o i vach m a t c h i n h p h i i Kerenski d o do, sau k h i cupc n o i loan b i d a p t i t ,

s/

sang chuyen sang k h o i nghla v u trang m o t k h i hoan canh thay d o i .

cac x6 viet. N g a y 31 thang 8, X6 viet Petorograt va sau d o ngay 5 thang 9, X 6

t r u a n g ngoai giao ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i giri cong h a m cho cac nuoc p!

viet M a t x e o v a da t h o n g qua eac nghj quye't cua D a n g Bonsevich va chuan b i

H i ^ p uoc cam ke't theo d u o i chien tranh d e n cung gay s u p h a n n p t r o n g d .

khoi nghla v u t r a n g g i a n h lai c h i n h quyen.

om

/g

ro

n a m 1917, cong nhan N g a bieu t i n h d o i hoa b i n h , d a n chu. T r o n g k h i do bo

N g a y 7-10, L e n i n tir Phan L a n ve Petorograt, t r y e tie'p chi dao each mang.

van nhan d a n N g a x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h hoa binh, g i o cao k h a u h i ^ u "Tat

Cupc k h o i nghla bat d a u d e m 24 - 10 (6 -11). Cac d p i Can v? da n h a n h

ok

.c

chiing. D u o i s u l a n h dao ciia dang Bosevich, ngay 20 va 21 thang 4, hang ch;

chong chie'm d u a c n h i r n g v j t r i then chot a t h u do. D e m 25 -10 (7 - 11), quan

tinh nay lam cho Chinh p h i i t u san lam thoi k h u n g hoang. N g a y 2 thang 5 (15 - 5)

k h o i nghla c h i e m c u n g d i ^ n M i i a D o n g . C h i n h p h i i t u san l a m t h a i sup do.

truae ap l y e ciia quan chiing, bp t r u o n g ngoai giao va b p t r u a n g chien tranh

Tie'p theo thang I p i 6 Petorograt, c h i n h quyen X 6 viet d u p e thanh lap 6

phai tir chiifc. N g a y 5 thang 5, C h i n h p h i i lam t h o i tien hanh cai to va thanh K

Matxeova. D a u n a m 1918, each m a n g xa h p i chii nghla g i a n h d u p e thang l a i

c h i n h p h u lien hiep tang them so g h e c h o cac dang thoa t h i ^ p .

tren da't n u a e N g a rpng Idn.

ww

w.

fa

ce

bo

chinh q u y e n ve tay X6 viet", "Hoa b i n h , r u p n g da't, banh m i " . N h i r n g cupc b i t -

b) V nghia Ijch sti' cua Cdch mang thang Muai Nga

N g a y 18 thang 6 (1 - 7), dang Mensevich va Xa hpi each m a n g da a m m u u to
chire m o t cupc bieu tinh quan chiing de bieu d u a n g l y e l u p n g n h u n g dang

I

Bosevich da t h a m gia cupc bieu tinh nay va bien no thanh cupc bieu tinh iing

,da't n y o c va so phan ciia hang trieu con n g u o i 6 Nga. M o t k i n g u y e n m o i da

hp d u o n g 16'i d a n g Bonsevich v o i cac khau h i ^ u : "Da dao chien tranh", "Tat ca

Mo ra cho Ijch sir nude Nga: Giai cap cong nhan, nhan d a n lao d p n g va eac d a n

chinh q u y e n ve tay cac x6 viet". N g o a i m a t tran, cupc tan cong ciia quan Ng'^

tpc d u p e giai p h d n g k h o i m p i ach ap hue, hoc Ipt, d i r n g len l a m chii da't nude

theo l ^ n h ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i vao lien quan Due, A o - H u n g that bai nang

Cach m a n g thang M y o i N g a thSng Ipi da l a m thay d o i hoan toan v a n m ? n h

| y a van m ^ n h ciia m i n h .

ne v o i 60.000 b i n h l i n h N g a bj bat va gie't. T i n that bai gay s y cam p h a n va bat
b i n h rat Ion t r o n g nhan d a n Nga.
218

iih...

'''10


6 ty INHH MI y LWH

RtiShg

Vlfit

T h a n g IQ'I cua Cach m a n g thang M u o i da l a m thay d o i eye di§n the g i a i c6

troc, c u u dan. Sau n h i e u n a m bon ba 6 hai ngoai, den n a m 1920, sau k h i doc

v u m a n h me va de lai nhieu bai hoc quy gia cho p h o n g trao each m a n g ciia gigj

fga thao L u a n c u o n g ciia L e n i n ve van de d a n tpc va thupc dja, N g u y e n A i

cap cong nhan, nhan d a n lao d o n g va cac dan toe bj ap buc tren toan the'gioi.

Quoc da t i m ra con d u o n g c u u n u o c cho dan tpc Viet N a m . N g u o i da quyet

Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga 1917 duoc d a n h gia la m p t s u ki?n lich sir vT

t^m d i theo Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga, d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v6 san.

dai nhat t r o n g lich s u n u o c N g a va Ijch su nhan loai 6 t h e k i XX:

Sau k h i da t i m den chii nghla Mac - Lenin, N g u y e n A i Q u o c ra sire hoat

Cach m a n g thang M u o i d u a den viec thanh lap N h a n u o c xa hpi chii nghTa

dpng de t r u y e n ba chii nghla Mac - L e n i n ve Vi^t N a m . T h a n g 6 n a m 1925,

d a u tien tren the'gioi, co y nghla to Ion d o i v o i nuoc N g a va the'gioi.

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[sjguyen A i Q u o c t h a n h lap H p i Vi^t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien. Tai cac l o p

Ddi voi nuoc N ^ a , no m o ra m o t k i n g u y e n m o i cho n u o c Nga, l a m thay d o i

hua'n l u y ? n cho to ehire nay, N g u y e n A i Quoc da t r u y e n ba t u t u o n g cua chii

v a n m ^ n h da't n u o c va so phan hang trieu con n g u o i 6 Nga. Day la Ian dau tien

nghla Mae - L e n i n va t u t u o n g ciia Cach m a n g thang M u o i N g a cho nhOng

t r o n g Ijch su, giai cap cong nhan, nhan dan lao d o n g va cac d a n toe d u o c gjai

thanh vien ciia H p i , t r o n g do dac b i f t l u u y den k i n h n g h i ^ m to chuc D a n g v 6

phong, thoat k h o i m p i xieng xich no le, l a m chii van m e n h da't nuoc. Su ra d o i

san kieu m o i 6 Nga.

cua nha n u o c xa hoi chii nghla da d u a nhan dan len n a m c h i n h q u y e n 6 m o t

Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga n a m 1917 anh h u o n g den Vi^t N a m t h o n g qua

n u o c chie'm 1/6 d i e n ti'ch the'gioi.

Thanh nien. Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga t r u o c he't de lai bai hoc k i n h n g h i ^ m

biet p h o n g trao dau t r a n h gianh doc lap cua cac n u o c thupc dja va p h u thuoc.

quy gia cho each m a n g Viet N a m do la, m u o n d u a each m a n g den thang Ipi

Co v i i m a n h me phong trao each mang cvia giai cap cong nhan quoc te^ chi ra cho

phai CO vai tro lanh dao ciia c h i n h dang giai cap v6 san, 6 N g a la s u lanh dao

hp con d u o n g d i den thang Igi trong cuoc dau tranh chong chii nghla t u ban.

Ta

con d u o n g sach bao b i mat, t h o n g qua hoat d o n g ciia H p i Vi^t N a m each m a n g

no c6 anh h u o n g den p h o n g trao each m a n g the gioi, dac

Nga

thang 2 n a m 1930, N g u y e n A i Quoc sang lap ra D a n g C o n g san Viet N a m .

up

c) Vai trd cua Lenin doi v&i thdng lot cua Cach mang thang Mucri

ciia D a n g Bonsevich, d o L e n i n sang lap. Tie'p nhan k i n h n g h i ^ m do nen ngay 3

s/

Dd'i v&i the'gioi,

Su d u n g ye'u to cua t h o i dai, bien thanh t h o i co cho Cach m a n g thang M u o

ro

Sau k h i D a n g C p n g san V i f t N a m thanh lap. D a n g da lanh dao nhan d a n ta

Nga. L e n i n chii t r u o n g : "Bien chien tranh dequo'c t h a n h n p i chien each m a n g '

/g

dau tranh giai p h o n g d a n tpc v a giai p h o n g giai cap d i theo con d u o n g Cach

K h a i thac the ye'u va ban chat ciia c h i n h p h u lam t h o i de co lap va tach ho ra

om

mang thang M u o i Nga: sir d u n g bao luc each m a n g de gianh c h i n h q u y e n ve

k h o i nhan dan, the hien qua sach lupc " H o a b i n h - Banh m i - R u p n g da't".

.c

tay nhan dan; t h u e h i ^ n lien m i n h cong - nong, lay lien m i n h cong - n o n g l a m
nong cot de doan ket cac luc l u p n g yeu n u o c n h a m d a u t r a n h c h o n g ke t h i i .

ok

Thue hien each m a n g k h o n g n g u n g , do la chu t r u o n g ehuyen Cach mang

N h o d i theo Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga, d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v 6
s a n , nen d u o i s u l a n h dao ciia Dang, nhan dan ta d a u t r a n h g i a n h thang Ipi

ce

trang de cuol c u n g "Tat ca c h i n h quyen ve tay cac x6 vie't".

bo

thang H a i sang Cach m a n g thang M u o i bang p h u o n g phap hoa b i n h va vu

trong Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945; thang Ipi trong chien djch D i ^ n Bien Phii

fa

Kha n a n g tap h o p d o n g dao quan c h u n g nhan dan de d a u t r a n h d a n h do

nam 1954 va thang Ipi trong cupc khang chien chong M i c u u nuoc nam 1975.

w.

giai cap p h o n g kien va t u san, gianh chinh quyen ve tay giai cap v 6 san.
Nam

ww

d) Anh huang cua Cach mang thdng Muoi Nga dot vai each mang Viet

Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga la cupe each m a n g v 6 san no r a v a gianh than^

4. V i sao a n u o c N g a n a m 1917 l a i co h a i c u p c e a c h m a n g ?

I

K/1

O Nga n a m 1917 da xay ra hai c u p c each mang, do la Cach m a n g d a n chu t u

Ipi dau tien tren t h e ' g i o i . Day la cupe each m a n g d i theo con d u o n g v 6 san. Vi

I a n thang H a i va Cach m a n g xa hpi chii nghla thang M u o i . So d l co hai c u p c

vay, thang Ipi ciia Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga c u n g la thang Ipi cua con

pach m a n g nay v i :

d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san, cho nen Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga co anh huong

I

rat Ion den p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc 6 cac n u o c A, Phi, M I L a t i n h noi

^ o n g d a n Nga v o i che'dp p h o n g kien N g a hoang, giira giai cap v 6 san v o i giai

chung, dac b i ^ t la each m a n g V i ^ t N a m .

cap t u san, giua cac dan tpc t r o n g dequo'c Nga v o i cac de'quoe khae va che d p

T r u o c s u k h i i n g hoang ve d u o n g loi c u u nuoc ciia cac bac tien bol, l a m cho
each m a n g Viet N a m " d u o n g n h u n a m t r o n g d e m t o i , k h o n g co d u o n g r a "
Luc nay, n g u o i t h a n h nien V i ^ t N a m - N g u y e n Tat T h a n h ra d i t i m d u o n g ciHi

Vao dau t h e k i XX, d Nga van ton tai cac m a u t h u a n co ban: m a u t h u a n giira

uan chii c i i n g v o i s u ton tai n h i r n g tan tich p h o n g kien lac hau da k i m ham s u
hat trien ciia c h i i nghla t u ban Nga.


ch m a n g t r o n g va ngoai nuac. N a m 1920, chie'n su cham d u t , N h a nuoc X6

Cach m a n g thang H a i n a m 1917 no ra la do n h i r n g m a u t h u a n tren, song
cupc each m a n g th3ng I p i lat d o che dp quan chu, N i c o l a i I I thoai v i m o i chi

jg't d u p e bao v§ va giu v i i n g .

giai quyet d u p e m o t m a u t h u a n la giira n o n g dan v o i che d p p h o n g kien, con

i~ Thanh qua cua chinh quyen X6 viel d Nga: C h i n h quyen X6 viet da t h o n g qua

cac m a u t h u a n khac van con ton tai, d o i hoi phai tie'p tuc giai quyet. M a t khac,

l?nh hoa b i n h va Sac l?nh r u p n g da't. Thue hien cac b i ^ n phap nhSm t h i i

cupc Cach m a n g thang H a i t u y da lat do che d p p h o n g k i e n N g a hoang, song

jjgu tan tich ciia che d p p h o n g kien, xoa bo su phan b i ^ t dang cap, n h i i n g dac
quyen ciia Giao h p i ; thue hien n a m n\x b i n h q u y e n . T h a n h lap cac co q u a n

eye d i e n c h i n h t r j dac biet d i e n ra 6 N g a : hai chinh q u y e n song song t o n tai:

{fung u o n g va cac x6 viet a eae dia p h u a n g ; c h i n h q u y e n t u san, dia chii cac

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C h i n h p h u l a m t h a i cua giai cap t u san va cac x6 viet dai bieu cong nhan, nong

j,g'p deu bai bo. H o n g q u a n eong n o n g d u p e t h a n h lap de bao v | ehinh quyen

dan va b i n h l i n h . C h i n h p h i i l a m t h a i t u san bat luc t r u o c n h i m g v a n de cap

p^oi. C o n g bo T u y e n n g o n ve q u y e n eae dan tpe 6 N g a , khSng d i n h n h u n g

bach cua da't nuac: hoa b i n h , r u p n g da't, c u u d o i . T i n h the cho m p t cupc each

j,guyen tac co ban ve q u y e n dan tpe t u quyet, b i n h dSng va ehii q u y e n ciia tat

m a n g v 6 san chin m u o i .

cac d a n tpe 6 N g a . Quoe hmx hoa eae nha may, xi n g h i ^ p ciia giai cap t u san.

Truae t i n h h i n h do, L e - n i n va D a n g Bonsevieh da ehuan b i ke hoach tie'p tue

%'Tat ca cac vice lam cua Chinh quyen Xd viel dem Iqi lai ich cho toan the nhan dan

l a m each m a n g , d i i n g bao luc lat d o C h i n h p h u l a m t h a i , cham d u t t i n h trang

lao dong va cac dan toe a Nga. Dap img dmc yeu cau va nguyen vgng ciia nhan dan Nga.

hai c h i n h q u y e n song song t o n tai.

6. So sanh " C h i n h sach C p n g san t h a i c h i e n " va " C h i n h sach K i n h te m o i "

N h u vay, t i n h h i n h truae va sau Cach m a n g thang H a i da l i giai n u o c Nga

Tieu c h i

10 - 1917, cupc each m a n g t h u hai, dupe g p i la each m a n g xa h p i chu nghia, da

so sanh

no ra va g i a n h thMng I p i .

1921

canh

t r a n h each m a n g eho'ng t h u

n u o c buoe vao t h o i k i hoa b i n h ,

t r o n g giac ngoai.

xay d u n g xa h p i chii nghia.

Npi

- T r u n g t h u l u o n g thue thira.

- Bai bo che dp t r u n g t h u l u o n g

dung

- Quoe h i i u hoa toan bp x i

thue, thay bang thue l u o n g thue.

nghiep.

- T u do b u o n ban, m o lai eae chp.

- N h a n u a c n a m dpe quyen

- Cho phep t u n h a n m o eae x i

ve q u a n l i , p h a n pho'i l u o n g

nghiep nho.

thue, thue p h a m .

-

- T h i h a n h che dp lao d p n g

ngoai dau t u k i n h d o a n h a N g a .

s/

up

N g a y t r o n g d e m 25 - 10 (7 - 11), D a i hpi X6 viet toan N g a Ian t h u hai khai

ro

mac 6 d i ^ n X m o - n u i da t u y e n bo t h a n h lap ehinh q u y e n X6 viet d o Le-nin

/g

d u n g d a u . N h i ^ m v u hang dau cua chinh q u y e n X6 viet la d a p tan bp m a y nha

om

n u o c cu cua giai cap t u san va dia chii, khan t r u o n g xay d u n g bp m a y nha

.c

n u o c m o i ciia n h i r n g n g u a i lao d p n g .

ok

Cae CO q u a n t r u n g ucmg va X6 viet cac dia p h u a n g d u p e t h a n h lap, ehinh

ce

bo

q u y e n t u san, dia ehii eae cap deu b i bai bo.

fa

C u o i thang 11 - 1917, ehinh q u y e n X6 viet b u a c dau quoe huu hoa cac nha
may, x i n g h i ^ p eiia giai cap t u san. Thang 12 -1917, H p i d o n g k i n h te'quo'e dan

w.

- Tap

C u o i n a m 1918, q u a n d p i 14 nuae de'quoe eau ke't v o i lue l u p n g p h a n each

dyng

m a n g t r o n g n u o c m a eupe tan eong v u trang n h a m tieu di?t nuoc N g a X6 viet
n o n tre. T r o n g suot ba n a m (1918 - 1920), nhan dan X6 viet da tap t r u n g toan
bp sue luc tie'n h a n h cupc chie'n dau eho'ng thii trong, giac ngoai t r o n g n h i h i g
d i e u k i ^ n v 6 c u n g k h o k h a n de giir vvmg chinh quyen X6 viet.
T u n a m 1919 nuoc N g a thue h i ^ n chinh saeh Cong san t h a i chie'n n h a m huy
d p n g toi da m p i n g u o n ciia cai, nhan luc cua da't nuoc phue v u cho cupc chie'n
dau eho'ng t h i i t r o n g , giac ngoai. V u a chie'n d a u , v u a xay d u n g . H o n g q u a n va
n h a n dan X6 viet da t u n g buoe day l u i eae eupe tan eong ciia luc l u p n g p h a n

- 1925,

Khuyen

k h o k h a n k h i da't

khich

t u ban

nuoc

bat bupe.

ww

toi eao d u p e t h a n h lap.

C h i n h sach K i n h te m o i

chien '

1918 - 1920, tien hanh chien

Hoan

5. C o n g cupc xay d u n g c h i n h q u y e n X6 v i e t

C h i n h sach C p n g san t h a i

Ta

vao n a m 1917 b u n g no hai cupc each m a n g noi tie'p n h a u la d i e u tat y e u . Thang

trung

toan bp

sue

- Phye hoX phat trien k i n h te^ cai

n g u d i , sue eiia de chong t h i i

t h i ^ n d a i song n h a n d a n .

t r o n g giac ngoai

- Tao ca so k i n h te^ c h i n h t r j cho

- Bao ve t h a n h qua ciia Cach

Lien X6 b u a c vao eong eupe xay

m a n g thang M u o i .

d u n g ehii nghia xa h p i .

Nfhan

Co the xem " C h i n h sach K i n h te'mai" la mpt buoe l u i n h u n g la mpt

Xet

buac l i i i can thiet de Lien X6 v u p t qua nhiSng kho khan t h u thach
tao da vCing buoe vao thai k i xay dvmg chii nghia xa hpi, the hi#n su

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lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang B6n-se-vich d u n g dau la Le-nin.


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I I . Q U O C TE C Q N G S A N

j h o n g trao da'u tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc a cac nude thupc dja va p h u thupc t r a

1 . V a i net c h i n h ve Q u o c te C p n g san

l a n h m p t bp p h a n ciia each m a n g the'gioi.

T r o n g nhO-ng n a m 1918 - 1923, cac D a n g C o n g san Ian \\xqi dxxgc thanh lap

Quoc t e ' C p n g san tap h p p m p t l u c l u p n g each m a n g r p n g rai tren p h a m v i

Ftoan

0 cac nuoc. S u phat trien nhanh chong ciia p h o n g trao each m a n g the gioi
T r u o c t i n h do, d o i hoi p h a i c6 m o t to chuc quoc te'de tap hp-p l u c i u g n g va chi

dao p h o n g trao theo m o t d u o n g l o i d i i n g dan. D a p u n g y e u cau d o , thang 3

I

n a m 1919, D a i h p i t h a n h lap Quoc te C p n g san dug-c tien hanh tai Mat-xco-va.

Quoc te'Cpng san ra sue bao ve va phat trien hpc thuye't ciia Cac Mac, chong

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chii nghla co h p i , phat trien cac hpc thuye't each m a n g cho p h i i h o p v o i hoan

Quoc te'Cong san t o n tai va hoat d p n g tir nam 1919 den n a m 1943. Quoc te

canh m o i ciia thai dai, d o la cac hpc thuye't ve each m a n g giai p h o n g dan tpc,

C p n g san tien h a n h bay dai h p i , de ra d u o n g 161 each m a n g phia h p p v o i turig

ve lien m i n h cong nong, ve doan ket quoc te.

t h a i k i phat trien ciia each m a n g the g i o i . Tieu bieu la hai dai h p i :

I I I . C U Q C K H U N G H O A N G K I N H TE 1929 -1933

* D a i h p i Ian I I (1920), giir m p t v j t r i n o i bat t r o n g Hch s u hoat d p n g en

1. N h i m g net c h u n g v e cupc k h u n g h o a n g

Quoc te C p n g san v o i vi?c t h o n g qua L u a n c u o n g ve v a i tro ciia D a n g Cpng

D o san xua't ao at, chay dua theo Ipi nhuan, hang hoa e thua, l i d p n g . N h u

san, L u a n c u o n g ve van de dan tpc va thupc dja, d o Le-nin k h o i thao.

cau va sue m u a ciia n g u d i d a n k h o n g gia tang t u o n g l i n g . C u n g v u p t qua xa

Qua L u a n c u o n g ve vai tro lanh dao ciia D a n g C p n g san da chi ra cho each

cau, s u m a t can b3ng ve k i n h te t r o n g npi bp t u n g nude va s u phat trien k h o n g

m a n g the g i o i , nhat la each m a n g v 6 san m u o n da'u t r a n h gianh d u p e thang Ipi

dong deu gii>a cac nude t u ban chii nghla. T u nhiimg l i d o d o da dan den cupc

phai CO c h i n h d a n g cua giai cap v 6 san. N o t r o thanh n h a n to q u y e t d j n h moi

k h i i n g hoang k i n h te'1929 - 1933.

s/

Qua t r i n h k h i i n g hoang: T h a n g 10 - 1929, k h i i n g hoang n o ra d M i , sau d o

Ian ra toan b p the g i d i t u ban. D a y la cupc k h i i n g hoang thua, k h i i n g hoang

up

giai cap v 6 san va cac dan tpc thupc dja m u o n da'u t r a n h g i a n h t h a n g Ipi phai

Ta

thang I p i cua each m a n g v 6 san.
Qua L u a n c u o n g ve van de dan tpc va thupc dia ciia L e - n i n da c h i ra cho

tram t r p n g nhat, keo dai nhat t r o n g Ijch s u cac nude t u ban chii nghla.

ro

lien m i n h , lien ket v o i nhau, thuc hi^n khau hieu ciia Le-nin: " V 6 .san tat ca cac

Cupc k h i i n g hoang da tan p h a k i n h te^ gay ra hau qua n g h i e m t r p n g ve

/g

n u o c va cac dan tpc bj ap b i i c doan ket l a i " .

om

D a i h p i Ian V I I (1935), Quoc te'Cpng san da chi ro n g u y co ciia c h i i nghla

chinh t r j - xa h p i .
H

.c

phat x i t va k e u gpi cac D a n g C p n g san tich eye da'u t r a n h t h a n h l a p cac mat

t h e ' g i o i de thanh lap m p t mat tran h u n g hau n h ^ m chong chii nghla phat

j(it, c h o n g chien t r a n h , bao v^ L i e n X6, bao ve hoa b i n h the'gioi.

H a n g chuc van cong nhan that nghi^p, nong dan m a t r u p n g dat, song t r o n g

canh ngheo d o i , t i i n g quan. N h i e u cupc da'u tranh ciia n h i j n g n g u d i that

xit, chong chien t r a n h .

nghiep d i e n ra d k h a p cac nude. De doa s u ton tai ciia chii nghla t u ban.

bo

ok

tran t h o n g nhat cong n h a n va cac luc l u p n g tien bp n h a m m u c tieu chong phat

K h i b j k h i i n g hoang, cac nude t u ban chii nghla giai quyet k h i i n g hoang

ce

N h o CO chii t r u o n g ciia Quoc te'Cpng san tai D a i h p i V I I m a cac n u o c d a Ian

jfreo cac bien phap khac nhau.

hoa b i n h .

!

w.

fa

l u p t t h a n h l a p m a t tran n h a n d a n chong phat xit, chong chien t r a n h , bao

quan l i , to chiic san xua't.

ww

M a t tran n h a n d a n cac nuoc ra d o i da tap h p p d u p e m p t l u c l u p n g each
m a n g d o n g dao l a m n h i e m v y chong phat xit, bao v | dpc lap d a n tpc.

D61 v d i Due, I-ta-li-a, N h a t Ban t i m k i e m 16'i thoat bSng h i n h thuc t h o n g t r j

2. V a i tro ciia Q u o c te C p n g san d o i v o i p h o n g trao each m a n g the g i o i

m d i . D d la thie't l a p cac che d p dpc tai phat x i t - nen chuyen c h i n h k h i i n g bo

T r o n g khoang 1/4 the'ki ton tai, Quoc te'Cpng san t r o t h a n h n h a n to hang

irCong khai ciia n h u n g the luc p h a n d p n g nhat, hieu chien nhat.

dau t r o n g v i f c thiic day p h o n g trao each m a n g the'gioi phat t r i e n .
Quoc te C p n g san chii t r u o n g thanh lap cac d a n g cpng san 6 cac n u o c tu

D o i v d i A n h , Phap, M i tien hanh cai each k i n h te - xa h p i , d o i m d i qua t r i n h

% K h i i n g h o a n g k i n h te va qua t r i n h D a n g Quoc xa l e n cam q u y e n b D u e
I

Cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te'the'gidi cudl nam 1929 da giang d o n nang ne vao

ban de lanh dao p h o n g trao cong nhan da'u tranh chong chii nghla tu ban

nen k i n h te'Diic. M a u thuan xa h p i va cupc dau tranh ciia quan c h i i n g lao d p n g

chong ap buc, boc lot.


Quoc te'Cpng san tao dieu ki^n thanh lap cac d a n g cpng san v a chi dao saU
sat cac d a n g cpng san va p h o n g trao each m a n g a cac n u o c thupc dia, l a m ch
224

'k^ong d i i sue m a n h de d u y t r i che d p cpng hoa t u san, d u a dat nude v u p t qua
^ U p c k h i i n g hoang d d .


SSi direing / 1 5 0 Ljoh OCr 12 - Ths. Trvcmg Ngpc

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Thai

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Yift

T r o n g b o i canh ay, cac the luc p h a n d p n g , hie'u chien, tap h ^ p t r o n g Dang

De dua nude M I thoat ra khoi cupc k h i i n g hoang, Tong thong Ph. Ru-do-ven

Cong n h a n quoc gia xa h p i (gpi tat la D a n g Quoc xa), ngay cang m o r p n g arih

da thuc h i ^ n c h i n h sach m o i . C h i n h sach m o i da giai quyet d u p e m p t so'van de

h u o n g t r o n g q u a n c h i i n g . D u n g dau la H i t - l e , ra sue t u y e n t r u y e n kich dorig

C O ban ciia n u a c M I t r o n g con k h i i n g hoang n g u y kich. N h a nude t u san da

chu nghia p h y c t h i i , chu nghla chong cpng va p h a n biet c h i i n g toe. C h i i truorig

tang c u o n g v a i t r o ciia m i n h t r o n g viec e i i u t r p n g u d i that nghiep, tao t h e m

phat xit hoa bp m a y nha nuoc, thiet lap che d p d p dpc tai k h i i n g bo cong khai,

nhieu viec l a m m d i , k h o i phuc san xuat, xoa d j u m a u t h u a n giai cap va gdp
p h a n l a m cho n u d e M I d u y t r i d u p e che d p d a n c h i i t u san. C h i n h v i the.

N g a y 30 - 1 - 1933, T o n g t h o n g H i n - d e n - b u a chi d i n h Hi't-le l a m T h i i tu6n.>

Ph. R u - d o - v e n la Tong thong d u y nha't trong lich s i i nude M I suot bon n h i ^ m k i .

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va thanh lap c h i n h p h i i m o i , m o ra m p t t h o i k i den toi t r o n g lich s i i nude D i i c

Ve d o i ngoai, C h i n h p h i i Ru-do-ven de ra C h i n h sach lang gieng than thi$n

Tir n a m 1933, C h i n h p h i i Hit-le rao riet thiet lap nen chuyen chinh dpc tai, cong

n h a m cai thien q u a n he v d i cac nude M I L a t i n h , v o n dupe M I eoi la "san sau"

khai k h i i n g bo cac dang phai dan chii tieh bp, truoc het la Dang Cpng san Due.

d i a m i n h , va thiet lap ngoai giao v d i L i e n x6.

Thang 2 -1933, c h i n h q u y e n phat xit v u cao n h u n g n g u o i cpng san d o t chay

D o i v d i cac v a n de quoc te^ t r u d c n g u y co ciia chii nghla phat xit va chien

nha Quoc h p i , dat D a n g Cpng san ra ngoai phap luat va bat g i a m 10 v a n dang

tranh bao t r i i m toan t h e ' g i d i , quoc h p i M I da t h o n g qua hang loat dao luat de

vien cpng san.

igiu v a i t r o t r u n g lap t r o n g cac cupc x u n g d p t quan su ben ngoai nude M I .

N a m 1934, H i n - d e n - b u a qua d o i , H i t - l e t u y e n bo h i i y bo H i e n phap Vai-ma,

C h i n h sach d o da g d p p h a n khuye'n k h i c h c h i i nghla phat x i t t y d o h a n h d p n g ,

t u x i m g la Quoc t r u o n g suot d o i . N e n C p n g hoa Vai-ma hoan toan sup do.

gay ra cupc Chien t r a n h the'gidi t h i i hai.

Ve k i n h te, c h i n h q u y e n phat xit tien h a n h to chuc nen k i n h te theo huong

4. K h i i n g hoang k i n h te rtam 1929 -1933 d N h a t

)*;i

Cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te t h e ' g i d i (1929 - 1933) da giang m p t d o n nang ne

vao k i n h te'Nhat: San xuat cong nghiep g i a m siit. K h i i n g hoang xay ra n g h i e m

up

quan su. Cac n g a n h giao t h o n g van tai, xay d u n g d u a n g sa d u p e tang cuong

s/

dan d u p e phuc h o i va hoat d p n g het sue khan t r u o n g , dac b i ^ t la cong nghiep

Ta

t ^ p t r u n g , m # n h l ^ n h , phuc v u n h u cau q u a n su. Cac n g a n h cong nghiep dan

t r p n g nha't la t r o n g n o n g nghiep. T h i t r u o n g t r o n g va ngoai nude b i t h u h?p.

thoat k h o i k h i i n g hoang.

K h i i n g hoang k i n h te day m a n h qua t r i n h tap t r u n g san xuat, tang c u d n g

/g

ro

de giai quyet nan that nghiep va phuc v u n h u cau q u a n su. N e n k i n h te'Diic da

om

Ve d o i ngoai, chinh quyen Hit-le tang cuong cac hoat dpng chuan bi chien tranh.

.c

Thang 10 - 1933, n u o c D u e t u y e n bo' n i t k h o i H p i Quoc lien de d u p e t u do

ok

hanh dpng.

bo

N a m 1935, Hit-le ban hanh lenh tong dpng vien quan dich, tuyen bo thanh lap

ce

dpi quan t h u o n g true va bSt dau trien khai cac hoat d p n g quan su a chau A u .

fa

D e n n a m 1938, v o i d p i quan 1,5 t r i ^ u n g u o i cung 30000 xe tang va khoang

q u y e n l y c ciia cac tap doan t u ban I d n .
i

N h a m khac phuc n h u n g hau qua ciia cupc k h i i n g hoang va giai quyet k h d
k h a n d o thie'u n g u o n n g u y e n li#u va t h i t r u o n g tieu t h u h a n g hda, g i d i cam
q u y e n N h a t c h i i t r u o n g quan phiet hda bp m a y nha nude, gay chien tranh x a m
lupc, banh t r u d n g ra ben ngoai.
C u n g v d i v i ^ quan phi^t hda bp may nha nude, tang cudng chay dua v i i trang,
g i d i cam quyen N h a t Ban day manh cupc chien tranh xam lupc T r u n g Quoc.

cac ke hoach gay chien tranh x a m lupc.

IV. PHONG T R A O M A T T R A N N H A N D A N C H O N G PHAT XIT

ww

w.

4000 m a y bay, n u o c D u e da t r o thanh m p t trai l i n h k h o n g 16, d i i sue tieh hanh
3. Cupc khiing hoang k i n h te nam 1929 -1933 b M i

D o hau qua ciia cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te the g i d i 1929 - 1933 va sy xuat

T r o n g k h i giai cap t u san M I he't l o i ca n g p i su p h o n v i n h ciia nen k i n h te th'

hi?n chii nghla phat x i t de dpa su o n d i n h , hoa b i n h va an n i n h n h a n loai. Yeu

cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te chua t u n g thay bat n g d b u n g no vao thang 10 -1929,

cau t h a n h lap m p t M a t tran nhan dan de doan ke't n h a n dan cac nude chong ke

cham d i i t t h o i k i hoang k i m ciia k i n h te M I .

t h i i c h u n g la c h i i nghla phat x i t la can thiet.

Cupc k h i i n g hoang bat dau t r o n g l i n h v u c ngan hang. N g a y 29 - 1 0 -1929 1^

Thang 7 -1935, Quoc te'Cpng san tieh hanh D a i h p i Ian t h i i V I I chi dao cho

ngay hoang loan chua t u n g c6 t r o n g lich s i i t h i t r u o n g c h u n g k h o a n N i u Oo<^'

cac D a n g C p n g san t h a n h lap M a t tran nhan d a n chong phat x i t . T h y c h i ^ n chii

K h i i n g hoang pha h u y n g h i e m t r p n g san xuat cong nghiep, n o n g nghiep

t r u o n g ciia Quoc te C p n g san. M a t tran nhan d a n chong phat x i t d u p e thanh

t h u o n g nghiep ciia nuoc M I .

Igp d Phap, I-ta-li-a, T i ^ p Khac, H i Lap, Tay Ban N h a . . .


BSi

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Lfch

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12 -

Ths.

Tnrong

Ngpc

Thai

Phe True xam chiem va thong tri phan lan ehau Au: thang 4 - 1940, quan Due

M a t tran nhan dan Tay Ban N h a thanh lap vao thang 2 - 1936. M a t tran

chuyen h u a n g tan cong t u phia d o n g sang phia tay, chiem hau he't cac nuoc t u

nhan dan Phap thanh lap 5 - 1936.

ban chau A u n h u D a n Mach, N a U y , Bi, Ha Lan, Liic-xam-bua va d a n h t h i n g

Thang i g i cua M a t tran nhan dan Phap trong n h u n g n a m 1936 - 1939 la su

i | v a o nuac Phap. T h a n g 9 - 1940, nhSm c i i n g co khoi lien m i n h phat xit, H i ? p

k i f n noi bat t r o n g cugc dau tranh chong chu nghia phat xit. T r o n g cugc torig

xxac Tam c u a n g Duc-I-ta-li-a-Nhat Ban dugc k i ket tai Bec-lin, thua nhan sir

tuyen c u thang 5 - 1936, M a t tran nhan dan Phap g i a n h d u g c thang Igi, Jen

thong trj cua D u e va I-ta-li-a a chau A u . T u thang 10 - 1940, H i t - l e chuyen sang

n a m c h i n h q u y e n a Phap va thanh lap chinh p h i i do Le-6ng B o - l u m d u n g dau

thon t i n h

cac n u a c D o n g va N a m chau A u . Cac nuac Ru-ma-ni, H u n g - g a - r i ,

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Phong trao M a t tran nhan dan da bao ve dugc nen d a n chu, d u a nuoc Phap

Bun-ga-ri t r o thanh c h u hau cua D u e va bj quan D u e chiem d o n g . BMng v u lire,

v u g t qua hiem hoa chii nghTa phat xit.

quan D u e va I-ta-li-a t h o n t i n h N a m T u va H i Lap. D e n m i i a he nam 1941, phe

Dai hgi V I I Quoc te'Cgng san (1935) de cao viec thanh lap M a t tran nhan

phat xit da t h o n g t r i p h a n l a n chau A u .

dan Phap, coi d o la k i n h nghiem can pho bien rgng rai cho cac nuoc t r o n g cuoc

2. C h i e n tranh lan rpng kh3p the gioi

dau tranh chong phat xit va n g u y co chien tranh.

a. Due tan cong Lien X6: N g a y 22 - 6 - 1941, phat x i t D u e tan cong Lien X6

V . C H I E N T R A N H T H E G I O I T H l / H A I (1939 -1945)

bat chap H i e p d j n h X6 - Due. D u e s u d u n g chie'n thuat "chie'n tranh chop

1. C o n d u a n g dan den chien tranh (1931 -1939)

n h o a n g " d a n h v a o L i e n X6 theo ba h u a n g : D a o q u a n p h i a Bac d a n h vao

T u cugc k h u n g hoang k i n h te'(1929 - 1933), cac nuoc phat x i t Due, I-ta-ii-a

Le-nin-grat. Dao quan t r u n g tam tien vao ngoai v i t h u d o Mat-xco-va. Dao

va N h a t Ban da lien ket v o i nhau thanh Lien m i n h phat xit, con d u g c ggi la

quan phia n a m chiem Ki-ep va phan l a n U-crai-na.

true Bec-lin - Ro-ma - T6-ki-6. K h o i nay vua chong lai Quoc te'Cgng san, vua

Ta

Q u a n d g i va nhan dan Lien X6 kien quyet chie'n da'u bao ve To quoc. Thang

gay chien tranh chia lai the g i o i . T r o n g boi eanh do, cac c u o n g quoc t u ban va

s/

12-1941, H o n g quan L i e n X6 d o t u o n g Giu-cop ehi h u y da phan cong quyet

ro

d u n g t i n h h i n h d o de t h u c h i ^ n muc tieu gay chien t r a n h xam luge eiia m i n h

up

L i e n X6 lai k h o n g c6 d u o n g 161 hanh d g n g c h u n g . Cac n u o c phat x i t da Igi

/g

T r u o c he't H i t - l e quyet d j n h sap nhap A o vao n u o c Due, roi tien hanh xam l u g i

om

cac nuoc khac. Tiep do, H i t - l e yeu eau C h i n h p h i i Tiep Khac chuyen giao xu

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Xuy-det cho n g u o i Due.

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Ngay 29 - 9 - 1938, H g i nghj M u y - n i c h dugc trieu tap v a i s u t h a m gia ciia

bo

n g u o i d u n g dau cac c h i n h p h u A n h , Phap, D u e va I-ta-li-a. M o t hiep d j n h da

li?t, day l u i quan D u e ra k h o i cua ngo t h i i do. Chie'n tranh Mat-xca-va da l a m
pha san chie'n l u g e "chie'n t r a n h c h o p n h o a n g " ciia H i t - l e . Sau t h a t bai 6

Mat-xco-va, quan D u e chuyen m u i n h g n tan cong x u o n g phia n a m n h a m danh
chiem Xta-lin-grat. Cugc chien da'u keo dai h o n hai thang n h u n g quan D u e
khong the ehie'm d u g c thanh pho nay.
Chie'n sir tai Bac Phi: N g a y t u thang 9 - 1940 quan d g i I-ta-li-a da tan cong A i
Cap. Cugc chie'n 6 day dien ra trong the'giang co, k h o n g p h a n thang bai giCra
lien quan Duc-I-ta-li-a v o i lien quan A n h - M i . Thang 10 - 1942, lien quan A n h -

d o i lay su cam ket ciia H i t - l e ve viec cham d i i t m g i cugc t h o n t i n h a chau A u .

M I gianh thang Igi t r o n g tran En A-la-men ( A i Cap), g i a n h Igi u u the 6 Bac Phi

Dai bleu Tiep Khac d u g c m o i den M u y - n i c h chi de tiep nhan va t h i hanh H i e p

va chuyen sang phan cong tren toan mat tran.

w.

fa

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d u g c k i ket, theo d o A n h , Phap trao v u n g Xuy-det ciia Tiep Khac cho D i i c dc

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d j n h . Sau k h i chiern Xuy-det, H i t - l e thon t i n h toan bg Ti^p Khac (thang 3-1939).

b. Nhat khai chien vdfiMi-Anh.

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Chien tranh Thai Binh Duong: Ngay 7 -12 -1941,

K h o n g d u n g l ^ i 6 do, H i t - l e bat dau gay hah va chuan b i tien hanh chien tranh

quan N h a t bat ngo tan cong Tran Chau Cang - can c u hai quan chii yeu ciia MT

v a i Ba Lan.

6 Thai B i n h D u o n g . H a m d g i M i bj thi^t hai nang ne. C i i n g lue do, N h a t d o bg

Ch\m tranh the'i^i&i bat dan ^iua Di'ec vai Ba Lan, Anh, Phap: Rang sang ngay

6 N a m Thai B i n h D u o n g va Bac M a L a i . N h a t tuyen chien v o i M i - A n h . N g a y

1 - 9 - 1939 q u a n d g i D u e ta'n cong Ba Lan. H a i ngay sau, A n h va Phap bugc

1 - 1 - 1942, Lien X6, M i , A n h k i ban Tuyen ngon Lien hi^p quoc, khMng d j n h

phai t u y e n chie'n v o i Due. Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai bat d a u . V a i u u the

quyet tam chong phat xit.

tuyet d o i ve sue m a n h , quan D u e ap d u n g chien luge "Chie'n tranh chop
n h o a n g " va ehie'm d u g c Ba Lan sau gan m o t thang. Lien quan A n h - Phap dan
tran dgc bien g i o i phia tay n u a c D i i c , n h u n g k h o n g tan cong Due. Lien X6 tien
hanh m g t so boat d g n g quan sir va chinh t n de gianh lai lanh tho cua N g a cu.

Chien tranhVidi

Binh Duvn;^: K h i chien tranh Thai Binh D u o n g b u n g no,

N h a t tien hanh d a n h chiem k h u vuc D o n g N a m A : C h i e m Thai Lan, M a Lai,
Xin-ga-po. N h a t m o r g n g chie'n tranh Thai Binh D u o n g . D e n n a m 1942, N h a t
da banh t r u o n g toi da 6 D o n g A , D o n g N a m A va Tay Thai B i n h D u o n g .
229

4. Vai tro ciia Lien X6 trong Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai
Chie'n tranh the'gioi lan thu hai no ra ngay 1- 9 - 1939 khi phat xit Due tan
c6ng Ba Lan. Sau khi chie'm hau he't chau A u , rang sang ngay 22 - 6 -1941, phat
^ft Due bat ngo tan cong Lien X6. Cupc chie'n tranh Ve quoc cua nhan dan Lien
^6 bat dau. Theo ke hoach "Baebarot", phat xit Due hy vpng nhanh chong
danh chie'm Lien X6 va "bat the'gioi dau hang".
Y thuc dupe dieu do. Dang Cong san, Chinh phu va nhan dan. Hong quan

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ie
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nT
hi
Da
iH
oc
01
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Lien X6 san sang duong dau vai chii nghIa phat xit, khong nhiing vi nghia vy
thieng lieng bao v§ To quoc ma con vi su song con ciia toan nhan loai. Sy that
Ijch su da cliung minh: quan dpi va nhan dan Lien X6 la nguoi dong vai tro
quyet dinh trong chie'n thang chii nghIa phat xit. Dieu do dupe the hi|n 6
nhirng diem sau:

Thu nhat, Hong quan Lien X6 da chju dyng ganh nang Ion nhat ciia chie'n
tranh va tieu di^t dai bp phan lyc lupng phat xit tren mat tran X6 - Due
Trong Chie'n tranh the'gioi thii hai, chie'n sy dien ra tren nhieu mat tran: mat
tran Tay A u , mat tran Bac Phi, mat tran X6 - Due, mat tran Thai Binh Duong...

Ta

Nhin chung, mat tran nao cimg gay go, phiic tap va kem theo nhiing ton that

up

s/

v6 cung lan lao. Tuy nhien, ne'u xet ve trpng tam chie'n lupc ciia quan dpi phat

/g

ro

d. Dong minh phan cong: Tran phan cong tai Xta-lin-grat (tu thang 11 - 1942
den thang 2-1943) cua quan dpi Lien X6 da tao nen buoc ngoat cua cupc chie'n
tranh the gioi. Trong tran danh v i dai nay. Hong quan Lien X6 da tan cong, bao
vay, chia cat de tieu diet va bat song toan bo dpi quan tinh nhu? cua Due gom
33 van nguoi do Thong che Pao-liit chi buy. Bat dau t u day. Lien X6 va phe
Dong minh chuyen sang tan cong dong loat tren cac mat tran. Tie'p do Dong
minh chiem dao Xi-xi-li-a (7 - 1943), chinh phii phat xit I-ta-li-a bi lat do, phai
ki ket dau hang Dong minh (3 - 9 -1943).
3. Chien tranh the gioi ket thiic
;! s,
Tu ngay 6 - 6 - 1944 ciia lien quan M i - Anh va Dong minh mo "Mat tran
thu hai". Quan Dong minh do bo tien vao giai phong cac nuoc Phap, Bi, Ha
Lan va chuan bi tan cong nuoc Due.
Tir thang 7 - 1944 den thang 10 - 1944, Hong quan Lien X6 tien quan vao
Dong A u , giup nhan dan Dong A u tieu di^t phat xit Due, giai phong hang loat
cac nuoc Dong A u .

Tu thang 1 - 1945, Hong quan Lien X6 cung bat dau cupc tan cong nuoc
Due 6 mat tran phia Dong. Thang 2 - 1945, 6 mat tran phia tay. M i - Anh va
cac nuoc Dong minh khac vupt song Ranh tran vao nuoc Due. T u 16-4 den
2 - 5 -1945, Hong quan Lien X6 da dap tan su khang cu ciia quan phat xit Due.
Ngay 9 - 5 - 1945, Due ki hi^p dinh dau hang khong dieu kien. Chien tranh
cham dut a chau A u .

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fa

ce

bo

ok

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om

6 m^t tran Thai Binh Duong, t u nam 1944, lien quan M I - A n h da trien khai
cac C U Q C tan cong danh chie'm Mien Di^n va quan dao Phi-lip-pin. Quan M i
tang cuang uy hiep, danh pha cac thanh pho lan cua nuoc Nhat bSng khong
quan. Ngay 6 - 8 -1945, M i mem qua bom nguyen t u dau tien xuo'ng thanh pho
Hi-ro-si-ma. Ngay 8 - 8 , Lien X6 tuyen chien voi Nhat va tan cong dao quan
quan Dong a Man Chau. Ngay 9 - 8, M I nem tie'p qua bom nguyen t u thu hai
huy di^t thanh pho' Na-ga-xa-ki. Ngay 15 - 8, Nhat Ban chap nhan dau hang

khong dieu kif n. Chie'n tranh the giai thu hai ket thiic.
Chie'n tranh the giai thu hai ket thuc voi su sup do hoan toan cua chu nghia
phat xit Due, I-ta-li-a va Nhat Ban. Thang loi v l dai thupc ve cac dan tpc tren
the gioi da kien cuong chie'n dau chong chu nghIa phat xit. Trong cupc chie'n
dau ay, ba cuang quoc Lien X6, M i , Anh la lyc lupng try cpt, g i i i vai tro quyet
djnh trong viec tieu diet chii nghIa phat xit.
H ^ u qua cua chie'n tranh la v6 cung nang ne doi voi nhan loai. Hon 70 quoc
gia voi 1.700 tri^u nguoi da bi loi cuo'n vao vong chie'n, khoang 60 trieu nguoi
chet, 90 tri^u nguoi bi tan phe. Chien tranh ket thiic da dan deh nhCrng bien
doi can ban ciia tinh hinh the'gioi.
230

xit, ve cuong dp chie'n tranh va tac dyng quyet dinh ciia cac chien dich doi vai
ket qua cuoi ciing ciia toan bp cupc chie'n tranh thi mat tran X6 - Due dupe xe'p

6 vj tri dau tien.
Mat tran X6 - Due chinh thuc ma man ngay 22 - 6 - 1941. Vao thai diem do
tong so quan ciia lyc lupng v i i trang Due la 8,5 tri^u nguoi va dupe bien che
thanh 214 su doan, trong do 190 su doan dupe phai sang mat tr|n X6 - Diic
(5,5 trieu quan). Tiem lyc quan sy ciia phat xit Due ciing tang len nhanh chong.
Den giiia nam 1941 Due tap trung tai mat tran phia Dong 10.000 may bay va
gan 6.000 xe tang.
Chinh tai mat tran X6 - Due, quan dpi phat xit da phai ganh chju nhiing tp'n
that to lan ve nguoi va vat chat: theo so lieu gan day thi tong so quan Due bi
chet, bi thuong va bi bat lam t i i binh trong chie'n tranh the'gioi lan thii hai len
toi gan 14 tri^u nguoi, trong do rieng a mat tran X6 - Due la 10 tri^u nguoi.
Mpt khoi lupng khong 16 via khi, quan trang, quan dyng bi pha hiiy hoac bi
tich thu: 48.000 xe tang, 77.000 may bay va hang tri?u vu khi cac loai. Thang Ipi
Ciia Lien X6 tren mat tran X6 - Due mang tinh quyet dinh den toan bp ket qua
^ a chie'n tranh, danh gyc hoan toan chii nghIa phat xit Due, tien toi ket thiic

^upc Chie'n tranh the'gioi lan thu hai.

;.
231