Farm level economic impact of econogically based rodent managemeed rice system the case study of rice farming in the mekong river delta, vietnam

FARM-LEVEL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ECOLOGICALLY-BASED RODENT
MANAGEMENT IN AN INTENSIVE IRRIGATED RICE SYSTEM: THE CASE
STUDY OF RICE FARMING IN THE MEKONG RIVER DELTA, VIETNAM

HO NGOC NINH

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE
DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(Agricultural Economics)

ii


APRIL 2013

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author was born on September 02, 1982 in Huong Son district, Ha Tinh Province,
Vietnam. He is the fourth child of Ho Viet Luong and Nguyen Thi Tan.
He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Economics from Hanoi
University of Agriculture, Vietnam in 2005. He has worked as a lecturer at the Department of

Quantitative Analysis, Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, Hanoi University of
Agriculture (HUA) since 2006.
In 2009, he was awarded a scholarship grant funded by the World Bank and Ministry of
Education and Training of Vietnam through the Training and Research Improvement Grant
Project of HUA (TRIG-HUA), which enabled him to pursue his Master of Science in
Agricultural Economics at the Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Economics and
Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). His academic performance had
been outstanding having obtained an overall average grade of 1.125 from all the graduate courses
that he took during the first and second semesters, SY 2009-2010 leading to a Master of Science
degree in Agricultural Economics. Considering that his overall weighted average grade met the
academic requirement for the straight Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program, he continued to
pursue his PhD degree in Agricultural Economics since the first semester of SY 2010-2011 under
the TRIG-HUA Scholarship grant.
In June 2011, the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in
Agriculture (SEARCA) granted him a scholarship grant to enable him to continue his straight
Ph.D. degree in Agricultural Economics at UPLB. In March 2012, he was awarded a PhD
dissertation research grant by the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium (IRRC) through the Social
Sciences Division (SSD), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).
He is happily married to Lai Phuong Thao and blessed with a lovely daughter, Ho Ngoc
Phuong.

HO NGOC NINH

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my since rest gratitude and appreciation to the following people to make the completion

of this research work possible:
To Dr. Corazon T. Aragon, my academic advisor and chair of my Advisory Committee and Dr. Florencia
G. Palis, co-major adviser, for their encouragement, invaluable advice, heartfelt guidance, and wholehearted supports to finish the study.
To Dr. Flordeliza A. Lantican, Dr. Zenaida M. Sumalde, and Dr. Ma. Victoria O. Espaldon, members of my
Advisory Committee, for their valuable suggestions and constructive comments, and encouragement to
improve the quality of this study.
I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Roderick M. Rejesus, for answering my queries
related to my research and for providing invaluable advice. I also would like to extend my appreciation to
Dr. Grant R. Singleton, Coordinator of IRRC, IRRI, for allowing me to utilize the EBRM Project data and
for his invaluable contributions to the development of this research.
To the staff of the College of Economics and Management (CEM); School of Environmental Science &
Management; the UPLB Graduate School; the UPLB Foundation Inc.; the Social Sciences Division (SSD)
and the Training Center of IRRI, for their kind help, support and good services.
To the local authorities and officers at the Plant Protection Subdivision, and the Department of Agriculture
and Rural Development in An Giang Province, for their cooperation in providing me the needed
information. Special thanks also to Ms. Truong Thi Ngoc Chi for her help in data collection.
To the World Bank and the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam, and the management and the
staff of the TRIG-HUA, for granting full financial support to enable me to pursue my M. S. degree and
partial financial support for my Straight PhD Program.
To the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), for
granting a scholarship to enable me to continue my straight PhD Program, especially to Dr. Gil C.
Saguiguit, Jr., Director and Dr. Editha C. Cedicol, Head of the Graduate Scholarship Department (GSD). I
would like also to express my gratitude to all the staff of GSD for responding to all my scholarship-related
requests so graciously.
To Dr. Tran Duc Vien, Rector; Dr. Vu Van Liet, Vice-Rector, of Hanoi University of Agriculture; Dr. Do
Kim Chung, former Dean; Dr. Tran Dinh Thao, current Dean; Dr. Nguyen Thi Minh Hien, and Dr. Nguyen
Van Song, Deputies, of the Faculty of Economics and Rural Development; Dr. Pham Van Hung, former
Head; Dr. Nguyen Thi Duong Nga, current Head; and Dr. Nguyen Tuan Son, of the Department of
Quantitative Analysis, for their logistical and moral encouragement and valuable advice for the pursuit of
my Ph.D. degree. To all my colleagues and professors at the Department of Quantitative Analysis for their

encouragement and to those who took over my academic responsibilities during my study leave.
To Dr. Tuong, Dr. Vinh and their families, as well as, all my Vietnamese and international friends at UPLB
and IRRI, for their understanding, encouragement, and full support during the period of my study; and
special thanks to Ms. Trina Leah T. Mendoza for editing my dissertation manuscript.
To my dear parents Ho Viet Luong and Nguyen Thi Tan; my dear parents-in-law Lai Huy Binh and Vu Thi
Thu Huong; my dear grandmother-in-law Nguyen Thi Chat; my dear uncles and uncles-in-law and their
families; my dear brothers, sisters and their families; and my dear brother-in-law, who were sources of my
inspiration, for their support, encouragement, patience, understanding, and for taking care of my wife and
daughter during the period of my graduate study; and

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

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Finally, to my beloved wife Lai Phuong Thao, and my wonderful daughter, Ho Ngoc Phuong, for their
love, patience, sacrifices, support and understanding, to whom this research work is dedicated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I

II

PAGE
Title Page

i

Approval Page

ii

Biographical Sketch

iii

Acknowledgement

iv

Table of Contents

v

List of Tables

ix

List of Figures

xvii

List of Appendix Tables

xix

List of Appendix Figures

xxiii

Abstract

xxiv

INTRODUCTION

1

1.1 Background of the study

1

1.2 Statement of the Problem

7

1.3 Objectives of the Study

10

1.4 Significance of the Study

11

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

12

2.1 Ecologically-Based Rodent Management

12

2.1.1 Empirical Studies Related to the Evolution of EcologicallyBased Rodent Management

12

2.1.2 Empirical Studies on Ecologically-Based Rodent
Management in Other Countries

14

2.1.3 Empirical Studies on Ecologically-Based Rodent
Management in Vietnam

23

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CHAPTER
2.2 Empirical Studies on Impact Assessment of Agricultural
Technology Adoption
2.3 Empirical Studies on Technical, Allocative and Economic
Efficiency

III

IV

PAGE
30

34

2.3.1 Empirical Studies on Technical, Allocative and Economic
Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Other Countries

34

2.3.2 Empirical Studies on Technical, Allocative and Economic
Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Vietnam

46

THEORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

53

3.1 Theoretical Framework

53

3.1.1 Concepts and Models for Impact Assessment Using Panel Data

53

3.1.2 Concepts and Models for Estimating Technical, Allocative,
Economic Efficiency

68

3.2 Conceptual Framework

77

3.3 Hypotheses of the Study

84

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

86

4.1 Sampling Design

86

4.1.1 Selection of the Study Area

86

4.1.2 Selection of the Sample Rice Farmer-Respondents

89

4.2 Types of Data and Methods of Data Collection

91

4.3 Methods of Analysis

93

4.3.1 Descriptive and Trend Analysis

93

4.3.2 Cost and Return Analysis

93

4.3.3 Comparison of Means (T-test)

95

4.3.4 Estimation Procedures and Empirical Specification for
Impact Assessment Using Panel Data

96

4.3.5 Analysis of Stochastic Production and Efficiency

103

4.4 Limitations of the Study

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vi


CHAPTER

V

PAGE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

114

5.1 Characteristics of the Sample Rice Farmer-Respondents
and Their Rice Farms

114

5.2 Changes in the Rice Farmers’ Attitudes Towards Rodent
Management and Their Rodent Management Practices

124

5.2.1 Dissemination of the EBRM Technology in Vietnam

124

5.2.2 Changes in the Rice Farmers’ Knowledge on Rodent
Pest Management

129

5.2.3 Changes in the Rice Farmers’ Attitudes and Beliefs
Towards Rats and Rat Management

135

5.2.4 Changes in Rodent Control Practices of the Sample
Rice Farmers

138

5.3 Comparison of the Mean Levels of Input Use and Paddy
Yield Among the Sample Rice Farmer-Respondents

142

5.3.1 Input Use and Yield Comparison of the Sample Rice
Farms Across Study Periods

142

5.3.2 Input Use and Yield Comparison between the Treatment
and Control Groups

152

5.3.3 Input Use and Yield Comparison Among the Project Sites

157

5.3.4 Input Use and Yield Comparison by Rice Variety

160

5.3.5 Input Use and Yield Comparison between Farm
Size Groups

162

5.4 Cost and Return Analysis

164

5.4.1 Change in the Profitability of Rice Production over Time

164

5.4.2 Profitability Comparison between the Treatment
and Control Groups

175

5.4.3 Profitability Comparison between Improved
and Conventional Varieties

184

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CHAPTER
5.4.4 Profitability Comparison between Farm Size Groups

5.4.5 Profitability Comparison Among Project Sites

188

5.5 Impact of Ecologically-Based Rodent Management
on Rice Yield and Income of Its Beneficiaries

190

5.5.1 Propensity Score Matching Results

191

5.5.2 Results of Estimated Average Impacts of the EBRM
Technology and Its Components on Rice Yield and Income
of the Beneficiaries

197

5.6 Estimated Impact of the EBRM Technology and Its Components
on Technical Efficiency of the Beneficiaries

230

5.6.1 Selection of the Most Appropriate Stochastic
Frontier Model

231

5.6.2 Factors Affecting Rice Output Per Farm and
Determinants of Technical Inefficiency

235

5.6.3 Comparison of Technical Efficiency Levels between
EBRM Farmers and Control Farmers

250

5.7 Estimated Impact of the EBRM Technology and Its Components
on Allocative and Economic Efficiency

VI

PAGE
186

258

5.7.1 Allocative Efficiency of the Sample Rice Farmers

259

5.7.2 Economic Efficiency of the Sample Rice Farmers

264

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

270

6.1 Summary and Conclusions

270

6.2 Policy Recommendations

285

LITERATURE CITED

291

APPENDICES

302

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Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

PAGE

1

Number of sample rice farmer-respondents by study area, An Giang
Province, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

90

2

Definition of variables

100

3

Age, educational attainment and farming experience of 221 sample
rice farmer-respondents by farmer groups, An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2009

116

4

Average household size by farmer group, 221 sample rice farmerrespondents, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam,
2006 and 2009

119

5

Average farm size by farmer groups of 221 sample rice farmerrespondents, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam,
2006 and 2009

121

6

Type of rice variety adopted by farmer groups, 221 sample rice
farmer-respondents, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

123

7

Changes in farmers' knowledge on rodent pest management, 88
sample rice farmer-respondents under the control group, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

131

8

Changes in farmers' knowledge on rodent pest management, 133
sample rice farmer-respondents under the EBRM treatment, An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

132

9

Changes in farmers' knowledge on rodent pest management, 63
sample rice farmer-respondents under the CA treatment, in An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

133

10

Changes in farmers' knowledge on rodent pest management, 70
sample rice farmer-respondents under the CTBS treatment, in An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

134

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TABLE

PAGE

11

Changes in farmer’s attitudes and beliefs towards rats and rat
management, 221 sample rice farmer-respondents under the treatment
and control sites, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam,
2006 and 2009

136

12

Changes in farmer’s attitudes and beliefs towards rats and rat
management, 133 sample rice farmer-respondents under the CA and
CTBS treatments, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

137

13

Changes in percentages of farmer rodent control practices by farmer
group, 221 sample rice farmer-respondents before and after the
implementation of the EBRM Project, An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam

139

14

Percentage of farmers who applied rat control in each rice-growing
stage in the summer-autumn rice crop by the control and EBRM
farmer groups before and after the implementation of the EBRM
Project, 221 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

141

15

Percentage of farmers who applied rat control in each rice-growing
stage in the summer-autumn rice crop by the CA and CTBS farmer
groups before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
133 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam

141

16

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season by year, 221 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

145

17

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season by year, 88 rice farmer-respondents under the control group in
An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

147

18

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season by year, 133 rice farmer-respondents under the EBRM
treatment in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006
and 2009

148

19

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season by year, 63 rice farmer-respondents under the CA treatment in

150

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An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009
TABLE

PAGE

20

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season by year, 70 rice farmer-respondents under the CTBS treatment
in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

151

21

Comparison of the mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the
summer-autumn season between the control and EBRM treatment
groups before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
221 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong River
Delta, Vietnam

153

22

Comparison of the mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the
summer-autumn season between the control and CA treatment groups
before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project, 151 rice
farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

155

23

Comparison of the mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the
summer-autumn season between control and CTBS treatment groups
before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project, 158 rice
farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

157

24

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season in the project sites before and after the implementation of the
EBRM Project, 221 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

159

25

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season by rice variety before and after implementation of the EBRM
Project, 221 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam

161

26

Mean levels of input use and paddy yield in the summer-autumn
season by farm size group before and after implementation of the
EBRM Project, 221 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

163

27

Cost and returns per hectare of paddy in the summer-autumn season
by survey year, 221 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

165

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TABLE

PAGE

28

Cost structure per hectare of paddy in the summer-autumn season by

year, 221 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

167

29

Cost and returns per hectare of paddy in the summer-autumn season
by year, 88 sample rice farmer-respondents under the control group
in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

169

30

Cost and returns per hectare of paddy in the summer-autumn season
by year, 133 sample rice farmer-respondents under the EBRM
treatment in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006
and 2009

171

31

Cost and returns per hectare of paddy in the summer-autumn season
by year, 63 sample rice farmer-respondents under the CA treatment
in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

173

32

Cost and returns per hectare of paddy in the summer-autumn season
by year, 70 sample rice farmer-respondents under the CTBS
treatment in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006
and 2009

174

33

Cost and returns per hectare of paddy of the control and EBRM
groups in the summer-autumn season before and after the
implementation of the EBRM Project, 221 sample rice farmerrespondents in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

177

34

Cost and returns per hectare of paddy of the control and CA groups in
the summer-autumn season before and after the implementation of
the EBRM Project, 151 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

180

35

Cost and returns per hectare of the control and CTBS groups in the
summer-autumn season before and after the implementation of the

EBRM Project, 158 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

183

36

Cost and returns per hectare in the summer-autumn season by rice
variety before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
221 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam

185

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TABLE

PAGE

37

Cost and returns per hectare in the summer-autumn season by farm
size group before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
221 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam

187

38

Cost and returns per hectare in the summer-autumn season by the
project site before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
221 sample rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam

189

39

Probit results for participation in the EBRM treatment, 221 sample
farmer-respondents, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

193

40

Probit results for participation in the CA treatment, 151 sample
farmer-respondents, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

194

41

Probit results for participation in the CTBS treatment, 158 sample

farmer-respondents, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

195

42

Estimated mean impact of the EBRM technology on paddy yield
obtained by the farmer-beneficiaries using the unmatched sample, An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

199

43

Estimated mean impact of the EBRM technology on paddy yield
obtained by the farmer-beneficiaries using the 1-to-1 nearest
neighbor matched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

200

44

Estimated mean impact of the EBRM technology on paddy yield
obtained by the farmer-beneficiaries using the kernel matched
sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

201

45

Estimated mean impact of community action (CA) on paddy yield
obtained by the farmer-beneficiaries using the unmatched sample, An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

204

46

Estimated impact of community action (CA) on paddy yield obtained
by the farmer-beneficiaries using the 1-to-1 nearest neighbor matched

205

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sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
TABLE

PAGE

47

Estimated mean impact of community action (CA) on paddy yield
obtained by the farmer-beneficiaries using the kernel matched
sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

206

48

Estimated mean impact of the community trap barrier systems
(CTBS) component on paddy yield obtained by the farmerbeneficiaries using the unmatched sample, An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

209

49

Estimated mean impact of the community trap barrier systems
(CTBS) component on paddy yield obtained by the farmerbeneficiaries using the 1-to-1 nearest neighbor matched sample, An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

210

50

Estimated mean impact of the community trap barrier systems
(CTBS) component on paddy yield obtained by the farmerbeneficiaries using the kernel matched sample, An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

211

51

Estimated mean impact of the EBRM technology on real net farm

income of rice farmers using the unmatched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

213

52

Estimated mean impact of the EBRM technology on real net farm
income of rice farmers using the 1-to-1 nearest neighbor matched
sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

214

53

Estimated mean impact of the EBRM technology on real net farm
income of rice farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

215

54

Estimated mean impact of community action (CA) on real net farm
income of rice farmers using the unmatched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

218

55

Estimated mean impact of community action (CA) on real net farm
income of rice farmers using the 1-to-1nearest neighbor matched
sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

219

56

Estimated mean impact of community action (CA) on real net farm
income of rice farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang

221

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Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam
TABLE

PAGE

57

Estimated mean impact of the community trap barrier systems
(CTBS) component on real net farm income of rice farmers using the
unmatched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

223

58

Estimated mean impact of the community trap barrier systems
(CTBS) component on real net farm income of rice farmers using the
1-to-1 nearest neighbor matched sample, An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

225

59

Estimated mean impact of the community trap barrier systems
(CTBS) component on real net farm income of rice farmers using the
kernel matched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

226

60

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic production and technical
inefficiency functions for model 2 using the kernel EBRM matched
sample, 216 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam, before and after the implementation of the
EBRM Project

236

61

Technical efficiency (TE) comparison by socio-economic and farm
specific factors, 216 rice farmer-respondents using the kernel EBRM
matched sample in An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam, before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project

243

62

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic production and technical
inefficiency function for model 2 using the kernel CA matched
sample, 147 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam, before and after the implementation of the
EBRM Project

246

63

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic production and technical
inefficiency functions for model 2 using the kernel CTBS matched
sample, 148 rice farmer-respondents in An Giang Province, Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam, before and after the implementation of the
EBRM Project

249

64

Technical efficiency (TE) comparison between the EBRM farmers
and the control farmers using the EBRM unmatched and kernel
matched samples, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam,

251

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before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project
TABLE

PAGE

65

Technical efficiency comparison between the CA farmers and the
control farmers using the CA unmatched and kernel matched
samples, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, before
and after the implementation of the EBRM Project

254

66

Technical efficiency comparison between the CTBS farmers and the

control farmers using the CTBS unmatched and kernel matched
samples, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, before
and after the implementation of the EBRM Project

257

67

Impact of the EBRM technology and its components on allocative
efficiency (AE) using the kernel matched samples, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

261

68

Results of regression analysis showing the effects of socio-economic
and farm-specific factors on economic efficiency, 216 rice farmerrespondents using the EBRM kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

265

69

Results of regression analysis showing the effects of socio-economic
and farm-specific factors on economic efficiency, 147 rice farmerrespondents using the CA kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

266

70

Results of regression analysis showing the effects of socio-economic
and farm-specific factors on economic efficiency, 148 rice farmerrespondents using the CTBS kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

268

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

PAGE

1

Theoretical framework for impact evaluation of the EBRM
technology using DID method

64

2

Input-oriented productive efficiency measure

70

3

Output-oriented productivity efficiency measure

71

4

Analytical framework of impact assessment of the EBRM Project in
the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

80

5

Conceptual framework showing the effects of factors on production,
technical and economic efficiency in rice production in the Mekong
River Delta, Vietnam

83

6

The EBRM Project sites and study area in the Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam

88

7

Extension network for the dissemination of the EBRM technology
in Vietnam

125

8

Distribution of technical efficiency by farmers’ knowledge index on
rodent management, 216 rice farmer-respondents using the EBRM
kernel matched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

239

9

Distribution of technical efficiency by educational attainment, 216
rice farmer-respondents using the EBRM kernel matched sample, An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

241

10

Technical efficiency comparison by the membership in a farmers’
organization, 216 rice farmer-respondents using the EBRM
kernel matched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River
Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

242

11

Technical efficiency comparison by the project site, 216 rice farmerrespondents using the EBRM kernel matched sample, in An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

243

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

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FIGURE

PAGE

12

Technical efficiency comparison between the EBRM farmers and the
control farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

252

13

Technical efficiency comparison between the CA farmers and the

control farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

255

14

Technical efficiency comparison between the CTBS farmers and the
control farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

258

15

Allocative efficiency comparison between the EBRM farmers and
the control farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

260

16

Allocative efficiency comparison between the CA farmers and the
control farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

262

17

Allocative efficiency comparison between the CTBS farmers and the
control farmers using the kernel matched sample, An Giang
Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

263

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

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LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

APPENDIX
TABLE

PAGE

1

Area damaged by rats (ha) in the Mekong River Delta and other
parts of Vietnam, 1992-1997 (adapted from Hung et al. 1998)

302

2

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean levels of input use and paddy yield per

hectare between the EBRM farmers and the control farmers,
before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project

304

3

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean levels of input use and paddy yield per
hectare between the CA farmers and the control farmers, before
and after the implementation of the EBRM Project

305

4

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean levels of input use and paddy yield per
hectare between the CTBS farmers and the control farmers,
before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project

306

5

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean levels of input use and paddy yield per
hectare between the project sites, before and after the
implementation of the EBRM Project

307

6

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean levels of input use and paddy yield per
hectare between conventional and improved varieties, before and
after the implementation of the EBRM Project

308

7

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean levels of input use and paddy yield per
hectare by farm size group, before and after the implementation
of the EBRM Project

309

8

Estimated costs of establishing a CTBS per 1,000-sq m area, 2008
summer-autumn rice season, An Giang Province, Mekong River
Delta, Vietnam

310

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

xx


APPENDIX
TABLE

PAGE

9

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean production costs and income per hectare
between the EBRM farmers and the control farmers, before and
after the implementation of the EBRM Project

311

10

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean production costs and income per hectare
between the CA farmers and the control farmers, before and after
the implementation of the EBRM Project

312

11

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean production costs and income per hectare

between the CTBS farmers and the control farmers, before and
after the implementation of the EBRM Project

313

12

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean production costs and income per hectare by
rice variety, before and after the implementation of the EBRM
Project

314

13

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean production costs and income per hectare
by farm size group, before and after the implementation of the
EBRM Project

315

14

Results of the t-test of means to determine the significance of the
differences in the mean production costs and income per hectare
by the project sites, before and after the implementation of the
EBRM Project

316

15

Comparison of the means of pre-intervention observable farm
characteristics: EBRM vs. Non-EBRM farmers in the study area
(Unmatched vs. Matched samples)

317

16

Comparison of the means of pre-intervention observable farm
characteristics: CA vs. Non-CA Farmers in the study area
(Unmatched vs. Matched samples)

318

17

Comparison of the means of pre-intervention observable farm
characteristics: CTBS vs. Non-CTBS farmers in the study area
(Unmatched vs. Matched samples)

319

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

xxi

APPENDIX
TABLE

PAGE

18

Hypothesis test to determine the most appropriate functional
form (Cobb-Douglas vs. Translog model), using the EBRM
unmatched and kernel matched samples in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, before and after the
implementation of the EBRM Project

320

19

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production
functions and technical inefficiency functions for Model 1 before
and after the implementation of the EBRM Project, using the
EBRM unmatched and kernel matched samples in
An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

321

20

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production
functions and technical inefficiency functions for Model 2 before

and after the implementation of the EBRM Project, using the
EBRM unmatched and kernel matched samples in
An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam.

322

21

Hypothesis test to determine the presence of technical
inefficiency effects (OLS vs. MLE) in the Cobb-Douglas
model before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
using the EBRM unmatched and kernel matched samples in An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

323

22

Hypothesis test to determine the most appropriate functional form
(Cobb-Douglas vs. Translog model) before and after the
implementation of the EBRM Project, using the CA unmatched
and kernel matched samples in An Giang Province, Mekong River
Delta, Vietnam

324

23

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production
functions and technical inefficiency functions for Model 1 before

and after the implementation of the EBRM Project, using the CA
unmatched and kernel matched samples in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

325

24

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production
functions and technical inefficiency functions for Model 2 before
and after the implementation of the EBRM project, using the CA
unmatched and kernel matched samples in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

326

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

xxii


APPENDIX
TABLE

PAGE

25

Hypothesis test to determine the presence of technical
inefficiency effects (OLS vs. MLE) in the Cobb-Douglas

model before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
using the CA unmatched and kernel matched samples in An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

327

26

Hypothesis test to determine the most appropriate functional form
(Cobb-Douglas vs. Translog model) before and after the
implementation of the EBRM Project, using the CTBS unmatched
and kernel matched samples in An Giang Province, Mekong River
Delta, Vietnam

328

27

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production
functions and technical inefficiency functions for Model 1 before
and after the implementation of the EBRM Project, using the
CTBS unmatched and kernel matched samples in
An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

329

28

MLE of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production
functions and technical inefficiency functions for Model 2 before

and after the implementation of the EBRM Project, using the
CTBS unmatched and kernel matched samples in
An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

330

29

Hypothesis test to determine the presence of technical
inefficiency effects (OLS vs. MLE) in the Cobb-Douglas
model before and after the implementation of the EBRM Project,
using the CTBS unmatched and kernel matched samples in An
Giang Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

331

30

Pearson correlation results for the Cobb-Douglas production
function for Model 2, 216 rice farmers using the EBRM kernel
matched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

332

31

Pearson correlation results for the Cobb-Douglas production
function for Model 2, 147 rice farmers using the CA kernel
matched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,

Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

334

32

Pearson correlation results for the Cobb-Douglas production
function for Model 2, 148 rice farmers using the CTBS kernel
matched sample, An Giang Province, Mekong River Delta,
Vietnam, 2006 and 2009

336

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

xxiii


LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

APPENDIX
FIGURE
1

PAGE
Estimated rice area infected by rodents in An Giang Province,
Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, period 1998-2012

Trường ðại học Nông nghiệp Hà Nội – Luận án tiến sỹ khoa học Nông nghiệp ………………………

303

xxiv