ôn luyện kiens thức kỹ năng làm bài thi hóa học

1 NGUYfeN Htru T H A C -

TRAN NGOC THANG

- NGUYfeN H O A l NAM

ON KIEN THUrc
LUYEN Kl NANG LAM BAI
•

HO A HOC 9
THEO CHUAN K l f N THtfC

7-'»'"

I l i ' J VIEM Ti f-'H aiNH IHUA'*

teVL

M5 3/|(y

N H A X U A T B A N D A I H O C SU^ P H A M

-14 ,


LOI NOI DAU

Cuon sach "On Men thitc - Luyen Id nang lam bai (Theo chudn kien tMc)
- Hod hoc 9" nham giiip cac em hoc sinh lop 9 nam chac kidn thiic va nang cao ki
nang giai bai tap Hoa hoc thu6c chuong trlnh Idp 9, trong d6 c6 chii y nhilu den ki

nang lam bai tap trac nghiem.
N6i dung cuon sach gom 4 phSn:
PHANI - ON TAP THEO CHUAN KJEN TfflJC
Phan nay trlnh bay tom tat nhung tdng hop toan bo kien thiic Hoa hoc cua
sach giao khoa Idp 9 theo chuong trinh cai each ciia Bo Giao due va Dao tao,
nham giiip em hoc sinh on tap nhanh va nam kien thiic sau hon.
PHAN II - LUYEN KI N A N G THEO CHUAN KIEN THirC
A. Cau hoi va bai tap
G6m nhi^u bai tap trac nghiem va bai tap tu luan, giiip hoc sinh nang cao
ki nang van dung kie'n thiic di, giai bai tap, nhat la giai bai tap trac nghiem (each
chon dap an diing va nhanh nhat).
B. Huong dan tra 161 cau lioi va giai bai tap
Cac em hoc sinh chi sir dung phan nay sau khi da tra loi cac cau hoi va
giai cac bai tap b phSn A de' ki^m tra kie'n thiic va ki nang cua minh, tii do b6
sung nhung kid'n thiic va ki nang eon thieu.
PHAN III - Gl6l THIEU M O T SO DE KIEM TRA , ^,
I. De kiem tra 15 phut
II. De kiem tra 45 pliiit
PHAN IV - Gldl THIEU DE THI HOC SINH GIOI L(3P 9 - MON HOA HOC
Hi vong rang cuOn sach nay se giiip ieh nhi^u cho cac em hoc sinh 6n tap
va ren luyen ki nang de chudn bi t6't cho ki ki^m tra cu6'i hoc ki va cu6'i nam.
Chiing t6i ra't mong nhan dupe nhirng y kie'n dong gop xay dung cua ban
doe d^ \in xua't ban sau cu6n sach dupe hoan thien hon.
Xin tran trpng cam crn!

CAC TAC GIA


PHANI^.

ON T A P THEO CHUAN KIEN THUTC

Chirong 1
.:;ofi^/±iU

Gri'I:; mki (' qUi ilm.-

'.K^

:nlrl
\ryr'.r-^-^Ki..

CAC LOAI HOP CHAT V 6 CO
n d i D yrtfilvf'J'i^

I-OXIT

,., ,„,,,^,.,

Ojf/f /a /icT? chat cm oxi vdi mot ngiiyen

tokhdc.

1. Phanloqi
a) Theo tinh chdt hod hoc cua oxit: Chia thanh b6'n loai oxit;
Oxit axit la nhiJng oxit tac dung vdi bazo tao thanh mu6'i va HjO.
Oxit baza la nhung oxit tac dung vdri axit tao thanh mu6'i va H2O.
Oxit licdng tinh la nhung oxit vira tac dung vdi axit vCra tac dung vdi
bazo tao thanh muoi va nuorc.

Oxit trung tinh (con goi la oxit kh6ng tao mu(5i) la nhiJng oxit khdng
tac dung vdi nude, axit va baza. Thi du: CO, N O . . .
b) Theo thanh phdn nguyen to tao oxit: Chia thanh hai loai oxit:

Oxit kim loai: Nguyen to tao oxit la kim loai.
Oxit phi kim: Nguyfin to' tao oxit la phi kim.

' '
I

2. Ten goi
Cdch 1: Ten oxit = Ten nguyen td tao oxit (kem hoa tri vdi nguyen td cd
nhilu hoa tri) + oxit.
i-v'^x^ n>;' / > - •
•
.,.,1 •
Thi du: FcjO,: Sat(in) oxit.
Cdch 2: Diing t i l n td mono (la mot), di (la hai), tri (la ba)... di chi sd
nguyen tit cua mdi nguyen td trong phan tiJ oxit.
Thi du: N j O , : Dinita pentaoxit (penta la nam).
Cdch 3: Ddi vdi oxit axit con cd ten goi la anhidrit ciia axit tuThi du: SO,: Anhidrit sunfuric (axit tircfng ling la HjSO^).

3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit bazo
- Tdc dung vdi oxit axit: Tao thanh mudi. Thi du:
CaO + SO, ^ C a S O ,
- Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mudi va nude. Thi du:
MgO + H C l M g C l ^ + H^O

•

'•


Trong cdng nghiep: Tijr l u u h u y n h va tijf quang p i r i t :

- Tdc dung v&i nucfc: M 6 t sO' oxit bazcf tac dung duoc v d i nudc, tao thanh
dung dich baza r/i/
S+ O2—^SOj
Na20 + H 2 0 ^ 2 N a O H

4FeS2
+ 1IO2 — ^
(Quang pirit)

4. TTnh chdt hoa hoc cua oxit exit
-Tdc dungvdi oxit bazcf:laoXhmhmu6i.Thi

du:

CO^+CaO-^CaCOj
- Tdc dung vdi nuac: Da s6' oxit axit tac dung dugc v d i nude, tao thanh axit.

Thi du:

P^O, + SH^O - > 2H3PO,
SO2 + Ba(OH)2

AI2O3 + 6HC1 ^

- Axit

CO

oxi:

HN03,H2S04,H2C03...

2. Ten gpi
- Axit khong co oxi: Ttn axit = A x i t + ten phi k i m + hidric.
Thi du: H C l : A x i t clohidrie.

- Tdc dung vdi baza kiem: Tao thanh mu6'i va nude. Thi du:

- Axit CO nhieu nguyen /«" oxi: T^n axit = A x i t + ten phi k i m + ic.
Thi du: H 2 S O 4 : A x i t sunfuric.

+ H^O

- Axit CO it nguyen tic oxi: T6n axit = A x i t + t6n phi k i m + cf.

II. MOT SO OXIT QUAN TRONG

r/z/JM; H 2 S O 3 : A x i t sunfuror.

1. Conxi oxit (CaO)
- L a cha't ran, m a u trang, nong chay b nhiet d6 rat cao. CaO hut nude ra't
- L a o x i t bazo: Tac dung v d i nudc, v d i axit va o x i t a x i t .
- San xua't CaO: N u n g da v d i (CaCOO trong 16 v d i :
Cao + CO^ t

2. Lau huynh dioxit (SO2)
- L a chat k h i k h o n g m a u , m u i hac, nang hem k h o n g k h i . S O 2 hoa l o n g
, hoa r a n b - 7 3 " C .

- L a o x i t a x i t : Tac d u n g v d i n u d c , v d i b a z a va o x i t bazcf.
-DieuchekhiS02:

Trong phong thi nghiem: TiT m u d i sunfit va tijr axit HjSO^dae, ndng.
Na^SO, + H^SOJoang - > Na^SO, + SO^ t + H^O
Cu + 2H2S04d.n - > CuSO, + SO^ t + 2 H 2 O

,

3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc cua axit
- A x i t l a m d d i m a u quy t i m thanh do.

m a n h , nen dung l a m k h o m6t s6' cha't k h i .

CaCOj — ^

^

- Axit khong co oxi: H C l , H j S , HBr...

2 A I C I 3 + 3H2O

Aip, + 2NaOH2NaA102

> .

>

Dua vao thanh phSn phan tir, axit duac chia thanh hai l o a i :

BaSOj + H^O

- Tdc dung vdi axit: Tao thanh mu6'i va nirdfc. Thi du:

8SO2 t + 2Fe203

Axit Id hap chdt md phdn ti( c6 mot hay nhieu nguyen tie hidro lien kit
vdi goc axit, cdc nguyen tit hidro nay c6 the duac thay the bang cdc nguyen
tit kim loai.

1. Phan loai

5. Tinh chdt cua oxit laong tinh

--^.^5

III. AXIT

- Tdc dung vdi baza: Tao thanh mu6'i va niidrc. Thi du:

6 -10"C

. S

- N h i e u k i m loai hoat ddng tac dung v d i a x i t , tao thanh mud'i va giai

phong

^iW^.Thidu:
Zn +

2HCl->ZnCl2+H21.

Rieng axit nitric H N O , va axit H2S04dac tac dung v d i hSu he't eae k i m
loai (trilr platin Pt va vang A u ) , tao thanh mud'i nhimg khong gidi phong khi

H^.

- Tac dung v d i baza va o x i t baza, tao thanh mud'i va nirde.
- Dua vao t m h chat hoa hoc, axit duac phan thanh 2 l o a i :

Axit mgnh n h u

HCl,HN03,H2S04loang...

Axit ye'u n h u H2S,H2C03,H2S03...

IV. MpT SO AXIT QUAN TRONG
1. Axit clohidrie (HCl)
- K h i hidro clorua H C l tan trong nudc tao thanh dung d i c h axit clohidrie.
- A x i t clohidrie ed nhimg tinh cha't chung ciia axit: L a m ddi mau quy t i m
thanh do. Tac dung v d i : k i m loai, baza, oxit baza va m u d i , tao thanh m u d i clorua.


2. Axitsunfuric ( H j S O J

" " - La chat long sanh, kh6ng mau, nang hon nuorc, tan nhieu trong nudrc va
toa nhiSt.
- Axit sunfuric lodng: Co tinh chat gi6'ng axit clohidric.
- Axit sunfuric dqc: Co nhOtig tinh chat hoa hoc rifing:
+ Tac dung voi kim loai: Axit H 2 S O 4 dac, nong tac dung vdi ta't ca cac kim
loai (trii platin Pt va vang Au) tao thanh mudi sunfat va khong gidi phong khi H2.
+ Tinh hdo nuac: Hiit nu6c ra't manh nen dung lam khd khi im, lam khan
cac mudi hidrat.
Gay hien tucfng than hoa cac hop chat hiru cor. Thi du: Axit H 2 S O 4 dac
biS'n dudng thanh than:
C12H22Q.1
3. San xudt axit sunfuric

) I 2 C + IIH2O

- Trong cdng nghiSp, axit sunfuric dupe san xua't bang phuong phap tiep
xiic tir nguyen lieu la luu huynh (S) hay quang pirit (FeS2).
- Cac cdng doqn san xudt:
+ San xua't khi SO2:
Ddt S hoac quang pirit: S +
'° > SO^.
Hoac
4FeS2 +1 lOj ^ 2Fe203 + SSO^ t
+ San xua't SO3:
2 S O 2 + O2
y
> 2SO3
+ San xua't axit sunfuric: SO3 + H2O H 2 S O 4
4. Nhqn biet axit sunfuric v a muoi sunfat

- Dung thudc thu la mudi bari (BaCl2 hay Ba(N03)2), nhan bie't axit
H 2 S O 4 va mudi sunfat bang ke't tua BaS04 mau trdng.
Na2S0, + BaCl2 -> BaSO, i + 2NaCl
- Phan biet axit H 2 S O 4 va muoi sunfat bang quy tim (chi c6 axit la do quy tim).
V. BAZO

Baza la hap chat ma phdn ti( c6 mot nguyen tie kim loai lien kei vdi mot
hoac nhieu nhom hidroxit (-OH).
1. Phan loqi

Dua vao tinh tan trong mdc cm bazo, chia thanh hai loai:
- Baza tan duac trong nude (gpi la bazokiem): NaOH,Ba(OH)2...
- Baza khong tan trong nude (gpi la bazp khdng tan): Cu(0H)2,
Fe(OH)3...

2. Ten gpi
Ten bazo = Ten kim loai (hoa tri) + hidroxit.
Thidu: Fe(OH)3: Sat(III) hidroxit.

,

H'iUr^'
,

3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc c u a bazo

lam quy tim chuyen thanh xanh, phenolphtalein khdng mau
chuy^n thanh mau do.
- Tac dung vdi axit - Phan ling trung hoa:
,^

- BazP

Cu(OH)2 + H 2 S O ,

^

CUSO4 + 2 H 2 O

- Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi oxit axit, tao thanh mudi va nude.
- Dung dich bazo tac dung vdi dung dich mudi, tao thanh mudi mdi va

b a z P m d i . Thi

du:

Ba(0H)2 + NajSO^ -> BaSO, i + 2NaOH .

- BazP

khdng tan b i nhiet phan tao oxit bazo v a nude. Thi du:
2Fe(OH)3 ^ ^ F e 2 0 3 + 3H2O

VI. IVIOT SO BAZO QUAN TRONG
1. Natrl hidroxit (NaOH)

- La cha't ran khdng mau, hiit am manh, tan nhieu trong nude, an mdn da
(do vay cd ten la xiit an da).
- Cd My dii tinh cha't ciia bazo ki^m: Lam xanh quy tim, tac dung vdi
a x i t , oxit axit tao thanh mudi va nude. Tac dung vdi mdt sd dung dich mudi, tao
thanh mudi mdi va b a z a mdi. Thi du:

-th h •^•mi m ««t)J> o f j J
3NaOH + F e C l 3 - > Fe(0H)3 ^ + 3 N a C l
- San xuat NaOH: Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa cd mang ngan:
2NaCl + 2 H 2 0 ^ ! = _ > 2 N a O H + CI2 t + H2 t
2. Canxi hidroxit (Ca(OH)2)

- La chat ran mau trang, it tan trong nude. Dung dich bdo hod Ca(0H)2
trong nude goi Id nicdc voi trong.
- Canxi hidroxit cd day du nhung tinh cha't ehung cua mdt baza.
3. Thang pH

Di bidu thi dd axit hoac dp baza ciia dung dich ngudi ta dung thang pH.
- Nude ca't (nude tinh khiet) va cac dung djch trung tinh cd pH = 7.
- Dung dich baza cd pH > 7: pH cang Idn, luc baza cang manh.
- Dung dich axit cd pH < 7: pH cang nhd, luc axit cang manh.


VIII. P H A N Q N G T R A O

VII. M U O l

Mndi

la hop chat ma phdn tu: gom mot hay nhieu nguyen tvc kim loai

kit v&i mot hay nhieu goc

lien

1. Ojnh nghla

axit.

Phan ung trao d d i la phan ling hoa hoc, trong do hai cha't tham gia phan
iJng trao ddi thanh phan vdi nhau d^ tao ra nhung hop chat mdri. Thi

1. Phdnloqi
tiling

hod: Trong g6'c axit kh6ng c6 nguydn i\x hidro c6 t h ^ thay

2. Oieu kien de xay ra phan tmg trao ddi

the' bang nguyen tir k i m loai. Thi du: K^SO^, Na^CO,, FeCl^...
- Muoi

axit:

nguyen tijf k i m loai.

Phan ling trao doi trong dung dich xay ra k h i san ph^m tao thanh c6 chd't

Trong g6'c axit con nguyfin i\x hidro c6 t h ^ thay the bang
r/jiJM.-

Na2HP04, K H S O , , CaCHCOj)^...

dibay

hoi hogc chdt khong tan (tao thanh ke't tiia).

IX. PHAN BON HOA

2. Ten gpi c u a muoi

trong

r / H JM.-Fe^CSOJj: Sat(III) sunfat.

nguyen t6' tren.

- Tac dung v d i k i m loai: Tao thanh mu6'i m6\a k i m loai m6\. Thi

du:

Z n ( N O , \ 2 A g 4^
du:

du:

don iCa(H^PO^\ CaSO,), supephotphat kep

Na^CO, + Ca(0H)2 ^ CaCO, i + 2 N a O H

-Phdn

du:

- Phan ung phan huy: N h i ^ u mu6'i bi phan huy b nhiet d6 cao. Thi

(CaiU^PO,)^).

kali: KC1,K2S04...

2. Phan bon kep

BaSO, i + 2 N a C l

0 '

Phan bon kep chiia hai hoac ca ba nguyen t6' dinh duang 1^ N , P, K.
du:

2CuO + 4NO2 t + O2 t

CaO + CO2

(NH^NO,),

- Phdn Idn (chiia photpho): Photphat t u nhien (Ca3(P04)2), supephotphat

- Tac dung v d i baza: Tao thanh mu6'i m d i va bazo m d i . Thi

2Cu(N03)2 — ^

dam (chiia nita): Ure ( C O ( N H 2 ) 2 ) , amoni nitrat

amoni sunfat ( ( N H J ^ S O ^ ) . . .

AgCl i + HNO3

BaCl^ + Na^SO, ^

to: n i t a (N), photpho (P), kali ( K ) hoac chiia d6ng thcri ba

Phan bon dan chi chira 1 trong 3 nguyen to d i n h duang chi'nh la: dam (N),
lan (P), hoac k a l i ( K ) .
-v-Vi n
' r^t
- Phdn

- Tac dung v d i axit: Tao thanh mu6'i m d i va axit m d i . Thi

- Tac dung v d i mud'i: Tao thanh hai mu6'i m d i . Thi

mot

1. Phan bon don

3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc

A g N O , + HCl

cdc nguyen

thanh phdn co chifa

N h u n g phan bon hoa hoc thucmg diing la phan bon dan va phan bon kep.

CaCHCOj)^: Canxi hidrocacbonat.

CaCOj — ^

HOC

Phdn bon hod hoc Id nhifng muoi vd ca, trong

Ten mu6'i = ten k i m loai (hoa tri) + ten g6'c axit.

Zn + 2AgN03

du:

Ba(N03 \ Na^CO, - » BaCO, i + 2 N a N 0 3

Dira vao thanh phan phan i\x, mu6'i duoc chia thanh hai loai:
- Muoi

061

t

4. TTnh tan
- TSit ca cac mu6'i nitrat d^u tan.
- Cac mu6'i clorua thucmg gap d i u de tan, trCr A g C l , PbGl2...
- Trong s6 cac mu6'i cacbonat, chi c6 mu6'i cacbonat cua k i m loai k i e m
tan trong nu6c. Cac mu6'i cacbonat axit (hidrocacbonat) d^u de tan.

Thi du: Phan N P K (chiia ba nguyen t6' dinh dirong), phan amophot la h6n
hop cac m u o i N H ^ H ^ P O , va ( N H J ^ H P O , (chiia N v a P ) .

3. Phan vi iupng
Chiia luang rat nho cac nguyen t6' hoa hoc dudi dang hgfp cha't.


5. Tac dung v6i dung djch kiem

Chirong 2

Nh6m va kem la hai k i m loai hoat d6ng va hidroxit cua chung c6 tinh
ludng tinh, c6 th^ tac dung vdri dung dich ki^m. Thi du:

KIM LOAI
•

2A1 + 2KOH + 2H2O ^

I. TINH CHAT VAT LI
- Tinh cha't vat If dac tnmg nha't cua kim loai la: deo, dSn di6n, dfin nhiet
tot (Ag dan dien t6t nha't roi den Cu, A l , Fe...), c6 anh kim.
- 6 dieu kien thudng, kim loai t6n tai d trang thai ran (tinh the), trCr Hg cf
trang thai long.
- Nhiet do nong chay rat khac nhau: t'^^(Hg) = -30"C, t",(W) = 3410"C .
D6 cung cua kim loai cung rat khac nhau.
- Ngu6i ta con phan bi6t: kim loai den (Fe, M n , Cr) va kim loai mdu (g6m
cac kim loai con lai).

II. TINH CHAT HOA HOC

;

6. Kim loqi mqnh day kim logi yeu ra khoi hop chdt
- Day ra khoi dung dich muoi. Thi du:
Zn + CuSO^

ZnSO^ + Cu 4^

-

- Day ra khoi oxit d nhiet do cao (phan ung nhiet kim loai): Phan ling xay
ra b nhiet d6 cao va toa nhilu nhiet, lam nong chay cac k i m loai. Thi du:
2A1 + Fe^O,

AI2O3 +

2Fe

Phan ling nay thudng duoc diing de di^u che' cac kim loai kho nong chay.
K

Oxi
Oxit kim loai
K i m loai + \o -> Muoi clorua
[Luai huynh -> Mu6'i sunfua

Mg

Al

Zn

Fe

Pb

H

Cu

Ag

Au

Day hoat d6ng hoa hoc ciia m6t so kim loai giam dan
- Tijr trai sang phai, d6 hoat d6ng cua kim loai giam dSn.

Chi CO kim loai kiem va kiem tho phan ung vdfi

tao thanh hop cha't

hidrua kim loai kh6ng ben, d6 bi thuy phan. Thi du:
^ 2NaH (natri hidrua)

NaH + H 2 0 - > N a O H + H2 t

'

- Chi nhung kim loai dung trudc H moi day dugfc H j ra khoi dung dich axit.
- M6t s(5 k i m loai dung dSu day nhu K, Na tac dung duoc vdfi HjO, giai
phong H2.

- K i m loai dung trudc (trir K va Na) day dugfc kim loai dung sau ra khoi
dung dich mu6'i.

III. NHOM

3. Tac dung v6i nude
- O nhiet do thudng: K i m loai ki^m va ki^m th6 phan ung vdi H j O . ,
Ca + 2Y{f>

Na

Trong day nay:

2. Tac dung v6i hidro

Thi du:

^

7. Day hoqt dong hoa hoc c u a mot so kim loqi

1. Tac dung v6l phi kim

2Na +

2KAIO2 + 3H2t

Ca(0H)2

+0^1

- U nhiet do cao: Nhung kim loai dung trudrc hidro trong day hoat dong
hoa hoc phan ung vdi
. Thi du:
Fe + H j O — ^ F e O + H j t

4. Tac dung v6i axit
- Tac dung vai axit thudng: Nhung kim loai dung tru6c hidro phan ung
voi axit, tao ra mu6'i va gidi phong H2^.
- Tac dung vdi axit nitric HNO3 vd axit sunfuric H^O^ ddc, nong: HSu he't
cac kim loai phan ung (trir vang Au va platin Pt), khong gidi phong Hj. Thi du:
Cu + 2H2SO4 (dac) ^

CUSO4 + S 0 2 t + 2H2O

Zn + 4HNO3 (dac) -> Zn(N03)2 + S N O j t + 2H2O

1. Tinh chdt vqt li
- Nhom la kim loai nhe, trdng nhu bac, t", = 660° C.
- Nh6m rat deo, din dien, dSn nhiet tot. De tao thanh hop kim v6i cac kim
loai khac.

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc
Nh6m CO diy du nhung tmh cha't cua kim loai (da neu tren). Dac biet chii
S la: Nhom bi thu dong hoa trong axit HNO3 ddc, ngugi vd trong axit H2SO4
ddc, ngugi.
- Tac dung vai phi kim:
4Al + 30^

'° )2Al203

2A1 + 3 S — ^ A l j S j
2AI + 3CI2-^2A1C13


- Tdc dung vcfi H^O: loai bo lop A l j O , bao vS, A l tac dung vdi H2O:
2A1 + 6H2O ^ 2Al(OH)3 +
Thidu:

t

- Tdc dung vcfi axit:
Tac dung vdi axit thucmg, tao thanh mud'i sat(n). Thi du:
Fe + H J SO, ^ FeSO, + H2 T

- Tdc dung vdi axit: V d i axit thucmg va HNO3 loang, nhdm phan ting manh.
2A1 + 3H2SO, ^ A1,(S0,)3 +

1

8A1 + 3OHNO3 (loang) -> SAICNO,), + 3N2O +1 SH^O
- Tdc dnng vcd dung dich kiem, tao thdnh muoi aluminat:
2A1 + 2NaOH + ZH^O ^ 2NaA102 + 3H2 T

Tac dung vdi axit HNO3, H2SO4 dac, nong, tao thanh mud'i sat(m). Thi du:
Fe + 4HNO3 (loang) ^ Fe(N03)3 + NO + 2H2O
sat kh6ng tac dung (bi thu dong hoa) vdi axit HNO3 dac, ngudi va axit
H2SO4 dac, ngu6i.
- Tdc dung vdi muoi: cua nhOng kim loai kem hogt dgng hem. Thi du:

- Phdn i(ng day kim logi yeu ra khoi hap chat - Phdn iCng nhiet nhdm:

Fe, + CuSO, -> FeSO, +C\ii

2Al + 3CuSO, -> A l j (SO, \ 3Cu
8 A l + 3Fe30,

4 Al^O, + 9Fe

3. San xudt n h d m
Dien phan h6n hop nong chay cua AljOj va criolit:
2A1,03

"P"" >4Al + 30, T

1. G a n g
Gang la hap kim cua sat va cacbon ( 2 - 5 % ) va mot so nguyen to khdc
nhu Si, Mn,S... Gang cung va gion hon sat.
Gang CO hai loai: Gang trdng dting d^ luyen thep. Gang xam dung 6i due
be may.

IV. SAT
1. TTnh c h d t v g t li
- sat m kim loai mau trang bac,

= 1539°C. Sat c6 tinh deo, dan difin,

dan nhiet t6't.
- Sat CO tinh nhi§m tiir va khijf tijf nfin duoc diing trong ddng co difin, may
phat di6n va nam cham dien.

2. Tinh chdt h o a hoc
Khac vdi nhieu k i m loai khac, sat the' hien hai dang hoa tri: hda tri I I va
hoa tri I E (tuy thudc vao di^u kien phan ling).
- Tdc dung vdi oxi: Tao thanh oxit sat tilt:
3Fe + 2O2 — ^ FCjO, (FeCFe^O,)
Thidu:

V. HOP KIM CUA SAT

- Tdc dung vai phi kim: Sat tac dung vdi hSu he't cac phi kim, tao thanh mu6i.
2Fe + 3 C l , — ^ 2 F e a 3
- Tdc dung vai nude:
CJ nhiet d6 thudmg: Xay ra cham, tao thanh Fe(OH)2 r6i chuye'n thanh FeO.
6 nhiet dd cao (sat ndng do):
Fe + H , 0
3Fe + 4H,Q

>FeO + H , t
)Fe30, + AE.^ t

2. Thep
Thep la hap kim cua sat va cacbon (< 2 % ) va mdt sd'nguyen td'khdc nhu
Si, Mn, S...
Thep CO nhi6u tinh ch& vat If quy hon sat nhu tinh dan h6i, ciing, it bi an mon.

VI. SU AN MON KIM LOAI VA BAO VE KIM LOAI KHONG BJ AN MON
Suphd huy kim logi, hap kim do tdc dung hod hoc trong moi trUdng ggi Id
sudn mon kim logi.

1. NhQng y e u t o anh hudng den sa a n mon k i m loqi
- Anh

hucmg cua cac chat cd trong m6i tnrcfng.

- Anh hucmg ciia thanh phSn k i m loai.
- Anh

hucmg cua nhiet dd.

'

2. Bao v $ kim loqi khong bj a n m o n
- Ngan khdng cho kim loai tie'p xuc vdi mdi trudng: son, trang men, bdi
dSuma, ma dien...
!
- Che' tao hop k i m ft bi an mon: thep khdng gi (inox), thep crom... Them
chftiJcche'anmon.
...


Chirong 3

- Tdc dung vai HjO - Tinh tdy mau cua clo:

PHI KIM - SO L J O C VE BANG TUAN HOAN
C A C NGUYEN TO HOA
I. TINH CHAT CUA PHI KIM

C I , + H 2 0 - > H C i + HC10

HOC

'

•

'' t

H6n hop gom CI2, HCl, HCIO tan trong nu6c goi la nitdc clo. Nu6c clo c6
tinh tdy mau la do HCIO khong ben, khi bi ehieu sang no phan huy:
HClO^^HCl + 0

1. Tinh chdtvqtiT

'

Oxi nguyen tu c6 tinh oxi hoa ra't manh, no t^y mau, diet trung.

- C5 dieii kien thucfng, phi kim t6n tai 6 ba trang thai:

- Tdc dung vai baza:

+ Trang thai ran: Cacbon, liru huynh, iot, photpho...

+ Clo tac dung voi dung dich NaOH lodng va ngugi, tao thanh nudre Gia-ven:

+ Trang thai long: Brom (Brj).

Clj + 2NaOH -> NaCl + NaClO + H^Q

+ Trang thai khi: Clo (CI2), nito (N2), oxi (O2), hidro (H2)...

(NuiJc Gia-ven)

- Phi kim dan dien, dSn nhiet ra't kem. Nhiet d6 nong chay tha'p.

+ K h i clo tac dung vdi dung dich bazo dac, nong, tao thanh mud'i clorat:

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc

3CI2 + 6 K 0 H —5%. KCIO3 + 5KC1 +

- Tdc dung vcfi kim loai: Tao thanh mu6'i. Thi du:

- Day brom, iot ra khoi muoi:

Fe + S—5%FeS
- Tdc dung vai kim oxi: Tao thanh oxit axit. Thi du:

C l 2 + 2 K B r ^ 2 K C l + Br2

3. Oleucheclo
a) Dieu che'clo trong phong thi nghiem

S + O2—^^SOj
- Tdc dung vai hidro: Tao thanh hop chat khi. Thi du:
CI2+H2 ^ 2 H C 1

Diing chat oxi hoa manh nhu Mn02, KMn04... d^ oxi hoa dung dich H Q dac.

Thidu:
4HC1 + MnO, — ^ MnCl, + 2 H , 0 + CI, t

- Miic do hoqt dong cua phi kim: Th^ hien 6 miic d6 phan ling vdi hidro
va voi k i m loai.
Flo la phi kim hoat ddng manh nha't, sau do la oxi, clo, liru huynh...

•'

16Ha + 2 K M n 0 , — ^ 2 K C I + 2MnCl2 + SH^O + SCI, T
b) Dieu che clo trong cong nghiep

*

Dien phan dung dich NaCl bao hoa c6 mang ngan x6'p d^ ngan each cue
am (catot) va cue duong (anot):

II. CLO
1. Tinhchdtvqtli

2NaCl + 2 H , 0

- Clo la cha't khi mau vang luc, nang hon khdng khi.
- Clo It tan trong nude. Dung dich clo tan trong nu6c goi la nude clo.
- Q o la chat khi rat d6c, khi thd nhi^u clo se bi ngat va c6 thd dan deh tCr vong.

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc
- Clo phan ihig vai hdu het kim loai: Tao thanh muoi clorua. Thi du:
3Cl2+2Fe—5^2FeCl3
-TdcdiingvaiZ/^;

mp

+

-^2HC1

ChA y: Clo kh6ng phan ving true tie'p vdi oxi.

CI, T + H, T + 2NaOH

III. CACBON
1. C a c dqng thu hinh cua cacbon
Hien tucfng m6t nguyen t6' hoa hoe ton tai cf m6t s6' dang don chat khae
nhau goi la hien tuang thii hinh.
Cdc dang dan chdt khdc nhau cua cung mot nguyen to hod hoc goi Id cdc
dang thii hinh ciia nguyen to do.
Nguyen t6 cacbon (C) t6n tai or ba dang don cha't (ba dang thu hinh) chinh
la kim cuang, than chi va cacbon v6 dinh hinh.


a) Kim cUffng: Ca'u tao mang tinh the dac biet: M6i nguyfin tir C each
deu 4 nguyen tir C khac.
Kim cucfng rat cimg, nhimg don, trong su6't, kh6ng mau, sang la'p lanh.
b) Than chi: Mau xam sam, mem, dSn dien t6't. Dugc dung lam ru6t
but chi, lam diSn cue.
c) Cacbon vd dinh hinh: Than g6, than da, than xuong, m6 hong: mau
den, x6'p, c6 tinh ha'p phu nen dung trong mat na ch6'ng doc.

- Dieu chekhi CO2:

CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaCIj +CO^"[ + H^O
V. AXIT CACBONIC VA MUOl CACBONAT
1. Axit c a c b o n i c (H2CO3)

- Axit H2CO3 la axit khong ben, dl bi phan h6y:
H j C O , ^ H j O + COj

2. Tinh chdt vqt li

- Cac dang thii hinh cua cacbon d^u ra't kho nong chay, kh6ng tan trong
nu6c nhung tan nhi6u trong kim loal nOng chay.
- Than g6, than xuong c6 tinh chdt hap phu mau trong dung dich.

- Tdc dung vai oxi: C +

— ^

CO,

Cacbon tac dung vdi m6t s6' kim loai. Thi dii:
Ca + 2C
>CaC; (canxi cacbua)
- Tdc dung vai oxit kim logi. Cacbon khii duoc nhi^u oxit kim loai. Thi dii:
2CuO + C — ^ 2 C u + CO2 T
- Tdc dung voi hidro. Tao thanh metan:
C + 2H,
>CH,
- Tdc dung voi kim logi.

IV. C A C OXIT CUA CACBON
1. C a c b o n oxit (CO)

- CO la chat khi khfing mau, kh6ng mui, ra't d6c.
- Khi CO chay cho ngon lia mau xanh, toa nhieu nhiet:
2CO + O2 — ^ 2 C 0 2 + 565kJ
- Khi CO khur dugtc nhi^u oxit kim loai. Thi du:
Fe^O, + 3CO — ^ 2Fe + 3C0^ t
- Khi CO la oxit trung tinh (oxit kh6ng tao mu6'i).

2. C a c b o n dioxit (COj)

- La chat khi khdng mau, nang hon khOng khi.
- Khi CO2 la oxit axit: Tac dung vdi nude, tac dung vdi bazo va tac dung
vdri oxit bazcr.

'

'' .

t

- La axit yS'u nen nhigu axit day dugc axit HjCO, ra khoi mu6'i cacbonat.

Thidu:

CaCO, + 2HC1 -> CaClj + H^COj
H2O

3. Tinh chdt hoa hoc

6 nhiet do thucmg, cacbon kha tro. Khi d6't nong no phan img vdi nhi^u cha't. •

f

Cho da v6i (CaCO,) tac dung vdi axit HCl:

CO,

.iVfv,
2. Muol cacbonat

dugc ggi la cacbonat (Na2C03, CuCO,...).
- Mudi cacbonat axit dugc ggi la hidrocacbonat (NaHCO,, Ca(HC03)2).
- Phan 16n cac mudi cacbonat khong tan trong nude, trii mudi cacbonat
cua kim loai kilm va amoni.
..
,
- Phdn Idn cac mudi hidrocacbonat di tan trong nude.
- HSu het cac mudi cacbonat va hidrocacbonat deu di bi phan huy b nhiet
do cao (trir mudi cacbonat cua kim loai kiem). Thi du:
CaCO, — ^ CaO + CO, t
' "
- Mudi cacbonat trung hod

2NaHC0, —i^Na^CO, + CO, T + H,0
VI. SILIC - C O N G NGHIEP SILICAT
1. Trqng thai ta nhien c u a silic

Trong tu nhien, silic khdng tdn tai d trang thai tu do, tdn tai d dang hgp
chat, pho bien la: thach anh Si02, dat set trang (cao lanh) Al2O3.2siO2.2H2O.
2. Tinh chdt c u a silic

- Silic la cha't rSn, mau xam, khd ndng chay, dSn dien kem. Silic

ban dan.

Id chdt

- Silic la phi kim hoat ddng ye'u: Khdng phan ling vdi H2 va dung dich
axit loang.
- Silic phan ung tuong dd'i manh vdi dung djch kiim:
Si + 2NaOH + H 2 0 ^ N a 2 S i 0 3 + 2 H 2 t i c '

^

- 6 nhiet dd cao, silic phan ling dugc vdi:
Mot sd
sd kim
phi kim
> SiCl4(magie silixua)
Mdt
loai nhu:
nhu: SiSi++2CI2
2Mg '" Mg^Si


b) Chu ki

3. Silic dioxit (SiOj)
- S i 0 2 la o x i t axit, kh6ng tan trong mdc, nhimg tac dung v d i o x i t bazo va
vdri k i ^ m tao thanh miioi silicat. Thi du:
SiOj + CaO -> CaSi03
- SiOj tan trong axit

flohidric:

SiOj + 4 H F ^ SiF, t + 2H2O
Phan ling nay dugc iJng dung de khac chiJ, khac h i n h tren thuy t i n h .

4. So lapc v e cong nghiep silicat
Cong

nghiep

silicat

gom: San xua't do g6'm, thuy tinh va x i mang ti^ cac

hop chat tuf nhien cua siHc va cac hoa chat khac.
a) San xudt gom, sic (bat, dia, a'm, chen, c h u m , v a i . . . )
Nguyen

lieu gom: Da't set, thach anh (SiOj). Nhao v 6 i H 2 O cho deo, tao

hinh, sa'y k h 6 va nung cr nhiet do cao trong 16 gom.
b) Sdn xudt xi mdng
- Nguyen

lieu gom: D a voi, da't set, cat (SiOj iSn tap chat).

- Cac cong doan

chinh:

+ N g h i e n nho da v 6 i r o i tron v 6 i da't set dang biin thanh m6t h6n hgfp.
+ N u n g h6n hop trong 16 6 1300 - 1400"C, thu dugc clanhke ran.
+ N g h i e n clanhke ngu6i vdri thach cao thanh b6t m i n , do l a x i mang.
Thanh p h & c h i n h cua x i mang 1& canxi siUcat va canxi aluminat.
c) Sdn xudt thuy tinh
- Nguyen

lieu chinh gom: Cat thach anh (cat trang), da v 6 i (CaCO,) va

s6da (Na2C03).
Thanh phSn c h i n h cua thuy tinh thircmg la NajSiO, va CaSiO,. De' c6 thuy
tinh chiu nhiet can them bo o x i t (B2O3), thiiy tinh quang hgc pha le th6m c h i
monooxit (PbO) hoac bari o x i t (BaO).

VII. SO LUpC VE BANG TUAN HOAN C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
Bang tudn hodn cac nguyen to hod hoc ducfc sap xep tlieo chieu tang dan
cua dien tich hat nhdn nguyen tu.

1. Cdu tqo c u a bang tudn tioan
a) 6 nguyen to: M 6 i nguydn t6' hoa hgc dugc x^'p vao m 6 t 6. Trong
m 6 i 6 nguyen to g h i : k i hieu hoa hgc, ten nguyen t6', s6' hieu nguyen tir (thu: t u
cua 6) va nguyen tur kh6'i.
^

Chu k l g 6 m cac nguyen t6' c6 cCing s6' I d p electron trong nguyen t u .
S6' thir t u ciia chu k i bang s6' lop electron trong nguySn t u .
Bang tuan hoan c6 7 chu k i :

•'

Chu k i 1 CO 2 nguye n t6' ( H va He)]
Chu k i 2 va 3 CO 8 nguye n t6'
Chu k i 4 va 5 CO 18 nguyen t6'
Chu k i 6 va 7 CO 32 nguyen t6'

Chu k i nho

j

Chu k l 1dm

(Chu k i 7 chua t i m du 32 nguyen t6', day la chu k i dang xay dung).

*'

c) Nhom
Nhom gom cac nguyen to ma nguyen ti( c6 so electron

lap ngodi

ciing

bang nhau.
Bang tuan hoan c6 8 nhom A ( l A

V I I I A ) va 8 n h o m B. S6' t h i i t u cua

nhom A bang s6' electron a \dp ngoai cung ciia nguyen tCr.

2. Su bien ttiien tudn tioan ve cdu tqo v a tinti ctidt
- Trong mot chu ki theo chieu tang dan cua dien tich hat nhan:
+ So' electron Idrp ngoai ciing tang d i n ttr 1 de'n 8 (trir chu k i 1).
+ T i n h k i m loai giam d i n , tinh phi k i m tang d i n .
- Trong

,, ^

mot nhom tix tren xu6'ng dud'v.

+ So' Idfp electron ciia nguyen ti!r tang dan - > tinh k i m loai tang d i n , tinh
phi k i m giam d i n .

3. Y nghlo c u a bang tudn hodn
- Tir v i t r i trong bang t u i n hoan suy ra ca'u tao nguyen ti!r va tinh chat cua
nguyen to.
- Tir cl'u tao suy ra v i t r i ciia nguyen t6' trong bang tuan hoan va tinh cUat
cua nguyen to.


Chircmg 4
HIDROCACBON - NHIEN LIEU

v4

Thi du: CTPT cua rucfu etylic la QH^^O: Trong phan ttt co 2 nguyen tir C,
6 nguyen tir H va 1 nguyen tijf O. Phan tu kh6'i = 2.12 + 6.1 +16 = 46 (dvC).
- Cong thicc cdu tgo (CTCT):

C6ng thirc ca'u tao cho bie't:

I. KHAI NIEM VE HOP CHAT HUTU C O

+ Thanh phan phan tu va phan tur khd'i.

- H(/p chat km ca la hap chat ci'ia cacbon (triT CO, COj, HjCO^ va cac
mudi cacbonat,...)- Hod hoc hiai ca la ngcinh hod hoc chuyen nghien ciru cac hop chat huu co.

+ Trat tu lien ket gifla cac nguyen tir trong phan tijr.

- Phan loqi cdc hap chat hi?u ca: Com hai loai:
+ Hap chat hidrocacbon: Trong phan tir chi chua hai nguyen t6' la cacbon
va hidro. Thi dii: C\\, C^W^^,, Q H ^ . . .
+ Dan xud't hidrocacbon: Trong phan tu, ngoai hai nguyen t6' hidro va
cacbon con chiia cac nguyen to khac nhu" oxi, nito, clo,...

II. CAU TAO PHAN TLf HOP CHAT H C U C O
I

1. Hoa trj v a lien ket giCra c a c nguyen tCf

- Trong phan tu hop chat huu co, cac nguyen tir diroc sSp xfi'p theo trat tu
nhat dinh.
- Cac nguyen tu trong phan tir lien ket vai nhau theo diing hoa tri cua
chiing: Hoa tri ciia C la IV, cua H la I va cua O la I I .

2. Mqch c a c b o n

"

Thi dii: CTCT ciia ruou etylic:
H-H

• '

H - C - C - O - H, vie't gon: CH, - CH^ - O H
H-H

^

,H-^-••;':>

III. METAN (CH4. M = 16)
1. Trqng thai ta nhlen v a tinh chdt vat If

'2

'"^^-'"'^^

- Trong tu nhien, metan co nhieu trong cac mo khf (khi tu nhien), trong
cac mo dAu (khi mo dSu hay khi dong hanh), trong cac mo than (khi mo than)
trong bim ao (khi bun ao), trong khi bioga...
- Metan la chat khi khong mau, khdng mdi, nhe hon khong khi, ra't it tan
trong nude.

2. Tint! chdt hoa hoc
- Tdc diing vai oxi: Phan ling chay cho ngon lijra mau xanh va toa nhieu nhiet.

Cac nguyen ti!r cacbon trong phan tij hop chat huu co khong nhihig lien
ket v6i nguyen tijr cua nguyen to khac ma con lien ket trite tiep vai nhau tgo
thdnh mgcli cacbon.
Phan biet ba dang mach cacbon:

CH4 + 2O2 — ^ C O j + 2H2O + Q
- Tdc diing vai clo - Phan i(ng the: Phan ling xay ra khi dugc chieu sang.
CH, + CL - ^ C H , C 1 + HCl

- Mgch thang (con goi la mach khong phan nhanh). Thi du:

Clo CO the Ian luot the he't 4 nguyen tir H, tao thanh CCI4.

.

CH, - CI I2 - CH2 - CH3 (butan)
- Mgch phan nhdnh (co mot hoac nhieu nhanh). Thi du:
CH3 - CII - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH3

3. Qng dung c u a metan
- DCing lam nhien lieu trong c6ng nghifip va trong ddi sd'ng.
- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong c6ng nghiep hoa cha't...

CH3

CH3

- Mgch vdng (vong ba canh hoac nhieu canh). Thi dii:
I

I

(xiclobutan)

CH2

3. Cong thijfc phan tu va cong thCfc cdu tqo
- Cong thi'fc phan li((CTPT):

Cong thirc phSn tir cho biet:

+ S6' nguyen tijt CLia m6i nguyen to co trong phan tu.
+ Phan tir kh6'i(PTK).

•: '^

IV. ETILEN (C2H4, M = 28)

1. Tinh chdt vgt IT

CH2-CH2
CH2 -

.A. .

Etilen la cha't khf, kh6ng mau, kh6ng mui, ft tan trong nude va nhe hon
khSngkhf.

2. TTnh Chdt hoa hoc
Tfnh chat dac trung cua etilen cQng nhu cila cac hidrocacbon kh5ng no
khac la phan ling c6ng (vao lien ket ddi).


- Phan ling cong hap hidro: Phan ling xay ra khi dugfc dun n6ng va c6 N i
xiic t5c:
CH2=CH2 +

CH2=CHj + Bii

>CH,Br-CH,Br
(dibrometan)

- Phan I'mg vffi nitdc: Xay ra khi dun nong va c6 axit loang xiic tac:
CH,=CH,+H,0

^" ) C H , - C H , - O H
(ruau etylic)

- Plidn ifng chdy (oxi hoa hoan toan):
QH,
- P//JA/

+ 30^

—

CH = CH + H , 0

(andehit axetic)

^

2CO2 + 2H2O + Q

- Phan i'mg chdy: Phan ting chay cho ngon lijra mau xanh va toa nhieu nhiet:
2 C 2 H 2 + 5 O 2 — ^ 4 C 0 2 + 2 H 2 0

nCH2=CH,

> - f CHj - C H ^ ^
(polietilen - PE)

3. LTng dung c u a etilen

- Dung lam nhien lieu cho den x i oxi - axetilen.
- Diing lam nguyen lidu trong tong hop hCru co.

3. Oieu Che axetilen
- Tdng hop true tie'p: 2C +
-Tirmetan:

- Dung de kich thich hoa qua mau chin.

V. AXETILEN (C2H2, M = 26)

""""^ > C , H , + 3 H ,

- Thiiy phan canxi eacbua:

-

CaCj + 2Hfi -> C^Hj T + CaCOH)^

VI. BENZEN ( C A . M = 78)

^ '

1. Tinh chdtvqt li

/ 5;fi,,

0

- Benzen nhe hon nude, khong tan trong nude, nhung tan nhieu trong cac
dung m6i hiJu co.
- Benzen la dung moi hoa tan dugc nhieu chat nhu cao su, cha't beo...
- Benzen kha doc.

Axetilen la chat khi khong mau, khong miii, it tan trong nirdc, nhe hon
khdng khi.

1. Tinh chdt hoa hoc
Axetilen la hidrocacbon khdng no nSn tinh chat dac trimg la tham gia
phan ling cCng hop:
- Phan I'mg cong hidro: Co the cong hai na'c:
'^^'y^^' ) CH^ =CH2
> CH, - CH3

- Phan itng cong brom: Axetilen lam mat mau dung dich nuoc brom:
CH = CH + 2Brj

2CH,

^"'"^ >C,H,

- Benzen la cha't long, khong mau, linh d6ng, co mCii dac trung.

- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong tong hop hiru co.

CH^ =CH2 + H ,

+ Q

2. Lfng dung c u e oxetllen

/irzg triing hap: Tao thanh polime:

CH = CH + H ,

"^-""^ >CH3 - CHO

)CH3-CH3 (etan)

- Phan I'fng cgng brom: Etilen lam mat mau dung dich nude brom 6 nhifit
d6 thucmg:

'

- Phan ling cong nu&c: Phan ling xay ra khi c6 mud'i HgS04 xuc tac:

> CHBi^ - CHBr,
(tetrabrometan)

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc
Phan tu benzen co 3 lien kit dan xen ke 3 lien ke't doi, lam cho benzen vCra
CO kha nang tham gia phan ung the' (gi6'ng metan) vCta co kha nang tham gia
phan ung cong (giong etilen va axetilen).
- Phan I'aig the brom: Brom long, \uc tac hgtFe:
C,H, + Br - Br

>C,H,Br + HBr

V

,

'' " "

(brom benzen)

- Phan itng cgng hidro: Phan ling xay ra khi dun nong va co N i xiic tac:
C,H, + 3H2

>C,H„ (xiclohexan)

3. Lfng dung c u a benzen
- Dung lam nguyen lieu trong edng nghiep de' san xua't phdm nhu6m,

duoc pham, chat deo, thuoe trir sau...
,j6 ; •
- Dung lam dung m6i hoa tan nhieu cha't.

'" 1


VII. DAU MO VA KHI THIEN NHIEN
1. Ddu mo

Chirofng 5
DAN

- Ddu mo la cha't long sanh, mau nSu den, khdng tan trong nude va nhe
hon nudrc.
- DSu mo chira trong cac "tiii ddu" nam sau trong long da't goi la mo ddu.
Khi khai thac ngudi ta khoan xu6ng cac tui ddu di ddu tu phun Itn hoac diing
bom hiit len.
- Thanh phan cua dau mo: Hidrocacbon long c6 hoa tan hidrocacbon rdn
va khi.
- K h i chung ca't ddu tho Idn lugt thu duoc (theo nhiet do soi tang ddn):
Khi dot, xdng, ddu tliap (ddu liCa), ddu diezen, ddu mazut.
Phan con lai sau khi chung ca't la mazut. Tir mazut tach dugc: ddu nhcfn,
vazolin, parafin. Cudi cung la hdc in dung lam nhua rai ducmg.

2. KhT thien nhien
- Khi thien nhien cd trong cac md khi nam dudi long dat. Thanh phdn chu
yeu cua khi thien nhien la metan (90 - 95%).
- Khf thien nhien dugc dung lam nhien lieu, nguyen lieu cho nhieu nganh
cdng nghigp va trong ddi sd'ng.

VIII. NHIEN LIEU
- Nhien lieu thdng thudng la nhiJng chat chay dugc, khi chay tda nhiet va
phat sang.
- Nhien lieu thudng la nhung vat lieu cd sSn trong thien nhien nhir cui,
than da, ddu md, khi dot... hoac dieu che tir cac nguyen lieu thiSn nhien nhu
con dot, khi than...

1. C a c log! nhien lieu
- Nhien lieu ran: Than md, gd...
- Nhien lieu long: Gom cac san pham che' bie'n i\x dau mo (xang, ddu
thap), c6n.
- Nhien lieu khi: Gdm khi thien nhien, khi dau mo, khi 16 cao, khi than.

2. C a c h su dung nhien lieu
Mudn sir dung nhien lieu hgp If va cd hieu qua cao cdn phai:
- Cung cap du oxi hoac khdng khi de nhien lieu chay hoan toan.
- Tang dien tich tie'p xuc cHa nhien lieu vdi khdng khi hoac oxi de su chay
xay ra nhanh va deu khdp.
- Dieu chinh lugng nhien lieu de duy tri sir chay b mirc dd cdn thiet phii
hgp vdi nhu cdu sir dung, nham tan dung nhiet lugng do su chay tda ra.

X U A T C U A H I D R O C A C B O N - P O L I M E

I. RUpU ETYLIC (CH3 - CHj - OH)
1. Tinh chdtvgt li

vt iov s a ' J

a , rv

U l >£

- La cha't Idng, khdng mau, sdi b 78,3'^C.
- Rugu etylic nhe hon nude, tan v6 hgn trong mcac va la dung mdi hoa tan
dugc nhi^u hgp chat hdu co.
- Ti le % ve the tich cua rUffu etylic trong hSn hop vdi nitdc ggi Id do ricau.
Till du: Tren chai rugu cd ghi do rugu la 25", cd nghia trong chai rucm cd 25%
th^ tich la rugu etylic (nguyen cha't) con lai la 75% the tich la HjO.

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc

' •

- Phdn img chay:
QH^O

A
+ 30, — ^ 2 C 0 2 + mfi

V^ V 5

+Q

- Phdn I'mg thev&i kim loqi natri: Nhd cd nhdm - O H trong phan tur, rugu
tac dung vdi Na, giai phdng Wj.
2CH3 - CH2 - OH + 2Na -> 2 C H , - CH^ - ONa + H^ T

- Phdn I'cng vdi axit luTu co: Phan ung este hoa (xem phdn sau).

'

i i

Y

3. Dieu Che rupu etylic
Co 2 phuong phap quan trong:
- Plutang phdp len men rifcni tit cac chat tinh bot, tiCcdc chat ducng. Thi du:
QH.,0,

) 2C,H,OH + 2 C O , t

(dircmg glucoza)
Phuang phdp hidrat hod etilen (etilen hgp nude):
HjO + CHj = C H , - ^ ^ ^ CH3 - CHj - OH

II. AXIT AXETIC ( C H 3 C O O H )
1. Tinh chdt vgt li
- La chat long, khdng mau, vi chua (giam an la dung dich axit axetic
loang cd nong dd 2 - 5%).
- Axit axetic sdi or 118"C, tan v6 hgn trong nUdc.

2. TTnh chdt hoa hoc

v

- Tinh axit: Axit axetic la axit yeu, lam dd quy tim.
- Tac dung vdi kim loai hoat ddng, giai phdng H2:
2CH3COOH + Zn ^ (CHjCOO)^ Zn + H2 t

Hy-


- Tac dung v d i oxit baza va baza, tao mu6'i va nude:

H d n hap mu6'i ciia cac axit beo la thanh phdn chinh cua xa phong. V i vay
phan ting thuy phan cha't beo bang dung dich k i ^ m goi la phan iing xd phdng hod.

2CH3COOH + CaO ^ (CHjCOO)^ Ca + H^O

- De Idu trong khong khi, chdt beo

CH3COOH + N a O H ^ CHjCOONa + H j O

2 C H , C O O H + CaCO, -> (CH^COO)^ Ca + CO^ t + H^O
Phan i m g c6 axit H2SO4

dac lam xuc tac:
> C H 3 C O O C 2 H , + H^O
(este etyl axetat)
Chat tao thanh sau phan ung la este.

C H , - C H j - O H + O2
(dd rirou loang)

nho.

QH„0, + A g , O ^ ^ Q H „ 0 ,

(gia'm an)

(glucozd)

(axit gluconic)

Phan ung nay trudc day diing trong cong nghe trang gucfng ntn
phan ling trdng

g o i la

bqc.

- Phan i(ng len men ritmi:

2Kfi

QH^O,

III. CHAT BEO
Chat beo chinh la chinh la m o ddng vat va dau thuc vat.

* .tsV
— ^

)2C,H,0H + 2C0, t

^ ,

V. SACCAROZO

1. Tinh chdt vqt IT

Cdng thiic phan tCr: Ci2H220,i ( M = 342).

Chat beo nhe han mdc, khong tan trong nirdrc, tan n h i ^ u trong cac dung
m o i hCru co n h u benzen, xang, rucm e t y l i c . . .

2. TTnh chdt hoa hoc
- Chat beo la h6n hop nhieu este cua g l i x e r o l C 3 H , ( O H ) 3 va cac axit beo
n h u C , 7 H 3 , C O O H (axit stearic), C , 7 H 3 , C O O H (axit o l e i c ) . . .
- T i n h chat quan trong nha't cua cha't beo la phan i(ng thuy
(C„H3,COO)3C3H, + 3 H , 0 - ^ ^ C 3 H , ( O H ) 3
- Thuy phan chdt beo
cua axit beo.

+ 2Ag i

phan icng trdng gUffng. H i e n nay pham v i ung dung da mb r d n g , g o i chung la

Til k h i butan (C4H,(i):
)4CH3COOH +

^

- F/jaVuiTzg ojc//joa g/wcozcr.-Dilng dung dich A g j O trong amoniac:

2CH3COONa + H^SO, - > Na^SO^ + 2CH3COOH

2C,H,„ + 5 0 ,

- Glucozo C O n h i ^ u trong m6t so bo phan ciia cay, dac biet trong qua nho
xitn C O ten la ditdng

) CH3 - C O O H + H^O

phdng thi nghiem. Cho natri axetat tac dung \6\t H2SO4:

(cha't beo)

180).

2. TTnh Chdt hoa hoc

- Phitang phap len men gid'm ( l a m gipfm an):

cong nghiep:

C6ng thu-c phan tijr: C ^ H i A ( M =

- Glucozo la cha't ke't t i n h mau trang, v i ngot, de tan trong nude.

3. Oieu Che axit axetic

- Trong

IV. GLUCOZO
1. Trang thai ta nhlen - Tinh chdt vqt If

CHjCOOH + q H j O H <

- Trong

D o la do tac dung

cfia h(ri nude, o x i va v i k h u ^ n trong khong khf.

- Tac dung vori mu6'i cacbonat, tao mu6'i axetat:

- Tac dung vdd rugu etylic - Phan I'fng este hod.

hi 6i, co mid hoi.

(glixerol)

phan:

+3C,7H3,COOH
(axit stearic)

bang dung dich kiem. Tao thanh g l i x e r o l va mud'i

(C,7H3,COO)3C3H, + 3NaOH ^ C3H,(OH)3 + 3 C „ H 3 , C O O N a
(muoi natri stearat)

1. Trgng thai ta nhien - TTnh chdt vgt IT

'

- Saccarozd cd nhieu trong thuc vat n h u : m i a , c i i cai d u d n g , cay thd't nd't

nfin cd ten la dudng mia hay dudng kinh.

,

- Saccarozd la cha't ke't tinh mau trdng, v i ngot, de tan trong nude.

,

^,

2. TTnh chdt hoa hoc
- Saccaroza

khong co phan itng trdng bac.

N g h l a la n d k h o n g b i Ag20

trong dung d i c h N H , o x i hoa.
- Phan vtng thuy

phan:

(saccarozo)

(glucozo) (fructozd)

Fructozo cd cdng thiic ca'u tao khac glucozo. Fructoza ngot h d n glucozo.


VIII. POLIME

VI. TINH BOT VA XENLULOZO
Cong thiic phan tu:
- Tinh b6t: (QH,„0,)n vdi n = 1200 - 6000.

''^'^ '

\

- Xenlulozo: (QH,„0,)„ v6i n = 10000 - 14000.

1. Trgng thai ta nhien - Tinh chdt vqt li
- Tinh b6t c6 nhieu trong cac loai hat, cii, qua nhu: lua, ngo...
- Xenlulozo la thanh phan chu yeu cua soi bong, tre, g6, niia...
,!»fi - Tinh b6t la chat ran, mau trang, kh6ng tan trong nude lanh, tan trong
nudrc nong tao thanh ho tinh bot.
- Xenlulozo la chat ran (dang sgi) mau trang, kh6ng tan trong nude.

2. Tinh chdt hoa hoc
- Phan I'fng thiiy phan: Tinh b6t va xenlulozo bi thuy phan trong dung
dieh H2SO4 loang, tao thanh glucozo:
(QH.„03)„ + nH,0

)nQH„0,

- Phan itng dgc tritng cua iot vdi tinh hot: Nho dung dieh iot (I2) vao tinh
bdt thay xua't hien mau xanh dae trung. Dun nong, mau xanh bien ma't, de ngu6i
mau xanh lai xua't hifn.

VII. PROTEIN

- Polime Id nhiing hap chdt c6 phdn tit khoi rat Idn, do nhieu mdt xich
lien kei vdi nhau tao nen.
- Diia vao nguon g6'c tao thanh, polime dugc chia lam hai loai:
Polime thien nhien: Co sSn trong thien nhien nhu tinh b6t, xenlulozo,
cao su thien nhien, protein.
Polime long hop: Do con ngu&i dieu ehe' tCr cae chat don gian nhu
polietilen (PE), poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC), tonilon...

1. Cdu tqo phan tOf polime
- Phan tii polime duge ca'u tao tijr nhieu mat xich lien ke't vdi nhau.
- Phan tur polime c6 th^ la mach thang (mach khdng phan nhanh) nhu
PE, xenlulozo; mach phdn nhdnh nhu tinh b6t; mgng khong gian nhu eao su
luu hoa.

2. Tinh chdt
- Polime thucmg la chat ran, kh6ng bay hoi. Kh6ng c6 nhiet d6 nong
ehay xac dinh.
- Win he't cac polime khdng tan trong nude hoac trong cac dung mdi
thdng thudng. C5 nhiet d6 eao, polime de bi phan hiiy.

3. iTng dung c u a polime

Protein (con goi la chat dam) la thanh phSn chinh cua te bao ca th^ d6ng
vat va thuc vat.

1. Thanh phdn v a cdu too phan tCf
- Phan tir protein g6m C, H , O, N . Ngoai ra c6 the c6 S, P, Fe...
- Phan tu khoi rat \6n: tir hang van de'n hang trieu dvC.
- M6i phan tur protein gom nhieu doan mach, chiing c6 the' xoan lai hoac

cuon tron. M6i doan mach g6m nhi^u "mat xich" lien ke't vdi nhau. M6i mat
xich la mot phSn cua phan i\x amino axit. Amino axit don gian nha't la axit
aminoaxetic H2N - CHj - COOH.

2. Tinh Chdt hoa hoc

Chdt deo la loai vat lieu duge san xuat tir polime ma c6 tinh deo, tiie la
CO khd ndng bien dgng khi chiu tdc dgng ben ngodi va van giU nguyen hinh
dgng sau khi ngitng tdc dgng.
+ Thanh phdn chinh c\xa cha't deo la polime. Ngoai ra con ed chat deo
hoa, cha't don, cha't phu gia.
+ Chdt deo c6 uu diem: Nhe, b^n, each dien, each nhiet td't, de gia cdng...
b) Tff
To gdm hai loai: to tu nhien va ta hoa hgc.
+ Tor tu nhien: Co sSn trong tu nhien nhu: bdng, day, tg tam, len Idng ciru,...

- Phdn icng thuy phdn:
Protein + H^O

a) Chdtdeo

"'"•"^'^^ > H6n hop amino axit

- Su dong tu: K h i dun nong, protein dong tu lai thanh cue. Thi du: Long
trang trung hay rieu cua khi bi dun nong chiing d6ng tu lai.
- Suphdn huy nhiet: DO't nong protein (thi du d6't chay toe, I6ng ga) no bi
phan hiiy, tao ra nhimg cha't khi c6 mui khet.

+ Tff hod hgc: San xua't bang cac phuong phap hoa hgc. To hoa hgc gdm
2 loai: to nhan tao va to tdng hgp.

Tc/ nhdn tgo (con ggi la to ban tdng hgp) duge san xua't tfr cac pohnie
thien nhien bang phugng phap ehe' bie'n hoa hgc. Thi du mdt s6' to duge che bien
hoa hgc tiit xenlulozo nhu to visco, tg axetat...
T(/ tSng hap duge san xua't tir cac polime tdng hgp nhu to nilon, to capron,
lentdnghgp...


c) Cao su
Cao su la polime (tu nhidn hoac t6ng hop) c6 tinh dan hoi, nghia la c6
khd ndng bien dgng khi chin tdc dgng ben ngodi (nen hay keo) vd Igi trd Igi
dgng ban dan khi thoi tdc dgng.

P H A N II
LUYEN

Cao su dugc phan thanh hai loai: cao su thien nhi6n va cao su t6ng hop.
+ Cao su thien nhien la polime c6 cOng thiic - f C^^\,

K I N A N G THEO CHUAN

A. C A U HOI V A BAI TAP

duoc la'y t i i mu

(nhua) cay cao su.

Chirongl

+ Cao su tong hop duoc san xua't tijr polime t6ng hop nhu cao su buna
(tdng hop tir ruou etylic).

De tang ti'nh dan hoi va nhung tinh nSng quy khac, ngucfi ta ch6' hoa cao
su vdi luu huynh de duoc cao su htu hod.
Cao su CO nhi^u tinh chat quy nhu dan h6i, khOng tha'm nude, khdng tha'm
khi, each, difin, chiu mai mon... ntn duoc diing n h i l u trong dofi sO'ng va trong
c6ng nghiep.

KIEIM THUTC

C A C LOAI HOP C H A T V 6 C O
I. T R A C N G H I E M K H A C H Q U A N
1.1. Thanh p h & % cua oxi trong hop cha't nao sau day la \6n nh^t?
A. NaOH.

B.

B. CuO.

D. CaCOj.

H2SO4.

1.2. Ne'u dung dung dich K O H lam thuO'c thir thi phan biet dugc 2 dung dich
mu6'i nao trong cac cap sau?
A . KCl va Ba(N03)2.

B. C a C l 2 va K2SO4.

C. NaCl va Zn(N03)2.

D. FeCl, va Na2S04.

1.3. Phan tir kh6'i cua hop chat X la 80 va thanh phdn % v l khO'i lucmg cac
nguyen t6' trong hop chat X la: 40% S, 60% O (oxi).
C6ng thiic phan tu cua hop cha't X la
A . SO2.

B. S2O3.

C. S O 3 .

D. S3O2.

1.4. Cho phuong trinh hoa hoc:
Fe + X - > F e C l j + H 2 t
Xla

.

A. HCl.

B. CI2.

C.BaCl2.

D.

KCl.

1.5. NaOH la m6t bazo k i ^ m . Dung djch NaOH c6
A . p H = 7.

B.pH>7.

C. pH < 7.

D. pH = 0.

1.6. Tir cac chaft: Fe, FeS, CaCO,, HCl, K C I O 3 c6 th^ di^u che' dugc cac chat khi:
A. SO2, H2S, O2, CI2.

B. C O 2 , H2, H2S, 0 2 -

C. C O 2 , SO2, O2, CI2.

D. SO2, H2S, C O 2 , H2.


1.7.

phan biet hai dung dich H2SO4 va NaOH c6 thi dung thuO'c thu la

A. giay quy tim.

B. dung dich KCl.

C. dung dich KNO3.

D. dung djch K2SO4.

; •

1.8. K h i luu huynh dioxit dugc tao thanh tijr cap chat nao sau day?
A. NaCl va H2SO4 dac.

B. Na2S04 va HCl.

C. Na2S03 va H Q .

D. CaS04 va HNO3.

1.16. Co ba mu6'i la BaClj, CUSO4, BaCOj dung trong ba lo bi mat nhan.
Chi dung m6t thuoc thijr duy nhat de nhan bie't ba muoi tr6n la dung dich
A. NaOH.

B.NaCl.

C. K2SO4.

D. HCl.

-

1.17. Cho chu6i bien hoa sau:
' '

> li^»

1.9. Day gom cac chat lam due nude v6i trong la

Cu(0H)2 — ^ A - > B - > CuSO, ^ ^ C u ( 0 H ) 2

A. SO2, N2, CO2, CO.

B. SO2, CO2, SO3.

Cac chat A, B, C Mn lugt la

C. NO2, CO, SO2, CO2.

D. NO2, H2, CO2.

A. CuO, Cu, NaOH.

B. Cu, CuO, Na2S04.

C. CuO, CUCI2, NaOH.

D. CuO, Cu, H2O.

1.10. Dan tur tir 0,448 lit khi CO2 (d dkic) vao dung dich chiia 150ml dung
dich Ca(0H)2 0,1M. Mu6'i thu duoc la
A. CaCOj.

B. Ca(HC03)2.

C. CaC03 va Ca(HC03)2.

D. Ca A , B, C d6u diing.

1.11.

hoa tan hoan toan 4 gam m6t oxit cua kim loai hoa tri U, dn 98 gam

dung dich H2SO4 5%.
A. CuO.

B. ZnO.

C. MgO.

D. CaO.

1.12. Oxit tac dung vdi dung dich axit H2SO4 loang, tao ra h6n hop hai
muoi la
A. AI2O3.

B. FeO.

C. ZnO.

D. Fe304.

1.13. Oxit CO tinh chat luomg ti'nh la
A. CuO.

B. AI2O3.

C. Fe203.

D. CaO.

1.14. Cho phuofng trinh hoa hoc
+ ...X ^ BaS04 i + . . . + Y t

Cha't X va Y Idn lugt la:
A. BavaC02.

'

1.18. Axit sunfuric dac c6 ti'nh hao nude. Co the dung no lam kh6 khi nao
sau day?
A. K h i amoniac (NH3).

B. K h i d o (CI2).

C. K h i caebonic (COj).

D. Ca B va C.

1.19. Trung hoa 200ml dung dich H2SO4 0,1M bang dung djch NaOH 10%.

Cong thitc phan tit cua oxit la

H2SO4

'

B. BaC03 va H j .

C. BaCO, va CO2.

D. Ba(OH)2 va H2.
1.15. Co ba hop cha't la CuO, Na2C03 va CaCO, dung trong ba lo bi m^t nhan.
Chi cSn dung m6t thud'c thii duy nha't di phan biet ba cha't trSn la dung dich

Kh6'i lugng dung dich NaOH cAn dung la
A. 12 gam.

B. 18 gam.

'

C. 16 gam.

D. 14 gam.

j ,^ ,

1.20. Nhung oxit eo th^ di6u che' dugc tCr phan ling phan huy la
A. CuO, FeO, NajO.

B. CuO, Fe203, MgO .

C. K2O, ZnO, AI2O3.

D. NajO, CuO, FeO.

^ . ,^

•j

?

>

'

1.21. Day hop chat gom cac chat tham gia phan ung nhiet phan la
A. NaOH, Fe(0H)2, Ca(0H)2.

B. Mg(OH)2, FeCOH),, K O H .

C. Cu(OH)2, Mg(0H)2, Zn(0H)2. D. Ba(OH)2, K O H , Cu(0H)2.
1.22. Hoa tan 25 gam cha't X vao 100 gam HjO, dugc dung dich c6 kh6'i
lugng rieng D = 1,143 gam/ml.
Nong do phSn tram (C%) va the tich dung dich thu dugc la

^

A. 20% va 109,36 m l .

B. 10% va 109,4 m l .

•;

C. 2 0 % va 120,62 m l .

D. 18% va 109,36 m l .

1.23. De dieu che Cu(0H)2 ngucfi ta dung cac hoa chat:

A. HCl.

B. H2SO4.

A. Cu, HCl, NaOH.

B. CuO, HCl, NaOH.

C.NaOH.

D.NaCl.

C. Cu, H2SO4 (d.n), K O H .

D. Ca B va C deu dugc.

~?
;


1.24. TrSn dung djch chiia 0,2 mol CuClj vdi dung dich chiia 20 gam
NaOH. Khd'i lucfng ket tua thu duoc la (biet hieu suat phan ling la 80%)
A. 19,6 gam.

B. 17,20 gam.

C. 15,68 gam.

D. 14,84 gam.

1.25. Cho lucmg du NaOH vao dung dich h6n hop hai mu6'i FeClj va AlCl,
d6'n khi phan ling hoan toan. Loc la'y kS't tua, nung ngoai kh6ng khi de'n khd'i
lircmg kh6ng doi, thu duoc
A. FeO, AI2O3.

B. FcjOj, AI2O3.

C. Fe304, AI2O3.

D. Fe203, A l .

1.26. Nhiet phan hidroxit ciia kim loai X, thu duoc oxit c6 cOng thiic phan
tit X2O3, trong do %X = 52,94%. Cong thiic phan tu cua hidroxit la

II. BAI TAP TU LUAN
1.32. Khu hoan toan 32 gam mdt oxit sat chua rd cdng thiic bang khi CO du
d nhifet do cao. Sau khi phan ling kdt thilc, khdi lirong cha't ran cdn lai 22,4 gam.
a) Xac dinh cdng thiic hoa hoc cua oxit sat.
b) Chat khi sinh ra duoc dSn vao dung djch nude vdi trong du. Hay tinh
khdi lugng kdt tua sinh ra.
1.33. Hai la kem cd khdi luong nhu nhau, mdt la ngam trong dung dich
Cu(N03)2, mdt la ngam trong dung djch Pb(N03)2. Sau mdt thdi gian phan ling
nhu nhau, lay hai la kem ra khdi dung dich, can la kem thii nhat thay khdi
luong giam 0,65 gam.

A. Fe(0H)3.

B. A1(0H)3.

a) Vidt cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.

C. Cr(OH)3.

D. Mn(0H)3.

b) Hay cho biet khdi luong la kem thii hai tang hay giam bao nhiSu gam?

1.27. Cap dung dich nao sau day phan ung vdi nhau tao ra hop cha't mdi?
A. NaCl va H2SO4.

B. BaCl2 va HNO3.

C. CaCl2 va K2SO4.

D. KNO3 va NaOH.

1.28. Dung dich mud'i Cu(N03)2 c6 iSn lirgng rat nho mudi AgN03. De loai
bo AgN03, thu mudi Cu(N03)2 tinh khie't cSn dung bot kim loai
A. bac.

B. nhdm.

C. sat.

D. ddng.

1.29. Cho 5,6 gam mdt oxit kim loai X tac dung vira du vdi axit HCl, thu
duoc 11,1 gam mudi clorua cua kim loai X. Kim loai X la
A. natri.

B. canxi.

C. ddng.

D. magie.

1.30. Nhiet phan hoan toan 10 gam canxi cacbonat, thu duoc chat ran A.
Cho A vao nude va khua'y cho tan het, thu duoc 800 ml dung dich X.
Ndng dd mol cua dung dich X 1&
A. 0,125M.

B. 1,25M.

C. 0,10M.

D. 1,32M.

1.31. Sue khi CO2 vao 80 gam dung dich NaOH 25%, tao thknh hdn hop
mudi axit va mudi trung hoa theo ti 16 sd mol la 2 : 3.
Th^ tich khi CO2 (d dktc) cdn dung la
A. 7 lit.

B. 6,9 lit.

C. 6,5.lit.

D. 8,2 Jit.

1.34. Ngam 16,6 gam hdn hop bot hai kim loai A l va Fe trong dung dich
HCl du. Phan ling xong, thu duoc 11,2 lit khi H2 (dktc).

,
a) Viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.

a/

b) Tinh khdi lugng mdi kim loai trong hdn hop dau.
c) Bang phuong phap hoa hoc nao cd the lay rieng Fe ra khdi hdn hop?
1.35. Mdt dung djch hoa tan 3,25 gam sat clorua tac dung vdi dung dich
bac nitrat du, sinh ra 8,61 gam ket tua.
Hay tim cdng thiic phan tir cua mudi sat da dung.
1.36. Khir hoan toan 16 gam oxit sat bang khi CO d nhiet dd cao. Sau khi
phan ling kdt thiic, khdi lugng cha't ran giam 4,8 gam.
a) Tim cdng thiic phan tir cua oxit sat.

^.^^^^^

b) Chat khi sinh ra dugc dan vao binh dung dung dich NaOH du. Hay
cho biet khdi lugng cua binh tang hay giam bao nhieu gam?
c) Tinh Xhi tich khi CO (dktc) can diing cho phan ling khii het oxit sat
ndi tren, biet rang phai dung du CO tdi 10%.
1.37. Ngam mdt la nhdm (da danh sach Idp oxit) trong 250 ml dung dich
AgN03 0,24M. Sau mdt thdi gian phan ling, lay la nhdm ra, rCra sach, lam kho,
can lai thay khdi lugng la nhdm tang them 2,79 gam.
a) Viet phuong trinh hoa hoc.
b) Tinh khdi lugng nhdm da phan ling va lugng bac sinh ra.
c) Tinh ndng dd mol cua cac cha't trong dung dich sau phan ling (the
tich dung dich thay ddi khdng dang ki).


1.38. Di xac djnh thanh pMn cua FcjO, trong quang hematit, ngu6i ta lam

thf nghifim nhu sau:
Cho lu6ng khf CO du di qua 10 gam b6t quang nong do. Phan iJng xong,
la'y chat ran con lai dem hoa tan trong dung dich axit H2SO4 loang, thu duac
2,24 lit khf (dktc).
a) Giai thich each lam va viet phuomg trinh hoa hoc.
b) Ti'nh thanh phSn phSn tram theo kh6'i lugng cua FcjO, trong quang.
c) Can bao nhifiu ta'n quang noi tren de san xua't duoc 1 ta'n gang chua
96% sat?
1.39. Cho 10 gam b6t h6n hop cac kim loai g6m Al, Mg va Cu vao dung
dich HCl du. Phan ling ket thiic, thu dugc 10,08 lit khi (dktc) va 1 gam chat
ran kh6ng tan.
a) Viet cac phuofng trinh hoa hoc.
b) Tinh thanh phan phan tram theo kh6'i lugng m6i kim loai c6 trong
h6n hgp.
1.40. Co 3 la nho kim loai la Cu, Zn va Fe. M6i la c6 kh6'i Iirgng m gam.
Ngam rieng m6i la kim loai vao mot coc dung dung dich C U S O 4 du. Sau mot
thcri gian la'y cac la kim loai ra, rira nhe, lam kho va can lai.
- Hay cho biet khoi lugng cac la kim loai thay ddi the nao?
Giai thich va viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.
- Nd'u ngam m6i la kim loai tren trong c6'c nho dung dung dich AgNO,
du, sau do tiep tuc lam nhu tren.
Hay cho biet khdi lugng cac la kim loai thay ddi the' nao?
Giai thich va viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.
1.41. Khdi lugng ciia 5 lit khi A (dktc) la 7,59 gam. Dot 3,4 gam khi A, thu
dugc 2,24 lit khi luu huynh dioxit (dktc) va 1,8 gam nude.
a) Tim cdng thiic hoa hgc cua A.
b) Vie't cac phuong trinh hoa hgc.
c) Ti'nh the tich oxi (dktc) cSn thiet de dot chay hoan toan 5 lit khi A.

Chirong 2

KIM LOAI

(

/

I T R A C NGHIEM KHACH Q U A N

2.1. Day gdm cac kim loai dugc xep theo chilu tinh hoat ddng hoa hgc tang dAn:
A. Na, Zn, K, Pb, Cu.
B. Cu, Pb, K, Na, Zn.
C. Cu, Pb, Zn, Na, K.
D. Cu, Na, Pb, Zn, K.
2.2. Day gdm nhirng kim loai deu khdng phan ling vdi dung dich axit
H2SO4 loang la
A. Fe, Cu, Al.
B. Cu, Ag, Au.
C. Ag, Zn, Al.
C. Fe, Au, Zn.
2.3. Cho phuong trinh hoa hgc:
Al + X ^ C u i + Y
X va Y lin lugt la
A. C U S O 4 va Al2(S04)3.
B. AlCl, va C U S O 4 .
C. C U S O 4 va A I S O 4 .
D. Al2(S04)3 va C U S O 4 .
2.4. Kim loai nao sau day khdng bi oxi hoa trong khdng khi d nhiet dd thudng?
A. sat.
B. Nhdm. , .
C. Magic.

D. Bac.
b-. .-,. .., .-.i\
2.5. cap chat nao sau day xay ra phan ling hoa hgc?
, ; ..S:
A. bac va dung dich C U S O 4 . B. sat va dung dich ZnClj.
;
kemchudi
va dung
D. ddng va dung dich HCl.
2.6.C.Cho
biendich
hoa VtCl^.
sau:
Al ^> AlCl,-> X Y ^ AI2 ( S O 4 ) , .
ori:) MS
Cac
cha't
X
va
Y
Ian
luot
la
A.Al203vaAl.
B. A1(0H)3 va AI2O3.
A^r
C. A1(N03)3 va AI2O3.
D. AI2O3 va A1(0H)3.
2.7. Hai kim loai khdng tac dung vdi axit H2SO4 dac, ngudi la .
A. AlvaFe.

B. Cu va Fe.
C. AlvaZn.
D. AlvaCu.
2.8. Co ba cha't d dang bdt la AI2O3, Al va Fe dung trong ba Ig bi ma't nhan.
Thudc thijr de' phan biet ba chat trdn tren la
^^
A. kim loai Cu.
B. dung djch NaOH du.
C. dung dich HCl.
D. dung djch H2SO4 dac.


2.9. Cap chat nib sau day khong t6n tai trong dung dich?
A. NaOH va K2CO3.
B. KOH va CUSO4.
C. CaCO, va HCl.
D. Ca B va C.

/

2.10. Co cac kirn loai: Ba, Cu, Fe, Al va Na. Nhung kirn loai tac dung dugc
vdri nude cho khi bay len la
A. Ba, CuvaAl.
C. Al, Na va Ba.

B. Ba, Al va Fe.
D. Na, Cu va Fe.

2.11. Phan ling glua Zn va PbS04 kh6ng xay ra dugc vi
A. Zn hoat dong kem Pb.

B. PbS04 la mu6'i khdng tan trong nudrc.
C. ZnS04 la mu6'i khong tan trong nude.
D. Zn tac dung vdi nude.
2.12. Hop chat oxit cua kim loai X hoa tri III, trong do kim loai X chie'm
52,94% \6 khO'i lugng.
Oxit nay c6 kha nang phan ung vdi cap cha't nao sau day?
A. Dung dich HCI va dung dich KOH.
B. Nudrc va dung dich NaOH.
C. Dung dich H2SO4 loang va dung dich NaCl.
D. Dung dich HCI va dung dich CaCl2.
2.13. Co bon dung dich mu6'i la FeS04, Fe2(S04)3, CuClj va Al2(S04)3 dung
trong 4 Ig mat nhan. Kim loai c6 th^ dung de phan biet b6'n dung dich muoi
tren la
A. natri.

B. dong.

C. kem.

D. nh6m.

2.14. Cho 1,8 gam kim loai M hoa tri III phan irng het vdi dung dich axit
H2SO4 du, thu dugc 2,24 lit khi H2 (d dktc). Biet hieu sua't phan ling bang
100%. Kim loai M la
A. crom.

B. sat.

C. nhdm.

D. mangan.

2.15. Cho mdt thanh kem cd khdi lugng 50 gam vao dung djch dong sunfat.
Sau mdt thdi gian phan ling ket thiic, khdi lugng la kem la 49,82 gam.
Khd'i lugng kem da phan ting la
A. 15,85 gam.

B. 17,55 gam.

C. 12,46 gam.

D. 11,70 gam.

2.16. Cho thanh kem vao 100 ml dung dich sat(II) sunfat c6 nong do x mol//.
SaU khi phan ling k€t thiic, khdi lugng thanh kem giam 2,25 gam. Gia tri ciia x la
A. 2.
B. 2,5.
C. 3.
D. 3,5.
2.17. Hoa tan a gam mdt kim loai X trong 200 gam dung dich HCI 7,3% vua
thu dugc dung dich A, trong do ndng do ciia muoi tao thanh la 11,96% (theo
j^hd'i lucmg). Kim loai X la
A. nhdm.
B. canxi.
C. mangan.
D. dong.
2.18. Hoa tan mdt lugng du bdt nhdm vao 200 ml dung dich H2SO4 I M . Sau
khi phan ung xay ra hoan toan, thu dugc 3,36 lit khi H2 (d dktc).

Hieu sua't cua phan ung la

A. 80,12%.

C. 75,0%.

C. 70,64%.

D. 85,21%.

2.19. Cho 16 gam hdn hgp hai kim loai A l va Fe phan ung het vdi 200 ml
dung dich NaOH I M . Thanh phin % ciia Al va Fe trong hdn hgp Ian lugt la
A. 3,75% va 66,25%.

B. 66,25% va 33,75%.

C. 32,65% va 67,35%.

D. 67,35% va 32,65%.

2.20. Cho mdt thanh sat cd khdi lugng 50 gam vao 400 ml dung dich
CUSO4. Sau mdt thdi gian, khd'i lugng thanh sat tang 4%. Cho biet toan bd
dong thoat ra deu bam het vao thanh sat. Khd'i lugng dong thoat ra la
A. 18 gam.

B. 15 gam.

C. 17 gam.

D. 16 gam.

2.21. Dien phan hoan toan 2,55 gam bdt nhdm oxit ndng chay. Khi thu

dugc du dot chay he't lugng cacbon la
>•{ .
A. 0,35 gam.

B. 0,45 gam.

C. 0,56 gam.

D. 0,46 gam.

>ii)^

'

2.22. Cho 200 ml dung dich axit sunfuhidric H2S I M phan ung hoan toan
vdi 300 ml dung dich NaOH I M . Dung dich thu dugc cd cac chat ,^ , ,
A. NaHS va NaOH.

B. NajS va NaOH.

C. NaHS va Na2S.

D. NaHS, Na2S va NaOH.

,} A}Ll

2.23. Cho X gam MgCO, phan ung vdi dung dich HCI du. Cho toan bd khi
thoat ra vao dung dich nude vdi trong du, thu dugc 20 gam ket tua. Biet hieu
sua't phan ung la 100%. Gia tri ciia x la
, : ;

A. 16,8.
B. 17,2.
,, ,
C. 15,9.

D. 18,4.


2.24. Tir AljO, c6 thi dieu che A l bang each

Nhung phuong phap dung dugc la

A. dien phan AljO, nong chay.

A. 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 .
C. 2, 3.

B. dien phan h6n hop nong chay g6m AI2O3 va criolit.
C. dung CO hoae Hj khir AI2O3 nong chay.
D. hoa tan AljO, bang dung dich HCl, r6i di6n phan dung dich AICI3.
2.25. Co the dieu che canxi bang phuong phap
A. dung Na day Ca ra khoi CaCl2 nong chay.
C. nhiet phan CaO 6 nhiet do cao.

^

D. dien phan CaCl2 nong chay.
2.26. Hoa tan hoan toan 1,35 gam kim loai X bang dung dich H2SO4 loang,
thu dugc 1,68 lit khi (d dktc). Kim loai X la
A. kem.

B. sat.

C. nhom.

D. magie.

2.27. Cho luong CO di qua ong sii dung 20 gam bgt CuO nung nong. Sau
m6t thdi gian tha'y kh6'i lugng cha't ran trong ong sii con lai la 16,8 gam.
Phan tram khoi lugng CuO da bi khuf la
A. 80%.

B. 70%.

C. 60%.

D. 90%.

2.28. Cho 10 gam bgt sat vao 500 ml dung dich FeCl, c6 nong d6 x mol/lit.
khua'y deu den khi phan ling xay ra hoan toan, tha'y khd'i lugng bgt sat con lai
la 8,6 gam. Gia tri cua x la
A. 0,15.

B.0,10.

C. 0,25.

D. 0,28.

2.29. Hoa tan 3,2 gam oxit X2O, bang mot lugng vijra du dung dich H2SO4

10%, thu dugc dung dich mu6'i sunfat c6 nong d6 12,9%.
Cong thiic phan tCr cua oxit la
A. AI2O3.

B. Cr203.

C. Mn203.

D. Fe203.

2.30. De dilu che natri kim loai, ngudi thucmg dilng phuong phap
1. dien phan dung dich NaCl c6 mang ngan.
2. dien phan NaCl nong chay.
3. dien phan NaOH nong chay.
4. diing K day Na ra khoi dung dich NaCl.
5. khil oxit Na20 bang khi CO 6 nhiet d6 cao.

2.31. Hoa tan 3,94 gam BaCO, bang 500 ml dung dich HCl 0,4M. The tich
dung djch NaOH 0,5M can de trung hoa axit du la
A. 180 ml.
B. 200 ml.
'.r
C. 360 ml.

B. dung khi CO hoac khi H2 kbit CaO d nhiet dd cao.

B. 2, 3,4.
D. 1,4, 5.

D. 320 m l .

2.32. X la dung dich chiia 0,1 mol AICI3 va Y la dung dich chiia 0,32 mol
NaOH. D6 tir tit Y vao X . Khoi lugng ke't tiia thu dugc khi d6 he't Y vao X la
A. 7,8 gam.

B. 6,24 gam. ,

C. 7,12 gam.

D. 5,98 gam.

II. BAI T A P T I J L U A N
2.33. Cho 69,6 gam Mn02 tac dung vdi axit clohidric dac, du, thu dugc mSt
lugng khi X . Dan khi X vao 550 ml dung dich NaOH 4 M (D = 1,25 g/ml), thu
dugc dung dich A.
Tinh nong do phan tram, nong do mol ciia cac cha't trong dung dich A.
Bie't the tich dung dich thay doi khong dang ke.
2.34. Dot chay hoan toan 7,2 gam than d nhiet d6 thich hgp, thu dugc h6n
hgp khi A gom CO2 va CO.
Dan h6n hgp khi A vao 6'ng dung CuO (du) nung nong. Khi phan ling
xong, cho toan bg lugng khi thu dugc vao nu6c v6i trong (lay du), thu dugc a
gam ke't tua.
a) Vie't cac phuong trinh hoa hgc.
b) Tinh a.
2.35. Nung 3,1 gam tinh the natri cacbonat ngam nudrc den khoi lugng
khong doi, dugc cha't ran c6 khoi lugng la 2,65 gam.
Hay xac dinh c6ng thiic hoa hgc cua mu6'i natri cacbonat ngam nudrc.
2.36. Nung 10,23 gam h6n hgp hai oxit la CuO va PbO v6i cacbon du.
Toan bg lugng khi CO2 sinh ra dugc dan vao binh dung dung dich Ca(0H)2
du. Phan iJng ke't thiic, thu dugc 5,5 gam ket tiia.

a) Viet phuong trlnh hoa hgc.
b) Tinh thanh phSn % theo khoi lugng cua m6i oxit kim loai trong h6n hgp.
2.37. Hgp chat huu co A c6 thanh phSn theo khoi lugng cac nguyen t6' nhu
sau: 53,33%C, 15,55%H va 31,12%N.
a) Xac dinh cong thiic phan tir cua A . Biet rang hgp chat nay c6 phan tir
khg'i bang 45 dvC.
b) Cho bie't nito trong hgp chat nay c6 hoa tri I I I , hay vie't cong thiic ca'u
taoctiaA.


2.38. Dot chay hoan toan 6,72 lit h6n hop khi A g6m CO va CH4, phai
dung vira Mt 6,72 h't oxi.
a) Tinh thanh phan phan tram theo thi tich va theo khdi lugng cua cat
chat trong hdn hop A. Cac the tich d^u do d dktc.
b) Ha'p thu toan bo khi CO2 tao thanh or phan ung trtn vao binh chiJa 300 ml
dung dich Ba(OH)2 0,75M, tha'y xua't hien m gam ket tua trSng. Tinh m.
2.39. Ci di^u kien chuin 3,36 h't h6n hop khi g6m metan va etilen c6 kh6i
luang 3 gam.
a) Ti'nh thanh ph^n phSn tram cua cac cha't c6 trong hdn hop theo the
tich va theo khd'i luong.
b) K h i dan 1,68 lit h6n hop khi nay di qua dung dich nudfc brom, nhan
thay dung dich bi nhat mau va khdi lucmg binh chiJa dung dich nay tang them
m gam.
Ti'nh m, bie't rSng phan ung xay ra hoan toan.
2.40.

Chirang 3

PHI KIM - SO LUOC V E BANG TUAN HOAN
C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

'^
I T R A C NGHIEM K H A C H QUAN

^ *

3.1. Cho cac cap cha't sau, cap chat nao khdng phan ling vdi nhau?
A. CI2 va NaOH.

B. Fe203 va CO.

C. CI2 va O2.

D. CO2 va CaCOH),.

'•

3.2. Hgp cha't X la oxit cua cacbon, trong phan tijf chiia 57,14% oxi ve khdi
lugng. Khd'i lugng mol ciia X la 28 gam.
Cdng thiic phan tit oxit X la:
A.CO2.

B.CO.

C. C2O.

D. C2O3.

3.3. Hay chgn cau cd ndi dung sai trong cac cau sau:

Cho A la hdn hop 3 khi: CH4, C2H4 va C2H2.

A. Phi k i m cd the phan ung vdi nhieu k i m loai.

Dan 5,6 lit hdn hop A vao binh dirng dung dich brom du, sau phan ling
khdi lugng binh tang 5,4 gam.

B. Phi k i m cd the phan ung vdi phi kim khac.
C. Nude Gia-ven la hdn hgp hai mudi NaCl va NaClO.

K h i ra khoi binh (khi khdng tac dung vdi nude brom) dugc dot chay
hoan toan cho 2,2 gam COj.

D. Trong cdng nghiep, khi clo dugc san xua't tCr mudi an (NaCl).

Ti'nh thanh phan phan tram theo khdi lugng mdi hidrocacbon trong hdn
hgp. Biet rang cac the' tich deu do d dktc.
2.41. Hdn hgp khi A gdm CO va mot hidrocacbon. De ddt chay hoan toan
6,72 lit khi A dung het 39,2 lit khdng khi. Phan ung tao thanh 8,96 lit CO2 va
1,8 gam H2O.
Xac dinh cdng thirc phan tii cua hidrocacbon va thanh phan tram theo
the tich cac khi cd trong hdn hgp A . Biet rang oxi chiem 20% the tich khdng
khf, cac the ti'ch khi do d dktc.
2.42. Ddt chay 3 gam mdt chat huu cof A, thu dugc 6,6 gam CO2 va 3,6
gam H2O.
a) Xac dinh cdng thiJc phan tir cua A, biet

= 60 dvC.

b) Vie't cdng thirc cau tao (riit ggn) cd the' cd cua A .

3.4. Tir cac cha't sau: MnO^, CaCO,, HCl va Na2S03 cd the' di^u che' dugc
cac cha't k h i :
A. CO, CO2, H2S.
B. CI2, H2, SO2.
'-^^^ m^-'
C. CO2, H2S, CI2.
D. CI2, CO2, SO2.
'
3.5. Sau thi nghiem, khi clo con du dugc loai bd bang each cho sue vao
A. dung dich HCl.
C. dung dich H2SO4.

B. dung dich NaOH
D. dung dich NaCl.

3.6. K h i nita san xua't dugc trong cdng nghiep thudng cd l§n lugng nhd cac
khi CO2, CO va hai nude. De thu khi nita nguyen chat cin diing phuang phap
hoa hoc:
A. Ddt chay hdn hgp.
B. Cho hdn hgp qua nude vdi trong.
C. Ddt chay hdn hgp rdi cho san ph^m iSn lugt qua nude vdi trong va
axit H2SO4 dac.'
D. Cho hdn horp qua CaO mdi san xua't.
\
3.7. Nhan dinh nao sau day la dung nhat?

,|

A. Cacbon la cha't khir.
B. Cacbon la cha't oxi hoa.

C. Cacbon la phi kim r f t tra v6 mat hoat ddng hoa hoc.
D. Cacbon vCra cd ti'nh khijr vira cd tinh oxi hoa.

^' -


3.8. Chon phuong phap thich hop di dieu che k h i clo trong phong t h i nghiem:

27 gam

A . D u n nhe dung d i c h H C l dac v 6 i M n O j .

mudi.

B. D i 6 n phan N a C l nong chay.

K i m loai d d la

C . D i e n phan dung d i c h N a C l bao hoa.

A . ddng.
C. k e m .

D. D u n nhe N a C l v d i dung d i c h H2SO4 dac.

A . SiOj + 4 H F ^ SiF, t +

C. CI2 + H 2 0 ^ H C 1 + HC10

T

.

D. canxi.

'

A . 412,6.

B. 403,2.

C. 396,8.

D. 430,6.

3.16. O x i t ciia nguyen t d R cd k h d i lugng m o l la 44 gam. N g u y e n t d o x i
chiem 7 2 , 7 2 % thanh phan k h d i lugng cua oxit.

3.10. Cho phuong t r i n h phan iJng:

Cdng thiic phan t i i ciia o x i t la

4C + F e 3 0 , — ^ ? + ?
Hoan thanh phuong t r i n h phan ung va cho bie't cacbon trong phuong
t r i n h dong vai tro gi?
A . N h i e n lieu dot chay la'y nhiet.

B. Chat o x i hoa.

C. Cha't k h i i va chat o x i hoa.

D . Cha't khir.

B. Thanh ph^n c h i n h ciia thuy t i n h la h6n hop natri silicat (NajSiO,) va
canxi silicat (CaSiO,).
C. K h d n g dugfc dCing chai, lo bang thiiy tinh de chiJa, dung dung dich axit.
D . Thanh phdn chinh cua x i mang la canxi silicat va canxi aluminat.
3.12. Bidt nguyen tijr X c6 ca'u tao n h u sau:
D i e n tich hat nhan la 15+, c6 3 Idp electron, Idp ngoai ciing c6 5 electron.
Dua vao bang tuSn hoan biet dugc nguyfin t d X la

C. photpho.

D. lim huynh.

3.13. Cac nguyen t d dugc sap xdp trong bang tuSn hoan cd nhung dac

B. SO2.

C. CO2.

D.N2O.

;

G i a t r i cua V la

cac hop chat thien nhidn ciia silic va cac hoa chat khac.

B. clo.

A . P2O5.

JO >

400 m l dung d i c h H C l 1,5M tha'y thoat ra V l i t k h i CO2 (6 d k t c ) . , , , ,

A . C6ng nghiep silicat g o m san xuat dd g d m sii, t h u y t i n h , x i mang tCr

A. nito.

(J

3.17. Hoa tan hoan toan 31,2 gam hdn hgp g d m N a j C O , va C a C 0 3 bang

3 . 1 1 . Hay chon nhan d i n h sai trong nhung nhan d i n h sau:

Aiim:

A . D i e n t i c h hat nhan nguyen t ^ tang dSn.
B. Sd Idp electron trong nguyen t ^ bang sd thiJ t u cua chu k i .
C. Sd electron Idp ngoai cung ciia nguyen t i i bang sd t h i i t u ciia n h d m A .
D . Ca A , B, C d^u d i i n g .

.

.

G i a t r i cua V la

2Ufi

D . 3CO + Fe^ 0, ^ 2Fe + S C O ^

B. magie.

J

dugc V l i t k h i cacbonic ( d dktc). Biet hieu sua't phan ihig l a 9 0 % .

2Hfi

B. SiOj + 4HC1 ^ SiCl^ T +

" ,^

3.15. D u n g d i c h chiJa 980 gam H2SO4 tac dung he't v d i N a H C O , d u , t h u

3.9. Phan utig hoa hoc nao sau day khOng xay ra?
,

3.14. C h o 12,8 gam k i r n l o a i hoa t r i I I tac dung v d i k h i clo d u , t h u d u g c

A . 4,46.

B.6,72.

C. 5,87.

D. 8,14.

3.18. Cho l u d n g k h i clo qua dng sii dung 1,12 gam bdt k i m loai M d nhiet
dg cao. Sau k h i phan ting ke't thiic, thu dugc 3,25 gam m u d i .
1. K i m loai M i a
A . sat.

B. n h d m .

C. mangan.

D . canxi.

O

2. De' c d d i i l u g n g k h i clo tham gia phan ung tren cAn bao nhieu l i t dung
djch H C l 6 M tham gia phan ung v d i bdt M n O s du?
A . 0,2 l i t .

B. 0,02 l i t .

C. 0,12 l i t .

D . 0,03 l i t .

...

3.19. Hoa tan 4,48 l i t k h i hidro clorua ( d dktc) vao 42,7 m l nude, thu dugc
dung d i c h axit clohidric. N d n g dd % va ndng dd m o l cua dung d i c h t h u dugc la:
A . 1,46% v a 4 , 7 M .

B. 1,46% va 0 , 4 7 M .

C. 14,6% va 4 , 7 M .

D . 14,6% va 0 , 4 7 M .

3.20. D a n 11,2 l i t h d n hgp k h i C O va CO2 ( d dktc) vao 100 m l dung d i c h
Ca(0H)2, t h u dugc m u d i duy nha't k h d n g tan, cd k h d i lugng 10 gam.


1. N6ng d6 mol cua dung djch Ca(OH)2 la
A. 2,0M.

B. 1,0M.

3.26. D6't h6n hop g6m 5,6 gam b6t sat va 1,6 gam b6t luu huynh trong m6i
trUcffig khfing c6 khdng khi, thu duoc h6n hop chat ran A .

C. 1,2M.

D. 0,9M.

Cho h6n hop A phan ling hoan toan v6i dung dich HCl I M du, thu dugfc

2. Thanh phdn % theo th^ tich cua CO2 trong h6n hop ban dau la

h6n hop khi B. Thi tich dung dich HCl I M da tham gia phan ling la

A. 20%.

B. 50%.

A. 0,4 lit.

B. 0,2 l i t .

C. 15%.

D. 35%.

C. 0,3 lit.

D. 0,1 lit.

3.21. D6't chay photpho trong binh chiia 6,72 lit khi O2 (d dktc), thu duoc
14,2 gam diphotpho pentaoxit.
Kh6'i lugng photpho tham gia phan ung la
A. 8,1 gam.

B. 6,8 gam.

C. 7,4 gam.

D. 6,2 gam.

3.22. Khi nhiet phan 14,2 gam h6n hop gom canxi cacbonat va magie
cacbonat, thu diroc 3,36 lit khi CO2 (or dktc).
Thanh phSn % khdi luong cac cha't trong h6n hcrp la
A. 70% CaCO, va 30% MgCO,. B. 60% CaCOj va 40% MgCO,.
C. 70,42% CaCOj va 29,58% MgCO,.

D. 60,52% CaCO, va 39,48% MgCOj.
3.23. Hoa tan a gam m6t oxit sat cSn 150 ml dung dich HCl 3M. Ne'u kh& a gam
oxit do bang khi CO nong, du, thu duoc 8,4 gam sat.
C6ng thiic phan tir cua oxit sat la
A. FeO.

B. Fe203.

C. Fe304.

D. Kh6ng xac djnh duoc.

3.24. Cho 268,8 lit h6n hop khi CO va H2 or dktc khir sat(III) oxit 6 nhiet do
cao. Kh6l luong sat thu duoc la
A. 448 gam.

B. 462 gam.

C. 521 gam.

D. 428 gam.

3.25. Cho 200 ml dung dich NaOH I M phan irng he't v6i 200 ml dung dich
chiia 38 gam h6n hop hai mu6'i Na2C03 va NaHCO,.
1. Thanh phSn % cua Na2C03 va NaHCO, l^n lucrt la
A. 57,79% va 44,21%.

B. 44,21% va 55,79%.

C. 60,80% va 39,20%.

D. 52,70% va 47,30%.

II. BAI T A P T l J L U A N
3.27. a) Trong c6ng nghifip, tir 1kg quang pirit nguydn cha't c6 the' dieu che
duoc bao nhieu kg dung dich axit H2SO4 98%? Biet hieu suat toan b6 qua trinh
sdn xua't la 90%.
b) Neu each lam d^ pha che' dung dich H2SO4 c6 ndng d6 3,75M tit
lucmg axit da san xua't duoc.
3.28. Bie't A la oxit cua sat k i m loai. Khuf hoan toan 1,6 gam A can 627 ml
hidro (dktc).
Neu la'y toan b6 lugng kim loai vtta thu duoc 6 trdn cho tac dung vdi
dung dich HCl du thi thu duoc 0,448 lit hidro (dktc).
Xac dinh c6ng thiic phan tir cua A .

.

'

^

•

3.29. TrOn iSn 50 m l dung djch NaOH 0,1M v6i 30 m l dung dich NaOH
0,5M duoc dung dich A . Them 60 ml dung dich AICI3 0,1M vao A .
Ti'nh nong d6 mol ciia cac chat thu dugc sau phan ling (cho rang th^ tich
cha't ran kh6ng dang k^).
3.30. Cho tir tir dung dich HNO3 vao 6'ng nghiem chiJa dung dich NaOH,
sau phan ling thu dugc dung dich D.
a) Viet cac phuong trinh hoa hoc.

b) Hay cho biet cac cha't tan c6 the' c6 trong dung dich D.
c) Cho 50 gam dung dich HNO3 12,6% phan ihig het v6i 100 gam dung
dich NaOH.
Tinh ndng dS % dung dich thu dugc sau phan ling.
3.31. Hoa tan 7,8 gam h6n hgp 2 kim loai A (hoa tri I I ) va B (hoa tri I I I )
bang dung dich H2SO4 loang viTa du, thu dugc 8,96 lit khi H2 (dktc).
a) Tinh kh6'i lugng mu6'i khan thu dugc khi c6 can dung dich sau phan ling.

2. N6ng d6 mol cua dung djch sau phan ling la

b) Xac dinh ten va kh6'i lugng m6i k i m loai trong h6n hgp, biet rang s6'
niol kim loai hoa tri I I I bang hai \An s6 mol k i m loai hoa trj I I va nguyen tijr

A . 1,0M.

B. 1,2M.

C. 2,1M.

D. 2,0M.

khfi'i ciia k i m loai hoa tri I I bang - nguyen tir kh6'i cua k i m loai hoa tri I I I .