Ebook tài liệu luyện thi đại học cao đẳng môn địa lý phần 1

PHAN

PHAN

CAC NGUON Ll/C

BON

Tl/ NHIEN - KINH TE - XA HOI VIET NAM

V I E T N A M V6\U V L / C D O N G N A M A
206

A. N G U O N L l / C TV N H I E N V I E T N A M

•

P H U L U C 1:

HUdNG

THlfC

DAN

HANH

DIA

I.Y

212

CAC LUaC

DO

DIA

LY

VIET

NAM

228

P H U L U C 3:

DAI

THIEU
HOC

Van

de

9^t:

Hay phan tich y nghla nguon luc cua vj tri dja ly tu" nhien

niidc ta.

I. DAT VAN DE

P H U L U C 2:

Gidl

M6T

DE
vA

cAc

THI TUYEN
DAP

AN

SINH
TIEU

VAO CAO DANG BIEU

:

254

V i t r i dia ly tif nhien la mot trong nhufng nguon liic ben trong tac
dong SLf ph^t t r i e n k i n h te, xa hoi. V i t r i dia ly t i i nhien niidc ta kha
dSc biet vdi nhufng thufin loi cof ban va nhufng han che c6 t i n h qui
luat trong yeu cau xay diTng va phat t r i e n k i n h te.
II. GIAI QUYET VAN DE
1. X a c d i n h v i tri dia ly ttf n h i e n Vi$t Nam:
a) Ve toa do dia ly phdn ddt lien:
- Diem c\ic Bac: 23"23' BSc bdn cau (Xa Lung Cu - Dong VSn).
- Diem ciic Nam: 8°27' Bac ban cau (Xom M u i - Nam Can).
- Diem ciic Tay: 102°8' Dong ban cau (A-pa-chai - Lai Chau).
- Diem

C L T C

Dong: 109''27' Dong ban cau (Ban dac Hon gom).

Nhtf vay: nifdrc ta thuoc vung nhiet ddfi Bac ban cau, nam a phia
Dong ban cau.
b) Ve tiep gidp khu vUc:
- Phia Bac gan lien vdri Trung Qudc.
- Phia Nam htfdfng ra Bien Dong va V i n h Thai Lan.
- Phia Tay gan lien vdri Lao va Campuchia.
- Phia Dong hifdrng ra Bien Dong.


NhU vay: Vi§t nam d phia Dong bdn dao Dong Duong, gdn trung
tam Dong Nam A.
TCr toa do dia ly
tiep gidp khu V L T C nufdc ta nkm trong vung
nhiet ddi gio miia, vifa c6 t i n h chat luc dia va dai di/cfng, noi gap

nhau cua h a i vanh dai sinh - khoang: Thai B i n h Difcfng v a D i a
Trung Hai.
2. Y n g h l a nguon lijfc c i i a v i t r i d i a ly V i ^ t Nam:

b) Kho khan:
- T i n h cha't v a t\i nhien nhiet ddri gi6 mua, dien ra theo mua tao
n§n nhieu bien dong: kho han, lu lut, a p tha'p v a bao nhigt ddi... gay
nhieu ton that do'i vdi sdn xua't v a ddi song.
- T i n h cha't t\i nhien nhiet ddri am l a dieu ki§n gay ra sau b§nh ...
dnh hifdng xa'u den san xua't.

a) Thudn Igi:
-

- Nude ta d vao v i t r i chien luge v i the nen hoa binh Viet N a m
g6p phan quyet dinh sii o n dinh cua vung Dong Nam A va Chau A.

Nude t a thuoc vung n h i ^ t ddi gio mua A Chau;

+ K h i hau nifdc ta c6 t i n h cha't nhiet ddri am, nhiet do trung
b i n h nam cao, nhiet lUcfng lorn, lircrng nang doi dao, lucfng mtfa trung
binh nam k h a cao - mot vung k h i hau khong c6 t i n h chat sa mac
hay ban sa mac, c6 nhieu thuan \ai de phat trien nen nong nghiep
nhiet ddri toan dien.
+ Do v i t r i dia ly da tao nen trong k h i hau ntfdrc ta c6n c6 t i n h
cha't k h i hau can nhiet ddri d nhOfng vung qua ve phat trien phia Bac
v a nhOfng vung c6 cao do lorn, v i vay c6 the h i n h thanh va phat t r i e n
c a c loai cay trong v a vat nuoi can nhiet ddri, on ddri.

- TiT nhien phan h o a theo miia, anh hudng gi6 mCia Dong Bac l a m

xAo t r o n t i n h chat nhiet ddri da gay r a nhijfng ton that trong san xua't
n6ng nghiep.
- L a v i t r i C O y nghia dau cau tiep nhan c a c trdo liftj, t\i ttidng... tCr
c a c khu V L T C , v a C O y. nghia chie'n liTgc v i the c^n phai canh giac iTxidc
c a c trao liftj, i\i tifdng, van hda xa'u; triidc c a c am mou thCi dich.
III. K E T T H O C VAN

Vdri v i t r i dia ly t i i nhien nifdrc t a da sdm h i n h thanh v a phat
trien, hien nay trong xay difng v a phat t r i e n k i n h te can phai c0 giai
p h a p phat huy nhcmg thuan Igi vk han che nhOfng kho khan.

+ TCf yeu to' v i t r i dia ly vdi hai loai k h i hfiu n6i tren da tao r a
m6t quan t h i thuc vat, dong vfit... nguon l a m san, thuy san, hdi sdn
niidrc ta ra't doi ddo, da dang.
-

• fO^n dk « a l :
Ve nguon li/c khi hau.

Gan lien vdri Bien Dong, thuoc trung tSm khu vUc Dong Nam A

nUdrc t a c6 nhieu thuan Igi ve:
+

Giao

ILTU

1) Trinh

vdri nhieu nUdrc tren the gidri bang nhieu loai h i n h

+ Ra't nhieu thuan Igi de phat t r i e n k i n h tS" bien: khai thdc,
danh bat, nuoi trong hai san; khai thac, che bien khoang sdn bien va
day bien; khai thdc va phat trien du lich bien
+ Tao ra mot t h i trugng nhieu ha'p dSn dau
nhap vdi k h u vifc va the gidri.

de dang hoi

bay nhUng ddc diem chinh cua khi hau nUdc ta.

2) Phan tich sU tdc dong cua khi hau dot vdi san xudt
nghiep, ngu nghiep, Idm nghiep.

giao thong khac nhau.
+ L a dieu kien tot de phat t r i e n giao thdng van t a i diTdng bien,
Bien Dong d v i t r i trung do trong giao thong dudng bien qu6'c te t i l
Bac den Nam va i\i Dong sang Tay.

DE

•

Caa 1:

I. D A T VAN

nong

D A C D I E M KHI HAU.
DE

T i n h chat n e n tang ciia k h i hau niJdrc t a la nhiet ddri am va chiu
^nh hudng gio mCia A Chau vdi d a c diem phan hda theo mua, theo
hudng Bac - Nam v a theo cao do.


II. GIAI QUYET VAN DE

c) Khi hau

1. T i n h chat nhi$t ddfi t h e o m u a ciia nv^ofc ta .
a) Khi hau ciia niCac ta c6 tinh chat nhiet d&i cao, diin ra theo miia:
- Tinh nhiet dcd cao ciia k h i hau:
Nhiet do trung b i n h nam Idn hcfn 23°C.
Hang nam c6 tren 1200 gicf ndng, so ngay nang trong nam xe dich
i\i 200 den 240 ngay.
Can can bufc xa quanh nam diicfng, tong nhiet boat dong giao dong
tCrS.OOO^C den 10.000° C.
- D i i n bien theo mija ciia t i n h nhiet ddi:
Ve can ban k h i hau nhiet ddi nirdc ta c6 hai mua trong nam la
mija kho va mija miia; c( cdc vCing xa ve phia Bac mdri c6 h i n h thai
k h i hau bo'n mua.
Mot mua kho keo dai tii 7 den 8 thang, tiep theo la mot mua mifa
keo dai tii 4 den 5 thang.
(Xem h i n h 3 phu luc 2)
b) Khi hau
*

niCac ta c6 tinJi chat dm cao, mUa nhieu vd theo mua:

Tinh chat dm, miCa nhieu:

-

Trong nam k h i hau nUdc ta chiu anh hucfng cac loai gio miia:

+ Gio miia Bong Bdc:
^ La loai gio mua anh hu'omg cxic doan nhat, keo dai nhat. La loai
gio dUcfc h i n h thanh do sii chuyen dong ciia khoi k h i lanh phia Bac A
Chau di chuyen ve phia Nam theo chuyen dong bieu kien ciia mat
t r d i vao nhufng thang cuoi nam da anh hifdng den niTdc ta .
Gio mija Dong Bac anh hifdng den ntfcJc ta lam xdo tron den tinh
chat k h i hau nhiet ddi, lam giam nhiet do, gay nen cai ret. K h i c6

anh hiTcfng gio mua Dong Bac nhieu ncfi cr mien Bac c6 nhiet do rat
thap, t h i du c6 nam Ha Noi nhiet do la ti^ 7°C den 8°C, Sapa c6 nhiet
do ti^ 4°C den 5°C, hien taong strong muoi xuat hien.
+ Gio Nam,

Dong Nam:

Do sir chenh lech ap suat giOfa dai dirong va dai luc vao nhOng
thang nang (miia kho d duyen hai Trung B6) c6 gi6 tii Bien Dong
(Thai B i n h Dtfong) anh hijfong den niTdtc ta . Gio Dong Nam da lam
tang them do am, li/Ong mifa cho viing duyen hai Trung Bo, c6 tac
dung lam diu bdt t i n h cha't nhiet ddi, tao nen sir mat me.
+ Gio miia:

Do am trong khong k h i cao, thiicfng tCr 75% t r d len.
Do am cao la tac to chu yeu tao nen iLfcfng mtfa phong phu, liiong
mifa t r u n g b i n h nam xe dich tii 1.500mm den 2.500mm, nhOfng vijng
CO lugng vrnia thap trong nam chi la ngoai le, thadng la cac vCing
chan gio hay do yeu to cue bo ciia cac anh hiTdng khac nhiT d N i n h
Thuan lifgng mifa trung binh nam nho diidi 700mm.
*

H

niiac ta chiu diih hudng gio mua A Chdu:

Tinh chat dm vd mila cila khi hau nUac ta diin ra theo mHa:

MiJa mira trong mot nam thucrng dien ra lien tuc va k6o dai tiT 4
den 5 thang.

M6i vung CO thdi gian mifa khac nhau, thcfi gian mifa d Bac Bo va
duyen hai Trung Bo gan giong nhau (tCf thang 8 den thang 1 nam
sau); thofi gian miia d cao nguyen Nam Trung Bo va Nam Bo gan
giong nhau {tii thang 4 den thang 9).
(Xem h i n h 4 phu luc 2)
-6-

vao nhOng thang miia he 0 Trung Bo va cao nguyen Nam Trung
Bo nhan duoc gio Tay Nam.
Gio Tay Nam da tao nen miJa mira a cao nguyen Nam Trung Bo va
Nam Bo; sau k h i virgt day Trifcfng Son da bien thanh hien tifcfng
phon - Tay Nam gay r a gio nong, kho han anh hirdng cufc doan nha't
d cac t i n h Bac Trung Bo tii thang 5 den thang 8.

d) Khi hau nUac ta chiu anh hudng dp thap vd baa nhiet ddi:
Hang nam ni/dc ta luon bi anh hiTOng cac dot ap thap v a bao nhiet

hai rat Idm.
Ap thap va bao nhiet ddri thifcfng dien r a tii thang 5 den thdng 10,
s6in is phia Bac v a muon dan d phia Nam.


2. K h i h|iu nifdc ta phSn hoa theo chi^u BSc - Nam (theo vT dO)
va theo dp cao:
a) Phdn hoa theo chieu Bdc -

Nam:

Chng ve phia BSc k h i hau c6 t i n h chat can nhiet dcJi vdri mua
dong lanh, nhiet dp trung binh nam khoang 20°C.
Ckng ve phia Nam k h i hau c6 t i n h chat cAn xich dao, nhiet d6
trung binh nSm khoang 25°C, vdfi hai mua kho va mifa khd ro ret.
b) Phdn hoa theo cao d6:_
d c^c vung c6 cao do thS'p k h i hau c6 t i n h chat nhiet ddi ro net,
nhiet do trung binh nam cao tii 20°C den 25°C tuy theo sif phan hoa
Bac - Nam.
6 cac vung CO cao dp Icm k h i hau c6 tinh chat can nhiet dcfi - on dcfi,
nhiet dp trung binh nam ttr 15°C den 20°C, t h i du viing k h i hau Da Lat.
III. K E T T H U C V A N

K h i hau

DE

niJdc ta vdri dac diem ndi bat la nhiet ddi am, chiu anh

hudng gio mua A Chau, dien bien theo mua, phan h6a theo hifdrng
, Bac Nam va theo cao dp.
• Caa 2:

TAC D O N G CUA KHf HAU DO! VCS SAN XUAT N 6 N G
NGLfNGHllP.lAMNGHIEP.

NGHIEP,

I. D A T V A N D E

K h i hau nifdc ta c6 tac dong trifc tigp, vUa thulin \ai vita c6 han
ch6' doi vdi s&n xuat nong nghiep, nga nghiep va lam nghiep.
II. G I A I Q U Y E T V A N

DE

1. T a c dpng ciia khi h$u
a) Thudn

doi vdi s^n xuat ndng nghiep:

lai:

T i n h cha't khi hSu nhi$t d(5i cao t^c dpng sU phat t r i e n to^n di#n,
manh me nen ndng nghiep nhi§t M\
t a c dieu ki$n tham canh, tang vu, goi vu, xen canh... de nfing cao

nang sua't va san liTpng.

Dp am Idn, lucfng mUa phong phu cung cap doi dao lupng nifdc cho
cay trong, vat nuoi; tao nen nhieu dong chay (song ng6i) la nguon
cung cSp phu sa lam tang dp mau m8 cua da't trong.
K h i hau c6 sii phan hoa theo hirdrng B^c Nam (theo v i dp) va theo
cao dp da lam cho k h i hau c6 them t i n h cha't can nhiet ddi c6 the
phat t r i e n cac nganh trong trpt va chan nuoi can nhiet ddi , on ddfi.
Nhiet dp cao, lifpng nang phong phu la dieu kien can thiet va ra't
t6t do'i vdri ygu c l u lam dat, cham bon, thu hoach, b^o quan va che
bien nong san.
b) Kho

khan:

- T i n h cha't k h i hau nhiet ddri theo mua vdi hai mua kho va mifa
doi khang tao ra mot mua k h 6 han va mot mua miia lu keo dai deu la
nhufng kho khan.
- K h i hau vdri t i n h trang lu lut, ap tha'p va bao nhiet ddi da gay
ra nhieu ton tha't doi v(Ji cay trong, vat nuoi, nguon nong san.
-

Chiu anh hi/dng gio miia Dong Bac lam nhiet dp giam tha'p gay
tac hai doi vdri cay trong va vat nuoi nhiet ddi; hien tiTpng phia Tay
Nam tang them si/ kho han, thie'u ntfdc do'i vdri san xua't.
- T i n h cha't nong am lam cho sau benh de phat t r i e n . K h i hfiu
vdri lifgng mUa Idrn thifdrng tap trung vao mCia ha, trong k h i dat tr6ng
CO dp do'c nen da lam rijfa troi, xoi mon lam bac mau da't trong.
Vi vay can nghien cufu ky dac diem k h i hau cua tC/ng dia phLfcrng
de CO c0 ca'u miia vu, ccf cau cay trong va vat nuoi phu hap.

2. T a c dpng c u a k h i h a u doi vdfi hoat dpng ngu" nghi$p:
a) Thudn

lai:

~ T i n h cha't nhiet ddri vdri nhiet dp, nhiet liipng, lifpng ndng doi
d^o la nhflng tac to' quan trpng cua sii sinh san va phat t r i e n cdc loai
thuy, hai san.
- Ltfpng miia Idrn tao nen nhieu ao, ho, dam, nhieu song ngoi... la
c^c dien tich mat nudrc de nuoi trong thuy san ntfdrc ngpt. •
- Dieu kien nang nhieu va mCia nang k6o dai tao dieu kien t6't
* o qua t r i n h nuoi trong, danh b^t va ch6' bien thuy, hai san, va cung
1^ dieu ki§n thuan Ipi de day manh nganh lam muoi.

-8-

p.


b) Kho khan.:
-

M u a niLfa keo dai k e m theo l u l u t da l a m t o n t h a t cac h o a t d o n g

V e n g u o n liTc daft t r o n g .

n u o i t r o n g t h i i y san.
-

1) Trinh

K h i h a u n h i e u miJa l u , ap t h a p va bao n h i e t ddi gay k h o k h a n

t r o n g viec d a n h b a t t h i i y , h a i san.
-

B e n canh t i n h chat k h i hau

3. T a c d p n g c i i a k h i h a u

a) Thuqn
-

2) N&u len hi$n trang sii dung va nhUng giai phap can thie't
doi vai nguon von ddt trong.

c6 do a m cao de gay t o n t h a t , a m

mo'c do'i v d i san p h a m t h i i y , h a i san.

• Cau 1:

d o i v6*i h o a t d p n g l a m

nghiep:

Igi:

Ni/dc t a CO d i e n t i c h k h o n g I d n n h t i n g t r e n be m S t da h i n h t h a n h

T i n h chat k h i hau nhiet ddi

am, nhieu nhiet, nhieu

nSng,

li/ong miJa p h o n g p h u la cac tac to' quan t r o n g do'i v d i sif s i n h s a n ,
q u a n t h e v d i hcfn 14.000 l o a i .

m o t he t h o n g d a t t r o n g p h o n g p h u v a c6 gia t r i stf d u n g cao.
II. GIAI Q U Y E T VAN D E
Da't t r o n g \k n g u o n t ^ i n g u y e n quy gia, bao g o m 2 n h o m c h i n h l a
dat t r o n g cf d o n g b a n g va d m i e n n u i - cao nguyen.

K h i h a u p h a n boa theo do cao da h i n h t h a n h n e n cac v o n g d a i

t h i i c v a t n h i e t d d i , can n h i e t ddri

va o n d d i , l a m t a n g l e n t i n h da

d a n g cua t ^ i n g u y e n l a m san.
-

V d i lacfng n a n g , l u o n g mi/a p h o n g p h u keo d a i l a nhiJng t h u a n

1.

d a t t r o n g of d o n g b a n g :
-

L a he t h o n g dat phij sa, c h i e m k h o a n g 1/5 d i e n t i c h l a n h t h o .

-

Da't p h i i sa p h a n bo d cac d o n g bang:

I m de p h a t t r i e n t r o n g rtrng, b e n c a n h dieu k i e n n S n g n h i e u tao

+

t h u a n l o i cho qua t r i n h k h a i thac, che b i e n l a m san.

b) Kho
-

khdiii

D o n g bang song H o n g c6 d i e n t i c h g a n 1,5 t r i e u h a .

+ T o n g d i e n t i c h cac dong bang duyen h a i T r u n g Bo c6 d i e n
t i c h k h o a n g 1,456 t r i e u ha.

Liiang mUa Idfn t r e n cAc v i i n g dat n u i - cao n g u y e n co do doc de

l a m x o i m o n , rufa t r o i chat m a u .
-

NGUON LL/C DAT TRONG

I. DAT VAN D E

p h a t t r i e n ciia thiJc vat, t a i n g u y e n ri^ng, thuc v a t niidc t a l a m o t
-

bay nguSn luc ddt trong ciia nildc ta .

T i n h t r a n g mifa l u keo d a i v^ ciTc doan gay n h i e u k h o k h S n

t r o n g k h a i thac, che b i e n va bao q u a n s a n p h a m l a m n g h i e p .
III. K E T T H U C VAN D E

-

Ngoai cac d o n g b a n g phCi sa I d n nay, c6n c6 m o t so^ da't p h u sa
xua't h i e n d cac t h u n g l u n g c h a n n u i nhiT D i e n B i e n , Tha't Khe...
n h i f n g d i e n t i c h k h o n g d a n g ke.
-

K h i h a u c6 s i i tac d o n g triTc t i e p den b o a t d o n g n o n g n g h i e p , n g u
n g h i e p , l a m n g h i e p , v i t h e t r o n g qua t r i n h to chufc san x u a t , k h a i
t h d c vk che b i e n can p h a i c6 n h f f n g ke hoach v ^ g i a i p h a p p h u hcfp.

D o n g b a n g song Ctfu L o n g c6 d i e n t i c h 4 t r i e u h a .

H i e n t r a n g cac vCmg d a t p h i j sa nifdc t a :
Phat t r i e n b ckc v i m g c6 cao do t h a p (dong bang), do qua t r i n h boi

(Jap phu sa

CLia

song ngoi. He dat phij sa

+ Ddt phu

ve

co ban c6 3 n h o m c h i n h :

sa c6 - l a p h a n d i e n t i c h t i e p giap v d i v i m g t r u n g

du, k h o n g con dtfcfc boi dap, da bac m a u - c h i t h i c h h o p v d i cSy hoa
n^^u v a m o t so' cay cong n g h i e p .
+ Ddt phu

sa mai:

la p h a n d i e n t j c h I d n , quan t r o n g nha't cua

-10-

-11-


cSy lucfng thiJc ( l u a nifdd), cay thifc p h a m ,
n g h i e p ngSn ngay.

n h i l u l o a i cay c6ng

H e d a t t r o n g ni/dc t a k h a p h o n g p h u , vSn de k h a i t h a c v a sur d u n g

D a t p h u sa con ch iu a n h hiTdng niidc b i e n cf cdc v u n g t r u n g t h a p ,
v e n b i e n do qua t r i n h b o i dap chifa h o a n t h a n h , l o a i d a t n a y b i
n h i e m p h e n , n h i i m m a n , n h i e u n h a t cr cac v u n g t r u n g

III. K E T T H U C VAN DE

ven bien

ciaa d 6 n g b a n g song CiJfu L o n g . N e u dirge cai t a o c6 t h e diia vao s a n
x u a t l i i o n g thiJc, t h i i c pham.,., l a nhufng d i e n t i c h t h u a n I q i de n u o i

can p h a i g^n l i e n v d i c h a m b o n v a cai tao, quy hoach.

«Caa2:

HIENTRANGSCTDUNGVAGIAIPHAP
DOI V d l NGUON LL/C DAT TRONG.

I. DAT VAN DE

t r o n g t h u y san.

H i e n t r a n g suf d u n g nguon liic d a t t r o n g cua nxidc t a h i e n n a y chi/a

C6 m o t p h a n n h o d a t don g b a n g phCi sa v e n b i e n - n h i e u n h a t 1^

that t o t v i v a y c a n p h a i co nhufng g i a i p h a p p h u h o p de phat b u y day

d u y e n h a i m i e n T r u n g - l a d a t p h u sa p h a cat v a m o t p h a n d i e n t i c h

du nguon liic nay.

n a y l a cac d o i cat do n a n cat b i e n b a y I a n c h i e m . D a y l a l o a i d a t c6

II. GIAI Q U Y E T VAN DE

h i e u qua suf d u n g t h a p .

NiTdc t a c6 d i e n t i c h d a t i\i n h i e n k h o a n g 33, 1 t r i e u h a n h t f t i g dfin

( X e m h i n h 1 p h u luc 2).

so dong, t a o n e n m o t d i e n t i c h h i n h quSn t r g n d i u ngiTdi t h a p v i v^y

2. H $ d a t t r o n g b m i e n n u i v a c a o n g u y e n :
- D a t m i e n n u i - cao n gu yen c h i e m k h o a n g 4/5 d i e n t i c h ck mS6c,

can p h d i c6 b i e n p h d p suf d u n g da't h o p l y , c6 h i e u q u i .
1. V e n g u o n v o n da't d a i :

p h a n \6n l a l o a i d a t f e r a l i t .

V o n d a t niidrc t a phan r a cac n h 6 m s a u :

- D a t f e r a l i t c6 dac d i e m chung: cau t a o ben, k h a t o i xo'p, d i t h a m

+ H i e n nay dien tich dat sCf dung trong san xuat n6ng nghi&p la 24%.

ntfofc; t r o n g d a t l u g n g k h o a n g n g u y e n s i n h thSp n h i f n g liiOng k i m l o a i

+ D i e n t i c h da't suf d u n g t r o n g l a m nghifp 1^ 3 5 % .

v ^ m i i n h5a t a n t r o n g dat k h a cao.
* Bat feralit phan ra cac iihom

+ D i e n t i c h da't chuyen d u n g v a t h d cif 1^ 5,9%.

chinh:

+ hk dot badan c6 m a u v a n g do, mau nau, rakn x a m , p h a n b6' t a p
t r u n g t h k n h n h i t o g dien t i c h 1dm d Ta y Nguyen, M i l n D o n g T r u n g Bo,
ngoai r a c6n c6 r a i r^c d Quang T r i , v i j n g n u i - cao nguyen Nghe A n .
+ L o a i dat feralit h i n h t h a n h t r e n d a v o i chij y e u t a p t r u n g d
m i e n n u i v a t r u n g du p h i a Bac.
D a t f e r a l i t t h i c h h o p vdri n h i e u l o a i cay cong n g h i e p h a n g n a m
v ^ l a u n a m , m o t so cay t h i i c p h a m , p h a t t r i e n d o n g c6 c h a n n u o i v.v...
H a n che cua d a t f e r a l i t l a h i n h t h a n h t r e n cdc do d6c n § n de b i x 6 i
m 6 n , rufa t r 6 i chat m a u , n e u k h o n g difoc p h i j xEmh se de h j l a - t e - r i t

+ D i e n t i c h dat chifa suf d u n g l a 3 5 , 1 % .

m
-

T r o n g 2 4 % d i e n t i c h suf d u n g vao san xua't n 6 n g n g h i § p ( k h o d n g

8 t r i e u h a ) p h S n r a cac n h 6 m c h i n h : da't tr6ng cay h ^ n g n a m v ^ lau
n a m ; d a t d o n g c6 c h a n n u o i ; da't chuyen d u n g v ^ t h d ciT; di§n t i c h

n u o i tr6ng t h u y san.
-

T r o n g 8 t r i e u h a da't n 6 n g n g h i e p c6 k h o a n g 5,9 t r i e u h a suf

dung de t r o n g cfiy h k n g n a m t h i c h i c6 h o n 2 t r i e u h a thuoc l o a i t o t ,
c6n l a i hcfn 3 t r i ^ u h a la' l o a i xau c^n cai tao.
-

T r o n g d i e n t i c h d a t n o n g nghiep c6n d a n g boc 16 t i n h t r a n g :


hoa (dd ong hoa).

chira durgc t a n d u n g ; m d t so di§n t i c h canh t^c (cfiy lua) c h i suf d u n g

( X e m h i n h 2 p h u luc 2)

n i 6 t v u t r o n g n a m (he so suf d u n g da't c6n tha'p).

-12-


+ d dong

2 . H i ^ n t r a n g suT d u n g v a g i a i p h a p d o i vcA n g u o n hXc d a t t r o n g :

T o a n bo d i e n t i c h d a t v a m a t niSdc

deu l a n g u o n v o n d a t de phuc

v u s a n x u a t , v a p h a n I d n d i e n t i c h n a y sijf d u n g vao san x u a t n o n g
n g h i e p . V a n de can p h a i diigc x e m x e t v a dua r a g i a i p h a p ve viec silf

D a t n o n g n g h i e p cua ni/dc t a p h a n l a m 2 k h u vi/c: dait d o n g b a n g

dong

sii dung

ud giai

phap

doi

vdi dat

ndng

nghiep

d

V d i d i e n t i c h 1,456 t r i e u h a , d a n so' k h a d o n g v i vay b i n h q u a n
di§n t i c h c a n h tac t r e n n g U d i n h d .
-

D o n g b a n g d u y e n h a i T r u n g bo r a t thie'u n U d c vao m u a k h o ,

-

T r o n g v u n g , doc theo d u y e n h a i n h i e u d i e n t i c h da b i n a n cat

^

Vi vay, sii dung

cdn thUc hien

bdng:

•

B i n h q u a n d i e n t i c h d a t n o n g n g h i e p d d o n g b a n g t r e n dau n g i i d i

•

song H o n g c h i d a t k h o a n g 0,05 ha. V i vay v a n de suf

O dong

bdng song

•

•

canh

tac,

tao

nen

binh

quan

dat

nong

nghiep

difdi

•

0,05ha/ngircfi. Hcfn niJa, t a i d o n g b a n g nay c6n cd m o t p h a n d i d n t i c h
da't c h i e m t r O n g , d a t nhi§m m a n v e n b i e n h i e u qua s a n x u a t tha'p.
T a i d o n g b a n g con k h o a n g 10 n g h i n h a da't h o a n g hoa v i v a y k h a
n a n g m d r o n g d i e n t i c h da't n o n g n g h i e p l a h a n che.
*

Tii

hien

trang

bhng song Hong
•

tren,

van

can thUc hien

de sit dung
cdc giai phap

ddt

nong

d

dong

sau:

T r o n g san x u a t p h a i day m a n h t h a m c a n h , sijf d u n g gid'ng

v d i dieu k i e n da't t r o n g , k h i h a u v u n g , difa v u d o n g t r d t h a n h
vu chinh.
•

T a n d u n g dieu k i e n m a t niTdc de n u o i t r o n g t h u y san.

•

Day

thiTc

Trung

Bg

phdp:

diTng v i j n g

rCrng p h o n g h p doc theo b d b i e n de

ngan

T a n g C L f d n g he tho'ng t h u y Icfi de chu d o n g t u d i t i e u , nha't l a

D a y m a n h viec k h a i h o a n g de du'a vao san xua't cac d i e n t i c h

hien

md

V.A.C.R.

hinh

san

xua't

T i e n h a n h t h a y doi cO ca'u m u a v u , ca ca'u cay t r o n g v a t n u o i

T a n d u n g d i e n t i c h m a t niJdc de n u o i t r o n g t h u y san nifdc
ngot, nu'dc Icf, n U d c m a n .

+ d dong

bdng song Cihi

Long:

V d i d i e n t i c h 4 t r i $ u h a , c h i e m k h o a n g 11,9% d i e n t i c h ca n U d c ,
t i c h c a n h tac b i n h q u a n t r e n n g i T d i k h o a n g 0,18ha.
*

Ddt trong
•

nong

a dong

bdng song Ciiu Long

P h a n thircmg chau tho la k h u

V L T C

vai cdc hien

trang:

t u o n g doi cao (tir 2 den 4 m so

v d i m i i c niidc bien) n h i t o g vSn b i ngap niidc vao mua m i T a . Day

C a i tao co ca'u m u a v u va ccf ca'u cay t r 6 n g , v d t n u o i p h u hcfp

manh

bdng

t a i day cii t r u k h o a n g 16,5 t r i e u d a n ( n a m 2000), tao n e n m o t d i e n
nghiep

m d i c6 n a n g sua't cao.
•

dong

p h u h o p v d i k h i h a u v a da't t r o n g .

t r i e u n g u d i ( n a m 2000) da tao n e n m o t sufc ep d a n so qua I d n t r e n

tich

viing

chiia sd d u n g .

Hong:

V d i d i e n t i c h g a n 1,5 t r i e u h a n h u n g d a n so' t a p t r u n g den 15
dien

nghiep

yeu cau cung ca'p n g u o n nifdc vao mCia k h o .

d u n g d a t n o n g n g h i e p d d o n g b a n g p h a i diigc t i n h toAn p h u h o p ve ccf
cau m u a v u , co cau cay t r o n g - v a t n u o i k e t h o p v d i t h a m c a n h .
+

Xay

cdc gidi

ddt nong

c h a n n a n cat bay.

la t h a p c h i k h o a n g 0,1 h a , c6 ncfi b i n h q u a n n a y r a t tha'p t h i du n h u
d d o n g hhng

Bp:

b i e n bay I a n c h i e m v d i nhCfng d a i doi cat I d n .

v a d a t m i e n n u i - cao n g u y e n .
trang

hdi Trung

nha't l a v u n g c i i c N a m T r u n g Bo.

dung dat nong nghiep.

a) Hien

bdng duyen

la v u n g CO d i e n t i c h rong, thUa dan, chifa difcfc k h a i thac n h i e u .
•

P h a n h a chau t h o tha'p, t h u d n g x u y e n c h i u sif tac d o n g cua
t h u y t r i e u , song b i e n , ntfdc m a n nga'm vao t r o n g da't.

nghiep

•

P h i n d o n g b a n g p h u sa d r i a n h i i d o n g b a n g cijfa song D o n g
N a i , d o n g b a n g Ca M a u k h o n g c h i u tac d o n g trifc t i e p cua
song Cdu L o n g .

N h i i vay, d o n g b a n g song Cdu L o n g c6 3 l o a i da't c h i i yeu l a :
-14-

-15-


+ Ddt phu sa ngot ven song chay thanh mot dai doc song T i l n , ;
song Hau la loai dat tot nhat.
*
+ Ddt phen phan bo' t h ^ n h c ^ c vung tap trung d Dong T M p
MLfdi, Ha Tien, Can Thcf... vdi dien tich Idn nhat.
+ Ddt man phan bo'd
Go Cong, Ben Tre.

ctfc

Nam Ca Mau

lut

C L T C

doan.

Vi

c d c h i e n t r a n g t r e n , t r o n g suT d u n g d a t t r o n g m i e n n u i

cao n g u y e n c a n t h u c h i e n cac giai

- Tich

ve

ritog, day

manh

-

Quy

hoach va

to

chufc k h a i

* Vdi tinh chat tu nhien cua ddt trong d dong b&ng song Ciiu
Long, trong qua trinh khai thdc vd t6 chiCc sdn xudt cdn tien hdnh
cdc gidi phdp:

- Xay d i T n g , m d
nganh chan n u o i g i a
cay

Tan

d u n g cac

li/cfng t h i i c ,

ma

-

M i e n nui - cao nguyen chiem khoang 4/5 dien tich cA n\Xdc, nguon
von dSt trong phan ra nhi/ sau:
- Di6n tich dat suf dung trong lam nghiep chiem 35%.
- Dien tich trong cfiy cong nghiep h^ng nam va lau nam c6n
khiem ton.
- Dien tich dong c6 chan nu6i con nho.
- C6n l a i la dien tich kha Idn da't trong, doi nui troc.
Dien tich suf dung trong lam nghi|p la khong Idn, nhifng qua
nhieu thdi gian te nan pha rCfng lam niicfng ray, nan khai thac rCftig
trai ph^p da lam ton hai Idn tai nguy6n rimg, ha tha'p ti le dien tich
c6 rCftig che phu, day nhanh t6'c d6 xoi m5n, rijfa t r d i chat mau, gfiy lu
-16-

Ngu6n

lire d a t

khong mot

dat c a n

dien

tich

cdc

vung

san

cac

vung

cay

xua't, p h a t t r i e n
cong nghiep lau

c6 chan

dong

nam.

de da'y

manh

c h a n n u i . . ) de

trong

nuoi

Idn.
p h u hop

thtfc p h a m . . . nh^m

• Cai tao cac vung dat n h i i m phen, mSn de dUa \ko san xuS't
li/Ong thiTc, thiTc pham.

b) Hien trang sii dung vd gidi phdp ddi vdi trong d mien nui
cao nguyen:

sue

thu'c, t h y c p h a ' m t a i

III. K E T T H U C VAN

• Quy hoach, bao ton va phat t r i e n cdc vung rttog nifdrc man,
lam tang len nguon t a i nguyen lam san vk chat lifcfng moi
trtfdng sinh thAi.

rong

di§n tich

• Day manh tham canh, tSng so mua vu tren dien tich dSit
phu sa ngot.

• Tan dung cac vung trung, cac dien tich mat nudc de nuoi
trong thuy san ni/dc ngot, nifdc lor, nirdrc mSn.

trong rCfng nha't la d

thac,

c h u y e n c a n h c a y c o n g n g h i e p , n h a ' t la

Dat phen, dat mSn c6 trd ngai 1^ dat thie'u dinh dLf8ng, thi§'u c ^ c
nguyen to v i lifcfng, dat qua chat, kho thoat niTdfc.

-

sau.

trS'ng, d o i n i i i t r o c v a r i T n g d a u nguon.

dat

ddi Mt duyen h d i

cUc b a o

phap

(dat

giai

p h u sa

q u y e t t6't

hern n h u

cau

liTong

ch6.

DE

trong

la ca

n g u o n life nao

phai c6 nhOng

s& b a n

giai p h a p

c6 gia t i i dac

dau

thay the

biet quan

trong

dtfgfc; t r o n g sijf d u n g n g u o n

hop ly de

tan

dung

di/Oc n g u o n liic

v6h

nay.

• Van de <^6n:
Trinh bay dac diem va neu len y nghTa nguon luc vdi cac giai
phap doi vdfi bien Dong cua nUdc ta.
I. DAT

VAN

DE

Nifdc ta g^n lien vdi Bien Dong theo difdng bcf bien dai 3.260km
da tao nen mot nguon liTc tif nhien, k i n h te v6 cting quy gia ma trong
khai thac can phai c6 nhufng giai phap thich hop.
II. G I A I Q U Y E T VAN

DE

!• Dac diem cua Bien Dong:
Viing Bien Dong thupc lanh hai cua niTcfc ta rong kho&ig 1 tri&u km^,
^AOng dac diem chinh:
- La mot bien nhiet ddi, quanh nam khong ddng bang, giao thong
<3^e,ng bign di§n ra quanh

n a f f ^ 7 - | ^ - ~ — j , ^ ^ ^


- M o t v t i n g b i e n c6 n h i e t do t r u n g b i n h k h a cao, n h a n duac n h i e u
n h i e t l i i g n g , a n h sang n h i e t ddi l a cac dieu k i e n can t h i e t de s i n h v a t
bien ton tai
phat trien.

p h a t t r i e n n g a n h n u o i t r o n g t h u y san niJdc Ip, nvidc m a n , d§'n nay ca
ntfdc da C O b a n 400 n g h i n ha m a t nirPc n u o i t r o n g t h i i y s a n .

- B i e n D o n g v d i nifdrc b i e n c6 do m a n t r u n g b i n h tCr 2 5 % d e n 3 5 % ,

n h i e u n h i e t , n h i e u n a n g da tac d p n g n g h e m u o i p h a t t r i e n , nufdc B i e n

la do m a n t h i c h horp do'i v d i s i n h v a t b i e n , l a n g u o n cung cap Itfcfng

muo'i a n doi dao.
- B i e n D o n g c6 m o t he t h o n g dao, quan dao p h o n g p h u : C a t B ^ ,
B a c h L o n g V i , H o a n g Sa, T r u d n g Sa, Con Scfn, P h u Quoc.
-

T h e m luc d i a B i e n D o n g ( p h a n day b i e n gSn l i e n v d i niidc

ta)

k h ^ r o n g va nong, d h a i dau BSc va N a m t h e m luc d i a m d r o n g v a
hcfi t h a t l a i d m i e n T r u n g . T h e m luc d i a r o n g va n o n g l a dieu k i e n
t h i c h hcfp cho cac q u a n t h e s i n h v a t ciJ t r u va p h a t t r i e n .
-

B i e n D o n g v d i cac h i e n t i f g n g t h i i y t r i e u tCr b a n n h a t

den

- Nu'dc b i e n v d i dp m a n t r u n g b i n h ke't h p p v d i dieu k i e n k h i h a u
D o n g c u n g cap muo'i c6 h a m lifpng N a C l t i n h k h i e t r a t cao.
-

6 cac b d b i e n va h a i dao c6n k h a i t h a c diJpc y e n sao, l a m o t

n g u o n thifc p h a m cao cS'p, cd gia t r i xua't k h a u .
b) Bien
-

Co h o n 2000 l o a i ca, t r o n g do c6 k h o a n g

+

Indonexia,

q u a n dao P h i l i p p i n , dao H a i Nam..., tao n e n m o t v o n g cung d i a h i n h
che c h a n nhufng n h i i u d p n g tCr T h a i B i n h DiTPng) t h u a n I p i t r o n g giao

ca day; n h i e u h p n ca la ca n o i c h i e m den 6 3 % t o n g trijf liipng
ca b i e n l a t h u a n Ipi t r o n g k h a i thac, d a n h bat.
B i e n D o n g cd t d i 1647 l o a i g i a p xac

+

l o a i t o m , cac

l o a i t o m cd g i a t r i xua't k h a u cao n h t f t o m

he,

t o m h u m , t o m r o n g ...
+

B i e n Dong vdi hcfn 2500 loai nhuyen the, rong bien hcfn 600 loai.

+

B i e n con cung ca'p n h i e u h a i san, bao ngU, so, diep, san ho,

V d i n g u o n h a i san n a y n g a n h k h a i thac, d a n h b ^ t , che b i e n da
p h a t t r i e n , g i a i quye't t o t n h u cau thi/c p h a m va xua't k h a u .

Nifdc t a g a n l i e n v d i B i e n D o n g tao r a nhufng n g u o n liJc tuf n h i e n ,
k i n h t e q u a n t r p n g va quy gia.
vai sdn xudt nong

t h i c h hpp vdi

n h i e u l o a i cay cong n g h i e p n h i / coi..., n h i e u l o a i ri^ng niidc m a n n h i f
cac rCmg t r a m , b a n , diidc, su vet...

vai giao

thong

van

hiin

tdi:
d a i 3 2 0 0 k m , dpc b d b i e n cd cac cufa

Gai, C a m P h a , H a i P h o n g , Cufa L 6 , Da N a n g , D u n g Quat, Quy N h p n ,
C a m R a n h , S a i Gon... phuc v u giao t h o n g dudng b i e n .
- B i e n D o n g c6 t h e giao t h o n g q u a n h n a m v i l a b i e n n h i e t d d i ,
k h o n g dong bang.

V d i m o t so lifpng va d i e n t i c h I d n cua cac b a i can, b a i t r i l u ,

-18-

Dong

song, v i n h b i e n t i ; n h i e n t h u a n l a i xay diTng cac cang b i e n nhi/: H 6 n

t r i e u , b a i can... cac v i j n g dat m a n l a nhijfng d i e n t i c h

d a m , pha... sap xe'p t h e o b d b i e n l a nhijfng d i e n t i c h

c) Bien

- B i e n D o n g v d i dirdng b d

nghiep:

- B i e n D o n g v d i b d b i e n d a i 3 . 2 6 0 k m , doc duyen h a i v d i cac b a i

-

t r o n g do cd h P n 70

ngpc trai...

2. Y nghia nguon l\ic ciia B i e n Dong:

Dong

tri

ca b i e n v d i du cac t a n g ca n o i , ca t a n g giufa,

h o n g , bac m a

t h o n g diJdng b i e n .

a) Bien

100 l o a i c6 gia

t h U c p h a m va k i n h te cao n h i i : ca t r i c h , t h u , ngi^, c h i m

B i e n D o n g l a m o t b i e n k i n (he t h o n g cac q u a n dao n S m x a d

p h i a Bac, D o n g va N a m n h u b a n dao M a l a y s i a , q u a n dao

nghiep:

- B i e n niidc t a c6 m o t q u a n t h e s i n h v a t p h o n g p h u .

- B i e n D o n g l a m o t b i e n n h i e t ddi v d i n h i e u dao, q u a n dao. V i vay

-

ngU

phep k h a i t h a c h a n g n a m tCr 1,2 d e n 1,5 t r i e u ta'n.

t h e v a n d u n g t r o n g giao t h o n g d i i d n g b i e n va m o t so' n g a n h khac.

t o n t h a t doi v d i k h a i thac, san x u a t v a s i n h boat.

doi vai hoqt dgng

B i e n D o n g v d i tri? liTpng h a i san t\i 3,0 den 3,5 t r i e u t a n , cho

t o a n n h a t , v d i n h i e u d o n g h a i lu'u n h o - Idn... l a n h C n g y e u to' cd

c u n g l a ncfi h i n h t h a n h cac ccfn bao n h i e t ddi gay n h i e u k h o k h S n va

Dong

r a t t h i c h hop

M

- L a m o t b i e n k i n , l u o n g lach o n d i n h r a t t h u a n I p i cho S L T d i l a i
cua tau, thuyen.
-19-


- Bien Dong c6 v i t r i trung dp trong giao thSng du&ng bien quoc t§' tif
B^c den Nam, t\i Dong sang Tay vk ngUtfc lai; d vao v i t r i n^y hoat dong
dtf&ng bien se ph^t trien manh keo theo nhieu boat dong khkc.
d) Bien Dong doi vai hoat dong cong
*

* Vdi nguon litc vd han che trong khai thdc Bien Dong cdn thicc
hien cdc gidi phdp:
Qua t r i n h khai thac phai g^n lien vdi yeu cAu bao ve nguon
hai san va moi trifdrng sinh thai bien.
• Dau ttf phat t r i e n c6 trong diem cac ng^nh nuoi trong thiiy

san nutdc Ig, ni/crc man vdi ca ca'u mCia vu, co cau vat nuoi
thich hop.
• G a n lien khai thac gan b^ vdi xa bd, g^n khai thac vdi che
bien va xua't khau.
• T a n g ciicfng hieu qua thong giao d i f ^ g bien bang sii dau tir
xay dqng cau - cang, phiTOng tien tau thuyen, kho tang, ben
bai... theo hiidng quy mo Idn va hien dai h6a.
• Dau ttf phat t r i e n dich vu, du lich bien gan vdi yeu cau bao
v^ moi trqcfng sinh thai bien.
•

nghiep:

Bien Dong c6 tiem ndng khodng sdn Ian:

- Cung cap nguon cAi trSng t i n h khiet cho ng^nh cong nghiep
vat lieu xay dUng, nganh thuy t i n h ...
-

Cung cap mot lifcfng AA voi cho ng^nh vat lieu xay diftig.

- Them luc dia vdi tiem nSng dau mo va k h i dot Idn n h u c^c
vung dau t r a m tich duyen hai Trung Bo, N a m Con Son, Tho Chu Ma Lai.
- O cac hai dao vdi liJOng phan chia Idn la nguyen lieu cua nganh
phan bon.
e) Bien Dong vai cdc hoat dong dich vu:
- Bien Dong la mot bo phan tv! nhien cua nifdc ta, gdn lien vdi
Bien Dong k h i hau nifdc ta c6 t i n h h a i di/ong cao, bien lam diu bdt
t i n h chat nhiet ddri, day lui anh hifdng gio mua dong Bkc, cung cap
do am v^ lifcrng niidrc nhat 1^ vao mCia kho.

III. K E T T H U G V A N D E

Bien Dong di/a l a i nhufng nguon Iqc k i n h t§' r a t Idn, trong k h a i
thac can tang len ve hieu qua gan lien vdi y§u c^u bao v^ cac nguon
liic va sinh thai B i e n Dong.

- Bien vdfi nhiJng canh quan, hang dong, bai t ^ m ... x i n h dep vk
sach se ve moi trqdng sinh thai 1^ nguon t a i nguyen Idn cua ng^nh
du lich nhii: V i n h Ha Long, Do son, Sam Scfn, Nha Trang ...

Nguon li/c khoang san.
•

3. Nhfing giai p h a p trong k h a i thac B i e n Dong:
Ben canh y nghia nguon liic, Bien Dong cbn ton tai nhijfng ban che:
+ M o t vung bien vdfi nhieu kp thap va bao nhiet ddi gay k h 6
khan v^ ton that trong giao thong, trong ddnh bat hai san...
+ Nguon tai nguyen hai san c6 nguy ccf can kiet v i sif dknh bat
v6 to chufc, v i pham c^c nguyen tac quy dinh nhU bien tifcrng danh
b^t bang thuo'c no, min...
+ Nhieu khoang san nam sau dudri ckc ting
gay kho khan ve khai thac.

cua them luc dia

Trinh

bay vd neu len cdc gidi phdp vi nguon lUc khodng sdn

cua nuac ta.
I.

DAT V A N

Ni/dc ta CO nguon tai nguyen khoang san phong phu vdi gia t r i cao,
trong khai thac v a sijf dung can phai c6 nhOfng giai phap tich ciTc v a
hop ly.
II. G I A I Q U Y ^ T V A N D E

1. Nguon li^c k h o a n g s a n :
Nude t a c6 ngu6n tai nguyen khoang san doi dao, nhieu chung loai,
phan bo r a i rac tr§n be mat, dadi cac tang da't, cac tdng day bien l a
"^hOhg nguydn v a nhien lieu ra't quy d6l ydi cac nganh k i n h t§'.
-21-


N g u o n k h o a n g san cua niidc t a dugc p h a n r a cjic n h o m c h i n h 1^:
k h o a n g san n a n g Iticfng, k h o a n g san k i m loai den, k h o a n g san k i m ,
l o a i m a u , k h o a n g san v a t lieu xay d i i n g va k h o a n g san p h i k i m l o a i .

san ndng

mau:

- D o n g CO n h i e u cf Lao C a i , L a n g San.
- V a n g t a p t r u n g cf Cao B a n g , T h a i N g u y e n , Son L a , Q u a n g N a m ,
- Thie'c CO n h i e u cf Cao B a n g , T h a n h

lugng:

- M o t trfl liiong t h a n a n - t r a - x i t r a t Wn den h a n g t r S m t i t a n ,
c h a t Itrgng r a t cao t i f 8.000 calo/kg d e n 8.300calo/kg.

Than

an-

t r a - x i t p h a n bo' t a p t r u n g of k h u vufc D o n g BSc v a v u n g t h u n g l u n g
song Hong.

Hoa.

- C h i - k e m cf Cao B k n g , T h a n h Hoa.
_ B 6 - x i t CO n h i e u d cac t i n h H a G i a n g , Cao B a n g , L a n g
Qu^ng Ngai, Tay

San,

Nguyen.

( X e m h i n h 8 p h u luc 2)

- M o t liicfng t h a n m 5 c6 trijf krcfng t h a p , c h a t Itrcfng k h o n g cao cf
m i e n n u i - cao nguyen T h a n h Hoa, Q u a n g N a m .

- Dac b i e t niidc t a c6 trff l u g n g dau mo va k h i dot r a t ItJn; theo
k h a o sdt t o n g trOf l u g n g dau mo khoang 10 t i t a n , trO lu'cfng k h i dong
h a n h khoang 250 - 300 t i m"'. Dau mo va k h i dot t a p t r u n g d cac be
t r a m tich.

Be t r a m t i c h song H o n g : k h u vyc T i e n H a i , T h a i B i n h .

+

Cac be t r a m t i c h d T r u n g Bo: cf p h i a d o n g H u e , D a

san vat lieu xdy

dUng:

D a v o i CO n h i e u d v i j n g D o n g Bac, N a m

Dinh, Ninh

Binh,

T h a n h |loa'. H a T i n h .

- R a t n h i e u t h a n bijn cf v i i n g Tay N a m d o n g b k n g song Cufu L o n g .

+

d) Ve khoang
-

- LLfgng t h a n n a u k h a l(Jn a v u n g dong b a n g song H o n g .

+

san kim loai

T h a n h Hoa.

( X e m h i n h 5 p h u luc 2).
a) Ve khoang

c) Ve khoang

-

Set, x i m a n g : c6 n h i e u cf H a i P h o n g , T h a i B i n h , T h a n h

e) Ve khoang

san phi

kim

loai:

- Co t r f f Iffgng A - p a - t i t Icfn d Lao C a i .
- P h o t pho d H a T i n h .

Ning,

- P i r i t d V i n h Phiic, P h u T h o , H o a B i n h .

P h u Y e n , K h a n h Hoa...

- N h i e u cat t i n h k h i e t a cac be; b i e n v a day b i e n .

Be t r a m t i c h Cufu L o n g .

- G r a - p h i t c6 n h i e u a Lao C a i , H o a n g L i e n San, Q u a n g N a m .

+ Be t r a m t i c h N a m Con Son: c6 t r f f Iffong r a t Idfn.
+ Be t r a m t i c h T h o C h u - M a L a i : c6 trff Iffgng k h o n g n h i e u .
( X e m h i n h 6 p h u luc 2)
b) Ve khoang

san kim loai

Hoa,

Ha T i n h , D o n g N a i , L o n g X u y e n .

( X e m h i n h 9 p h u luc 2)

2. N h a n g giai phap ve nguon li^c k h o a n g san:
Nguon liic khoang san is nffcfc t a la nguon t a i nguyen r a t quy, tuy

den:

Nffcfc t a CO m o t trff Iffcfng sSt lorn, hkm

n h i e n nguon Iffc nay van c6 nhffng m a t ban che nhat d i n h :
Iffcfng sat t r o n g quang cao,

p h a n bo n h i e u a Cao B k n g , T h a i Nguyen, H o a n g L i e n Scfn, Hoa B i n h .
- V 6 i m o t trff Iffgng crom k h a Icfn, t a p t r u n g chii yeu d T h a n h Hoa.

- M a n - g a n c6 n h i e u H a G i a n g , Cao B a n g , N g h e A n .
- T i - t a n x u a t h i e n n h i e u a T h a i N g u y e n , T h a n h Hoa, B i n h D i n h .

- Co n h i e u l o a i nhffng p h a n I d n la p h a n tan r a i rac, n h i e u k h o a n g
san n a m sau dffori cac t a n g d i a chat, cac t a n g day bien... k h o k h a n
t r o n g k h a i thac.
- M o t so k h o a n g san da b i ngffdi P h a p k h a i thac, da d a n can k i e t ,
v a t o n h a i den m o i trffcfng tff nhien..., t h i du nhff
vCing t h a n D o n g Bac.

( X e m h i n h 7 p h u luc 2).

-22-

-23-

d m o t so mo ciia


h i e n c^c

tan

diing

g i ^

phap:

c6

hieu

+ 'Tang ci/dng,

t h a m

+ Tang

k h a

t h a m

+ Khai

cudng

d6 phat

+ Khai thac,
+

Khai

san

can

dong

thac

k h a i

Hen vdri

gan

thUC

san mdri.

phat^hien c a c n g u o n k h o a n g

n a n g

bo

che

bien

va

hien.

che

d i e m

de

d a m

bien

bao

vdi bao

san

k h o a n g

hieu qua

ve

mpi

phai

ddu

ttf.

trtififng s i n h

d a m

bao

doc

thai.

lap

chu

nifofc.

dat

I I I . K E T T H U C VAN

Nguon

lUc k h o a n g

che bien, phai gan

thac,

quyen

do

cac trpng

thdc

ngu6n

qua

DE

san nifdc t a r a t q u a n t r o n g vk q u y , n g u o n lufc
g o p p h a n q u y e t d i n h si/ p h a t t r i e n c o n g n g h i e p t h e o hu'dng h i e n
t r o n g t6 chCfc k h a i t h a c vh c h e b i e n can c6 n h O h g g i a i p h a p p h t i h o p .
li/c k h o a n g

nay
dai;

Nguon lUc lam san.
* T r i n h bay ve hien trang va nhiJng giai phap doi v6i tai nguyen lam san nUdc
ta.
VAN

Nude
nhung

ta

qua

nguon

m6t

qua

thi

nguyen

lam

khijf d k i n g u o n

san

phong

tai nguyen

phu

nky

c a n C O n h i J C n g g i a i p h a p t r o n g k h a i t h a c , S L T d u n g va

II. G I A I Q U Y E T V A N

Tai

nguyen

lam

nui da h i n h thknh

vk c6 gia

d a bi

ton

that

tri

cao

nhieu,

phat trien.

DE

san n i T d c t a Ik 1dm, vcd 4/5 di§n t i c h Ik c a o n g u y e n vk
cac d i e n t i c h r i f n g dtfa l a i r a t n h i e u Icfi i c h k i n h t e , xa

hoi.

1. V e nguon Irfc l a m s a n :
a) Dac diem nguon
*Ngu6n

+ Riing nhiet ddi kho han: xuat hien d viing cifc Nam Trung Bo
phan Idn Ik cay bui thap, thua thdt.
+ RiCng can nhiet dai - on dai: phkt t r i e n tren vung c6 cao do
\6n hcfn 1500m.
- Lam san cua ntfdc ta giau ve chung loai nhiftig ngh^o ve ck the,
t6ng so' chung loai thiic vat hom 14.000 loai cCia 260 ho cay nhumg moi
loai t h i it ve so li/cmg.
b) Hien trang nguon lam san nUac ta:
- Chu yeu la rC/ng cay g6 Ik rong c6 dieft tich khoang 4,2 trieu ha,
nhifng hien nay dien tich rCrng giau vk trung binh ve chat li/ong
(rC/ng giau c6 trfl li/png hon 1 5 0 m % a , rCfng trung binh tCr 80 150m%a) con i t dien tich rCtog nghfeo (trOr Itfcrng difdri 8 0 m % a ) vk
rifng phuc hoi chiem den 68%.
- Ngoki ra, c6n c6 han 900 nghin ha rCrng tre nufa.

DE
CO

+ RiCng nhiet ddi nUac mdn: phat t r i e n trong dieu kien k h i
hku nhiet ddi d cac vimg n h i i m man (anh hudng niidc bien).

* Tki nguyen lam san nuicfc ta vdi nhieu loai vk quy gia:

• ^)an de S^^«

I. O A T

flt
+ Ritng nhiet dcri: phat t r i e n cf cac vung cao do thap diidi
W 1.500m, rCtog nhiet ddri nguyen sinh g6m nhieu tang cay nhu t^ng

1 tham c6, tang day leo vdri cay bui, tang cay khep t k n va tang cay cao.

l a m

Idm san:

san v(A. cac

dac diem

- Nguon l a m san n i i d c ta p h a n
t r o n g v(Ji cac l o a i rifng sau d a y :

sau:

hoa

-24-

theo

dieu

k i e n

k h i

h a u

vk

dat

- Tren vijng nui cao c6 h i n h t h k i rCrng can nhiet ddi
cfiy g6 l a k i m nhiT thong, tiing...

vdi ckc ho

- Veri bi^n c6 vung ngap man, chua phen vdi dien gan 10 nghin ha.
- NiJdc ta c6n c6 mot he thong riTng dac dung. D6 Ik cac viidn rCtog
quoc gia nhiT Cue Phiicfng, Ba V i , Ba Be, Bach Ma, Nam Ckt Tien,
CAn Gid ... la ckc khu rCrng dii truf t i i nhien c6 gia t r i ve vkn hoa va
moi tri/cfng sinh t h k i cao.
Nguon t k i nguyen rCmg cho nhieu loai g6 quy. RCtog vdi hon 50
loki cay go c6 chat li/gng cao nhiT l i m , gu, Ikt hoa, trkc, hifcmg, cam
lai, pcfmu ... Ben canh con c6 nhieu dkc san nhif tre, nufa, song may...
1^ nguyen lieu cua nhieu ngknh che bien, rCtog c6n cho nhieu cay
dugc lieu quy, ckc loai cay lay dau, lay t a - n a n h , t i n h dau ...
Ben canh riing t\i nhien c5n c6 mot dien tich gan 1 trieu ha rCfng
.tr6ng vk hkng trieu cay phan tan khac.
-25-


R t o g vdri nhOfng g i a t r i q u a n t r o n g v e g6, n g u y e n l i e u che' bien,
n g o a i r a rCfng c6n c6 y n g h i a p h b n g h o , d i e u t i e t n g u o n nudrc, c h o n g
l u l u t , c h o n g x o i m o n , c h a n s o n g , c h o n g n a n c a t b a y . RCi'ng c6 y n g h i a
r a t q u a n t r o n g t r o n g m o i triTcfng s i n h t h a i t U n h i e n .

* Hien trang tdi nguyen riing niCac ta dd can kiet di nhieu:

III. KET THUC VAN DE
Nguon luc lam san la mot bp phan quan trong cua tiT nhien, la tai
nguyen k i n h te quy gia, trong khai thac va sijf dung can phai c6
nhOfng giai phap trudc mat v a lau dai de bao ve, phuc hoi va phat
t r i l n nguon tai nguyen nay.

- Yko nam 1943 nUdc t a c6 13,4 t r i e u h a rCfng, p h a n Idn l a ri^ng
g i a u , t i l e c h e p h i i l a 40,7% d i e n t i c h c a niidc; nam 1975 l a 9,1 t r i e u
h a ; nam 1993 l a 8,6 t r i § u h a ; n a m 1997 l a 8,9 t r i e u h a . Dudi d a y l a

B . N G U O N LVC X A H O I V I E T N A M

bieu do do c h e p h i j r i t o g q u a c a c nam:
Neu len nhu'ng dac diem tinh hinh va giai phap doi v6i van de dan so
nUdc ta.

I. OAJ VAN DE
m:i

1975

1993

1997

Den nam 1993 trong tong so dat lam nghiep la 20 trieu ha c h i c6
khoang 9 trieu ha da't c6 rtftig, con 11 trieu ha la dat trong doi trpc. Dp
che phii ciia rCftig tinh chung toan quoc la 29%.
Tai nguyen afng can kiet keo theo sii ton that ve phong ho - nha't la
viing rifng dau nguon, moi taicfng sinh thai tii nhien bi xao tron, lu lut

d i l n ra cUfc doan, dat dai bi xoi mon, bac mau, da ong hoa..., dong vat
riftig thi&u ncfi CLT tru va sinh song da gay nen nhCifng hau qua rat tram
trong doi voi san xuat va con ngLfcd.

Dan so' l a mot nguon l a c C|uan trong de phat trien k i n h t e , dan so
nxidc ta d o n g dao la mot n g u o n liic l a o d o n g doi dao n h i M g s\i d o n g

dao va tang nhanh ciia dan so' la mot t r a n g a i Idrn trong yeu cau p h a t
trien k i n h te va ddi so'ng xa hoi.
II. GIAI QUYET VAN DE
1. Dac diem d a n so:
a) Nicac ta c6 ddn so dong dao:
- Theo so' lieu ciia cuoc tong dieu tra dan so ngay 1 - 4 -1999, dan

e) Gidi phdp doi vai nguon Idm sdn:

so Viet Nam la 76,3 trieu ngirdi. Vdi s o dan nay nirdc ta dufng thiJ 2 a

-

khu vuc Dong Nam A va dufng thuf 13 tren the gidi ve dan so.

Tang ciicfng cohg tac bao ve nguon lam san, can thiet va cap

bach phai c6 nhCifng luat le nghiem khsic de nghiem cam te nan pha
riing, khai thac go trai phep.
- Day manh trong rCmg nha't la rCfng dau nguon, ri^ng chdn gio va

- Dan so' niidc ta dong dao la s i i hcfp thanh ciia mot cong dong dan
tpc gom 54 thanh phan d a n toe, trong do ngi/cfi K i n h (ngUcfi Viet) la

dong nha't.

cat, ri/ng d vijng da't trong d6i troc.

b) Niiac ta c6 ddn so tre:

'

~

- Tien hanh quy hoach tong the cac dien tich rCtog vdi dien tich

dong C O chan nuoi, dien tich cay cong nghiep de tan dung hop l y cdc
dien tich da't trong.
- Xay diftig va bao ton cac viicfn riing quoc gia.
- Gan qua t r i n h khai thac v6i tu bo rCtog, vdi boat dong che' bien
xua't khau de tang l e n gia t r i nguon l a m san.
-26-

Ca cau n h o m tuoi trong dan s o c i i a n\idc ta n h i i sau
+ Dirdfi do tuoi lao dong: 33,1%
+ Trong do tuoi lao dong: 59,3%
+ Tren do tuoi lao dong: 7,6%


T r i e u ngtfcji

80--

76,3

70--

66^2

60-Diftiti tudi lao dgng

-

40- -

T r e n tuoi lao dong

30--

d a n so' v 6 i k h o a n g 45,2 t r i e u ngifc/i, h a n g n a m x a h o i difdc bo

59,3%

20--

sung

10--

t h e m h o n 1,1 t r i e u lao d o n g t r e .

D a n so niTdfc t a d o n g dao vdfi nhOfng t i n h h i n h v a y n g h I a

15,6

i_L

so:

d a n den sir b u n g no d a n so.

Sir b u n g no d a n so

d m 5 i dia phirong, m 6 i vung, m o i thW ky

T i le t a n g d a n so

1931 -

1960

1,85

1965 -

1975

3,00

1979 -

1989

2,10

1989 -

1999

1,70

1993

tdng dan nuac ta tit 1901

1999

NSm

-1999.

- Tir n a m 1979 den 1999: cuf t r o n g v o n g 10 n a m d a n so'
t a n g n h i r sau:

-f-1989 - 1999: tang t h e m 11,9 trieu ngircri.
Y6i so' t a n g t r o n g v 6 n g 10 n a m cua nUdc t a da b a n g d a n so

cua

m 6 t nirdrc t r u n g b i n h t r e n t h e g i d i .
- Qua cac t i le gia t a n g d a n so
t i le gia t a n g d a n so

cua cac thcfi k y cho t h a y g a n day

cua nifcJc t a c6 x u h i r d n g g i a m x u o n g nhiTng vSn

c6ri t r e n mufc t r u n g b i n h ciia the

qua cac thc;i k y t r o n g t h e k y 20 n h i f sau :

gidi.

* Dan so nuac ta tdng qua nlianh xuat phot tie nhiJOig nguyen nhan sau:
~ L a he qua cua n e n san xua't n o n g n g h i e p lac h a u , t i r tuc

1901 - 1921 - 1939 - 1960 - 1970 - 1980 - 1990 - 1993 - 1999
19.6 - 30.2 - 41.9 - 53.7 - 66.2 - 70.9 -

niTdrc t a

-M979 - 1989 : t a n g t h e m 11,7 trieu ngu'cri.

(%)

- Vdfi cac t i le t a n g d a n so' qua cac t h d i k y da tao n e n sir t a n g dan

15.6 -

1980 1990

+ Thcri k y 1960 - 1985: dan so t a n g gap doi t r o n g 25 nam.

da thiTc sir xay r a tir

khac n h a u ; t r e n p h a m v i t o a n quoc n h i p do gia t a n g d i l n r a nhiT sau:
Thcri k y

1960 1970

-I- Thfri k y 1921 - 1960: dan so t a n g gap doi t r o n g 40 nam.

na<3c t a t a n g n h a n h da

cuoi nhCTng n a m 50 cua t h e k y 20.
- N h i p dp gia t a n g dan so

1939

- Ydi t i le g i a t a n g d a n so n 6 i t r e n thcfi g i a n M dan so niTdrc t a
t a n g ga'p doi l u o n r u t n g ^ n l a i :

- Qua n h i e u thcfi k y cua th§' k y 20 d a n so

D a n so (tr. ng): 13 -

30,2

Bieu do: Siigia

dang

q u a n t a r n sau:

Nam :

41,9

1921

2. T i n h h i n h d a n so:

a) SiC gia tang ddn

53,7

50--

Trong tuQi lao dpng

D a n so' t r e da tao r a m o t life l i f o n g lao d o n g c h i e m den

70,9

76.3

can

Jihilu n h a n cong.
- N h a n thijfc x a h o i con tha'p ve t r a c h n h i e m doi v d i con cai, doi vdfi
phat t r i e n ciia the he t r e , sii phat t r i e n ciia toan xa hoi.
- M o t p h a n c6n t o n t a i t a r n l y t r o n g n a m k h i n h nuf, t i f tiTofng l u o n
^ o n g CO con t r a i .

-28-

-29-

liMBiii


b) Ve y nghla

nguon

hie dan

* D a n so la mot nguon

ILTC

so:

•>

rat quan t r o n g :

- L a iqc l i i o n g lao dong doi d^o de to chijfc k h a i t h d c , sdn x u a t xay
d i i n g va p h a t t r i e n k i n h te.
-

TCr nhOrng h a n che ciia t i n h h i n h d a n so' d o n g va t a n g n h a n h can
t h i e t p h a i c6 nhCrng g i a i p h a p ve d a n so'.
- D a y m a n h thqc h i e n c h i n h sach d a n so, b a n g n h i e u b i e n p h a p

Lqc lifofng lao dong nqcJc t a doi dao v ^ t r e t u o i , l u o n dqgfc bo

di g i a m t i le gia t a n g d a n so, h i e n nay la 1,7% can p h a i g i a m

den

1,5% vao n a m 2010.

sung l a nguon t a i nguyen n h a n life rait quy gia.
-

b) NhijCng giai phap doi vdri van de dan so :

Lao d o n g ntforc t a giau k i n h n g h i e m , can cu, sang tao, t i e p t h u

va v a n d u n g khoa hoc k y t h u a t n h a n h la nhOng difc t i n h tot dep t r o n g

De thuc hien
bien
phap:

san xuat, t r o n g xay diftig.

+ T a n g cqdng giao due, t u y e n t r u y e n ke't h o p vdri nhOfng t h a n h

tot chinh

sdch

ddn so

can dong

bo thuc

hien

cdc

t q u ve k h o a hoc, y te de n a n g cao n h a n thufc va y thufc t q giac c h i n h

3. G i a i p h a p ve d a n so:
a) NhUng

*

hgii che ve dan so

ud gia tang ddn

sdch d a n so' ciia t o a n xa h o i .

so:

- D a n so d o n g t o r a k h o n g p h u hcfp vdfi dieu k i e n k i n h t e , xa h o i
nqdfc t a , n h a t 1^ doi v6i m o t nUdtc viia t h o d t k h o i .chien t r a n h , n e n
k i n h te chqa p h a t t r i e n m a n h .
- D a n so t a n g qud n h a n h h tao n e n sufc ep qua I d n doi vdri sir p h a t
t r i e n k i n h t e , x a h o i va n h i e u v a n de khac.

+

P h a n bo' l a i d a n cd va lao d o n g giufa cac v i j n g va cae n g a n h

t r o n g p h a m v i ea nqdc de' tao n e n sq can b a n g giufa d a n so

lao d o n g

vdri d i e n t i c h c a n h tac, v d i cac n g a n h nghe.
- Nhdr vao viee thqc h i e n c h i n h sach

d a n so, t r o n g thcfi g i a n g a n

day da d a t dqqe nhufng ke't qua ccf b a n :
+

T i le t a n g dan so

dang giam dan, thdri k y 1979 - 1989 t i le giam

t r u n g b i n h n a m la 0,06%, gan day t y le gia t a n g t q n h i e n con 1,7%.

SLfC E P D A N SO

+ N h a n thufc ciia t o a n xa l i o i da c6 sq ehuyen b i e n t i e h eqc, y thufc
cua m 6 i gia d i n h c h i n e n c6 2 con da c6 t i n h cha't pho b i e n va difqc
xa h o i cha'p n h a n , d o n g t i n h .

C H A T LIJ0NG

CUOC

SONG

TAINGUYEN

PHAT TRIEN

M O I TRlJOlNG

KINH T E

III. K E T T H U C V A N

DE

D a n so' nqdrc t a dong vdi nhufng dufe t i n h t o t dep l a n g u o n t a i
nguyen n h a n Iqc v6 cijng quy gia, v a n de h i e n nay la p h a i c6 nhCifng

Theo t i n h t o a n neu t i le t a n g d a n so 1^ 1 % t h i toe do t a n g t r q d n g
k i n h te p h a i dat tii 3 - 4 % . T r o n g k h i do
1,7% l a k h o n g can Mi

h i e n nay t i le t a n g d a n la

g i a i p h a p t i c h eqc de thqc h i e n c h i n h sach d a n so' , dieu tie't t i le
t a n g d a n phCi h o p vdi toe dp t a n g t r q o n g ciia n e n k i n h te.

• (Don de STam:

vdri toe do t a n g cua n e n k i n h t e , a n h hudng

x a u d e n c h a t Itfcfng cuoe song.
- Sd gia t a n g dan so n h a n h l a m h a n ehe r a t Icfn d e n sU dau t q

phat

t r i e n eiia the he t r e , nay s i n h t i n h t r a n g thi/a lao dong, t h i e u viee l a m
va n h i e u v a n de xa h o i khac, l a m t o n h a i m o i trqcfng s i n h t h a i .

Trinh bay tinh hinh phan bo va neu len nhuhg giai phap ve dan ai nd6c ta.
I. D A T V A N

DE

Sq p h a n bo d a n cii t r o n g thqc te ciia nqdc t a c6 n h i e u ba't h q p l y
S^y n h i e u h a n che t r o n g san xua't va s i n h boat. V i vay can p h a i t h q c
^ i e n cae g i a i p h a p dieu tie't l a i sq p h a n bo d a n cd.

-30-

-31-


II. GIAI Q U Y E T V A N D E

b) NhQng

bo dan cU cua niiac ta khong

hap ly:

day l a m o t m a t do thuoc vao loai r a t cao so v d i n h i e u ntfdc t r e n t h e gidi.
- T r o n g thifc te sif p h a n b d d a n c\i r a t k h o n g deu, k h o n g h o p l y
giaa cac d i a b a n s a n x u a t , giaa t h a n h t h i v&i n o n g t h o n , do l a :
bo dan cU khong

cao nguyen

*

hap ly gitta

dong

bo dan cU:

c^c d o n g b a n g de s a n xuat va t o n t a i .

1999) da tao n e n m o t m a t do d a n ai t r u n g b i n h den hcfn 230 ngucfi/km^,

Phan

sU phan

•(Jc c h i e m v i t r i doc t o n , ngUdi d a n p h a i b a m l a y d o n g r u o n g t r e n

- D i e n t i c h niTdc t a 1^ 331.360km^ v 6 i d a n so 76,3 t r i e u ngircfi ( n a m

*

nhdn ciia

- L a he qua l a u d a i cua n e n s a n x u a t n o n g n g h i e p cu v d i cay l u a

1. H i $ n t r a n g t r o n g p h a n b o d a n cii nvidc t a :
a) Phan

nguyen

bang

vai mien

-

L a he qua ciia m o t qua khtf dai t r e n d i a b a n m i e n n u i v a cao

nguyen m o t p h a n v i chien t r a n h , n h u h g p h a n quan t r o n g l a chifa diigc
quan t a m p h a t t i e n .
- V u n g dong bang vcfi dieu k i e n dia h i n h thuan Igi, da sdm phat t r i e n
ve ha t a n g co sd va dieu k i e n c J t r u giao luu da tao r a stfc t h u quan cii.

nui ud

nhU:

- D i a b a n m i e n n u i cao n g u y e n h i e m t r d , b i cat xe, cac dieu k i e n
h a t a n g co sd, s i n h boat., chira day d i i b a n che dieu k i e n cif t r u .

+

M a t do d a n ciT t r u n g b i n h b dong bSAg l a hcfn 900 ngiftfi/km^.

+

M a t do d a n cM t r u n g b i n h d m i e n n u i v a cao n g u y e n c h i g a n

h u t m a n h d a n cif, lao d o n g dieu do m o t m a t p h a n a n h sU p h a t t r i e n

55 ngircfi/km^

k i n h t e ciia cac d i a d i e m n a y nhi/ng m a t k h a c c o n bpc 16 t i n h c h a t

Trong

mot dia ban sU phan

bo dan cU cung

khong

deu,

khong

- H i e n n a y m o t s d t h i x a v a nha't l a d cac t h a n h phd" I d n d a n g t h u

"do t h i b o a " vLfgt q u a b a n t h a n ciia t h i x a v a t h a n h p h o ' do, do
h i e n t i i p n g d i d a n t i i do t i m viec l a m t d n o n g t h o n d e n t h a n h p h d .

hap ly nhU:
M a t do d a n cif t r u n g b i n h 6 dong bang song H o n g l a 1157 ngif^ri/km^.

c) Nhang

M a t do d a n cxi t r u n g b i n h d d o n g b a n g song Cufu L o n g c h i l a 408

- Sir p h a n b d d a n c i i k h o n g deu, k h o n g h o p l y giufa cac d i a b a n ,
b a n k i n h t e ni/dc t a .

Hoac la:
M a t do d a n c i i t r u n g b i n h a m i e n n u i v a t r u n g du Bac B o l a 127
trong

mot viing

cua mot dia ban sU phan

bo vdn

khong

hap ly nhU:
-

H o n g n h i e u n o i d i e n t i c h n a y c h i l a 491m^/ngLfdi. H o n nOfa t a i cac
dong b a n g t i n h h i n h gia t a n g d a n s d n h a n h cang l a m cho d i e n t i c h
canh tac b i n h quan co nguy co g i a m xudng, h i e u qua s a n xua't n o n g

T r e n d o n g b a n g song H o n g m a t dp d a n c i i t i n h T h a i B i n h l a

1180 ngUcfi/km^ n h i f n g 6 N i n h B i n h c h i l a 780 ngiidi/km^ v a t r e n
d o n g b a n g song CiJfu L o n g m a t dp d a n cU t i n h V i n h L o n g g a n 700
ngi/cfi/km^ t h i d t i n h K i e n G i a n g m a t do n a y l a 240 ngiicJi/km^.
-

- D a n ciT t a p t r u n g qua d o n g d dong b a n g d a l a m cho d i e n t i c h
canh tac b i n h q u a n t r e n ngifdi qua t h a p , n h i f d v u n g d o n g b a n g song

ngLfcfi/km^ n h i i n g cf T a y N g u y e n c h i 67 ngiicfi/km^
Ngay

bo dan cU:

giufa cac v u n g da gay n e n h a n che p h a t t r i e n gifla cac v u n g , cac d i a

ngiJofi/km^.

*

han che ciia tin!) hinh phan

Sif p h a n b d d a n c i i giOa n o n g t h o n v a t h a n h t h i v i n chiia h o p

ly. H i e n n a y c6 k h o a n g 76% d a n s d t a p t r u n g d n o n g t h o n v a 24^/
d a n s d CLf t r u d t h a n h t h i . T i n h h i n h p h a n a n h n e n k i n h t e n\i6c t a
chu y e u l a s a n x u a t n o n g n g h i e p , boat d o n g cong n g h i e p v a d i c h v u
chtfa p h a t t r i e n m a n h .

n g h i e p k h o n g p h a t t r i e n diTpc.
-

D a n ciT t a p t r u n g qua d o n g d d o n g b a n g t r o n g dieu k i e n d i e n

t i c h n h o , da t a o n e n t i n h t r a n g t h d a lao dong, h i e n n a y t h d i g i a n
i i o n g n h a n ciia lao d o n g n o n g n g h i e p d n o n g t h o n ngay cang t a n g .
- D a n c i i t a p t r u n g dong d d o n g b a n g d a t r a yeu cau ve d i e n t i c h
t h d cir v a d a t chuyen d u n g I a n c h i e m d i e n t i c h c a n h t a c , b e n c a n h sU
t^P t r u n g qua d o n g l a dieu k i e n n a y s i n h cac v a n de x a h o i .
- C u n g can b i e t r a n g d d o n g b a n g song Cijfu L o n g m a t do d a n c i i
^^n t h a p , v u n g n a y con t h i e u lao dOng de t o chdc t h a m c a n h .

( X e m h i n h 10 p h u luc 2).
-32-

-33-


- d m i e n n u i - cao nguyen dan

cii

thi/a thcrt

gdy nin

nhCtng

han

che:

+ T h i e u lao d o n g de t o chuTc k h a i thac, p h ^ t t r i e n san x u a t , s\i
d u n g h o p l y cAc t h e m a n h ciaa d i a b a n nay.
+ K 6 o d a i s\i c h e n h lech t r o n g p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e - x a h o i giOfa
d o n g b a n g vdri m i e n n u i - cao n g u y e n .
- M o t so t h i

xa,

t h a n h pho' c6 d a n

CLf q u ^

dong

VLfcft

qud k h a n S n g

k i n h te' - x a h o i thqc te da gay n e n n h i e u v a n de x a h o i gay gSt, l a
dieu k i e n cua c a c te n a n x a h o i p h ^ t t r i e n .
2 . N h f l n g g i a i p h a p d o ' i v6"i s i ^ p h a n b o d a n cvli

H i e n n a y v a t r o n g nhufng n a m sSp t d i

nifcJc

ta phai tien hanh

cac

- C h i n h s a c h p h a n bo d a n c U da d a t duqc ke't qua n h a t d i n h .
T r o n g 15 n&m (1976 - 1990) da c6 k h o a n g 4 t r i e u n g i i d i t a i d i n h
t r S n n h u f n g d i a b a n mdfi m a chu yeu l a T a y N g u y e n v a D o n g N a m B o .

C L T

III. K E T T H U G V A N

^jjjll

Sir p h a n b d d a n cii t r o n g t h u c te ciia nifdc t a c6n n h i 4 u h a n che,

de x a y

t

d i n h c\i, v u n g k i n h t e m d i d m i e n n u i v a cao n g u y e n .
-

P h a n b d l a i d a n c i i giufa c a c v u n g dong b a n g de bo s u n g lao

d o n g cho v u n g d o n g b a n g song Cijfu L o n g , n h a t l a c a c t i n h c6 m a t dp
d a n CLf con tha'p.

Tie nam 1975 den nay qua trinh
lam 2 giai

doan

vd hieu qua nhdt

phan

bo lai dan ciC nuac ta

dinh:

- Giai doan tricac nam 1984: Mufc chuyen dan ai t h d i k y nay k h a cao
do viec dieu dong dan cvl v a lao dong c6 to chufc v a quan l y ciia n h a nifdc
d i xay dqng c a c v u n g k i n l i te m d i . T r o n g giai doan nay moi n a m n h a
niicfc dieu dong khoang 30 van ngiTcfi den c a c v u n g k i n h te mdi.
- Giai

cii.

Lao dong va viec lam.
1) Trinh

bay hien trong

vd

neu

len cac

giai phap vk lao dong

nUac

I.

viec lam cho lao dong

nUdc

ta,

huang

ta.

DATVANDE

Lao dong ntfdc t a dong dao la ngu6n t a i nguyen n h a n Iqc r a t quan
t r o n g dang c6 sq chuyen doi theo hiidng t i c h cqc t r o n g dieu k i e n viec l a m
cua xa hoi con nhieu h a n che can c6 bien phap giai quyet.
II. G I A I Q U Y E T V A N

DE

thuc day n h a u , giufa lao dong v a viec l a m cua nifdfc t a c 6 n c6 nhufng
v a n de bufc xuc c i n dtfqc ca'p bach g i a i quyet.

giufa n o n g t h o n v a t h a n h t h i .
*

dan

Lao dong v a viec l a m l a h a i v a n de x a h o i - k i n h te g a n l i e n v a

- Co b i e n phap quan l y d i d a n t q do giufa c a c d i a ban, c a c v u n g ,

chia

bd lai

• ^)dn de Chin:

giai quyet

- P h a n b d d a n C L T v a lao d o n g t r e n p h a m v i c a rwidc de tao n e n s q

t h o n d o n g b a n g dong d a n d i t h a m g i a x a y diJng c a c v u n g d i n h c a n h ,

m o t n e n k i n h te - x a h o i p h a t t r i e n can p h a i t h q c h i e n

phan

2) Tai sao viec lam la mot van de xa hoi gay gdt, neu

* D a y m a n h chinh sach phan bd lai dan ci/ theo d i n h hiicfng:

- P h a n b d d a n c\i theo h u d n g dieu chuyen d a n so' tCr c a c v u n g n o n g

diTng

c h i n h sach

g i a i p h ^ p v e p h a n b d d a n c\i gom:

can d d i , h o p l y v e d a n c i f giOfa c a c d i a b a n , cAc v u n g .

DE

doan sau 1984: Co cUcfng do chuyen cif tha'p han, chu y e u l a

• t q p h a t . T r o n g nhufng n S m tiT 1984 - 1989 s d ngtrdi chuyen cif t r u n g
b i n h h a n g n a m l a 2 1 v a n , tU n a m 1991 d e n n a y mrdtc t a da t h q c h i e n
c h u y e n c i f theo cac dU' a n dau tii p h d t t r i e n v u n g .

-34-

1. V e v a n d e

a) Dae diem

n g u o n l a o d o n g nu'dc t a :

nguon

lao dong

niiac ta:

* N g u 6 n lao dong nifcrc t a la dong dao:
- V d i d a n s d 76,3 t i e u ngUcfi ( n a m 1999), t i le ngUcfi t r o n g do t u o i

lao d o n g l a 5 9 , 3 % da t a o n e n m o t Iqc lirqng lao d o n g ca nUdc l a
k h o a n g 45,2 t r i e u n g u d i .
- Vdri t i le t a n g d a n h a n g n a m l a 1,7%, niTdc t a m o i n a m di/qc b d
sung t h e m k h o a n g 1,1 t r i e u lao d o n g t r e .


- Lao d o n g niTcJc t a v d i t r u y e n t h o n g va dijfc t i n h t o t dep, gia u k i n h
n g h i e m t r o n g san x u a t , can cu, chiu k h o , k h e o t a y, sang tao, t i e p t h u
v a v a n d u n g k h o a hoc k y t h u a t n h a n h .

Theo
B-

- T r i n h do lao d o n g ngay cang diJpc n a n g cao, dpi ngu lao d o n g c6
c h u y e n m o n k y t h a t ngay cang dong. D e n nay liic l i i p n g lao d o n g c6
c h u y e n m o n k y t h u a t k h o a n g 4 t r i e u ngUcfi, t r o n g do so' ngifcfi c6 t i n h

kinh

te:

t ^ p t h e , tLf n h a n , ca t h e va g i a d i n h , t i i b a n t\i n h ^ n , tiC b a n n h a
xv\idc),

* T r i n h do lao dong ngay cang di/gc nang len:

cac thanh phdn

N i n k i n h te nxidc t a h i e n nay c6 n h i e u t h a n h p h d n (qudc d o a n h ,
CO

t h e c h i a t h a n h ba k h u

VLTC

c h i n h l a : k h u viic n h a ntrdc, k h u

vUc t a p t h e v a k h u viic t i i n h a n . T r o n g n h d n g n a m g a n day c6 s i i
chuyen d i c h lao d o n g t i f k h u

VLTC

n h ^ niTdc sang k h u vac n g o a i qudc

d o a n h , t he o so l i e u .
( T i le %)

dp cao d i n g va d a i hpc c h i e m h o n 2 0 % .
K h u viic n h ^ niJdc

- TCr m o t nddc n o n g n g h i e p d i l e n , n h i n c h u n g lao d o n g n h a niJdc

K h u vLfc ngo ^i qudc d o a n h

con t h i e u tac p h o n g cong n g h i e p , d p i n g u can bp k h o a hpc k y t h u a t ,
cong n h a n c6 t a y nghe cao con m o n g n h a t la do'i vdfi cac n g a n h k i n h
t e , cong nghe mcfi.
b) Tinh

hinh phdn

nganh

cong va si'C dung

lao

dong:

*

Theo

nghe:

-

TCr k h i ddi md\n d i e n n e n k i n h te t r o n g luc liJpng lao d o n g

giOfa cac n g a n h nghe c6 sif chuyen doi k h a n h a n h , theo so l i e u :

Khu

(1ri le %)
Nganh

1985

15,0

85,0

1990

11,3

88,7

1992

9,5

90,5

1998

9,0

91,0

VLfc

ngoai quoc d o a n h k h o n g c h i t h u h i i t t u y e t d d i lao do ng

n o n g l a m n g h i e p m a cang ngay cang t h u h u t n h i e u lao d o n g cong
nghiep va dich vu.

,

1993

1999

- N o n g - l a m - ngu'

74

63,5

- C o n g n g h i e p - xay d o n g

13

11,9

L i i c liTpng lao d o n g dac b i e t l a lao d o n g c6 k y t h u ^ t t a p t r u n g chii

- D i c h vu

13

24,6

yeu P v u n g d o n g b a n g . T r o n g vCmg d o n g bSng lao d o n g c6 k y t h u a t

* Theo

lanh

tho:

t a p t r u n g cao n h a t cf dong b a n g song H o n g va v u n g D o n g N a m Bp.
T r o n g do t a p t r u n g n h a t la a cac t h a n h p h d I d n n h a H a N p i , t h a n h
p h d H o C h i M i n h , H a i P h o n g , D a N S n g , C a n ThP... Sa t a p t r u n g do
tao d i e u k i e n de p h a t t r i e n cac n g a n h cong n g h i e p , d i c h v u d 6 i h o i
t r i n h dp cao.
N h a n g sa t a p t r u n g qua dp lao d o n g c6 k y t h u a t of cac v u n g
d o n g b a n g , t h a n h p h d l a i gay c a n g t h i n g ve v i e c l a m , t r o n g k h i
m i e n n u i ~ cao n g u y e n g i a u t a i n g u y e n l a i t h i e u lao d o n g , n h a t l a
1

! DiL'li v u

1

1 N o n g l a n i - n!.;ii

1

1 C o n g n g h i e p - x a y ckfng

lao d o n g c6 k y t h u a t .
c) Ve nang siidt lao

dong:

N a n g suat lao d o n g xa h o i n o i c h u n g con t h a p da l a m cho t h u
Bieu

do: SyC chuyen

doi ti le lao dong
nam

gWa

cac nganh

nghe

n h a p cua p h a n Icfn lao d o n g nadc t a k h o n g cao.

1993-1999
- 3 6 -

- 3 7 -


- Quy thori gian lao dong p h a n I d n con thiTa, d nong thon thori gian
nong nh^n cang lorn; or co quan - x i nghiep quy thdi gian van chiia suf
dung he't. Neu lao dong dqoc to chuTc tot t h i day chinh 1^ nguon du
trCif lorn de nang cao n&ng s u a t lao dong.
2. V a n de v i ^ c l a m :

Tinh hinh thieu viec lam cua khu vUc nong thon ndm 1998 nhu sair
(so li§u dieu t r a cua Bo L D - T B X H ) :
Vung

T i le thieu viec lam (%)

Tong so'

28,19

Dong Bac

22,71

Viec lam dang la mot v&n de k i n h te - xa hoi gay gSt d nUdrc t a ,
dac biet la d cac thanh pho'.

Tay Bac

14,98

Dong bang song Hong

37,78

Nam 1998 c a nUcfc c6 den 9,4 trieu ngifcfi thieu viec lam va 856.000
ngircri that nghiep. T i le thieu viec lam cf nong thon l a 28,2%, t i le that
nghiep d thanh t h i l a 6,8%. (Theo dieu tra cua Bo Lao dong - Thtfong
binh v a Xa hoi).

Bac Trung Bo

33,61

Duyen hai Nam Trung Bo

29,77

Tay Nguyen

18,12

Dong Nam Bo

19,22

Dong bang song Cifu Long

27,05

a) Hien trang tinh hinh viec lam d nuac ta:

Hien nay t i l e thieu viec lam d nong thon v a t i le that nghiep a
thanh t h i cao nhat l a dong bang song Hong tiep den l a Bac Trung
Bo, van de viec lam d Dong Nam Bo tri/dc day cSng t h i n g nay da
dqgc cai thien nhieu.

D o n g Bdc

Dqdi day la so lieu the hien t i n h trang viec lam nam 1998 cua
nUdrc ta (dieu t r a ciia bo L D - TBXH):

D o n g bang song H o n g

Dcfn vi tinh: nghin ngUefi
Ca nqdrc

Nong t h o n

Thanh t h i

37.407,2

29.757,6

7.649,6

So ngiTcfi thi&u v i e c l a m .

9.418,4

8.219,5

1.198,9

So' ngqcfi t h a t n g h i e p

856,3

511,3

345,0

Lire \\i<3ng l a o dong

T a y Bac

-38-

Bac T r u n g Bo
D u y e n h a i N a m T r u n g Bo
Tay Nguyen
Bong
Dong

N a m Bo

bang s o n g Ciifu L o n g

-39-


qua cua di chuyen dan so' va lao dong tCr dong bflng song Hong va
duyen hai mien Trung den Tay Nguyen va Dong Nam Bo la mot

Ben canh tl le thdt nghiep d thdnh thi cac uiing nhu saw. (so lieu
dieu t r a cua Bo L D - T B X H - nam 1998):
T i le tha't nghiep (%)

Vung
Ca ntr
6,6

Dong B S C

6,32

Tay Bac

5,64

Dong bang song Hong

7,95

Bac Trung Bo

7,06

Duyen hai Nam Trung Bo

6,31

Tay Nguyen

5,68

Dong Nam Bo

6,25
6,2

Dong bang song Cufu Long
9-

7,06

n 6,31

6,32
6-

6,25 6,2

.6,6

5,68

5,64

5
T i le that nghiep i%)

4

Trung binh cii vwidc

3
2
1
0
.

S3

^5 ^

— Tang cuang to chi'Cc vd phdt ti-ien cac ngdnh

•

Co

^

5» , ^

^ - ^"

+ Trong san xua't cong nghiep can phat trien them so liiang cac
ca sd, so liigng cac nganh nghe nao phu hop vdi dieu kien thiJc tien
va nhu cau phat trien k i n h te, nhu cau t h i triidng trong va ngoai
niJdc ... de tang len viec lam, t h u hut lao dpng.

ilk

+ M d rpng cac loai hinh dich vu de thu hut lao dpng.

^ Song song vdi yeu cau phat trien nganh, nghe de tang viec lam can
manh chinh sach dan so de ban che
tang dan, tang lao dpng.

- Trong giao due - dao tao can tien hanh theo phtfang thurc da
dang boa (dao tao tCr xa, dao tao md rpng...). Tang ciidng giao due
htfdng nghiep, day nghe, gidi thieu viec lam..., dac biet can phai dao
tao mot lye liipng lao dpng mdi c6 t r i n h dp ky thuat cua cac nganh
nghe mdi, cong nghe cao

III. KET THUC VAN DE
Lao dpng va viec lam la hai va'n de bufc xuc va gay gat cua niidc ta
hien nay, de giai quyet nhu cau nay can phai c6 nhufng giai phap
trLfdc mat va lau dai vdi sdc manh cua toan xa h6i.

• Van de

^

nghe:

+ Trong san xua't nong nghiep: day manh tham canh, chuyen
dich CO ca'u mua v u , co ca'u cay t r o n g - vat nuoi, xac lap va thUc hien
mo h i n h san xua't nong nghiep V,A.C.R. Gan lien san xua't nong
nghiep vdi cac boat dong t i e u - t h u cong nghiep nham tang len viec
lam, giai quyet thcfi gian nong nhan.

I

7,95

8

chiJfng
minh.
i

9^di:

Giao due - vSn hoa - y te va chat lUomg cuoc song.
b) Gidi phdp ve van di viec Idm:
De giai quyet diJgc van de viec lam cho ngifcJi lao dpng la trach
nhiem cua toan xa hoi, can dLfcfc giai quyet theo cdc giai phap sau:
- Phan bo lai dan ctf va lao dong giCfa cAc dia ban san xua't de tao
them viec lam va khai thac tot hon tiem nang cua moi vung. Hieu

-40-

1. Neu len nhUng thdnh tuu vd han che cua hoqt dong giao
due van hod vd y te nucrc ta.
2. Hay trinh bdy nhitng hieu biet ve chat lugng cuqc song cua
xa hoi Viet Nam hien nay.

-41-


I. D A T V A N

DE

Tii each mang thang 8 nSm 1945 den nay sir nghiep gido due, vSn
ho^, y te eua ni/dc ta da phat t r i e n mot budc dai ehiTa ttfng thay
trong lich sijf dan toe da gop phan quyet dinh nang cao chat lifcfng
cuoe song xa h6i Vi6t Nam. Thanh qua la rS't to Idm, han che c6 t i n h
chat trifdrc mat va,c6 kha nSng kh^c phuc.
II. G I A I

Q U Y E T V A N

•

Cda 1:

•

V e giao due:

DE

THANH TlAl VA HAN C H E C U A GIAO DUC, VAN HOA, Y li.

chinh:

- He thong gido due ni/dc ta khd hoan chinh tii cAc trifcfng \6p
mau giao, cac triicfng pho thong, c^c tniorng bo tuc van hoa den he
thong cae trtfcrng day nghe, triicfng trung hoc chuyen nghiep, eao d i n g ,
dai hoe va tren dai hoc.
- H i n h thufc to chuTc giao due da dang gom: cac tnJdng ph6' thong,
triidng chat lugng eao, trifdng chuyen, trifdng tre em mo coi, trifcfng
tre em khuyet tat, trifdng pho thong dkn toe noi tru... do nha mfdc
quSn ly; ngoai ra cung da xuat hien cac trudng mSu gi^o, pho thong
va dai hoc d§n lap.
b) Mot nen giao due vdi nhiiu thanh tUu:
- Mot he thong tnfdng Icrp ngay ckng tSng:
Nam hoc 1999 - 2000 ca nifdc da cd: 24.000 trudng pho thong, 247
trifdng trung hoc chuyen nghiep, 123 trifdng eao d i n g v^ dai hoc, han
200 trifdng dao tao eong nhan ky thuat phan bd rong khap ti^ Bac va
Nam, tCf dong bang den m i l n nui.
Nifde ta da xay difng difcfc cAc trung t§m gido due dao tao vdi quy

mo Idn, t r i n h do cao, c6 ehufe nang tong hop la nhCfng trung tam dao
tao edn bo khoa hoe ky thuat n h i f : Ha Noi, thanh pho Ho Chi M i n h ,
Hue, Can Thcf, Da NSng, Vinh, Da Lat, Thai Nguyen, H a i Phong..
-

Hieu qua giao due ngay cang tang.

-42-

- T r i n h d6 hoc van eua nhan dan kha eao: da eo khoang 4 trieu
ngifdi eo t r i n h do trung hoe phd thong, khoang 1,5 trieu ngifdi eo
t r i n h dp trung hoe chuyen nghiep, khoang gan 1 trieu ngifdi eo t r i n h
do cao d i n g , dai hoc v a t r e n dai hoc.
- Hieu qua giao due da dong gop ra't Idn v^o sif nghiep phat t r i e n
k i n h te - xa hoi.
-

H i n h thanh nhan each con ngifdi Viet Nam mdi.

- Gop phan nang eao dan t r i , dao tao boi diidng nhan tai cho dat nifdc,
nang eao trinh do chuyen mon ngifdi lao dong.

1. N h f f n g t h a n h tijfu c u a g i a o d u e : "

a) Niiac ta c6 mot hen giao due da dang va kha hoan

Hien nay eo horn 92% dan so' tif 10 tudi t r d len da biet doe, biet
let la t i le cao so vdi nhieu nUdc tren the gidi.

- Gop phan phat trien chat lifcfng cuoe sdng eua eon ngifdi va xa

hdi nifde ta.
Hieu qua giao due da gop phan thuc day sif phat trien kinh te va xa
hoi nifdc ta trong nhieu thdi ky va hien nay
2. N h i J n g h a n e h e t r o n g g i a o d u e ni^dfc t a :

-

Chat lifgng giao due ehifa cao.

-

Ca sd vat chat trifdng Idp edn thieu, bi xudng cap.

- Hien tifong tai mij chif xuat hien nhat la d ede viing sau vijng xa
(mien nui trung du phia Ble, Tay Nguyen, dong bkng song CilU Long).
^Phifang hifdng khSc phuc cac han che:
- Can dau tif c6 trong diem va hap ly de nang eao chat lifcfng giao
due trong dieu kien k i n h phi nha nifdc eo han.
- Ket hgp sif dau tif cua nha nifde vdi toan dan cham lo sif nghiep
giao due, day manh yeu cau xa hoi hda giao due.
- Tiep tuc da dang hoa cac loai h i n h giao due - dao tao de gdp
phan nang cao dan t r i , dao tao nhan t a i .
- Day manh giao liaj giao due - dao tao vdi cac nifdc trong khu
vifc va the gidi.
- Ve cu the dau tif giao due can tap tung do'i vdi cac viee sau day:
nghien cufu muc tieu, phifang hifdng va noi dung dao tao, xay difng ca
sd vat cha't phuc vu day va hoc, dao tao boi difdng giao vien.

-43-

• V e v a n hoa:
*

NhUng thanh tUu trong linh vUc van hoa:

+ NiicJc ta da gin giCr diiac nen vSn hoa dan toe lau dcji, giau
truyen thong, giau ban sSc. Nen van hoa Viet Nam la sir ket t i n h ciia
nh^ng t i n h hoa van hoa ciia 54 dan toe eung chung song tren mot
lanh tho eong vdri sii tiep t h u c6 ehpn loc va phat trien t i n h hoa van
hoa the gidi.
- Den nay va trong tiicfng lai niidfc ta dang va se xay diing mot
nen van ho^ mdi vCra mang t i n h dan toe vi^a eo t i n h hien dai de lam
giau them n i n van hoa niide ta. Van de nay eo y nghia rait Idn trong
xay dung va phat t r i e n mot xa hoi mdii, nen k i n h t§' mcJi.
- iHoat dong van hoa da h i n h thanh difcfe mot mang liidfi ca sd
dich vu van hoa.
+ Cac thanh pho, thi xa, t h i tran... , huyen ly la cac trung tam van
hoa cua khu V L T C . Tai day tuy theo quy mo ma c6 nha van hoa, cau
lac bo, thiT vien, nha bao tang, nha hat, rap chieu b6ng...
+ Mang Iiidi dich vu van hoa con duwc phat trien den cap xa, phi/ong...
+ Song phat thanh, truyen hinh da gan p h i i i k i n t r e n pham vi
ca n L f d c vdi noi dung ngay cang phong phu, so thcfi gian phat song
ngay cang tang len... da c6 tac dung truyen thong dai chung, nang cac
ddi song van hoa - t i n h than cua nhan dan.
+ c a c boat dong van hoa doi ngoai - qua phat thanh, truyen h i n h ,
bao chi t r e n mang Internet ngay cang manh.
+ Thu do H a Noi va thanh pho" Ho Chi M i n h la hai trung tam
van hoa lorn nha't niidfc ta.
* Trong l i n h vifc k i n h te niTdc ta can canh giac trirdfc nhdng

luong vg.n hoa xau, doi truy, phan dan toe, phan each mang v.v... de
bao ton va phat buy to't ban nen van boa dan toe Viet Nam.

-

Gom cac benh vien chuyen khoa, da khoa, cac vien dieu dueng.

-

Cac phbng kham tii, hieu thuoc tiT nhan... da dtfOc phep boat dong.
Dich vu y te da dat du'cfc hieu qua eiia cong tae cham soc sufc

Ichoe va chufa benh kha tot:
+ N h d viec cham soc sufe khoe ban dau tot ma t i sua't tijf vong
ciia tre em difdri 1 tuoi giam manh t i i 79% nam 1970 xuong eon 44%
nam 1999.
+ Tuoi tho trung binh ciia nhan dan da tang len - n a m 65 tuoi
va nuf gan 70 tuoi.
+ NhiJng benh truyen nhiem, cac benh dich hiem ngbfeo da
difcfc thanh toan ve ecf ban.
+ Cac chircfng t r i n h y te trong diem quoe gia da di/ctc xae lap va
day manh nbif phong chong sot ret, benh phong, lao, H I V / A I D S ,
tiem chung md rong, chong suy dinh difdng...
+ Nen y te niide ta da ket hop to't y hoe eo truyen vdi y hoe
hien dai trong cham soc, chiJa benh cho nhan dan va da dat diioc
hieu qua'vdi cha't liicfng tot.
2. H a n c h e :
- Y te nifdc ta eon yeu ve ecf. sd vat chat, thiet bi khoa hoc ky
thuat, dieu kien thuoc men (nhat la cdc loai thuoc dac hieu...) trong
kham va chufa benh.

- Mang lifdi y te d eac vung sau, viing xa, hai dao con yeu va mong,
chifa dap tfng nhu eau ehCfa benh, nha't la trifdng hop khan cap.
- Doi ngu can bo y te tiTcfng doi dong dao, tuy nhien vSn e6n thieu
mot dpi ngu y, bac si, chuyen gia c6 tay nghe cao, t r i n h do chuyen
mon sau trirde nhufng can benh hiem ngheo, mdi...
*Hirdng khac phue cac ban che tren la:
- Ket hap y te cham soc va chiJa benh vdi cac boat dong the due,

• V e y te:

t h i thao r6n luyen nang cao sufe khde ciia cong dong.

1. Nhij-ng t h a n h tufu:

- Dau tiT CO trong diem cac dich vu y te.

Hinh thanh dugc mot mang licai dich vu y te rong

khdp:

- La cac C O so y te tCr y te ecf sd (xa, phL/dng.,.) den tuyen huyen,
t i n h , trung ifong.
-44-

- Day m a n h thUe hien cac chaong t r i n h y te cong dong, quoe
gia nha't la cac ehi/cfng t r i n h phong chong eac benh dich, chong
suy d i n h dUdng.
-45-

- T a n g cUcfng ca sa vat chat, thuoc m e n , dpi ngu... cho cac ca sd y t e
m i e n n u i — cao nguyen, vung sau, vung x a .

• Caa 2: CHAT LLfdNG CUOC SONG CUA XA HOI VIET NAM

b) Ve ti le ngicai biet cliiC:
- K h o a n g 9 2 % d a n s d tii" 10 t u d i t r d l e n da b i e t doc, b i e t v i e t , l a
0aot t i le t i f o n g d d i cao so vcri n h i e u nifdc d a n g p h a t t r i e n v a g a n
ti^c*ng diTcfng v d i cac nirdrc p h a t t r i e n .

I. KHAI NIEM VE CHAT Ll/ONG CUQC SONG
-

C h a t lirgng cuoc song l a m o t k h a i n i e m rpng, phufc t a p . K h ^ i

c) Ve tuoi tho:
jltfj^-

Tuoi tho cua nhan dan t a da tSng len nhanh nhbr vao dieu kien k i n h t e -

n i e m n a y bao g o m h a n g l o a t cac d o i h o i ve v a t c h a t v a t i n h t h a n cija

h o i , dieu k i e n d i n h dLfSng, c h a m soc ve chOfa b e n h da td't h o n .

m o i ngiicfi trong x a h o i .

- Tuoi t h o b i n h quan ddi v d i n a m da dat 65 tuoi v k nOf gan 70 t u d i ,

- K h ^ i n i e m ve chat l i i o n g cuoc song l u o n t h a y d 6 i , S L T t h a y d o i do
t u y thuoc v a c tiing g i a i doan p h 6 t t r i e n ciia l i c h suf, quan n i e m v a n

hoa x a h o i , t r u y e n t h o n g ciia tC/ng d a n toe, t r i n h do p h a t t r i e n k i n h

vi/ot mijfc b i n h q u a n ciia t h e g i d i l a 64/68 vao 1999.
N h i / v a y n e u t d n g h o p ca 3 c h i s d nude t a dufng thuf 115 t r o n g t d n g
173 nifdc difoc n g h i e n ciiu, k h a o sat.

te CLia tiing x a h o i v.v...
-

V e cu t h e k h i de cap d e n chat Itrcfng cuoc song ngiTcri t a t h i f d n g
55

n o i ve viec a n , a, d i l a i , hoc t a p , g i a i t r i , viec l a m , sufc k h o e , y t e x a

niftfc

h o i v.v... L i e n h i e p quoc da difa r a c h i so n h a n b a n ( H D I ) de d a n h g i a
sU p h a t t r i e n cua m o i quoc g i a - c h i s d nay g o m 3 yeu to' c h i n h :
5 ( i nu'trc

+

G N P (hoac G D P ) b i n h q u a n dau ngiTcfi.

+

T i l e ngtrW b i e t chuf.

+

T u o i t h o b i n h quan.

B a c h i so' tren c6 t h e p h a n a n h co b a n ve chat liigng cuoc so'ng ciia
m o t x a h o i , m o t con ngifcfi.

0.3

II. TINH HJNH VA SL/ PHAN HOA THl/C TE VE CHAT L U O N G
CUOC SONG 6 NL/OfC TA

0,2

1. T i n h h i n h c h a t lu'qTng c u o c s o n g :
N h i n c h u n g n g a y cang diJcfc cai t h i e n , n h u cau ve v a t chat v a t i n h
t h a n ciia n h a n d a n n g a y c a n g dugc d a p ufng day d i i horn. T u y n h i e n so
vdri n h i e u nii(Jc t r e n t h e g i d i , chat l u g n g cuoc song ciia n h a n d a n t a
con d mufc tha'p.
a) Ve GDP binh quan

ddu

nguai:

N a m 1994 G D P b i n h quan d a u ngiTdi 1^ 2 4 0 U S D , n a m 1997 l a
2 7 0 U S D , vdfi miJc n a y nUcJc t a diJng h a n g thd 153 t r o n g t o n g so' 173

Nhiin.

n i W ( |ihav

Nluini

m f i j f ( I f u i j i |)iuit

. N l v m i mfi'K k c - m p h a t

irit'ii

iririi

trii'Mi

B i e u do: Hien trang cac nUdc tren the gidi phan theo chi so' HDI
S i i p h a n h o a c h a t litofng cupc s o n g :
Sir phan hoa chat lifcfng cuoc song d niTdc t a theo l a n h tho v k phan t a n g
xa h o i .
a) Ve lanh

tho:

S i i p h a n hoa c h a t l i f o n g cuoc sd^ng ve l a n h t h d k h a ro v a d a m n e t .

quoc gia dagc dieu t r a .

-46-

-47-


*

Xet ue GDP

binh

qudn:

- B i n h q u a n G D P dau ngUcfi cAc t i n h p h i a N a m cao h o n cac t i n h

+ K l i o a n g tCr 35 - 45%^ d a n so' c6 mufc ngheo k h o ; p h a n I d n cu
t r i J d n o n g t h o n , m i e n n u i — cao nguyen.
I I I . KET THUC V A N DE

p h i a Bac l a 3 3 0 U S D so v d i 2 1 0 U S D vao n S m 1999.
- B i n h quan G D P con chenh lech giCfa cac vung, cac t i n h , t h a n h pho'.

N e n giao due, v a n hoa, y te niTdc ta da c6 nhufng btrdc p h a t t r i e n

+ D o n g N a m Bo la v u n g c6 G D P b i n h q u a n dau ngLfdi cao n h a t

n h a n h va h i e u qua da gdp p h a n ra't Icfn t r o n g S L T n g h i e p p h a t t r i e n

nirdc t a ( k h o a n g 6 0 0 U S D ) , t h a p n h a t l a v i m g BSc T r u n g Bo ( k h o a n g

k i n h te' - x a h o i va cha't lu'ong cupc so'ng con nguori V i e t N a m . V a n de

150USD).

h i e n nay la p h a i h a n che nhCfng ye'u k e m de n a n g cao h o n nuTa cha't

+ T i n h CO c h i so G D P cao n h a t l a B a R i a - V u n g T a u ( k h o a n g
1.700USD), t i n h t h a p n h a t la Scfn L a ( k h o a n g

lirprng giao due, v a n hoa, y te va cha't Itfang cupc s6'ng xa h o i .

90USD).

+ H a N o i va t h a n h pho H o C h i M i n h c6 c h i so G D P

cao, a

t h a n h pho H o C h i M i n h k h o a n g 7 1 0 U S D .
*

Xet vi ti le biet

chit:

Ti 1§ ngLfcfi biet chijf cung p h a n hoa theo vimg, tLfcfng tii nhiT t i le GDP.
- Cac t h a n h pho' I d n , cac n o n g t h o n dong b a n g doc theo cac true
16 giao t h o n g c h i n h c6 t i le

ngLfcri

b i e t doc, b i e t v i e t cao.

- Cac v u n g n i i i cao n g u y e n , v u n g sau, v u n g xa t i le nay t h a p . V u n g
T a y Bac, Tay N g u y e n c6 so m u chuf cao n h a t n\i6c. T i n h d e n n a m
1990 v d i 8 t i n h m i e n n u i p h i a Bac va T a y N g u y e n da c6 75 v a n ngUdi
t r o n g t o n g so 2 t r i e u ngi/cfi m i i chOT cua ca nifdrc.

* Xet ve tuoi thp:
Tuoi t h o to r a i t p h a n hoa va hieu dpng theo l a n h t h o , n h i f n g thi/crng
ncfi n^o c6 mufc song to't h o n t h i t u o i t h p cao hPn.
b) Ve phan

tang xa

hoi:

X a h o i nifcfc t a da c6 s\i p h a n t a n g , dieu do c6 n g h i a l a t r o n g xa hoi
da CO SLi p h a n hoa giau ngheo. T r o n g nen k i n h te t h i triTcmg n h i l n g
ngUcfi biet to chufc san xuat, k i n h doanh, k e t hap v 6 i nhiifng t h u a n Igi
khac,

ngLfac

l a i la m o t so ngircfi khac do n h i e u yeu to k h o k h a n chi phoi.

- T r o n g b i n h d i e n xa h o i V i e t N a m h i e n nay c6:
+ K h o a n g 5 - 15% d a n s o ' d mufc giau c6, so nay chu yeu d cdc
t h a n h pho lorn n h a : H a N o i , t h a n h pho H o C h i M i n h , H a i Phong...
+ K h o a n g tCf 50 - 60% d a n so do mufc t h u n h a p t r u n g b i n h , so
n a y s i n h song chu yeu cf cac t h i xa, t h i tra'n, g a n true 16 giao t h o n g . . .

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+ Sau k h i dat niTdrc thong nhat, nguon vien t r g bi cdt giam dot

ngot. Chinh sach cam van cho'ng Viet N a m keo dai nhieu n S m , quan
he xuat nhap khau trudc day bi pha v8.

PHAN HAI

NHONG VAN DE
C U A N E N K I N H T E Nl/OfC T A

te
m tranh- Nenkeo kinh
ddi:

ta chiu hau qua nang ne cua cac cuoc chie'n

+ Chie'n t r a n h keo dai gay thiet hai \6n ve ngUcfi va ciia. Ha
t ^ n g CO sd h u hai, co scf cong nghiep bi t a n pha, he giao thong - van
tai hi/ hai nang ne, dcfi song k i n h te - xa hoi bi dao Ion.

A THUC TRANG VA DAC DIEM NEN KINH TE
• fOon de

nUac

+ Mo hinh kinh te thcri chie'n (vcd co che quan ly hinh chinh bao cap)
duy tri qua lau gay t r d ngai cho sg phat trien k i n h te thcfi binh.

11:

+ Dat nudc bi chia cat lau dai, hai mien co 2 nen kinh te phat trien
bi§t lap nhau, theo hai huong khac nhau vi vay phai mat nhieu thori gian,

cong sdc de xay dung mot nen kinh te thong nhat cho ca nircfc.

Phan tich nguyen nhan sif yeu kem, kho khan cua nen kinh te nu'dc ta
trUdc khi tien hanh doi moi va neu len nhOng ket qua hu6c dau ciia
cong cuoc doi m6i nen kinh te.

Nhflng hoan canh tren cung da lam na'y .sinh t a m ly va cac bien
phdp nong vgi lam han che them sg phat t r i e n k i n h te.

I. DAT VAN DE
Niidc ta d i len tvt m6t nen k i n h te nong nghiep, chiu hau qua nSng
ne cua chie'n t r a n h va mot ccf che k i n h te khong phu hop da gay nen
nhieu yeu kem trirdc thcfi ky doi mdi; den nay cong cuoc doi mdi da
dat dtfoc nhiifng ket qua biidc dau c6 y nghia tien de co ban.
II. GIAI QUYET VAN DE

1. Nguyen nhan sxiyeu kem, kho khan ciia nen kinh te tnifofc day:

- Nuac ta sau ngay toan quoc thong nhdt (miia xudn 1975) tien
hanh xdy dung nen kinh te tit diem xudt phdt thdp:

+ Nong nghiep la boat dong chu yeu, thu hut den 72% lao dong,
nSng xuat thap, c6 t i n h chat t i i tuc ttf cap, san xuat nho, lac hau.
+ Cong nghiep nho be, khap khieng, bat cap - chu yeu la cac co
SOT khai thac khoang san, ca k h i sufa chufa, lap rap va che tao nho,
mot so nganh - co sd cong nghiep nhe, cong nghiep thi/c pham...

+ Von tich luy va von dau t u tCr noi bo nen k i n h te' thap, trtfdc
day nhang can doi Idn trong nen k i n h te dirge dam bao bang vien t r o
va vay no niidc ngoai.

+ Thofi ky triidc doi mdi du nen k i n h te co tang trUdng nha't
dinh nhtfng nhap sieu rat Idn.
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2. Nhfing ket qua hvLdc dau ciia cong

r

CUQC

doi mdfi kinh te:

- Cong cuoc doi mdi da lam cho nen k i n h te ni/dc ta on dinh va
dufng vflng.
- L a m phat difgc day lui, to'c do tang triidng k i n h te kha.
- Nen k i n h te bgdc dau co tich luy, ddi so'ng nhan dan mot budc
dirge cai thien.

* Ca cau kinh te ditgc dicu chinh hap ly:

~ Co cau nganh da tiTng birdc dirge dieu chinh phii hgp vdi cac
nguon ngi Igc hien co, vdi nhufng nhu eau t h i trUdng trong va ngoai
nirdc (can neu them ve sg chuyen bien trong co ca'u nganh, trong
n6ng nghiep, trong cong nghiep...).
- Co ca'u lanh thd ciia nen k i n h te cung da co sg chuyen bien
tirong ufng vdi sg chuyen bien co ca'u nganh, co tac dung siif dgng hgp
^ cac nguon Igc ve t g nhien, k i n h te, xa hoi nirdc ta.
III. KET THUG VAN DE
Tien hknh cong cuoc doi mdi nen k i n h te niTdc birdc dau da khac phuc
dugc nhiJfng kho khan, yeu kem dira nen k i n h te dat nhufng thanh tgu

quan trong, tuy nhien vSn con nhieu kho khan trirdc mat ma cong cuoc
^oi mcfi de phat trien k i n h te phai tiTng birdc khac phuc.
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