Những khó khăn trong cuộc sống của công nhân và tác động của nó tới động cơ thành đạt trong lao động của họ ths nguyễn thị phương hoa

NHONG KHO KHAN TRONG C U O C

SONG

CUA CONG NHAN V A TAC DONG
CUA NO TOI DONG CO THANH DAT
TRONG I7\0 DONG CUA HO
ThS. NguySn Thj Phuong Hoa
Vien Tdm ly hpc.

T6M

TAT

Mac du cd duac ndng cao chiit ft, song nhin chung ddi sd'ng ctia ngudi cdng
nhdn n-ong mdu nghien ciiu ndy vdn gap rd't nhieu khd khdn: thu nhdp thdp, nhd d tdi
ldn, dieu kien sinh hogt vdn hod tinh than thie'u thdn. Nhitng khd khdn vdt chd't khdng
chi ldm gidm sdc khde md Idm gidm silt tinh than lao ddng cua ngudi cdng nhdn,
trong dd cd ddng ca thdnh dgt trong lao ddng ciia hp. Tuy nhien md'i quan he giiia
diiu kien sdng vd dpng ca thdnh dgt cia ngudi cdng nhdn khdng dan thudn nhu vdy.
Ttt khoi: Ddi sd'ng cdng nhdn.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 1611012012: Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 2011012012.
Cdng nhan la mpt luc lupng xa hdi to Itin, ddng vai trd quan trong trong
cdng eudc cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda dit nude. Vdi vai trd to ldn nhu vay,
giai cip cdng nhin da dupc Dang va Nhi nude ta quan tam phit tridn. Tuy
nhien, cupc sd'ng cua ngudi edng nhan hidn nay vin cdn gap nhidu khd khan.
Nhiing khd khan dd anh hudng khdng nhd tdi ddng ca thanh dat trong lao ddng
cOa hp.
1. NhOrng khd khan trong cupc sdng ciia cdng nhan hien nay
Ddi sd'ng cua ngudi cdng nhin hidn nay cdn gap nhidu khd khan vd
nhidu mat. ThO nhit phii kd ddn thu nhip, thO bai li vd didu kidn nha d, thO ba

li didu kien sinh hoat van hda tinh thin.
1.1. Khd khdn ve thu nhdp cda cdng nhdn
Thu nhip ludn li md'i quan tim hang diu cua ngudi lao ddng. Die bidt
dd'i vdi nhttng cdng nhin chua cd trinh dd tay nghe cao, nhung cdng nhin tre
tudi, thu nhip hidn dang la vi'n dd bOc xOc ciia hp.
TAPCHITAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

61


Chung tdi coi thu nhip li s6 tidn mi ci nhin nhin duoc trong thdi gian
lam vide mdt thing. Trong miu nghidn cOu niy, thu nhip binh quin cda ngirdi
cdng nhan ik 2.500.000d/thing; trong dd, thu nhip thip nhit li 300.000d/thing;
thu nhap eao nhit li 12.000.000d/thing. Phin ddng sd cdng nhan dupc khio sit
(62.4%) cd thu nhap binh quan theo thing ttt 2.500.000d trd xud'ng. So sinh vdi
sd lidu mdt sd nghidn cOu trudc dd cua Vidn Tim 1^ hpc (Vu Dung, 2011) thi
thu nhip binh quin cua miu nghidn ciiu niy cao hdn. Tuy nhidn, tai thdi didm
niy, so vdi mOe tang cua gia ci thi trudng, thi thu nhip cua ngudi cdng nhin
tang ldn khdng ddng nghTa vdi ddi sd'ng cua hp bdt khd khan hon. Theo danh
gii cua sd Lao ddng - Thuong binh vi Xa hdi thinh phd Hd Chi Minh, mdt sd
khoan chi (nha d, didn nude, in udng...) cd xu hudng gia ting so vdi cic nim
trudc 2 - 3% (Trung Cudng, Tudi tre online ngiy 07/8/2012). Nhin chung vdi
mat bang xa hdi, Ihu nhip cua ngudi cdng nhin vin cdn thip, ddi sdng cua
ngudi edng nhin vin gap nhidu khd khin.
Cin eO tren thu nhip cua toin miu nghien cOu vi tinh hinh thuc td,
chung tdi phin thu nhip cua ngudi edng nhan thinh 5 mOc dd: Rit thip (ttt
l.500.000d/thing trd xudng) chidm 14,4%; Thip (tren l.SOO.OOOd dd'n
2.000.000d/thang) chidm 26,8%; Trung binh (trdn 2.000.000d ddn
2.500.000d/thing) chidm 21,2%; Tnmg binh kha (tren 2.500.000d ddn
3.500.000d/thing) chidm 27,7%; Khi (trdn 3.500.000d/thang) chidm 9,9%.

Bieu dd 1: Thu nhdp binh qudn mdt thdng etia nam vd nii cdng nhdn (%)
Vdi thu nhap tO I .SOO.OOOd/thing trd xudng, ngudi cdng nhin gip rit
nhidu khd khin, khdng du chi tidu, phai nhd su trp giup ciia ngudi than, thim
chi phai di vay mucm. "Trieu rudi mdt Ihdng, chi tieu vdo diin nude, thui nhd,
dn udng thi cdng hi't. Day Id cdn di xe dap, chii di xe mdy thi Idy ddu ra. Gao
thi lay d que rd' (Ntt, cdng nhin may, 24 tudi, thim nidn cdng tie 4 nam tai
mdt edng ty lidn doanh). Vdi mOc thu nhip thSp, ngudi cdng nhin phai tin tidn

62

TAP CHl TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


hdt sOc may ching mdi dO chi tidu cho nhttng nhu ciu co bin d mOc tdi thidu.
Vdi thu nhap trung binb, ngudi cdng nhan phai bid't tlnh toin, phai thue su tidt
kiem mdi d i chi tidu.
Thu nhip cua ngudi cdng nhin d nhung nhdm khic nhau cd su khic bidt.
Thu nhip trung binh cOa nu thi'p hem thu nhip trung binh ciia nam cdng
nhin mdt chit (2.445.000d/thing so vdi 2.580.odOd/thing). Tuy nhidn, ndu
nhin vao bidu dd, chung ta cd thd nhin thi'y: Trong nhdm thu nhip ri't thip, ntt
chidm ti Id cao hon bin nhdm cdng nhin nam. Diy li mdt thuc trang chung d
nude ta. Theo sd lidu didu tra mOc sd'ng hd gia dinh toin qud'c nim 2002, thu
nhap binh quan hing thing cua phii ntt chi bing 85% thu nhap cua nam, ty Id
nay d khu vuc ndng nghidp ehi li 66% vi d khu vue cdng nghidp li 78% (din
theo Nguydn Thi Nguydt, 2006). Theo bio cio gin diy cua Ngin hang Thd
gidi: "Chdnh Idch gidi vd ty Id tham gia lire lupng lao ddng va thu nhap da duoc
cai thidn ding kd. Thil lao eiia phu ntt hien bing 75% eua nam gidi - chdnh lech
niy thi'p ban nhidu nude Ddng A khie. Tuy nhidn, vin tdn tai nhttng khic bidt
vd gidi va ed thd giy rui ro eho phu ntt" (Ngudn: Worldbank).

Xdt theo dd tudi, thu nhap cua ngudi tre tudi thap ban thu nhap cua
ngudi ldn tudi hon. Cu thd la: Thu nhap trung binh cua nhdm edng nhan ttt 23
tudi trd xudng thip ban hai nhdm Idn tudi ban (thip hon nhdm 24 - 29 tudi
khoang 430.(XX)d; thi'p ban nhdm 30 tudi trd ldn khoang 500.000d). Tuang tu,
xet theo tham nidn, ngudi cd tham nidn thSp thudng cd thu nhap thip ban. Thu
nhip cia ngudi cd thim nidn lam vide 1 dd'n 2 nam thip ban nhttng ngudi cd
tham nidn lim vide liu ban. Ndi tdm lai thu nhap eua nhihig edng nhan tre mdi
di lim mdt vii nam li thip nhit. Diy la mdt thuc td hidn nhidn.
Bdng 1: Thu nhdp ciia cdng nhdn a nhiing dia bdn khde nhau (ddng)
^ ^ ^ f h u nhap
Dia ban

^"'"'--....^

Thu nhip
trung binh

Thu nhap
tha'p nhit

Thu nhap cao
nha't

Ha Nai

2.490.234

600.000

12.000.000

Htms 1'en

1.684.281

1.155.000

3.500.000

TP. na Chf Minh

2.890.536

300.000

5.000.000

Bien Hoa

2.646.329

350.000

4.602.000

Xdt theo dja bin sinh sdng, thu nhip cua cdng nhin thanh phd Hd Chi
Minh li cao nhit, tid'p dd'n la cdng nhin b Bidn Hda, sau dd li cdng nhin d Hi
Ndi va cudi cung la edng nhin d Hung Ydn. Chdnh lech thu nhap gitta cdng
nhin d Himg Y4n vdi edng nhin cac tinh khac; gitta edng nhin d thanh phd Hd
TAP CHl TAMiy HOC, S d u (164), 11-2012

63


Chl Minh vdi Hung Ydn, vdi Ha Ndi cd ^ nghTa vd mat thdng kd. Tuy nhidn,
khi phan tich sd lidu sau hon, chOng tdi nhan thiy: Cdng nhin Hi Ndi phin
ddng li nam gidi (60%), cd trinh dd hpe vin, cd tham nidn cdng tic cao hon
cdng nhan d cac dia phUPng khic. Trong khi dd, khoing 70% cdng nhan d
thanh phd 116 Chi Minh vi Bidn Hda li ntt gidi; thim chl ti Id ntt gidi d Hung
YC-n ldn ddn 92,6%. Nhu viy, cd thd thiy thu nhip cua cdng nhin Hi Ndi li rit thip.
Cic sd lidu cho thi'y ihu nhip cua cdng nhin dudng nhu khdng phu
thude nhidu vao trinh dd hpc vin, thim nidn lam vide m i phu thude vio nhidu
ydu td khac nhu didu kien lam ting ca (cd sOe khod, cd thdi gian, cd ca hdi cd
them viec lim...). Co hdi cd them vide lim cua ngudi cdng nhin lai phu thude
vio loai hinh doanh nghidp, quy md doanh nghidp, ITnh vuc san xuit cua doanh
nghidp... Qua thit, ngudn thu nhip chlnh cua ngudi cdng nhin li lUdng. Lim
ting ca, lim thdm gid tai doanh nghidp dudng nhu li eon dudng duy nhit dd
ning cao thu nhip. Doanh nghidp cd nhidu vide lim, ngudi cdng nhin mdi cd
nhidu CO bdi kid'm them thu nhip.
Ndi tdm lai, eho dO thu nhip cua ngudi cdng nhin bidn nay cd ting,
nhung vin cdn thip, ehua dip Ong dupe nhOng chi tidu ein thid't trong eudc
sdng cua bp. Dac biet, thu nhap cua cdng nhan d Hi Ndi rit thip so vdi nhttng
dja ban khae. MOc luong cua hp phu thude nhidu vio doanh nghiep - noi hp
dang lam viee.
1.2. Khd khdn ve dieu kiin nhd a
Cdng nhin ndi ehung, dae bidt la cdng nhin nhip cu tai cac khu edng
nghidp gap rit nhidu khd khin trong vin dd nha d. Trao ddi vdi phdng 'vidn bio
Dai doan kdt, Vien trudng Vien Cdng nhin - Cdng doin, TS. Ding Quang Didu
cho bid't: "Theo sd lieu didu tra, ty Id lao ddng nhip eu hidn nay d eac khu cdng
nghiep khoang trdn 50%. Mdt sd dia phuang cd ty Id lao ddng nhip cu cao nhu

thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, Ddng Nai, Binh Duong, lao ddng ngoai tinh chidm tdi
70% tdng sd lao ddng trong cac khu cdng nghidp. Vi viy, vin dd xay dung va
dap Ong nhu ciu vd nha d, nhi tre, trudng hpc d khu vuc niy cing trd ndn bOc
xuc. Hiu hd't cic khu cdng nghidp tip trung ddu thidu hoic khdng cd nha d eho
ngudi lao ddng. Sd lupng edng nhan tang nhanh, nhung trong quy hoach phit
tridn cic khu cdng nghidp chua tinb t(5i nhu ciu vd chd d cho hp va cac ehfnh
sach hien ed, nhi't la nhung chinh sach lidn quan dd'n vin dd vdn vi dit dai,
chua khuydn khfch dupe eac thanh phin kinh td tham gia xiy nhi d cho ngudi
lao dpng. Theo bao cao cua cac dja phuang, hidn nay, tai cac khu cdng nghiep
mdi chi cd khoang 5% sd cdng nhan dupc d trong cac nhi trp do cac doanh
nghidp sO dung lao ddng, cbinh quydn va cac td chOc doin thd dSu tu xiy dung,
sd cdn lai chua cd chd d hoac dang phai thud nhi d tam bp. Gin 95% sd cdng
nhin ngoai tinh lam vide tai cic khu cdng nghidp tip trung trdn ca nude phai
thud nha trp cda tu nhin. Cac phdng trp do tu nhin xiy dung cho thud hiu hd't

64

TAP CHl TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


deu rit chit hep, didn tich sO diing binh quan ttt 3 - 4m7ngudi, khdng bao dam
nhung didu kien td'i thidu vd vd sinh, didn, nude, ndn ho an d chit ehdi, nbdeh
nhac, anh hudng ddn sOc khde va ning suit lao ddng, giy ra cac td nan'xa hdi
nguy CO mdt bd phin cdng nhan lao ddng bj tha hda li khd trinh khdi" (Ngudn).
Didu tra trdn miu nghidn cOu cua chung tdi eflng cho kdt qua tuong tu
Phin ldn edng nhin dang phai thud nhi (64,2%). Trong sd nhttng ngudi thud
nhi, dai da sd la thud nhi trp eua tu nhan. Hiu hd't eic doanh nghidp trong miu
nghidn cdu cua chOng tdi ehua xay nha d cbo cdng nhan. Vdi mOc thu nhap
hidn nay, qua that ngudi cdng nhan khd ed thd mua dupe nhi ridng. Chi cd mdt
bd phin nhd trong cdng nhin cd nhi rieng. Hiu hdt cdng nhan trong nhdm nay

la cdng nhin dia phuong. Hp cd dupc nha ridng phin nhidu li nhd su trp giup
cua gia dinh hoic nhd da cd qua trinh tich cdp dii lau cung mdt sd didu kidn
thuin loi khae. Mdt bd phin khac dang d nhd nhi ngudi than hoac d eung bd
me. Nhdm niy bao gdm ehu ydu la nhOng cdng nhan tre, nhttng cdng nhan dja
phuong trdn dia bin Hung Ydn.

^

•

^

^

^

^
22.8

10

1 111 r^

20

30

40

50

60

70

3 Sd" hfru nh& rieng • Thufi nha • d nh* b6 m? hoic ngifvl than I

Bieu dd 2: Dieu kien nhd a eua cdng nhdn (%)
Didu dang ndi li chit lupng nha trp cua ngudi cdng nhan. Dip Ong nhu
ciu cda ngudi cdng nhan, nhttng hd din xung quanh khu cdng nghidp thudng
tin dung nhttng ngdi nhi cu cua minh cho thud trp. Mdt sd gia dinh cd dieu
kidn hon tbi xiy phdng trp cho cdng nhan thud. Nhttng phdng trp niy thudng
ed chit lupng xay dung khdng cao (nha cip 4, didn tich hep, khdng ed nhi vd
sinh ridng), theo thdi gian cing xudng cip. Do thu nhip thi'p, lua chpn cia
nhidu cdng nhin li nhiing khu nha trp ctt, tdi tin. Phong trp vd'n dT da chat
chdi; de tidt kidm chi phi, nhidu cdng nhin d ehung d ghep ndn cang chit chdi
hdn. Theo kdt qua didu tra khac cua Vien Tam ly hpc (La Thi Thu Thuy, 2008),
didn tich trung binh nha d tip thd/nha trp eua phin ldn edng nhin chi ttt
dmVngudi trd xud'ng.

TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

65


Khdng nhttng vay, nhidu phdng trp cua cdng nhan li nha cip bdn, da
xiy dung lau, ndn nhi tiiip ndn nhi im thip, khi mua to cd thd bi trin nude vio
nhi giy bit tien, mil vd sinh. ft edng nhin cd didu kidn thud nhttng cin hd mdi
xiy kidu khep kin, phin ldn hp phii d trong nhflng khu nhi trp cd chung khu vd
sinh. Vi viy, trong sinh hoat cd nhidu bit tidn: tam rOa, giat giu, di vd sinh

nhidu khi phii xep bing.... Cflng theo nghidn cOu nam 2008 - 2009 cua Vidn
Tam 1^ hoe, 60% cdng nhan di thud nhi danh gia tinh trang nhi d li tam dupe;
ban 1/3 dinh gia la chua dupe (La Thj Thu Thuy, 2008).
Vi'n de an ninh trat tu cua nhOng khu nhi tro tu nhin eflng li mdt vin dd
dang quan tim. Mac dO phin ddng cdng nhan khdng ed nhidu tii san cd gii tri,
nhung nhttng gl bp cd, dd It 6i, lai rit ein thidt cho eudc sdng hing ngiy cua
hp. Do thu nhip thip ndn ndu mi't di bit cO tii sin nio cung giy cho hp nhttng
khd khin Idn. Nhttng nhi cOa khdng chic chin, nhung khu nhi tro nim d vi tri
tich bidt vdi khu din cu, vdi nhi chu da tao didu kidn cho nan trdm cudp, thim
chl cdn tidm in nguy ea bi xim hai ddi vdi nhttng ntt cdng nhin tre nhu hai
trudng hcrp d ihiinb phd Hd Chl Minh vi Di Ning (Ngudn: Thanh nidn online
va Dan trl). Mdt trong 4 ly do chuydn chd d nhidu nhit ciia cdng nhin la ly do
vd an ninh trit tu. Nhttng I'j do khac li: gin noi lim vide, gii thud nhi re, didu
kidn sinh boat tdt hon (La Thj Thu Thuy, 2008).
Tdm lai, nha d la vin dd kha nan giai ddi vdi ngudi cdng nhin. Thu
nhap thip, gia thue nha eao khid'n ngudi cdng nhin khd tim dupc phdng trp tdt.
Nha trp chat chdi, tdi tin khdng chi anh hudng tdi sOc khde, ma cdn anh hudng
ddi sd'ng tim ly cua ngudi cdng nhan. An ninh cda khu nha trp chua tdt lam
phat sinh mdt sd td nan xa hdi, khidn eudc sd'ng cua ngudi cdng nhin cang khd khan.
1.3. Biiu kiin sinh hogt vdn hod tinh than
Didu kidn sinh boat vin hda tinh thin cua ngudi cdng nhin cflng la mdt
chu de gay nhidu bOc xuc. Khdng chi ddi vd vat chit, ngudi cdng nhan cdn
"ddi" ca vd tinh thin. Hang loat phdng su didu tra vd ddi sd'ng tinh thin cia
ngudi edng nhin, die bidt la cdng nhan d cic khu cdng nghidp da phan anh
didu nay.
Khao sat nim 2008 d Vidn Tim ly hpc da cho thi'y: Cac boat ddng vui
choi, giai trl cia ngudi edng nhin hd't sOc nghdo nin (xem bang 2). Phin ldn
cdng nhin giai tri bang each xem ti vi. Tuy nhidn, cung theo kdt qua didu tra
cua nghien cOu niy, chi cd khoang 60% ngudi cdng nhan cd ti vi. Ba hinh thOe
giai trl thudng xuyen hon la dpe bao, nghe dii va tin giu. Rit ft cdng nhin cd

didu kidn dd di nghi mit hay di xem phim, ca nhae d rap. Cac sinh boat doan
thd cflng ri't hidm hoi, trong ca nam, ngudi cdng nhin cd thd tham gia 1 - 2 Iin.
Cac boat ddng khac cung khdng kha quan hon.
Qua trao ddi vdi mdt sd cdng nhin trong nghidn cOu nay, chung tdi cung

66

TAP CHl TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


nhin thiy: Didu kidn sinh boat van hda tinh thin cia nhOng cdng nhin dia
phuang td't hem nhidu so vdi nhttng cdng nhin nhip cu. Trong khi dd, phin ldn
cdng nhin la lao ddng ngoai tinh. Sd'ng xa gia dinh, xa qud huang, cude sd'ng tu
lip cua hp gap rit nhidu klid khin, thidu thdn ca vd vit chit ISn tinh tiiin. Hp It
cd didu kidn tham gia cae boat ddng van hda tinh thin, boat ddng vui choi, giai
trl: khdng cd tidn, khdng cd dia didm, khdng dupe td chOc...
Bdng 2: Thtic trgng hogt ddng sinh hogt vdn hda tinh thdn
eua thanh niin cdng nhdn
Cac hoat dong sinh hoat van
h6a tinh thin

DTB

Mure do thuc hi^n hinh dong (%)
Chua
Nam
Thang
Tuin
Hang
bao gid mot vai mpt vai mdl vai Ngay

iin
tin
iin
(3)
(4)
(1)
(5)
(2)

1. Doc bao

3.47

9.3

11.4

23,0

35.7

20,7

2. Xem vO tuye'n

4.53

2,8

2,3

4.1

20.5

70,2

3 Nshe dai

3,38

14,9

16,3

16,6

19.5

32,7

4. Xem piiim, ca nhac tai rap

1,64

54,7

33,7

7,3

1.8

2,4

5. Chm bai

1,88

51,4

22,4

16,2

7.2

2,8

6. Tan gi\i tai cac quan nude

2,47

30,7

17,9

30.1

16,7

4,8

7. Tan gau trong phong

3,41

13,0

8,1

28.6

25,1

25,1
2.0

8. Td chiic an udng

2.37

10,1

50,3

33,9

3.7

9.
2,04

47,9

16,9

21,7

10.5

3.0

10. Choi thi thao

2,43

36,3

21,3

17,7

13.3

11,4

11. Dili chiia, di nha thd

1,99

31,3

46,0

15,8

6,6

0.3

12. Sinh hoat doan th^

1,98

33,6

42,8

17.5

4,3

1.7

13. Nghi mat

1,52

52,3

44,4

2,7

0,6

0,0

(Ngudn: LaThi Thu Thiy, 2008)
Khio sat cua Vidn Tim ly hpc nam 2011 (Vfl Dung, 2011) cho thiy:
Thu nhap trung binh cua toan bd cdng nhan tham gia khao sat la 2.066.000d/
thing, trong khi dd, tidn thud nha trung binh li 465.000d/thang; tidn in trung
binh li 948.000d. Nhu viy, trung binh mot ngudi cdng nhan chi con khoang
600.000d/thing dd chi t r i cho cic nhu ciu khac nhu: tidn didn nude, tidn di lai,
tidn nudi con (ndu da cd eon), tidn thude lue dm dau, tidn hidu hi - dd'i ngoai,
tidn mua sim quin ao, tidn tidt kiem, tidn gOi trp giup gia dinh, tidn bid'u ngudi
TAP CHl TAM ly HQC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

67


thin, tidn dinh eho vui choi, giii tri... Diy li thu nhip binh quin. Cude sdng
ed thd dd chju hPn mdt chut ddi vdi sd cdng nhin ddc thin ed thu nhip cao.
Cdn sd thanh nidn mdi di lam, thu nhip thip chi mong luong cd thd chi tri du
cho nhttng nhu ciu tdi thidu. Ddi vdi nhttng cdng nhin da lip gia dinh, mOc thu
nhap binh quan nhu the khdng di chi tidu. Nhin chung, vdi khoin tidn it di nhu
viy, lidn danh cbo hoat ddng vui chdi giai tri hiu nhu khdng edn.
Trong khi dd, "Phin Idn d cic khu edng nghidp khdng cd nha vin hda,

ndu cd eung chi la cic cftu lac bd nhd le. Cac hoat ddng vin hda hudng ddn
cdng nhin cdn mang tlnh "mfla vu", khdng phit huy dupc kha ning sing tao
van hda trong khdng gian van hda cia minh..." (Phuang Ngpc Thach, Phung
Ngoc Bao, ngiy 08/6/2012).
"Tai Khu cdng nghidp Bie Thang Long, ndi ed gin 5 van lao ddng tam
cu. Ngoai gid lam vide, hiu hdt cdng nhin chi bid't niu com an udng va vui diu
vio ngu. 6 day chi cd duy nha't mdt didm sinh hoat van hda cdng nhan dupc
Lien doan Lao ddng thinh phd xiy dung. Tuy gian nhi khi khang trang, rdng
khoang lOOm^ luong ddi du lien nghi nhu may tip thd thao, bin bdng bin, ke
dd sach bio, tap chi, vd tuydn va diu karaoke, nhung didu ding ndi li didm
sinh boat van hda nay vin rit "d im", hiu nhu khdng mi'y khi dupc sO dung bdi
sd luat cdng nhin ghd vio ri't thua thtSt. Hdi chuydn nhidu cdng nhin, vi sao
khdng dd'n didm sinh boat van hda? Hiu hd't ciu tra ldi la lam vide d cdng ty,
nha may, xl nghidp da qua met va mil nhidu thdi gian, ndn hp khdng cdn thdi
gian dd nghT dd'n van hda van nghe" (Thd Dflng, Linh Nhi,
ngay 26/5/2012).
Tai nhttng doanh nghidp nha nude hay nhung doanh nghiep ed boat
ddng cdng doin, doin tbanh nidn manh tbi ddi sd'ng tinh thdn cua cdng nhin cd
phong phu hon. Tuy nhidn, sd' lupng dd ehua phai la nhidu. Nhidu khao sat da
ehi ra phin ldn doin the tai eac doanh nghidp tu nhan, doanh nghidp cd vd'n diu
tu nude ngoai boat dpng chua hidu qua; trong khi dd lanh dao mdt sd doanh
nghidp ehua thuc sir quan tam ddn ddi sdng tinh thin cia cdng nhin. Khdng
nhttng viy, bi Nguydn Thi Thanh Vin, Phd Trudng ban Tuydn giio tinh uy
Binh Duong cdn nhin djnh: "Mdt sd doanh nghidp cdn cho ring doanh nghidp
cbi thue hidn eae ehi tidu kinh td va chim lo ddi sd'ng vit chit cho ngudi lao
ddng, cdn cham lo vd mat vin hda tinb thin khdng thude trach nhidm cia hp"
(Ngudn: ngay 25/6/2012).
Mat khac, thu nhip thi'p ndn ngudi cdng nhin thudng lim ting ca, lim
thdm dd tang thu nhap. Lira thdm gid nhidu nen nhidu ngudi chi cdn thdi gian
dd nghi ngoi (an, ngu) chO khdng ed thdi gian danh cho giai tri. Thim chi, do

lim vide vdi cudng dd lao ddng cao, co thd met mdi, ndn nhidu edng nhin
khdng mud'n tham gia boat ddng van hda van nghd.

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TAP CHl TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


Nhin chung, eac hoat ddng vin hda, tinh thin cia ngudi cdng nhan vdn
nghdo nan, do khdiig cd didu kien vd thdi gian, vd vit chit, sOc khoe lai thie'u
su quan tim, tao didu kien cia doanh nghiep nen cang ngheo nan hon.
2. T i c ddng cua nhttng khd khan trong cude sd'ng ddn dpng co
thanh flat trong lao dong ciia ngirdi cdng nhin
Trong xa hdi, chung ta hay nhic ddn cum ttt "chi tien thi" vdi nghTa la
mdt net tlnh cich tao ndn thinh cdng d mdi ci nhin. Trong khoa hpc tam IJJ,
mdt thuat ngtt khoa hpe cd y nghTa tuong tu li ddng co thanh dat. "Ddng eo
thanh dat li ddng ca thdi thue con ngudi vuon tdi su didu luydn, tliinb thao vdi
kdt qua cao nhi't trong thuc hidn cdng vide. Ddng co tbanh dat ed tinb khai quit
cao the hidn nhu mdt tinh each" (Ld Thj Thanli Huong).
Dd'i vdi ngudi lao ddng, ddng co thinh dat trong lao ddng li mdt trong
nhttng nhin td chi quan quan trpng thOe diy hp ddn thanh cdng trong nghd
nghidp. Ddng co thanh dat cia ngudi cdng nhan chju anh hudng cia nhidu yd'u
td chi quan vi khich quan. Bai vidt niy chi tip trung tim hidu tic ddng cia
nhttng khd khin trong ddi sd'ng dd'n ddng co thanh dat trong lao dpng eua ngudi
cdng nhin. Kd't qua phin ti'eh sd lieu da cho chOng tdi mpt sd bang chOng vd
md'i quan he gitta thu nhip, didu kien sdng vdi ddng co thanh dat trong lao
ddng eua ngudi cdng nhin.
2.1. Tdc ddng cua thu nhdp
Gitta thu nhip va ddng CO thinh dat trong lao ddng cia ngudi cdng nhan
ed md'i quan he nhu thd nao? Kdt qua phan tfch sd lieu didu tra theo didm trung

binh cua ddng co thinh dat, cic bidu hidn ddng CO thinh dat d cac nhdm cdng
nhin cd thu nhap khic nhau dupc trinh biy trong bang 3.
Quan sit bang 3, chOng ta cd thd thi'y:
- Dudng nhu khdng quan sit thi'y md'i quan he tuydn tfnh gitta thu nhap
va ddng co thanh dat cua cdng nhan. Ddng CO thanh dat ndi chung vi nhttng
bidu hidn cua nd d nhdm cdng nhin cd thu nhap rit thip ydu ban ban cae nhdm
cdn lai. Tuy nhien, bieu hidn cia hidn tupng tim ly nay d nhdm cdng nhan cd
thu nhip cao eung thip hon nhirng nhdm trung gian gitta hai cue la thu nhap rat
thip va cao.
- Kbit vpng thanh dat va tinh ganh dua cua nhdm ed thu nhip cao thip
hon nhdm cd thu nhip tmng binh va trung binh kha mdt chut, song su nd luc
dat thinh tich cua nhdm thu nhip eao thi ydu hon bin.
- Nhin chung, nhdm cdng nhin cd thu nhip trung binh va trung binh
khi ed ddng cd thanh dat cao ban cic nhdm khac.
Ngoai ra, khi tim hidu vd su kidn tn, lidn tuc eia nhttng nd luc trong
cdng viec, chung tdi nhan thiy nhdm cdng nhin cd thu nhip rit tha'p vi nhdm

TAP CHl TAMiy HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012

69


cd thu nhap cao lai cung thd hien ro nhit su thidu kidn tri, lidn tuc cia nhttng nd
luc hudng tdi dat muc tidu trong so sinh vdi nhttng nhdm cdn lai.
Bdng 3: Diim trung binh ddng ca thdnh dgt ctia cdc nhdm cdng nhdn cd
thu iihctp khde nhau
N6 lire dat thanh
tfch

Tfnh ganh

dua

Tdng

Ihiiiili dat

4,01
4,19

4,01
4,08

3,25
3,62

3,75

Trung binh

4.19

4,23

3,73

4,03

Trung binh kha

4.22

4,24

4,06

4,01
4,14

3.63
3.49

4,05

Cao

3,58

3,98

^""^^--.Dfing CO
Thu nhap^^""---...^
RSl thip
Iliap

Tong

Khat vpng

4,16

4,00

3,86

Ghi chii: Dii-'ni thdp nhdi = / ; Diem cao nhd'l = .^

Cd thd ndi ring khdng phai 10c nio thu nhip tha'p cung lam suy giam
ddng CO thanh dat eia ngudi cdng nhan. Tuy nhidn, ndu thu nhip qua thip,
cude sd'ng qua chit vat, bip bdnh khidn ngudi cdng nhin khd phin di'u: chin
nan, khdng ydn tim cdng tic, khdng cd didu kidn hpc tip ning cao trinh dd
ehuydn mdn. Khi thu nhip tam du cho cude sdng li thdi didm m i ngudi cdng
nhin phin diu cao nhit trong cdng vide.
Mat khac, ngudi cdng nhan td ra dd hai long vdi cude sdng. Klii thu
nhap cdn thip, hp cd gang lao ddng dd cd thu nhip cao ban, dd cd cude sdng
td't hon. Song khi da kidm dupe nhidu tidn, dam bao cude sd'ng, hp cd ve nhanh
chdng thoa man va khdng cdn nd luc phi'n di'u trong lao ddng nhu trudc.
2.2. Tdc ddng cua dieu kiin nhd a
ChOng tdi khdng tim thi'y mdi tuong quan chit giua didu kidn nha 6 vi
ddng eo thinh dat cia ngudi edng nhin. Tuy nhidn, kdt qua phin tich sd lidu d
bing 4 cho thiy:
- Nhdm cdng nhin dang thud nha thd hien kbit vpng thinh dat, nd luc
thanh dat eao nhi't. Nhdm niy ed ddng co thinh dat manh hon nhdm dang 6
nha cua bd me/ngudi than mdt cich ro ring nhit.
- Nhdm cdng nhin cd nha ridng thd hidn tfnh ganh dua, nd luc dat thanh
tfch gin nhu ngang bing vdi nhdm dang thue nhi. Diy cung li nhdm it thd hien
tinh thi't thudng nhit.
- Ddng cd thinh dat cia nhdm cdng nhin dang 6 nhd bd me va ngudi

70

TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


thin li thip nhit. Nhttng ngudi dang sdng cing bd me cOng it nd luc lam vide
hdn nhung ngudi dang di thud nhi.
Mac di, su chdnh lech gitta eic nhdm chua rd rdt, song sd lidu nay eflng
gpi ldn mdt didu: Cude sd'ng tu lip (phii tu lo noi an chdn d, phai tinh toan chi
ueu) cung tao ddng luc cho ngudi cdng nhan cd ging hon trong lao ddng.
Bdng 4: Die'm trung binh ddng ed thdnh dgt cita ede nhdm cdng nhdn
cd dieu kiin nhd d khde nhau
^-^^
Nhao

Dong CO
— ^ ^

Khat vpng
thinh dat

N6 luc dat
thanh tich

Tfnh ganh
dua

Tong
4,00

Scf hOu rieng

4.13

415

3.63

Thue nhi

4.19

416

3,63

4,02

d nhd ba' me, ngudi than

414

4.06

3,48

3,86

4,17

4,14

3,60

3,99

Tdng

* Ghi chii: Diem thdp nlidt = 1: Diem cao nhdi = 5.

Theo sd li^u khao sit nam 2008 eia Vidn Tam ly hpe (La Thi Thu
Thiy, 2008), khoang 1/3 sd cdng nhin dang thud nha tra Idi se hpe nghd mdi
hoae ning cao tay nghd ndu cd 50 tridu ddng. Dd la muc dich dupc nhidu cdng
nhin dang di thud nha chpn nhit. Sd cdng nhan dang di thud nha lua ehpn
nhttng muc dich nay cflng chid'm ti Id cao bon so vdi 2 nhdm cdn lai (nhdm cd
nhi ridng v i nhdm d nhd bd me, ngudi thin). Trong tinb hudng gia tudng nay
(cd 50 tridu ddng) ddi vdi nhdm cdng nhan dang di thud nha, sd cdng nhan ed dinh mua sim (quin ao, phuong tidn di lai) khdng nhidu bang sd cdng nhin ed
du dinh hpe nghd mdi hoac ning cao tay ngbd. Sd lieu niy mdt Iin nua cho
thiy: Mdt bd phin edng nhin dang ed khd khin vd nha d nliung vin cd y thOc
vuon Idn trong boat ddng nghd nghidp. Vuon Idn trong hoat dpng nghd nghidp
la con dudng giup hp phin nao thoat khdi nhttng khd khan hidn tai, cai thidn
eudc sd'ng.
Tdm lai, didu kidn sdng khd khan, tbid'u thdn la mdt dpng lire khid'n
ngudi edng nhan nd lue phin da'u trong cdng vide dd cd cupc sdng tdt han. Tuy
nhidn, do dd bang long vdi eudc sdng, thu nhip kha ldn dudng nhu cflng la ydu
td lam suy giam nd luc thanh dat trong lao ddng cua ngudi cdng nhan. Khi nha
cia dn dinh, thu nhip cao, ngudi cdng nhan khdng cdn nd luc lam vide nhu trudc.
Ket ludn
Mac du cd dupc ning cao chOt It, song nhin ehung ddi sd'ng cua ngudi
cdng nhin trong miu nghidn cOu nay vin gap ri't nhidu khd khan: thu nhap

TAP CHl TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

71


ehua eao, nhi d tdi tin, didu kidn sinh hoat vin hoi tinh thin thid'u thdn. Didu
kidn sinh boat vim hoi tinh thin nghdo nin chic chin tic ddng khdng td't tdi
ddi sd'ng tinli thin cua ngudi cdng nhin. Nhttng khd khin vat chi't khdng chi
lam giam sOc khde mi lim giam sut tinh thin lao ddng c i a ngudi cdng nhin,
trong dd ed ddng ed thinh dat trong lao ddng cua hp.
Mdi quan he gitta didu kien sd'ng vi ddng cP thinh dat khdng phai li
mdi quan he tuydn tinb. Didu kidn sd'ng qua tdi, nhttng nhu ciu cd ban cho
cude sdng (an d) chua dude dam bao li ydu td thOc diy ngudi cdng nhin phin
di'u trong cdng viec. Tuy nhidn, do tim ly dd bing long vdi cude sdng, didu
kidn sdng tdt cflng lim suy giam nd luc thinh dat cia hp. Nhttng khd khin vtta
phai vd didu kien song co tac dung thuc diy ngudi cdng nhan nd luc thinh dat
trong lao ddng.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Trung Cudng, "Thu nhdp binh qudn cua cdng nhdn Iren 3.5 Iriiu ddng", Ngu6n:
iui:.vn/Vieclam/lndex.aspx?AniclelD=505451 &aianneIlD=269 ng^y 07/8/
2012.
2. The Dung. Linh Nhi. Loat phdng su "Ddi sd'ng cdng nhdn nhin tit cdc khu cdng nghiep, khu
che xudt"; "Vdn hda tinh llidn nghio ndn", Nguan: van-hoa-linh-than-ngheQ-nan-liep.htm ngiy 26/5/2012.
3. VQ Dung, sa lieu diiu tra cia di til "Tranh chdp lao ddng vd dinh cdng trong cdc cdng ty
hen doanh vd cdng ly cd vd'n ddu tu nude ngodi d nude ta", VienTSm ly hoc, 2011.
4. Dang Quang Diiu, "Phdi ddnh quy ddt xdy nhd cho cdng nhdn", Ngudn: http://www.
monre.gov. vn/v35/default.aspx?tabid=428&CatelD=
4&1D=115771 &Code=OY9W 115771
ngay 06/4/2012.
5. Nguyin Thi Nguyet, BSo cio l6m tat di tai ca'p Ba "Bdl binh ddng gidi ve Ihu nhdp cua

ngudi lao ddng d Viet Nam vd mdt sd ggi y gidi phdp chlnh sdch", Vien Nghien cOu Quan li
kinh le' Trung uong - Bd Ke hoach vh DSu tu, Ngu6n: hup://www.ciem.org.vn/
home/vn/home/lnfoDetail.jsp?area=l&cat=138&lD=1033. 2006.
6. Phuong Ngoc Thach, Phung Ngoc Bao. "Ndng cao ddi sd'ng vdt chd't, linh ihdn cho cdng
nhdn de phdt men bin vOng cdc khu cdng nghiep", Nguan; />Home/Xay-dung-giai-cap-cong-nhan/2012/16467/Nang-cao-doi-song-val-chal-linh-than-chocong-nhan-de.aspx ngiy 08/6/2012.
7. La Thi Thu Thuy, Bao cdo tdng ktfl di lii "Nhiing thay ddi ve mat tdm ly ciia thanh men
ndng thdn cd viec Idm Igi cdc khu cdng nghiep tren dia bdn thdnh phd", Vien TSm ly hoc,
2008.
8. Nguyin Thi Thanh Van, "Ddi sd'ng ciia cdng nhdn lai cdc khu cdng nghiep, khu che xudt d
Binh Duong", Ngu6n: htlp://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/XayHiung-giai-cap-cong-nhan/
2012/16663/Doi-song-cua-cong-nhan-uii-cac-khu-cong-nghiep-khu-che.aspx ngiy 25/6/2012.
9. World Bank, "Bdl binh ddng gidi thu hep, nhung Viet Nam vdn cdn nhieu thdch thdc, theo
bdo cdo cua World Bank", Ngu6n: />COUNTRlES/EASTASlAPACIFlCEXT/VlETNAMlNVIETNAMESEEXTN/0„contenlMDK
:23067496~menuPK:487366-pagePK:2865066-piPK;2865079~theSitePK;486752,00.httnl.

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TAP CHl TAM l y HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012