Đề thi Subject: Earth Materials Environment

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FINAL EXAM
Subject: Earth Materials & Environment
1. What are Earth Materials? The Earth materials are rocks, minerals and soils
2. Definition of a mineral? Inorganic, naturally occurrence, define chemical composition, geological
origin, ordered structure (crystal), solid state
3. Definition of a rock?
4. Definition of soil?
5. Which of the following is a required characteristic of minerals?
a. Inorganic solid
b. Naturally formed
c. Distinct chemical formula
d. Ordered arrangement of atoms
e. All of the above
6. What determines the element that an atom belongs to?
a. The number of electrons
b. The number of neutrons
c. The number of protons
d. The number of shells or orbitals
e. All of the above
7. What determines the bonding properties of an element?
a. The number of protons in the nucleus
b. The number of neutrons in the nucleus
c. The number of electrons in the nucleus
d. The number of electrons in the outer shell
e. The total number of electrons
8. What do we call atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?
a. Anions
b. Cations
c. Complex ions
d. Compounds

e. Isotopes
9. What is involved in covalent bonding?
a. The attraction between oppositely charged atoms


b.
c.
d.
e.

The attraction of the positive and negative poles of neutral molecules
The loose sharing of among all atoms in the substance
The sharing of electrons between specific atoms
All of the above

10. What is involved in ionic bonding?
a. The attraction between oppositely charged atoms
b. The attraction of the positive and negative poles of neutral molecules
c. The loose sharing of among all atoms in the substance
d. The sharing of electrons between specific atoms
e. All of the above
11. What kind of a silicate mineral is Hornblende (an amphibole)?
a. Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)
b. Single chain silicate
c. Double chain silicate
d. Sheet silicate
e. Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)
12. What kind of a silicate mineral is Muscovite (a mica)?
a. Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)
b. Single chain silicate

c. Double chain silicate
d. Sheet silicate
e. Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)
13. What kind of a silicate mineral is Olivine (the main mineral in the earth's mantle)?
a. Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)
b. Single chain silicate
c. Double chain silicate
d. Sheet silicate
e. Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)
14. What kind of a silicate mineral is Orthoclase (a feldspar)?
a. Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra)
b. Single chain silicate
c. Double chain silicate
d. Sheet silicate
e. Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks)
15. What is a character of minerals high on Bowen's Reaction Series (such as olivine)?
a. Dark color
b. Few cations included
c. Lots of linkages between silicon-oxygen tetrahedra
d. Low density
e. Low melting temperature
16. Which of the following is an example of a ferromagnesian (mafic) silicate mineral?


a. Feldspar
b. Halite
c. Hornblende
d. Kaolinite
e. Muscovite
17. What mineral family does gypsum belong to?

a. Carbonates
b. Halides
c. Oxides
d. Silicates
e. Sulfates
18. Which mineral exhibits double refraction and reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?
a. Biotite
b. Calcite
c. Halite
d. Magnetite
e. Talc
19. Name common physical properties of minerals : color, streak, luster, specific gravity, hardness,
crystal habits, crystal form, cleavage, fracture
20. Minerals are classified by:
a. Chemical composition
b. Crystal structure
c. Both
21. Name common minerals classes: silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, calcite, halides, natural elements
22. Name 2 minerals belonging to the isolated tetrahedral subclass : olivine and garnet
23. Name 2 examples of framework silicates: feldspar and quartz
24. Name 4 common carbonate minerals : magnesite, calcite, dolomite, siderite
25. Name common minerals in the native element subclass : gold, platinum, copper, diamond
26. Give 5 examples of common sulphide: pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar
27. What is an example of an oxide?
a. Anhydrite
b. Calcite
c. Sulfur
d. Magnetite
28. What are the common minerals called?
a. Rock-forming minerals

b. Crystal minerals
c. Igneous minerals


d. Abundant minerals
29. Which is a mineral?
a. Coal
b. Amber
c. Sugar
d. Salt
30. What makes a mineral a gem?
a. Its pearly luster
b. Its association with native elements
c. Its deep color
d. Its rarity and beauty
31. __________ is the way a mineral reflects light
a. Luster
b. Streak
c. Color
d. Cleavage
32. What is caused by the presence of trace elements in a mineral?
a. Luster
b. Hardness
c. Streak
d. Color
33. What describes the way a mineral feels?
a. Texture
b. Luster
c. Streak
d. Hardness

34. A mineral is __________ if it can be mined for profit
a. An ore
b. A crystal
c. An igneous rock
d. A rock
35. A mineral's __________ is the color when it is powdered
a. Luster
b. Density
c. Hardness
d. Streak
36. Metamorphic rocks form deep inside Earth from other types of rocks. Which forces produce
metamorphic rocks?
a. Rain and snow
b. Extreme pressures, temperatures and fluids


c. Strong winds and earthquakes
37. Earth materials that become cemented and hardened form:
a. Igneous rock
b. Metamorphic rock
c. Sedimentary rock
d. Crystal
38. Salt and sulfur are common
a. Minerals
b. Crystals
c. Metamorphic rocks
d. Sedimentary rocks
39. Characteristics that are used to identify rocks and minerals:
a. Ore
b. Physical properties

c. Crystal structures
d. Chemical composition
40. Hornfel is example of
a. Sedimentary rock
b. Metamorphic rock
c. Mineral
d. Silicate
41. The process of breaking down of rocks into smaller particles is called:
a. Weathering
b. Erosion
c. Sedimentation
42. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the:
a. Weathering and erosion of rocks
b. Deposition, compaction and cementing of sediments
c. Solidification of molten rock such as lava
43. In a river, deposition of sediments occurs most in water flow which is:
a. Fast
b. Slow
c. Turbulent
44. The name given to layers of sedimentary rock is:
a. Strata
b. Deposition
c. Compaction
45. Cementation of sedimentary rocks is the result of the chemical named:
a. Hydrochloric acid
b. Calcium carbonate


c. Sodium chloride
46. Igneous rocks such as basalt that cools quickly have crystals that are:

a. Small
b. Large
c. Non-existent
47. Which of the following is correctly arranged in order of increasing grain size?
a. Silt, sand, gravel, clay
b. Clay, silt, sand, gravel
c. Silt, sand, clay, gravel
d. Silt, clay, sand, gravel
48. Minerals are:
a. Similar to rocks in the fact that they are made of minerals
b. Similar to rocks because they have 3 types: metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary
c. Different than rocks because they are made of chemicals
49. A(n) __________ is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns.
a. Atom
b. Crystal
c. Rock
d. Magma
50. How do crystals of salt form?
a. From solution
b. From magma
c. In glacial ice
d. Inside caves
51. When magma cools quickly, __________ crystals form, and when it cools slowly, __________
crystals form.
a. Large, large
b. Small, large
c. Shiny, dull
d. Broken, crystals
52. What is a rock with mineral grains too small to see with the unaided eye called?
a. Aphanitic

b. Glass
c. Phaneritic
d. Porphyritic
e. Tuff
53. What is a rock with both large and microscopic mineral grains called?
a. Aphanitic
b. Glass
c. Phaneritic


d. Porphyritic
e. Tuff
54. What is a rock with mineral grains that are all big enough to see with the unaided eye called?
a. Aphanitic
b. Glass
c. Phaneritic
d. Porphyritic
e. Tuff
55. What is a rock made of unordered atoms called?
a. Aphanitic
b. Glass
c. Phaneritic
d. Porphyritic
e. Tuff
Glass is rock lacking an ordered atomic arrangement, usually because it formed too fast for
crystallization to take place. Obsidian, pumice, and 'Pele's hair' are examples.
56. Which term describes the composition of the earth's mantle?
a. Felsic
b. Intermediate
c. Mafic

d. Ultramafic
Ultramafic refers to minerals that are made almost entirely of ferromagnesian minerals, such as the
peridotite (made of olivine and pyroxene) of the earth's mantle.
57. Which term describes the composition of a basalt?
a. Felsic
b. Intermediate
c. Mafic
d. Ultramafic
Mafic refers to rocks high in magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe), such as basalt. The term 'basaltic' is a
synonym
58. Which term describes the composition of a granite?
a. Felsic
b. Intermediate
c. Mafic
d. Ultramafic
Felsic refers to rocks high in feldspar and silica. The term 'granitic' is a synonym.
59. Which of the following rock types is most derived (most different) than the earth's mantle due to
repeated magmatic differentiation (partial melting, crystal settling, etc.)?
a. Andesite
b. Basalt


c. Diorite
d. Granite
e. Peridotite
Granite is the most derived rock on the list, containing the greatest quantity of low temperature, low
density, light colored minerals (quartz, K-feldspar, etc.).
60. When a basalt undergoes partial melting, what kind of rock generally forms from the resulting
magma?
a. Andesite

b. Basalt
c. Granite
d. Peridotite
e. Rhyolite

61. Which rock is the fine-grained equivalent of granite (same composition but aphanitic)?
a. Andesite
b. Basalt
c. Komatiite
d. Obsidian
e. Rhyolite
f.
Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of granite (both of felsic composition).
62. Which rock is the coarse-grained equivalent of basalt (same composition but phaneritic)?
a. Diorite
b. Gabbro
c. Granite
d. Peridotite
e. Pumice
Gabbro is the coarse-grained equivalent of basalt (both of mafic composition).
63. Which rock is the coarse-grained equivalent of andesite (same composition but phaneritic)?
a. Diorite
b. Gabbro
c. Granite
d. Peridotite
e. Pumice
Diorite is the coarse-grained equivalent of andesite (both of intermediate composition).
64. Which of the following rocks contains the most quartz (the lowest temperature mineral on Bowen's
Reaction Series)?
a. Andesite

b.
c.
d.
e.

Basalt
Komatiite
Obsidian
Rhyolite

Rhyolite and granite, being felsic, contain abundant quartz.
65. Which of the following rocks contains the most olivine (the highest temperature mineral on Bowen's
Reaction Series)?
a. Diorite
b. Gabbro
c. Granite
d. Peridotite
e. Pumice
Peridotite and komatiite, being ultramafic, are composed mostly of olivine (the most abundant mineral
in the earth's mantle).

66. Which of the following rocks is pyroclastic?
a. Diorite
b. Gabbro
c. Granite
d. Peridotite
e. Tuff
Tuff, welded tuff, and volcanic breccia are examples of pyroclastic (ejected) rocks.

67. Which type of pluton is planar (sheet-like) and discordant (cuts across existing geologic structures
such as rock layers)?
a. Batholith
b. Dike
c. Laccolith
d. Sill
e. Volcanic neck
Dikes are planar and discordant, and when weathered they often stick out of the ground as fins.
68. Which type of pluton generally contains granite?
a. Batholith
b. Dike
c. Laccolith
d. Sill
e. Volcanic neck
Batholiths are generally filled with granite. Viscous granitic (felsic) magma has a hard time ever reaching
the earth's surface.


69. Which igneous rock is composed of unusually large crystals?
a. Granite
b. Pegmatite
c. Volcanic breccia
d. Welded tuff
e. Xenolith
Pegmatite is the name given to igneous rocks with unusually large (sometimes gigantic) crystals.
70. What factor primarily controls the viscosity, and therefore the explosiveness, of a magma?
a. Dissolved gasses
b. Pressure
c. Silica content
d. Temperature

The extent of bonding between silicon-oxygen tetrahedra is the primary factor controlling magma
viscosity. The extensive linkages in a granitic magma are what make it so viscous.
71. Which rock shown in the figure cooled the fastest?

a.
b.
c.
d.

glassy
coarse-grained
fine-grained
porphorytic

Glassy obsidion cools the fastest, making a rock with no visible grains.
72. According to the figure, what types of minerals are ultramafic


a.
b.
c.
d.

feldspar and quartz
feldspar and biotite
amphibole and pyronene
pyroxene and olivine

73. An igneous rock with two distinct grain sizes has a __________ texture
a. felsic

b. coarse-grained
c. porphyritic
d. fine-grained
73. What process results in the exfoliation (concentric fracturing) of granite domes?
a. Dissolution
b. Frost wedging
c. Hydrolysis
d. Oxidation
e. Unloading
Exfoliation is one type of unloading that applies primarily to granite batholiths
74. Which type of weathering creates clay minerals?
a. Dissolution
b. Frost wedging
c. Hydrolysis
d. Oxidation
e. Unloading
Hydrolysis is the conversion water-poor minerals (in igneous and metamorphic rocks) to water-rich
minerals (especially clays).
75. Which type of weathering works most effectively on limestone?
a. Dissolution
b. Frost wedging
c. Hydrolysis


d. Oxidation
e. Unloading
Dissolution is the taking into solution of simple or complex ions, such as when calcite is dissolved by
water and carbonic acid.
76. Which type of weathering produces cones of talus?
a. Dissolution

b. Frost wedging
c. Hydrolysis
d. Oxidation
e. Unloading
Frost wedging splits rocks into angular fragments that fall to form talus cones.
77. Which types of weathering are significantly promoted by acid rain (two correct answers)?
a. Dissolution
b. Frost wedging
c. Hydrolysis
d. Oxidation
e. Unloading
Dissolution of many minerals, such as carbonates, is controlled by the acidity (pH) of the water.
Hydrolysis is promoted by the presence of hydrogen ions which are present in acidic rainwater.
78. Chemical weathering always results in the creation of what kind of minerals?
a. Felsic minerals
b. Mafic minerals
c. High-temperature minerals
d. Low-temperature minerals
e. Non-silicate minerals
Since weathering is a low-temperature process, it creates minerals that are most stable at low
temperatures.
79. Which of these silicate minerals is likely to be chemically weathered most easily?
a. Augite (pyroxene)
b. Hornblende (amphibole)
c. K-feldspar
d. Kaolinite (clay)
e. Olivine
f. Quartz
Since olivine is the highest temperature mineral on Bowen's Reaction Series, it is the most easily
weathered (chemically) at low temperatures.

80. Which of these silicate minerals is unlikely to be chemically weathered?


a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Augite (pyroxene)
Hornblende (amphibole)
K-feldspar
Kaolinite (clay)
Olivine
Quartz

Clay minerals like kaolinite are weathering products and are therefore the most stable minerals at
atmospheric temperatures and pressures.
81. Chemical weathering in a soil tends to create what shape of rock fragments?
a. Angular
b. Columnar
c. Cubic
d. Spheroidal
e. Tetrahedral
As corners weather off of angular fragments, they become spheroidal.
82. What is the definition of erosion?
a. The accumulation of sediment following transportation
b. The disintegration and decomposition of rocks at or near the earth's surface
c. The dissolution of soil components

d. The incorporation of and transportation of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, and
ice
e. The transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity
f. The washing out of fine soil components
Erosion is the removal and transport of weathered material.
83. What weathering products are most easily transported by water?
a. Clays in suspension
b. Dissolved ions
c. Pebbles
d. Sand grains
Dissolved ions are so much a part of the water they are dissolved in that only a severe process like
evaporation can remove them.
84. What is the primary agent of sediment transportation from sites of weathering to sites of
deposition?
a. Glaciers
b. Gravity
c. Plants and animals
d. Rivers
e. Wind
Rivers carry sediment in solution, in suspension, and as bed load and are by far the most significant and
universal transportation agent.


85. Which weathering products, if present, are deposited first when a river reaches the ocean?
a. Clays in suspension
b. Dissolved ions
c. Pebbles
d. Sand grains
The heaviest rock fragments are the first to be deposited.
86. Which weathering products, if present, are not necessarily deposited when a river reaches the

ocean?
a. Clays in suspension
b. Dissolved ions
c. Pebbles
d. Sand grains
Dissolved ions are held in the water and may never be deposited.
87. Soil that has been moved to a location away from its parent rock is called __________.
a. residual soil
b. soil profile
c. organic-rich soil
d. transported soil
88. How are soil textures classified?
a. acidity
b. grain size
c. horizon
b. climate
89. Which type of soil develops in mid-latitude forests?
a. Laterite
b. Pedalfer
c. Pedocal
Pedalfers have moderate leaching and are found in mid-latitude forests.

90. Which type of soil is heavily leached, with most of the calcite and silica removed?
a. Laterite
b. Pedalfer
c. Pedocal
Laterites have extensive leaching and are found in tropical rain forests.


91. Which type of soil contains caliche due to minor leaching?

a. Laterite
b. Pedalfer
c. Pedocal
Pedocals have carbonate (caliche) accumulation and are characteristic of deserts.
92. What rock is defined as having angular-shaped clasts?
a. Breccia
b. Conglomerate
c. Sandstone
d. Shale
e. Siltstone
Breccia is defined as a coarse detrital rock with angular clasts.
93. What is the most abundant type of sedimentary rock?
a. Conglomerate
b. Evaporites
c. Limestone
d. Sandstone
e. Shale
Shale is by far the most abundant sedimentary rock type.
94. Which sedimentary rock tends to be fissile?
a. Conglomerate
b. Evaporites
c. Limestone
d. Sandstone
e. Shale
Shale is soft and fissile, meaning that it splits into very thin layers.
95. Which sedimentary rock is made of clay minerals?
a. Conglomerate
b. Evaporites
c. Limestone
d. Sandstone

e. Shale
Shale is composed almost entirely of clay minerals.
96. What is a sandstone with a high feldspar content?
a. Arkose
b. Chert
c. Graywacke


d. Quartz sandstone
e. Siltstone
Arkose is a sandstone with appreciable quantities of feldspar.
97. Which rock is not a form of limestone (i.e. made of calcite)?
a. Chalk
b. Chert
c. Coquina
d. Micrite
e. Travertine
Chert is made of silica (quartz) though it is often found as nodules in limestone.
98. Which of these rocks is not detrital (clastic)?
a. Arkose
b. Breccia
c. Dolostone
d. Graywacke
e. Quartz sandstone
Dolostone is a calcium/magnesium carbonate precipitate.
99. What is coal made of?
a. Altered peat
b. Augite
c. Biotite
d. Hornblende

e. Olivine
Coal is made of peat (plant debris) that has been heated and compacted for a long period of time.
100. Which type of limestone is inorganic in origin?
a. Chalk
b. Coquina
c. Coral reef
d. Micrite
e. Oolitic limestone
Oolitic limestone is made of tiny pearl-like ooids which are of inorganic origin.
101. Which sedimentary rock type is likely to be formed in the most offshore environment?
a. Conglomerate
b. Limestone
c. Sandstone
d. Shale
e. Siltstone


Limestone often forms offshore where clastic particles are not available to contribute to the sediment.
102. What term refers to the degree of uniformity of clast size in sedimentary rocks?
a. Compaction
b. Eluviation
c. Facies
d. Grading
e. Sorting
Sorting concerns the uniformity of particle size within a sedimentary rock.
103. The __________ the total surface area, the __________ chemical weathering that can occur.
a.
b.
c.
d.

greater, same
greater, more
greater, less
smaller, more

104. What type of weathering involves changes in the size or shape of the rock?
a. physical weathering
b. pressure weathering
c. chemical weathering
d. hydrolysis
105. How does temperature affect chemical weathering?
a. It affects the rate of weathering
b. It affects the amount of oxygen involved in weathering
c. It affects the type of weathering
d. It is an agent of weathering
106. What processes aid in the formation of sediments?
a. weathering and metamorphism
b. deposition and solidification
c. weathering and erosion
d. erosion only
107. Dissolution is an example of __________.
a. limestone
b. physical weathering
c. erosion
d. chemical weathering
108. What is the most likely way for rock at the bottom of the land in the figure to be exposed to
sunlight.

a.
b.
c.
d.

weathering and erosion
metamorphism
intrusive cooling
fossil digging

109. Which of the following is an example of a fossil?
a. a dinosaur bone
b. a leaf imprint
c. all of the above
d. a marine worm burrow
110. Which of these metamorphic rocks breaks along foliation lines?
a. Gneiss
b. Marble
c. Quartzite
d. Schist
Schist is foliated and breaks easily along foliation planes.
111. Which metamorphic rock is foliated but does not generally break along the foliation planes?
a. Gneiss
b. Marble
c. Quartzite
d. Schist
Gneiss is foliated but has a granular texture and doesn't break easily along foliation planes.
112. What is the usual orientation of foliation?
a. Horizontal, the same as sedimentary beds
b. Vertical and parallel to stress

c. Vertical and perpendicular to stress
d. Random orientation
Foliation forms at right angles to the stress applied.
113. What sequence of rock types will shale pass through with successively higher grades of
metamorphism?
a. Shale, phyllite, gneiss, schist, slate, partial melting


b.
c.
d.
e.

Shale, phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist, partial melting
Shale, phyllite, slate, schist, gneiss, partial melting
Shale, slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist, partial melting
Shale, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, partial melting

114. What is the order of index mineral appearance from low grade to high grade metamorphism?
a. Chlorite, biotite, muscovite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite
b. Chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite
c. Chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, sillimanite, staurolite
d. Muscovite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite, chlorite
e. Muscovite, chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, sillimanite
115. What silicate mineral is found in metamorphic rock of all grades?
a. Biotite
b. Chlorite
c. Feldspar
d. Garnet
e. Muscovite

Feldspar occurs in all grades of metamorphic rock.
116. What is a rock called when it has both a metamorphic and an igneous component?
a. Hornfels
b. Migmatite
c. Mylonite
d. Phyllite
e. Quartzite
Migmatite results from partial melting of a rock.
117. What process often results in the production of valuable metal ore deposits.
a. Deep burial
b. High grade metamorphism
c. Hydrothermal activity
d. Low grade metamorphism
e. Subduction zone metamorphism
Hydrothermal activity transports metal ions into sites of concentrated deposition.
118. What type of metamorphism exhibits high temperature but low pressure?
a. Contact metamorphism
b. Fault zone metamorphism
c. Regional metamorphism
Contact with hot magma bakes surrounding rocks but often exhibits little pressure on them.
119. What type of metamorphism exhibits both high temperature and high pressure?
a. Contact metamorphism


b. Fault zone metamorphism
c. Regional metamorphism
Regional metamorphism involves high temperature and high pressure.
120. In what plate tectonic setting does regional metamorphism usually take place?
a. Convergent plate boundaries
b. Divergent plate boundaries

c. Transform plate boundaries
d. Plate interiors
Convergent boundaries create lateral pressure and thicken continental crust which leads to regional
metamorphism.
121. What are flat continental areas with exposed igneous and metamorphic rocks called?
a. Plains
b. Platforms
c. Mylonites
d. Salt flats
e. Shields
Shields are flat continental areas with exposed 'basement' rocks.
122. Where does most energy on Earth come from?
a. The Sun
b. The Moon
c. Coal
d. The decay of radioactive elements
123. Why do scientists interpret crude oil to have originated from once-living organisms?
a. Low levels of oxygen in ocean sediments preserved organic matter.
b. Crude oil is a mixture of organic compounds.
c. Sedimentary rocks associated with crude oil contain living organisms.
d. All of the above
124. What type of coal burns the most efficiently?
a. Bituminous
b. Peat
c. Lignite
d. Anthracite
125. How can coal be classified?
a. geologic period during which it formed
b. amount of pressure and time for formation
c. type of biomass

d. temperature of formation
126. Many different types of fossil fuels exist, but they all originated from __________.


a.
b.
c.
d.

Metamorphism and partial decomposition of plants
Ocean sediments
Organic matter trapped in sedimentary rocks
Anthracite coal

127. Which of the following energy resources is renewable?
a. Coal
b. Hydroelectric power
c. Natural gas
d. Nuclear energy
e. Petroleum
Hydroelectric power is always available because the hydrologic cycle, driven by the sun, is always
providing rivers with new water.
128. Which energy resource derives its energy from the earth's interior?
a. Fossil fuels
b. Geothermal energy
c. Hydroelectric power
d. Nuclear energy
e. Solar energy
Geothermal energy comes from heat stored within the earth.
129. What is the most abundant pollutant from fossil fuel combustion?

a. Carbon monoxide
b. Nitrogen oxides
c. Particulates
d. Sulfur oxides
e. Volatile organics
130. What geologic structures usually form the largest petroleum traps?
a. Anticlines
b. Dikes
c. Faults
d. Synclines
e. Unconformities
Anticlines make natural petroleum traps because they are shaped like up-side-down bowls for rising
hydrocarbons to collect in.
131. Which rock type makes a good cap rock for oil and gas reservoirs?
a. Conglomerate
b. Granite
c. Limestone
d. Sandstone
e. Shale


Shale, being abundant and impermeable, is the most common cap rock.
132. Which type of mineral deposits are segregated by density?
a. Evaporite deposits
b. Hydrothermal deposits
c. Metamorphic minerals
d. Placer deposits
e. Weathering products
Placer deposits are worked by river or wave action such that denser constituents are concentrated in
stream beds or beach deposits.

133. What is the concept that adding or removing a weight from the earth's crust causes it to depress or
rebound?
a. Continental drift
b. Isostasy
c. Plate tectonics
d. Rifting
e. Seafloor spreading
Isostasy refers to a flotation type of equilibrium in vertical crustal movements.
134. What name did Alfred Wegener give to his theory of horizontal crustal movements?
a. Continental drift
b. Isostasy
c. Plate tectonics
d. Rifting
e. Seafloor spreading
135. What finally convinced geologists that the continents did move?
a. Dinosaur distributions
b. Lystrosaurus in Antarctica
c. Mantle convection
d. Paleomagnetism
e. The mid-Atlantic ridge
136. What is the character of magnetic anomalies on the seafloor?
a. They occur in stripes that parallel mid-ocean ridges and are offset along transform faults
b. They occur in stripes that run perpendicular to mid-ocean ridges and parallel transform faults
c. They occur in stripes that parallel continental margins and transform faults
d. They occur in stripes that run perpendicular to continental margins and parallel to transform
faults
e. They occur in stripes that parallel transform faults and end at mid-oceanic ridges
Magnetic anomalies occur in stripes that parallel mid-ocean ridges and are offset along transform faults.
137. What theory did magnetic anomalies on the seafloor give rise to?
a. Continental drift

b.
c.
d.
e.

Isostasy
Plate tectonics
Rifting
Seafloor spreading

138. What is the current comprehensive theory of horizontal crustal movements?
a. Continental drift
b. Isostasy
c. Plate tectonics
d. Rifting
e. Seafloor spreading
139. What is the age order of sea floor types (the crust underlying them) from oldest to youngest?
a. Abyssal hills, abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridge, continental shelf
b. Abyssal plains, abyssal hills, mid-ocean ridge, continental shelf
c. Continental shelf, abyssal plains, abyssal hills, mid-ocean ridge
d. Mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hills, abyssal plains, continental shelf
e. Mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains, abyssal hills, continental shelf
140. What does plate tectonic theory predict about the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes?
a. They should be evenly distributed throughout the earth
b. They should occur primarily along plate boundaries
c. They should occur primarily in deep ocean basins
d. They should occur primarily on continents
e. They should only occur along continental margins

141. What has become accepted as the primary mechanism for seafloor spreading?
a. Density differences in the crust
b. Gravitational and tidal forces
c. Mantle convection cells
d. The pole-fleeing force
e. Weight of seafloor sediments