Bài giảng xác suất thống kê ứng dụng trong kinh tế xã hội chương 3 tóm tắt và trình bày dữ liệu bằng bảng và đồ thị

❈❤÷ì♥❣ ■■■
❚â♠ t➢t ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ ✈➔ ✤ç t❤à

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✶ ✴ ✻✻✹


❈❤÷ì♥❣ ■■■

✽

❚â♠ t➢t ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè

✾

❚â♠ t➢t ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç ✈➔ ✤ç t❤à

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✷ ✴ ✻✻✹

❈❤÷ì♥❣ ■■■

✽

❚â♠ t➢t ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè

✾

❚â♠ t➢t ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç ✈➔ ✤ç t❤à

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✷ ✴ ✻✻✹


❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
❑❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠
❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❧➔ ♠ët ❜↔♥❣ tê♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❝â t❤➸ ❝â ❝õ❛ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ q✉❛♥ s→t✱
❤♦➦❝ ❝→❝ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà ♠➔ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✭✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣✮ ❝â t❤➸ rì✐ ✈➔♦ ✈➔ sè q✉❛♥
s→t ✭t➛♥ sè✮✱ t➾ ❧➺ ♣❤➛♥ tr➠♠ ❝❤✐➳♠ ✭t➛♥ s✉➜t✮ t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ✈î✐ ♠é✐ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❤♦➦❝
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✳
❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè t❤÷í♥❣ ❣ç♠ ❜❛ ❝ët✿
❈ët ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ♠æ t↔ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❤♦➦❝ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ❤❛② ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà ✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝
✤à♥❤ ❝❤♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉❀
❈ët t❤ù ❤❛✐ ♠æ t↔ t➛♥ sè t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ✈î✐ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❤❛② ❣✐→ trà❀
❈ët t❤ù ❜❛ ♠æ t↔ ❝→❝ t➛♥ s✉➜t t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✸ ✴ ✻✻✹


❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
❑❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠
❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❧➔ ♠ët ❜↔♥❣ tê♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❝â t❤➸ ❝â ❝õ❛ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ q✉❛♥ s→t✱
❤♦➦❝ ❝→❝ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà ♠➔ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✭✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣✮ ❝â t❤➸ rì✐ ✈➔♦ ✈➔ sè q✉❛♥
s→t ✭t➛♥ sè✮✱ t➾ ❧➺ ♣❤➛♥ tr➠♠ ❝❤✐➳♠ ✭t➛♥ s✉➜t✮ t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ✈î✐ ♠é✐ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❤♦➦❝
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✳
❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè t❤÷í♥❣ ❣ç♠ ❜❛ ❝ët✿
❈ët ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ♠æ t↔ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❤♦➦❝ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ❤❛② ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ trà ✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝
✤à♥❤ ❝❤♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉❀
❈ët t❤ù ❤❛✐ ♠æ t↔ t➛♥ sè t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ✈î✐ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❤❛② ❣✐→ trà❀
❈ët t❤ù ❜❛ ♠æ t↔ ❝→❝ t➛♥ s✉➜t t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✸ ✴ ✻✻✹

▲➟♣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❝❤♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤
❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❝õ❛ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤ ❣ç♠ ❜❛ ❝ët ✈î✐ ❝→❝ t❤æ♥❣ t✐♥ s❛✉✿
❈ët ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ❧✐➺t ❦➯ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ❝â t❤➸ ❝â ❝õ❛ ✤è✐ t÷ñ♥❣ t❤❡♦ ❝→❝ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠
❝➛♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉✱ ❝❤➥♥❣ ❤↕♥ t❛ ❝â ❦ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥❀
❈ët t❤ù ❤❛✐ ❧➔ t➛♥ sè ♠é✐ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ✈ø❛ ❧✐➺t ❦➯✱ ❝❤➥♥❣ ❤↕♥ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ➳
t❤ù ✐ ❝â
t➛♥ sè ❧➔ ❢✐ ✳ ◆➳✉ tê♥❣ sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❧➔ ♥ t❤➻ t❛ ❝â ♥

✏

✐

✏✶

❦❢✐ ❀

❈ët t❤ù ❜❛ ♠æ t↔ ❝→❝ t➛♥ s✉➜t t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ✈î✐ ♠é✐ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥✳ ❱î✐ ❝→❝ ❣✐↔ sû
♥❤÷ tr➯♥✱ t➛♥ s✉➜t ❝õ❛ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ t❤ù ✐ s➩ ❧➔

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

❢✐
♥

✂ ✶✵✵%✳

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✹ ✴ ✻✻✹


▲➟♣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❝❤♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣
◆➳✉ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠➔ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ q✉❛♥ t➙♠ ❝â ➼t ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ t❤➻
❝→❝❤ ❧➟♣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❣✐è♥❣ ♥❤÷ ❝→❝❤ ❧➟♣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❝❤♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤✱
❧ó❝ ♥➔② ♠é✐ ❣✐→ trà ①❡♠ ♥❤÷ ❧➔ ♠ët ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥✳
◆➳✉ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠➔ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ q✉❛♥ t➙♠ ❝â q✉→ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❜✐➸✉
❤✐➺♥ t❤➻ ✈✐➺❝ ❧✐➺t ❦➯ tø♥❣ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ♠ët ♥❤÷ ❝→❝❤ ð tr➯♥ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝á♥ ♣❤ò ❤ñ♣ ✈➻
♥➳✉ ❧➔♠ t❤➳ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè s➩ r➜t ❞➔✐✱ ♠➜t ✤✐ t→❝ ❞ö♥❣ tâ♠ ❧÷ñ❝ t❤æ♥❣ t✐♥✱ ❦❤æ♥❣
t↕♦ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ t❤✉➟♥ ❧ñ✐ ❝❤♦ ♥❣÷í✐ q✉❛♥ s→t t❤æ♥❣ t✐♥ tr♦♥❣ ✈✐➺❝ ♥❤➟♥ t❤ù❝ ✈➜♥
✤➲✳ ▲ó❝ ♥➔② ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ♣❤↔✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ rç✐ s❛✉ ✤â ♠î✐ ❧➟♣ ❜↔♥❣
t➛♥ sè tr➯♥ ❝ì sð ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤➣ ♣❤➙♥ tê ♥➔②✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✺ ✴ ✻✻✹


▲➟♣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❝❤♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣
◆➳✉ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠➔ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ q✉❛♥ t➙♠ ❝â ➼t ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ t❤➻
❝→❝❤ ❧➟♣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❣✐è♥❣ ♥❤÷ ❝→❝❤ ❧➟♣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ❝❤♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤✱
❧ó❝ ♥➔② ♠é✐ ❣✐→ trà ①❡♠ ♥❤÷ ❧➔ ♠ët ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥✳
◆➳✉ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠➔ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ q✉❛♥ t➙♠ ❝â q✉→ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❜✐➸✉
❤✐➺♥ t❤➻ ✈✐➺❝ ❧✐➺t ❦➯ tø♥❣ ❜✐➸✉ ❤✐➺♥ ♠ët ♥❤÷ ❝→❝❤ ð tr➯♥ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝á♥ ♣❤ò ❤ñ♣ ✈➻

♥➳✉ ❧➔♠ t❤➳ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè s➩ r➜t ❞➔✐✱ ♠➜t ✤✐ t→❝ ❞ö♥❣ tâ♠ ❧÷ñ❝ t❤æ♥❣ t✐♥✱ ❦❤æ♥❣
t↕♦ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ t❤✉➟♥ ❧ñ✐ ❝❤♦ ♥❣÷í✐ q✉❛♥ s→t t❤æ♥❣ t✐♥ tr♦♥❣ ✈✐➺❝ ♥❤➟♥ t❤ù❝ ✈➜♥
✤➲✳ ▲ó❝ ♥➔② ❝❤ó♥❣ t❛ ♣❤↔✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ rç✐ s❛✉ ✤â ♠î✐ ❧➟♣ ❜↔♥❣
t➛♥ sè tr➯♥ ❝ì sð ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤➣ ♣❤➙♥ tê ♥➔②✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✺ ✴ ✻✻✹


P❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉
▼ët sè ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ tr♦♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✿

❚r♦♥❣ ♠é✐ ♠ët tê✱ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ❧➔ trà sè ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ tê✱ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❧➔ trà
sè ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ tê✳
❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝õ❛ ♠ët tê ❧➔ ❤✐➺✉ ❣✐ú❛ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ✈➔ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐✳
P❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝→❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ s❛♦ ❝❤♦ t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ tê tr♦♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ✤➲✉ ❝â
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳
P❤➙♥ tê ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝→❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ s❛♦ ❝❤♦ ➼t ♥❤➜t ❤❛✐ tê tr♦♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
❝â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳

▼ët sè ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❦❤✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ tê✿

❈→❝ tê ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣✐❛♦ ♥❤❛✉✱ ✤➸ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ♠ët q✉❛♥ s→t ❜➜t ❦➻ ❝❤➾ t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦
♠ët tê❀
❈→❝ tê ✤÷ñ❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ ♣❤↔✐ ❜❛♦ q✉→t ❤➳t t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉❀

▼å✐ tê ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ➼t ♥❤➜t ♠ët q✉❛♥ s→t✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✻ ✴ ✻✻✹


P❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉
▼ët sè ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ tr♦♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✿

❚r♦♥❣ ♠é✐ ♠ët tê✱ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ❧➔ trà sè ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ tê✱ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❧➔ trà
sè ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ tê✳
❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝õ❛ ♠ët tê ❧➔ ❤✐➺✉ ❣✐ú❛ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ✈➔ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐✳
P❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝→❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ s❛♦ ❝❤♦ t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ tê tr♦♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ✤➲✉ ❝â
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳
P❤➙♥ tê ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝→❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ s❛♦ ❝❤♦ ➼t ♥❤➜t ❤❛✐ tê tr♦♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
❝â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳

▼ët sè ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❦❤✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ tê✿

❈→❝ tê ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣✐❛♦ ♥❤❛✉✱ ✤➸ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ♠ët q✉❛♥ s→t ❜➜t ❦➻ ❝❤➾ t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦
♠ët tê❀
❈→❝ tê ✤÷ñ❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ ♣❤↔✐ ❜❛♦ q✉→t ❤➳t t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉❀
▼å✐ tê ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ➼t ♥❤➜t ♠ët q✉❛♥ s→t✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✻ ✴ ✻✻✹


P❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉
▼ët sè ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠ tr♦♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ tê ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✿

❚r♦♥❣ ♠é✐ ♠ët tê✱ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ❧➔ trà sè ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ tê✱ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❧➔ trà
sè ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ tê✳
❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝õ❛ ♠ët tê ❧➔ ❤✐➺✉ ❣✐ú❛ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ✈➔ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐✳
P❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝→❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ s❛♦ ❝❤♦ t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ tê tr♦♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ✤➲✉ ❝â
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳
P❤➙♥ tê ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝→❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ s❛♦ ❝❤♦ ➼t ♥❤➜t ❤❛✐ tê tr♦♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
❝â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳

▼ët sè ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❦❤✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ tê✿

❈→❝ tê ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤÷ñ❝ ❣✐❛♦ ♥❤❛✉✱ ✤➸ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ♠ët q✉❛♥ s→t ❜➜t ❦➻ ❝❤➾ t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦
♠ët tê❀
❈→❝ tê ✤÷ñ❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ ♣❤↔✐ ❜❛♦ q✉→t ❤➳t t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉❀
▼å✐ tê ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ➼t ♥❤➜t ♠ët q✉❛♥ s→t✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✻ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉
❈→❝ ❜÷î❝ ❝õ❛ t❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉✿
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✿ ◆➳✉ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♥ ♣❤➛♥ tû✱ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❦ ❝â t❤➸
①→❝ ✤à♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿ ❦
❦

✏ ♣✷♥q✶④✸ ❤♦➦❝ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❝õ❛ ❍✳❆✳❙t✉❣r❡s✿

✏ ✶   ❧♦❣✷ ♥✱ ð ✤➙② ❦ s➩ ✤÷ñ❝ ❧➔♠ trá♥ ✤➳♥ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❞÷ì♥❣ ❣➛♥ ♥❤➜t ♥➳✉

❦ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❧➔ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤✿ ❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤ ✤÷ñ❝ t➼♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿
①
①
✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ①
✈➔ ①
t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ✈➔ ❣✐→
❤
❦

✏

♠❛① ✁ ♠✐♥

♠❛①

♠✐♥

trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✱ ❦ ❧➔ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ✈➔ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ tê✿ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❣✐ú❛ ❝→❝ tê ❝➛♥
❝❤✐❛ ♣❤↔✐ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿

❚ê ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ① ❀
❚ê ❝✉è✐ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ① ❀
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ tê tr÷î❝ ♣❤↔✐ trò♥❣ ✈î✐ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ❝õ❛ tê ❧✐➲♥ s❛✉✳
♠✐♥

♠❛①

P❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❝→❝ q✉❛♥ s→t ✈➔♦ ❝→❝ tê✿ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ♣❤ò ❤ñ♣ ✈î✐ tê ♥➔♦ t❤➻ t❤➻
①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê ✤â✱ tù❝ ❧➔ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ①✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐

➔ ①✐ ↕ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ✭●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ↕ ①✐ ➔ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥✮✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✼ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉

❈→❝ ❜÷î❝ ❝õ❛ t❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉✿
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✿ ◆➳✉ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♥ ♣❤➛♥ tû✱ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❦ ❝â t❤➸
①→❝ ✤à♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿ ❦
❦

✏ ♣✷♥q✶④✸ ❤♦➦❝ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❝õ❛ ❍✳❆✳❙t✉❣r❡s✿

✏ ✶   ❧♦❣✷ ♥✱ ð ✤➙② ❦ s➩ ✤÷ñ❝ ❧➔♠ trá♥ ✤➳♥ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❞÷ì♥❣ ❣➛♥ ♥❤➜t ♥➳✉

❦ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❧➔ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤✿ ❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤ ✤÷ñ❝ t➼♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿
①
①
✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ①
✈➔ ①
t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ✈➔ ❣✐→
❤
❦

✏

♠❛① ✁ ♠✐♥

♠❛①

♠✐♥

trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✱ ❦ ❧➔ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ✈➔ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ tê✿ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❣✐ú❛ ❝→❝ tê ❝➛♥
❝❤✐❛ ♣❤↔✐ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿

❚ê ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ① ❀
❚ê ❝✉è✐ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ① ❀
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ tê tr÷î❝ ♣❤↔✐ trò♥❣ ✈î✐ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ❝õ❛ tê ❧✐➲♥ s❛✉✳
♠✐♥

♠❛①

P❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❝→❝ q✉❛♥ s→t ✈➔♦ ❝→❝ tê✿ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ♣❤ò ❤ñ♣ ✈î✐ tê ♥➔♦ t❤➻ t❤➻
①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê ✤â✱ tù❝ ❧➔ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ①✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐

➔ ①✐ ↕ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ✭●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ↕ ①✐ ➔ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥✮✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✼ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉
❈→❝ ❜÷î❝ ❝õ❛ t❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉✿
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✿ ◆➳✉ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♥ ♣❤➛♥ tû✱ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❦ ❝â t❤➸
①→❝ ✤à♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿ ❦
❦

✏ ♣✷♥q✶④✸ ❤♦➦❝ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❝õ❛ ❍✳❆✳❙t✉❣r❡s✿

✏ ✶   ❧♦❣✷ ♥✱ ð ✤➙② ❦ s➩ ✤÷ñ❝ ❧➔♠ trá♥ ✤➳♥ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❞÷ì♥❣ ❣➛♥ ♥❤➜t ♥➳✉

❦ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❧➔ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤✿ ❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤ ✤÷ñ❝ t➼♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿
①
①
✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ①
✈➔ ①
t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ✈➔ ❣✐→
❤
❦

✏

♠❛① ✁ ♠✐♥

♠❛①

♠✐♥

trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✱ ❦ ❧➔ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ✈➔ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ tê✿ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❣✐ú❛ ❝→❝ tê ❝➛♥
❝❤✐❛ ♣❤↔✐ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿

❚ê ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ① ❀
❚ê ❝✉è✐ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ① ❀
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ tê tr÷î❝ ♣❤↔✐ trò♥❣ ✈î✐ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ❝õ❛ tê ❧✐➲♥ s❛✉✳
♠✐♥

♠❛①

P❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❝→❝ q✉❛♥ s→t ✈➔♦ ❝→❝ tê✿ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ♣❤ò ❤ñ♣ ✈î✐ tê ♥➔♦ t❤➻ t❤➻
①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê ✤â✱ tù❝ ❧➔ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ①✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐

➔ ①✐ ↕ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ✭●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ↕ ①✐ ➔ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥✮✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✼ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉
❈→❝ ❜÷î❝ ❝õ❛ t❤õ tö❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê ✤➲✉✿
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✿ ◆➳✉ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♥ ♣❤➛♥ tû✱ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❦ ❝â t❤➸
①→❝ ✤à♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿ ❦
❦

✏ ♣✷♥q✶④✸ ❤♦➦❝ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ❝õ❛ ❍✳❆✳❙t✉❣r❡s✿

✏ ✶   ❧♦❣✷ ♥✱ ð ✤➙② ❦ s➩ ✤÷ñ❝ ❧➔♠ trá♥ ✤➳♥ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❞÷ì♥❣ ❣➛♥ ♥❤➜t ♥➳✉

❦ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❧➔ sè ♥❣✉②➯♥✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤✿ ❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ tê ❤ ✤÷ñ❝ t➼♥❤ t❤❡♦ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿
①

①
✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ①
✈➔ ①
t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ✈➔ ❣✐→
❤
❦

✏

♠❛① ✁ ♠✐♥

♠❛①

♠✐♥

trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✱ ❦ ❧➔ sè tê ❝➛♥ ❝❤✐❛✳
❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ✈➔ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ tê✿ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❣✐ú❛ ❝→❝ tê ❝➛♥
❝❤✐❛ ♣❤↔✐ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿

❚ê ✤➛✉ t✐➯♥ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ♥❤➜t ① ❀
❚ê ❝✉è✐ ❝ò♥❣ ♣❤↔✐ ❝❤ù❛ ❣✐→ trà ❧î♥ ♥❤➜t ① ❀
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ❝õ❛ tê tr÷î❝ ♣❤↔✐ trò♥❣ ✈î✐ ❣✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ❝õ❛ tê ❧✐➲♥ s❛✉✳
♠✐♥

♠❛①

P❤➙♥ ❝❤✐❛ ❝→❝ q✉❛♥ s→t ✈➔♦ ❝→❝ tê✿ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ♣❤ò ❤ñ♣ ✈î✐ tê ♥➔♦ t❤➻ t❤➻
①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê ✤â✱ tù❝ ❧➔ q✉❛♥ s→t ❝â ❣✐→ trà ①✐ ✤÷ñ❝ ①➳♣ ✈➔♦ tê t❤ä❛ ♠➣♥ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥✿
●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐

➔ ①✐ ↕ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥ ✭●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ ❞÷î✐ ↕ ①✐ ➔ ●✐î✐ ❤↕♥ tr➯♥✮✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✼ ✴ ✻✻✹


❱➼ ❞ö ✈➲ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ✈➲ sè t❤➼ s✐♥❤ ❞ü t❤✐ ❝→❝ ❦❤è✐ ❆✱ ❇✱ ❉ ✈➔♦ tr÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤➠♥❣
▲♦♥❣ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✽

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❙è t❤➼ s✐♥❤ ❚➛♥ sè ❚➛♥ s✉➜t ✭✪✮
❑❤è✐ ❆

✷✾✼✹

✺✼✳✵✺

❑❤è✐ ❇

✻✻✻

✶✷✳✼✽

❑❤è✐ ❉

✶✺✼✸

✸✵✳✶✼

❚ê♥❣

✺✷✶✸

✶✵✵

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✽ ✴ ✻✻✹


❱➼ ❞ö ✈➲ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
❇↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè ✈➲ ✤✐➸♠ t❤✐ ❚♦→♥ ❦❤è✐ ❆ ✈➔♦ tr÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤➠♥❣ ▲♦♥❣ ♥➠♠
✷✵✵✽

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

✣✐➸♠
✵✳✵
✵✳✷✺
✵✳✺
✵✳✼✺

✶✳✵
✶✳✷✺
✶✳✺
✶✳✼✺
✷✳✵
✷✳✷✺
✷✳✺
✷✳✼✺
✸✳✵
✸✳✷✺
✸✳✺
✸✳✼✺
✹✳✵

❚➛♥ sè
✷✶✹
✶✵✶
✶✻✻
✶✽✶
✸✺✽
✶✶✾
✶✼✽
✶✸✵
✷✹✼
✶✹✵
✶✺✺
✶✺✷
✶✹✸
✶✵✾
✶✵✼

✽✾
✽✾

✣✐➸♠
✹✳✷✺
✹✳✺
✹✳✼✺
✺✳✵
✺✳✷✺
✺✳✺
✺✳✼✺
✻✳✵
✻✳✷✺
✻✳✺
✻✳✼✺
✼
✼✳✷✺
✼✳✺
✼✳✼✺
✽✳✵
✽✳✼✺

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

❚➛♥ sè
✻✶
✻✸
✹✷
✹✸
✷✻

✶✽
✶✸
✾
✻
✹
✶
✺
✶
✶
✶
✶
✶

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✺✾ ✴ ✻✻✹


❱➼ ❞ö ✈➲ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè
✏  

✷

✏

✏

⑩♣ ❞ö♥❣ ❝→❝ q✉✐ t➢❝ ♣❤➙♥ tê✱ t➼♥❤ ❦
✶
❧♦❣ ✸✹

✻.✵✾✱ ❧➜② ❦
✻✱
✽.✼✺
✵.✵
✶.✹✻✱ ❧➜② ❤
✶.✺✳ ❚❛ ❝â t❤➸ ❧➟♣ ❧↕✐ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè t❤✉ ❣å♥ ♥❤÷
❤
✻
s❛✉✿

✏

✁

✏

✏

✣✐➸♠

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❚➛♥ sè ❚➛♥ s✉➜t ✭✪✮

❬✵✳✵✱ ✶✳✺❪

✶✸✶✼

✹✹✳✷✽

✭✶✳✺✱ ✸✳✵❪

✾✻✼

✸✷✳✺✶

✭✸✳✵✱ ✹✳✺❪

✺✶✽

✶✼✳✹✷

✭✹✳✺✱ ✻✳✵❪

✶✺✶

✺✳✵✽

✭✻✳✵✱ ✼✳✺❪

✶✽

✵✳✻✶

✭✼✳✺✱ ✾✳✵❪

✸

✵✳✶✵

❚ê♥❣

✷✾✼✹

✶✵✵

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✵ ✴ ✻✻✹


❇✐➸✉ ✤ç ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐ t➛♥ sè
❇✐➸✉ ✤ç ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐ t➛♥ sè ❣ç♠ ❝→❝ t❤❛♥❤ ✤ù♥❣ ❞ò♥❣ ✤➸ ♠✐➯✉ t↔ ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐ t➛♥
sè ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✳
▲➺♥❤ tr♦♥❣ ❘ ✤➸ ✈➩ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐ t➛♥ sè ✭❤✐st♦❣r❛♠✮✿

❤✐st✭①✱✳✳✳✮✳

❇✐➸✉ ✤ç t➛♥ sè ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥ t➛♥ sè ✤✐➸♠ t❤✐ ❚♦→♥ ❦❤è✐ ❆ ✈➔♦ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤➠♥❣ ▲♦♥❣
♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✽✿

0

300

600

Tan So

900

1200

1500

Bieu Do Tan So Diem Thi Toan Khoi A nam 2008

0.0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

7.5

9.0

Diem

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✶ ✴ ✻✻✹


✣❛ ❣✐→❝ t➛♥ sè
✣❛ ❣✐→❝ t➛♥ sè ❧➔ ✤ç t❤à ❣ç♠ ❝→❝ ✤♦↕♥ t❤➥♥❣ ♥è✐ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ ✈î✐ ♥❤❛✉ ❞ò♥❣ ✤➸
♠✐➯✉ t↔ ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐ t➛♥ sè ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✳
▲➺♥❤ tr♦♥❣ ❘ ✤➸ ✈➩ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ t➛♥ sè✿

♣❧♦t✭①✱ ②✱ t②♣❡ ❂ ✧❧✧✱✳✳✳✮✳

✣❛ ❣✐→❝ t➛♥ sè ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥ t➛♥ sè ✤✐➸♠ t❤✐ ❚♦→♥ ❦❤è✐ ❆ ✈➔♦ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❚❤➠♥❣ ▲♦♥❣
♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✽✿

1500

Da Giac Tan So Diem Thi Toan Khoi A Nam 2008

1200

●

600

Tan So

900

●

300

●

0

●

●

●

0.0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

●

7.5

●

9.0

Diem

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✷ ✴ ✻✻✹


❇✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤➙♥ ✈➔ ❧→
❇✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤➙♥ ✈➔ ❧→ ✤÷ñ❝ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝❤✐❛ ❝→❝ ❝❤ú sè tr♦♥❣ ♠é✐ sè
t❤➔♥❤ ❤❛✐ ♣❤➛♥✿ ♣❤➛♥ t❤➙♥ ✈➔ ♣❤➛♥ ❧→✳
▲➺♥❤ tr♦♥❣ ❘ ✤➸ ✈➩ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤➙♥ ✈➔ ❧→✿

st❡♠✭①✱✳✳✳✮✳

❇✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤➙♥ ✈➔ ❧→ ❜✐➸✉ t❤à ✤✐➸♠ t❤✐ ❝õ❛ ✷✵ s✐♥❤ ✈✐➯♥✿ ✽✻✱ ✼✼✱ ✾✶✱ ✻✵✱ ✺✺✱ ✼✻✱
✾✷✱ ✹✼✱ ✽✽✱ ✻✼✱ ✷✸✱ ✺✾✱ ✼✷✱ ✼✺✱ ✽✸✱ ✼✼✱ ✻✽✱ ✽✷✱ ✾✼✱ ✽✾✱ ✽✶✱ ✼✺✱ ✽✷✱ ✾✼✱ ✽✾ ❧➔✿

❚❤➙♥
✷
✸
✹
✺
✻
✼
✽
✾

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

▲→
✸
✼
✺
✵
✷
✶
✶

✾
✼
✺
✷
✷

✽
✺ ✻ ✼ ✼
✷ ✸ ✻ ✽ ✾ ✾
✼ ✼

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✸ ✴ ✻✻✹

❇✐➸✉ ✤ç ❤➻♥❤ trá♥
❇✐➸✉ ✤ç ❤➻♥❤ trá♥ ♠✐➯✉ t↔ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❞÷î✐ ❞↕♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ trá♥✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛
t♦➔♥ ❜ë ❤➻♥❤ trá♥ ✤↕✐ ❞✐➺♥ ❝❤♦ ✶✵✵% ❝→❝ ♣❤➛♥ tû ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✈➔ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤
❝→❝ ❤➻♥❤ q✉↕t ✤↕✐ ❞✐➺♥ ❝❤♦ ♣❤➛♥ tr➠♠ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ t➟♣ ❝♦♥ ❝➛♥ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥✳
▲➺♥❤ tr♦♥❣ ❘ ✤➸ ✈➩ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç ❤➻♥❤ trá♥✿

♣✐❡✭①✱✳✳✳✮✳

❇✐➸✉ ✤ç ❤➻♥❤ trá♥ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✈ò♥❣ ❱✐➺t ◆❛♠✿
Dien Tich Cac Vung Viet Nam

Tay Bac Bo
DongBac Bo

Bac Trung Bo

Dong Bang SongHong

Nam Trung Bo

Dong Bang Song Cuu Long

Dong Nam Bo

Tay Nguyen

So Lieu 2007

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✹ ✴ ✻✻✹


❇✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤❛♥❤
❇✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤❛♥❤ ❜❛♦ ❣ç♠ t❤❛♥❤ ✤ù♥❣ ✭♥❣❛♥❣✮ ❞ò♥❣ ✤➸ ♠✐➯✉ t↔ ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐ t➛♥
sè ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✳
▲➺♥❤ tr♦♥❣ ❘ ✤➸ ✈➩ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤❛♥❤✿

❜❛r♣❧♦t✭①✱✳✳✳✮✳

❇✐➸✉ ✤ç ❤➻♥❤ trá♥ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥ ❚ê♥❣ s↔♥ ♣❤➞♠ tr♦♥❣ ♥÷î❝ tø ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✵ ✤➳♥ ✷✵✵✻✿

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Tong San Pham Trong Nuoc
Nghin Ti Dong

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

So Lieu 2007

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✺ ✴ ✻✻✹


❇✐➸✉ ✤ç P❛r❡t♦
❇✐➸✉ ✤ç P❛r❡t♦ ❣ç♠ ❝→❝ t❤❛♥❤ ✤ù♥❣✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â t❤æ♥❣ t✐♥ ✈➲ ❝→❝ q✉❛♥ s→t ✤÷ñ❝
♣❤➙♥ ❧♦↕✐ ✈➔ ✤÷ñ❝ ✤÷❛ ❧➯♥ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç t❤❡♦ t❤ù tü ❣✐↔♠ ❞➛♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ t➛♥ sè✱ ✤ç♥❣
t❤í✐ ❦➳t ❤ñ♣ ❧✉æ♥ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ t➼❝❤ ❧ô② tr➯♥ ❝ò♥❣ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç ♥➔②✳

✣➸ ✈➩ ❜✐➸✉ ✤ç P❛r❡t♦ tr♦♥❣ ❘ t❛ ♣❤↔✐ ❧➟♣ ♠➣ ❤➔♠ P❛r❡t♦✱ s❛✉ ✤â ♠î✐ ❣å✐ ❧↕✐
✤➸ ✈➩✳
❇✐➸✉ ✤ç P❛r❡t♦ ❝❤♦ ❑❤✉❱✉❝✿
Bieu do Pareto cho Khu vuc
11

1.0

10

0.9

9

0.7
7
0.6

Tan So Tich Luy

0.8

8

6
0.5
5
0.4
4
ThanhPho

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

MienNui

NongThon

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

HaiDao

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✻ ✴ ✻✻✹