Vài suy nghĩ về cách bài trí cung điện Bắc Kinh và cung điện Huế

Phan Thanh

co vk l h at so vdi p h i n NQi dinh - tirc ye"u t6
"iml' (5).
Con 6 Hue", khu Ngoai tri&u nam 6 b6n ngoai
Ti, Ci'm thanh - tinh tir Ngo M6n de"n he"t dien
Thai Hoa (6), chi gem 1 ng6i dien duy nhgt - tirc
s6 18, s6 du'dng - nhu'ng lai co de"n 4 mie"u thd
t6 dgt 6 2 b6n (Trieu Mi&, Huhg Mie"l~,Thai
M i 6 va The" Mi&). Ne"u kh6ng tinh khu vqc 4
mie"u thd, thi kich thu'dc khu vgc nay kh6ng ldn
ldm, khoing 72 trwng x 60 tru'dng (305m x
254m) (7). Kich thu'dc nay tham chi con nh6
hdn khu Nei dinh (Hgu ta"m), du'dc Dai Narn
nhi't th6ng chi tinh la bao g6m c i Ti, Ca"m
Thanh, vdi kich thu'dc khoing 81 t r q n g x 72
trwng (343,5m x 305m). Khu Ti, Ca"m Thanh
hay Nei dinh cba Hue" g6m 2 cung la cung Can
Thanh va cung Kh6n Thai - tirc dimg the0 s6
chin, s6 i m .
Nhu' vgy, xem ra 6 cach b6 tri cha cung dien
Hue"tu'dng quan giiia 2 ye"u t6 i m - du'dng co vk
c i n bang hdn (xem sd d6 2). C b truc Ti&n
tri&u - Hgu t8m cda cung dien Hue" ciing the0
ki6u "ti6n nhi't dien, ha11nhj cung" chQ khbng
phii ki6u "tien tam dien, h$u tam cung" cha
cung dien Bdc Kinh.
V6 cach b6 tri cung dien, ngoai s q chi ph6i

cha tu' t d n g I6 giao va thuye"t Am du'dng ngii
hanh, con chju Hnh h d n g s i u sdc cha truygn
thdng kie"n truc.
Theo tac g i i cu6n '"rung Qu6c c6 kie"n truc
thgp nhj giing", 6 cach b6 tri cung dien Bdc
Kinh, truyen thdng "hoa gia vi qu6cc"d w c the"
hien ra"t r6. Ngu'di ta li'y p h i n Nei dinh - v6n
du'dc xem la ngBi nha cha Hoang de" - lam
chu8n mgc de" kie"n tao Hoang cung. Bhi v$yl
phin Ngoai tri&u chinh la hinh i n h cha Nci dinh
nhuhg n h h 4 lsn 16n v& quy m6; hay ne"u cung
Can Thanh la tirn di6ni cha khu Nei dinh thi
dien Thai Hoa la t i m di6m cda Ngoai tri6u
(xem sd d6). Ngoai ra, cach b6 tri phsn Ngq
uye"n 6 phia sau ciing bi6u hien sq i n h hu'6ng
cha truy6n th6ng kie"n truc Trung Qu6c. Tuy
nhien, c i n chu y rang, chii "gia" trong "hoa gia
vi qu6c" nay. la ng6i nha c6a hoang de", la kie"n
truc cung dinh vdi d&ng ci'p rgt cao chQ kh6ng
phii la kie"n truc d i n gian cha Trung Hoa.
6 Hue",cach bai tri cung dien ciing bi6u hien
r2't rr6 truyen th6ng kie"n truc Viet nhu'ng la vdi
vk binh dj gsn giii vdi kie"n truc d i n gian, chQ
khBng d&ng c2'p va xa cach ki6n truc d i n gian
nhu' cung dien Bdc Kinh. Quan sat sd d6
Hoang thanh - Ti, Ci'm ,thanh Hue", ta thi'y sq

hi -

Vhi suy ngh7v& chch bBi tri cung d i t n ...

b6 tri cac khu vqc du'bng nhu' mang hinh i n h
cach bai tri c6a met ng6i nha RLIbng c6a Hue" Ciing la kie"u b6 tri danh p h i n phia trllClc va
phin trung tirn lam ndi don khach va thqc hien
cac nghi 16,tin ngu'ang; phin phia sau va hai
b6n danh Mm ndi sinh hoat cho chh n h i n va
gia dinh, trong do b6n hk-phia T i y danh cho
n i i gidi, b6n t8-phia D6ng danh cho nam gidi
(8).
Di6u dac biet hdn trong cach bai tri kie"n truc
cung dinh Hue" la viec dgt h6 Thai Djch ngay
sau ci,a Ngo Men, ci,a chinh c6a hoang thanh.
D i y la met hien t w n g dgc biet va chu'a h6 thi'y
trong ljch si, kie"n truc Trung QIJ~C.
Hoang Lan
Tu'dng, met nha nghien c h ljch si, ki&n truc
ngclai Dai Loan - ciing la met ngclbi Han chinh
g6c, d2 thira nhgn rhng, d8y la cach ph6i tri doc
dao va hoan toan the0 truyen th6ng kie"n truc
Viet!
Nhmg d i u la n h i n t6 cd b i n lam n6n sq
khac nhau giiia kie"ntruc truy6n thdng Viet Nam
va kie"n truc Trung Qudc? Theo chung t6i, do
chinh la s g khac nhau trong phu'dng phap tu'
duy va cach img xi, vdi thi6n nhi6n c6a ngu'di
Viet va ngclai Han.
V6 phu'dng phap tu' duy, ngu'di Viet khac h&n
ngu'di Han do si, dung he thu'dc do - met thir
c6ng cu he"t sac quan trong d6 tu' duy - co gia
trj r2't khhe nhau, da v& t6n goi co vk nhu' hoan

toan gidng nhau (d&u la iy - trugng - t h ~ d c- t i c
- phlin - ly..). C i y thu'dc ma ngllbi thd mec
Trung Hoa ding d6 thie"t ke" va b6 tri cung dien
BBC Kinh thdi Minh, Thanh co gia trj tu'dng
du'dng 32cm; con c i y thu'dc ma ngclbi thd Viet
Nam dang de" thi6t ke" va b6 tri cung dien Hue"
thdi guye en c6 gia trj de"n 42,4cm! (9) Chinh sq
khac nhau nay d2 dsn de"n n h h g t3 khac
nhau trong cach bai tri va b6 cuc cac c6ng
trinh.
Con cach img xi, vdi thi6n nhi6n cha kie"n
truc cung di$n Viet Nam va Trung Qu6c ciing
c6 nhiing diem khac nhau. Kie"n truc cung dien
Viet Nam, ma ti6u bi6u la 6 Hue", luBn cb quy
m6 va chie"m tg trong kha khi&m t6n so vdi cac
y&u t6 t q nhi6n xung quanh, lu6n tim cach hoa
hdp vdi thi6n nhien, chQ khdng tim cach " v w t
16n" nhu' ki6n truc cung dien Trung Hoa - lu6n
co quy m6 to Idn vdi v6 ph6 tru'dng hang vi.
Quan sat khu Ngoai tri&u cha 2 hoang cung
C
chung ta s6 nhgn ngay ra
Hue" va B ~ Kinh,
di&u nay. Ngoai tri&u cha hoang cung Bdc Kinh
chi c6 Tam dai dien s h g simg uy nghi tr6n met
n6n dai 3 ci'p cao ddn 8,5m; ri6ng dien Thai

le

(Xem tigp trang 85)

Tap c h i Di 5 i n Van hha 5 8 3(nam 2 0 0 3 )

Binh dign Hoang thanh va Ti, Ci'm thanh Hug thigt l$p tr6n cd sd kh5o sat do dac cda Trung
t i m B i o ten di tich c6 d6 Hug va Dai hoc Waseda (Nhat Bin).
1- C i u Kim Thhy
2- Thien An M6n
3- Doan M6n
4- Ngo M6n

5 Thai Hoa M6n
6- Thai Hoa dien
7- Trung Hoa dien
8 Bho Hoa dien

9- Can 'rhanh m6n
10- Can Thanh cung
11- Kh6n Ninh cung
12- Than VQ M6n

13- Tay Hoa m6n
14- M n g Hoa m6n
15- X i tat dan
16- Thai Migu


(3) Trong kien truc truyen thdng Trung Qubc, co
Hoa co tong chi& cao dbn 35m! Trong khu vqc 4 hinh th$c ket cau mai la Vll dien, Nganh Sdn, Yet
sdn va Huyen Son; m6i hinh thirc mai tren lai co ki6u

nay tuyet nhi2.n khBng co ch8 cho cby xanh va ddn diem (mai don) va trung diem (mai kep). ~ i 6 u
cac ybu t6 thi2.n r1hi6n(thsm chi khBng c6 c i Trung diem v0 dien la loai cao cap nhat, chi dung
c6!). Con b Ngoai tridu b hoang cung Hub, cho cac cung dien clja hoang de b trung t l m Hoang
khBng chi co day cay xanh, hoa c6 ma con c6 cung.
(4) Nguyen Trung quan b thu'dng gidi co 3 khu
c8 hb Thai Djch vbi mat nlrCrc t h i hoa sen, dign
vgc: Thu'qng vien thai dien, Trung vign th' huy va Ha
Thai Hoa thi quy m6 to khdng to qua met ngbi vien thien de. Nhu vay v! tri trung tam c6a v0 tru la
dinh Iang ca Ibn bao nhieu, dat tr2.n met be dai Trung vien tb huy, vi the cung dien c6a hoang de
tam c5'p co chi6u cao chu'a dbn 2,5m, va chi6u phhi dgt b vj tri trung t i m va thu'bng g i n vdi chb'"tb'".
cao c i a dien, tinh dbn dinh noc, van chu'a dbn Nhu' cung Vi Udng thdi Han goi la cung Ta Huy,
thanh thdi Minh, Thanh goi la Tb C l m Thanh.
13m... TSt c i tao n2.n met khBng gian tuy co uy cung
b Viet Nam, cilng dien cha hoang d6 cllng goi la T b
nghiem nhmg v6n kha gan gOi va t q nhi2.n.
Cdm thanh.
b phan Hsu ~ y g ntuy
, c i 2 hoang cung deu
(5) Phan Ngoai trieu cda hoang cung BBC Kinh
dat khu vlfdn ngy' 8 phia sau, nhu'ng b Hoang g6m tam dai dien tirc bb tri theo sb 16 - sb du'dng.
cung Hub, khBng chi c6 met ma c6 dbn bdn, Nguyen p h l n Hgu t8m cUng chi co nhi cung la cung
ngni khu vu'dn, chibm dbn g i n 114 t6ng dien Can Tha~ihva Kh61iNinh, tirc b b t r i theo s6 than s6 l m , nhung ve sau lai xay them cung Giao Thai b
tich toan khu vy'c (lo), tirc t$ trong ldn hdn giira hai cung tren. Cach b6 tri nay cang cho thay sg
nhieu so vdi hoang cung Bac Kinh. Hdn naa, Ian at clja yeu tb "du'dng" trong kien truc cung dien
C
cac ngq uy6n cfia Hub deu khBng co v& vuBng B ~ Kinh.
(6) Hoang Lan Tu'dng trong bai k h i o ciru Lu'dc
van ma thlrbng c6 hinh dang ty' nhi2.n tuy the0
khu dgt, lai luBn gan vbi dien tich mat nu'bc rat k h i o Hue :qubc d6 cua Viet Nam the kq XIX, lai
cho ring, phan Ngoai trieu cda cung dien Hue bao

reng, n2.n luBn tran d i y v& tu'di mat ty' nhi2.n. g6m c i dien c Q ~Chanh !rong,Tu' can1 Thanh.
Chinh khu vqc ki6n truc mang day chgt thi2.n Nhung sach Oai Nam n h i t th6ng chi c i a trieu
nhii2.n nay d2 lam cho hoang cung Hub tuy co Nguyen ghi rd ring, NQi dinh hay Oai NQidu'dc tinh
quy mB nh6 chi bang 112 Th' Cam Thanh Bac g6m c i Tb Cam Thanh vdi 2 cung: cung Can
tinh tirdien Trung Hoa (tirc dien Can Thanh)
Kinh (36ha so vbi 72ha) nhu'ng v6n d i y v& Thanh,
ra phia tru'dc den Oai Cung M6n; cung KhBn Thai,
khoang dat, va dac biet, khBng gian &y ,th$t tinh tir sau dien Jrung Hoa ra phia sau. (Qubc Sb
thanh binh!
quan trieu Nguyen, Oai Nam nhaj thbng chi - Kinh
***
Su'. B i n dich c6a Tu Trai Nguyen Tao, Sai Gon,
Nhu'vsy, co th6 noi, chinh truy&n thdng kibn 1960, tr22).
(7) Trong the" kq XIX, du'di thdi ~ g u y g n 1, tru'dng
truc d2 lam n2.n sy' khac biet cd b i n trong cach
= 4,24m. Tir nam 1898, trb di, theo quy dinh c6a
bb cuc cung dien c i a Bac Kinh va Hub. Va sy' Toan quyen Phap, 6 Bac Kjl 1 t r q n g = 4m (xem
khac bigt gy cd b i n la do sq khac bigt trong them chu thich 9).
(8) Xem so 66 mat bhng Hoang thanh Hue chung
phu'dng phap tu' duy, trong cach irng xir vbi
thi2.n nhien, hay noi cho cung la do ca tinh d i n ta c0ng sB thay cach b6 tri tu'dngJy': Khu phia tru'dc,
trung t i m va 2 ben la khu nghi Ie va mieu thd; khu
tec tao n2.n.
trung t l n i lui ra pliia sau la ndi sinh hoat c i a hoang
COng vi thb, ndu chi nhin v& hinh thirc bb6 de va gia dinh (tirc Tb Cam Thanh), khu phia T l y la
ngoai thi bb cuc cung dien Bac Kinh va Hub co cung dien clja thai haul thai hoang thai hau; khu
v& tlrdng tq nhu' nhau, nhmg ky thqc, cang phia D6ng la nai nghi ngdi, sinh hoat c6a hoang de,
phdn tich lai cang thsy chhng rat khac nhau. hoang tb (vu'dn Cd Ha, Hau H6) va kho tang c i a
Bay chinh la vgn de ma chung t8i hy vong cac hoang gia.
(9) Du'di thdi ~ g u y g n he

, thu'dc mQc va thu'dc do
h?c gi8 s6 tibp tuc nghi2.n ciIu va phan tich sdu dQ dai c i a ngu'di Viet co gia trj tu'dng du'dng 42,4cm
sac hdn.
va tir~htheo he thgp p h i n (1 tru'dng = 10 xich - hay
P.T. H thu'dc = 100 phan = 1000 ly...). Xin xem them Phan
Than! H i i , He thbng thu'dc do Viet Nam thdi
Nguyen, Tap chi Nghien ciru Hue, so" 5 (2003).
(10) Cac khu vu'dn ngg do la: vu'dn Thieu
Phu'dng, Ngg Vien (nhm trong Tb Cam thanh), vu'dn
(1). Xem them: Phan Thanh H i i , Cb cl.lng Trung Cd Ha, Hau H6 - hay Doanh Chau - va cung Tru'dng
Hoa - Hoang cung Hue, tu'dng d6ng va dj biet. Tap Ninh ( n i m trong Hoang Thanh). ~ d n dien
g tich cac
chi S6ng Hu'dng, sb 102 - 1997.
khu vu'dn ngg uybn nay lbn tdi hdn 88.000m2, so vdi
(2) Trong kien truc Trung Quo"c, cha "Gian" d w c tdng dien tich Hoang thanh, T b Cam thanh la
djnh nghia la khoing kh6ng gian giaa 4 cot tru. 360.000m2 thi chiem den gan 114. Xin xem them
Trong tru'dng hop nay no bi6u thj chi& rQng c i a Phan Thanh H i i , Vu'dn Ngg - dang hoa vien-quy toc
cong trinh: so" gian cang nhieu tirc c6ng trinh cang c6a Hue xua - In trong sach Dau i n Nguyen trong
rong. Con "xa" ( l m Han - Viet la 'gia"), thi bi6u thi van hoa Phu Xu%n.NXB Thuan Hoa, Hue-2002.
chieu sau cda c6ng trinh: sb "xa" cang nhieu tirc
c6ng trinh cang s i u .

(tiep trang 44)

% I .kt
-+

.

1

1

1.

,

. .-

!-A
8. :":A