Bai giang ve mau (Blood)

Blood


Specific terms
hemo-/haemo
Hay hemato/ haemato-H(a)ematology
-Hemoglobin
-Hemocyanin
-Hemato-biochemical parameters
-Hematopoiesis


Blood

-

Functions of the blood
Components of the blood
Erythrocyte/red blood cell and its structure and
Erythropoiesis and Eryptosis
Leucocyte/white blood cell types and functions
Hemostasis and blood clotting, the role of Ca2+, vitamin K and
liver in hemostasis
- ABO and Rh blood group systems


Blood volume in animals
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue
• 70-80 ml/kg (7- 8%-4,5 l) - human
Blood Volumes of Healthy Adult Animals*
Species

Volume (ml/kg)
Cat
55 (47-66)
Dog
86 (79-90)
Ferret
75
Gerbil
67
Goat
70
Guinea Pig
75 (67-92)
Hamster 78
Monkey (rhesus)
54
Mouse
79 (78-80)
Pig
65
Rabbit
56 (44-70)
Rat
64 (50-70)
Sheep
60
*Can be 15% less in obese and old animals
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Components of the blood

•Plasma (Huyết tương): the
remaining fluid in the blood after
removing all blood cells

Plasma (55%)
•Formed elements:
─ erythrocyte (red bllod cell)

─ leucocyte (white blood cell)

Leucocyte, plateletes

─ Platelet

Erythrocyte (45%)

Hematocrit (hct)= 100 x (erythrocyte volume/ total blood volume)


Functions of the blood

• Transport: nutrients, respiratory gases,
metabolic wastes, hormones
• Maintaining homeostasis for: pH, temperature,
electrolyte balance
• Protection: blood clotting, immune response


Osmotic pressure and pH of the blood
• Osmotic pressure - P = 7,6 - 8,1 atm (human)

• Created by salts (NaCl) + dissolved proteins
• pH = 7,35 - 7,45, is maintained by different

buffering systems


Red blood cells and changes in plasma osmotic
pressure
Dd ưu trương

Cell shrinks

Dd đẳng trương

normal

Dd nhược trương

Cell swells


Components of plasma


Formed elements (Các yếu tố hữu hình)
• Erythrocyte (Hồng cầu ):
95%

• Leucocyte (Bạch cầu ) 5%

• Platelet/thrombocyte
(Tiểu cầu)

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Erythrocyte
•3,2 - 5 million /mm3 of blood (700x
of leucocyte, of platelets);

7,5µm
2 µm

•Biconcave shape -> 1.63 x larger
in surface
•No nucleus, no mitochondria
•Function: transport of O2, CO2,
maintaining osmolarity and pH of
the blood
•Hemoglobin: 1/3 volume of an
erythrocyte (250 million Hb
molecules /1 erythrocyte)


Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hemoglobin
molecule

Hem group

O

2

2/3 the amount of iron in the body is contained in red blood
cells


The life span of red blood cell
• 1 second: 2.5 million are destroyed/degraded 2.5
million are produced

• Erythropoiesis (sự

tạo hồng cầu):

– Life span: 120 days (male), 110 days (female)
– Site of erythropoiesis: liver, spleen (during
embryogenesis), bone marrow (aldult)

– 4 days to form a new red blood cell


erythropoiesis
Hemocytoplast
proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatic erythroblast
normoblast
enucleated
reticulocyte
Removal of ribosome

erythrocyte

Nguồn: cải biên từ Seeley, 2000

4 days


Factors regulate erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin
(EPO)

EPO

• acid folic,
• B12,
• Fe
Nguồn: />

Anemia and blood doping
Anemia: decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood:

•
•
•
•
•
•

- Decrease in number and size of erythrocytes -> low hematocrit

- Decrease in Hb level in each erythrocyte
Nutritional anemia (iron, folic acid, B12 deficiency)
Pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption)
Aplastic anemia (bone marrow deffect)
Renal anemia (lack EPO)
Hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia (malaria, sickle cell anemia)

Blood doping: injection of erythrocytes or EPO to increase the
oxygen carrying capacity of blood


Eryptosis (sự phân hủy hồng cầu)
Most of old erythrocytes are phagozied by macrophages
in the spleen and to a lesser extent, in the livers

Hemoglobin
Macrophage

Hem

Globin

Jaundice
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Biliverdin
Bilirubin

Fe

a.a

2+

Bilirubin

New protein
synthesis

Albumin

Spleen(storage)

Bone marrow
(form new red blood
cells)

Bile

Feces

urine


Leucocytes/white blood cells
•

•
•

•

Have larger

size than

RBC: 5 – 25 µm

Less numerous than RBC: 7000 – 8000/mm3
(adult), 20.000/mm3 (infant)
Irregular cell shape, nucleated and mobile cells
Specific and nonspecific immune response


Types of leucocytes
leucocyte
granulocytes

agranulocytes

Trung tính

Ưa acid

Ưa kiềm

Đơn nhân

Bạch huyết bào

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

1-4%

50-80%
-10-15 µm

-9%

-10-15 µm

- 20-40%

-10-15 µm

-2-8%

- nonphagocytic ,

-15 - 25 µm

- 5-15 µm

- T,B Lymphocyte
producing toxic
weak
phagocytosis
to
-Phagocytosis
molecules against -Phagocytosis
parasites by producing
Macrophage - antigen producing
larger parasites;
toxic molecules


Dennis Kunkel, 2004


Platelets and Hemostasis


platelets
platelets/ thrombocytes (Tiểu cầu)
– Are cell fragments generated by breaking off of
megakaryocyte (100 µm) in bone marrow
– 3 µm, 100.000 – 500.000/ mm3 of blood,
– Have mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
cytoplasmic granules but no nucleus
– contain actin, myosin in the cytosol
– Lifespan: 5-9 days

SEM (scanning electron microscope)
images of megakaryocyte and platelet

Magnification:* x1,600
a large megakaryocyte is
forming 2 small platelets

Magnification:* x5,335

A mature platelet


Hemostasis

Collagen exposing
1

Platelet plug
2

Fibrin clots
3

1. Vascular spasm
2. Formation of Platelet plug
3. Formation of Blood clot (thrombus):
platelets + fibrin + blood cells

Vascular spasm (Sự co thắt mạch) starts
the process of hemostasis
• intrinsic mechanisms and increased
sympathetic neural activities cause
vasoconstriction (vascular spasm) of the
damaged blood vessels -> reducing blood
loss