GÓP PHẦN ĐÁNH GIÁ VỀ MỐI QUAN HỆ GIỮA LIÊN XÔ VÀ CÁC NƯỚC XH CHỦ NGHĨA

GOP PHAN DANH GIA VE MOI QUAN HE GIUA LIEN XO VA
CAC NOtirC XA HOI CHU N G H I A DONG AU QUA N H O N G
BIEN CO NAM 1956 0 BA LAN VA HUNGGARI
DAO TUAN THANH*

1. D a t v a n de
Nam 1956 la mpt nam xay ra nhieu bie'n
cd' quan trpng ddi vdi phe Xa hpi chu nghia
(XHCN) the gidi, lam nay sinh sil bat ddng,
gia tang mau thuan gifla cac nUdc trong npi
bp phe XHCN. Sau nhflng chin dpng do tac
dpng cua sil xung dot ve quan (hem va ldi
ich gifla Lien Xd va Nam TU nam 1948, l i n
nay, sil cang thang trong md'i quan he gifla
Lien Xd va cac nildc XHCN Ddng Au, ma
trUdc tien la Ba Lan va Hunggari da dUa
lai nhflng tac dpng da chieu trong npi khd'i.
Lieu nhflng bie'n cd' xay ra nam 1956 cd
phai la khue dao d i u trong hang loat b i t
ddng gifla Lien Xd va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng
Au trong thap nien 60 cua the ky XX, ma
(hnh cao la sil kien Tiep Khac, dien ra vao
mua Xuan nam 1968 va trong nhieu nam
tie'p theo. Hien nay, cd nhieu cau hdi cdn
dang bd ngd can dUdc cac nha nghien cflu
lam sang td. Dd la, c i n danh gii nhU the
nao ve hien tUdng "Nga hda" ddi sd'ng kinh
te, chinh tri, van hda, tU tudng b cac nUdc
Ddng Au tfl sau nam 1945? Sil "can thiep"
cua Lien Xd cd vai trd nhU the nao dd'i vdi
cong cupc xay dilng chu nghia xa hpi d cac

nUdc Ddng Au trong nhflng nam 1947,
1948-1956? Dau la cdi ngudn nhflng mau
thuan nay sinh gifla mpt bp phan nhan dan
Ddng Au, mpt bd phdn dang •vien Dang
Cpng s i n vdi cac chinh sach ma Lien Xo
thUc thi b Ddng Au? Lien Xd cd vai trd gi va
thanh cdng nhU the nao trong viec trd giup
cac lanh tu Cpng san Ddng Au dU(3c dao tao
d Lien Xd - nhflng ngUdi chip thudn vai trd
lam "con rdi chinh tri" cua Lien Xd. Vi sao
ngay sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thd Hai
"tinh thdn ddn tgc" lai nay sinh va phat
trien ngay cang manh me d mpt so' nUdc
Dong Au (Nam Tu, Tiep Khic, Ba Lan,
Hunggari, Rumani) va dUdc bpt phat ngay
cang manh me trong thap nien 50, 60 cua
the ky XX? Cd nen danh gia r i n g sU p h i
hoai cua chu nghia de quo'c, sU tie'p tay cua
cac the lilc phan dpng cho cac lUc lUdng ddi
cai cach/ddi mdi md hinh phat trien cua
chu nghia xa hpi la nguyen nhan chinh tao
nen nhflng bie'n dpng chinh tri b Dong Au
trong nhflng nam 1956, 1968 hay chinh
nhflng khiem khuyet cua ban than md hinh
xay diing chu nghia xa hpi, nhflng tdn tai
cua chinh ban than cac Dang Cpng sin,

"PGS.TS. Khoa Lich sd - TrUdng Dai hpc Sfl pham Ha Npi

Sop phan danh gia ve md'i quan he.
cung nhu sU can thiep thd bao cua Lien Xd
da lam nay sinh nhflng b i t man trong npi
bp dang •vien cac Dang Cpng san va nhan
dan cac nUdc Ddng Au, dUa den sU bflng nd
cac cupc dau tranh dam tinh bao lUc? Nen
danh gia nhu the nao ve lilc lUdng cai each,
ddi doi mdi md hinh/ lilc lUdng "dan tpc chii
nghia" trong cac bie'n cd' nam 1956 va nam
1968? Cd nen coi hp la "lilc lUdng phan
dpng"? hay dd la lUc lUcfng di trUdc thdi dgi,
cd tdm nhin xa trong rgng, ddm ndi, ddm
ddu tranh, ddm chi ra nhang khiem khuyet
cua chu, nghia xd hgi, ddm dUa ra mgt mo
htnh phdt trien khdc vdi cdch ldm cua Lien
Xo - que hUcfng eda chu nghla xd hgi? Cd
tra ldi dUdc nhflng cau hdi nay diia tren
nhflng tu lieu lich sd thi mdi giup chung ta
cd the danh gia dUdc thilc chit cua md'i
quan he gifla Lien Xd va cac nUdc xa hpi
chu nghia Ddng Au, gdp p h i n giai dap cau
hdi: Cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au la nhflng
nUdc ddng minh hay chU hiu/nUdc le thupc
Lien Xd?
Trong khudn khd cua bai •viet nay,
chung tdi mud'n gdp p h i n nhin nhan lai
md'i quan he gifla Lien Xo va cac nfldc
XHCN Ddng Au qua nhflng bien cd' xay ra
trong nam 1956 d Ba Lan va Hunggari.

2. Noi dung
Sau khi Chie'n tranh lanh dUdc My phat
dpng (1947), b i u khdng khi chinh tri the
gidi ngay cang cang thang. Ca Lien Xd va
My ben canh viec trien khai nhflng ke
hoach quan sii, chinh tri, ngoai giao nham
the hien sflc manh va tham vpng cua minh
cdn rat quan tam de'n -viec thie't chat ky
luat trong hang ngu cac ddng minh cua
minh. Cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au vd'n la khu
vile anh hudng dpc quyen cua Lien Xo, la
ddng minh than can n h i t cua nUdc nay b
chau Au nen ludn ludn chiu sil giam sat
chat che cua Lien Xd. Sau khi Chien tranh

33

the gidi thfl Hai ke't thuc, de dam bao an
ninh cua minh. Lien Xd van tiep tuc duy tri
mpt Ilic lUdng quan sU ldn b cac nUdc Dong
Au. Ddng thdi, sU hien (hen cua cac chuyen
gia Lien Xd tren nhieu hnh •vUc (quan sil,
chinh tri, kinh te, van hda - giao due..,)
cung chinh la n h i m thie't lap mpt sil kiem
soat chat che hdn dd'i vdi Dang Cpng s i n va
ban lanh dao cua cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au.
Sil kien Stalin mat nam 1953 da dUa lai
nhflng thay ddi quan trpng khdng chi tren
san k h i u chinh tri Lien Xd ma cdn tac dpng
sau sac tdi md'i quan he gifla Lien Xo va cac

nUdc XHCN Ddng Au. Ban lanh dao mdi
cua Lien Xd, dflng d i u la Tdng Bi thfl
Khdrutxd'p (Khrushchev) da cd sii (heu
chinh trong chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua minh
so vdi thdi Stalin n h i m giam sU cang thang
trong quan he qud'c te, song van khong lam
anh hudng de'n •viec hien thilc hoa muc tieu
cuo'i cung: thie't lap chu nghia cpng s i n
tren the gidi. Nhflng nhan to' chu ye'u da
khie'n cho Lien Xo cd sil dieu chinh trong
chinh sach dd'i ngoai la: sil suy ye'u cua
Lien Xd sau cai chet cua Stalin; niem tin
cua ban lanh dao mdi d (hen Kremlin r i n g
viec Stalin da md rpng cac ldi ich cua Lien
Xd sau chie'n tranh da bupc phUdng Tay
phai phan khang lai bing -viec tao ra
nhflng td chflc kinh te, quan sU nhim t i n
cong lai cac nUdc XHCN (vi du •vdec thanh
lap NATO); sil can thiet phai giam nguy cd
cua mpt cupc chie'n tranh tdng liic do mo'i
nguy hiem td •viec sd dung vu khi hat
nhan; sU leo thang gia ca cua cac loai vu
khi hien dai; niem tin r i n g •vdec giam bdt
cac cang thang qud'c te se bupc phUdng Tay
phai giam nd lUc ve quan sil (song Lien Xd
se khdng lam nhU vay (1).
Viec Khdrutxd'p dUa ra trUdc Dai hpi XX
cua Dang Cpng s i n Lien Xd dien ra tif ngay
14 de'n ngay 25 thang 2 nam 1956 nhieu

34

van de cd ban (2) nhU: cdng khai nhflng
lam dung quyen lUc va sai pham cua Stalin
da tflng gay c h i n dpng cho dU luan; dinh
hudng lai nguyen tac cung tdn tai hda binh;
thfla nhan sU da dang cac con dUdng phat
trien cua chu nghia xa hpi; phe phan tU
tudng sung bai ca nhan (3); de p h i t trien,
Lien Xd san sang gdp p h i n vao viec loai bd
nhflng diem ndng chie'n tranh dang tdn tai,
ngan chan sU x u i t hien nhflng diem ndng
mdi b chau Au va chau A; cai thien md'i
quan he vdi Tay Dflc va vdi Nam Tu (tie'p
tuc qua trinh da b i t d i u tfl nam 1953).
Nhflng dieu chinh trong chinh sach dd'i
ngoai cua Lien Xd da cd anh hudng manh
me tdi quye't dinh cua cac nha lanh dao
dang va chinh quyen d Ddng Au nam 1956
(4).
Trong khi dd, ban lanh dao dang cua cac
nUdc XHCN Ddng Au cung dang phai dd'i
mat vdi nhflng v i n de phflc tap nay sinh
nhU: sU phan hda npi bd va chia re do tac
dpng cua •viec gia tang quang ba ldi ich dan
tpc; sU xua't hien tU tudng xem xet lai vai
trd cua sil hien dien cua Hdng quan tren
lanh thd cac nUdc Dong Au (cd nha nghien
cflu phUdng Tay da cho ring, neu khdng cd

sU cd mat cua quan dpi Xd vie't d Ddng Au
thi r i t cd the he thd'ng XHCN khdng the
hoat dpng dUdc (5).
TrUdc tinh trang dd. Lien Xo khdng he
cd y dinh de cho cac sU kien trong ddi song
chinh tri d cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au dien
ra theo hUdng til do, m i t quyen kiem soat,
lam tdn hai den cac tinh toan chien lUdc
cua Lien Xd hay tao ra nhflng vat can cho
qua trinh hien thilc hda muc tieu hang d i u
cua nUdc nay la md rdng anh hudng cua
phe XHCN tren the gidi. Dd'i vdi Lien Xd,
nUdc nay van cin de'n cac nUdc XHCN
Ddng Au dudi cac gdc dp quan sU, kinh te
va chinh tri. Trong trUdng hdp xay ra mpt

Rghien euru Licdi sit. s61.2Q11
cudc t i n cdng ciia cac nUdc phUdng Tay
n h i m vao Lien Xd, vai trd ve quan sil va vi
tri lanh thd cua Ba Lan, Ddng Dflc, Tiep
Khac cd mpt y nghia dac biet quan trpng
dd'i vdi Lien Xd. TUdng tu, Hunggari,
Rumani va Bungari se cd vai trd la chan
che chd cho Lien Xd tfl phia nam. Ddng
thdi, nhflng ldi ich ve kinh te cung cd anh
hudng rat ldn de'n cac chinh sach cua Lien
Xd dd'i vdi cac nUdc Ddng Au (Tong sin
pham qud'c npi (GNP) cua cac nUdc Ddng
Au chie'm 2/5 so vdi cua Lien Xd, nen cdng
nghiep chie'n tranh ciia Lien Xd can nhieu

nguyen lieu quan trpng tfl Ddng Au, trong
dd dac biet la urani (6).
Nhflng (hin bie'n trong ddi sd'ng chinh
tri Lien Xd trong nhflng nam 1955-1956 da
cd tac dpng trilc tiep tdi quan he gifla Lien
Xd va cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au trong nam
1956, gay ra cupc khung hoang t r i m trpng
trong npi bp phe XHCN, de dpa trilc tie'p
de'n sU tdn tai ciia ca mpt he thd'ng.
Cud'i thang 6 nam 1956, tai Poznan (Ba
Lan) da bflng nd cupc dinh cdng cua cdng
nhan. LUc lUdng an ninh da thang tay dan
ap cupc da'u tranh cua cdng nhan, khie'n 53
ngUdi thiet mang (7). Ben canh mpt so' yeu
ciu ve kinh te la sU xuat hien cua nhflng
yeu sach mang mau sic chinh tri nhU, rut
cac liic lU(?ng quan dpi Xd •vie't, thdm chi tfl
bd ca •viec xay dung Chu nghia xa hpi (8).
Ngay lap tflc, cudc da'u tranh lan rpng ra
khap d i t nUdc Ba Lan, bao gdm ca thu dd
Vacsava, thu h u t dUcfc sU quan tam chu y
cua du luan xa hdi. Dieu dang ndi la, trong
npi bp Dang Cpng san Ba Lan x u i t hien
mpt khuynh hudng cdi cdch ("xet lai" - theo
quan niem cua Lien Xd), chinh lUc lU(?ng
nay da thanh cdng trong viec dUa trd lai
ban lanh dao dang mot sd nha lanh dao chu
chd't tflng bi loai ra khdi bp may vao d i u
thap nien 50 cua the ky XX do bi bupc tpi

Qdp phan danh gia ve mdi quan he..
theo chu nghia Tito (Wladislaw Gomulka,
Spychalski, Kliszko). Cac cupc tranh luan
cua thanh vien nhdm cai each khong chi
gidi han d nhflng van de nhU sil cin thie't
cai thien tinh trang kinh te cua da't nU6c
hay lam the nae de giam bdt cang thang xa
hpi ma hp con de cap ca de'n vai trd va •vi tri
cua Dang Cpng s i n trong xa hpi. Hau qua
la, da x u i t hien nhieu tie'ng noi ung hp •viec
tfl bd vai trd 'lanh dao" cua dang (9).
Tfl ngay 19 de'n ngay 21 thang 10 nam
1956, tai Dai hpi VIII cua Uy ban Trung
Udng Dang Cpng san Ba Lan, Wladysla^w
Gomulka da dUdc b i u lam Bi thU thfl N h i t
Ban chip hanh Trung Udng. Dai hpi diin
ra trong b i u khong khi cang thang. Doan
dai bieu Lien Xd do Khdrutxo'p d i n d i u da
sang Ba Lan nham kiem soat tinh hinh,
trong khi dd cac ddn vi quan dpi Lien Xd
chuyen quan theo hudng tien ve thu do
Vacsava (10).
TrUdc dien bie'n cua ddi sd'ng chinh tri
Ba Lan, Khdrupxd'p khong he cd y dinh de
cho mpi •viec thoat ra khdi t i m kiem soat.
Vdi sil hp td'ng cua Molotov, Mikoian va
Kagano^vic, Khdrutxd'p da den Vacsava
ngay 19 thang 10 nam 1956, quyet dinh sfl
dung cac bien phap manh. Tuy nhien, dung

nhu "nhflng toan tinh d nha thUdng khong
dung vdi d ch(3", khi de'n Ba Lan, ngUdi
dflng d i u Lien Xd tam thdi phai chip nhan
viec da rdi, cdng nhan V^ladisla^w Gomulka
lam Bi thU thfl N h i t cua Dang Cpng sin
Ba Lan (11). Cdn ve phia lilc lUdng cai each
Ba Lan, nhflng muc tieu cd ban ma hp de
ra cung khdng dat dfldc, sU til do tranh
luan ve tU tudng tren cac td bao cung cham
dflt mpt thdi gian ngan sau do. Sfl thanh
cdng it di cua Ba Lan cd the ke den chinh la
sfl dpc lap ldn hdn ve kinh te. Cd y kien cho
rang, khdng cd ben nao gianh dflpc thang
Icii qua nhflng gi chen ra b Ba Lan vao

35
thang MUdi nam 1956 (12). Viec Wladisiaw
Gomulka duy tri sU kiem soat tinh hinh
bing mpi gia da giup cho Wla(hslaw
Gomulka va nhflng ngUdi ddng chi cua dng
thanh cdng trong •viec ngan chan mpt cupc
can thiep quan sU cua Lien Xd, diiu da xay
ra d Hunggari mpt thdi gian ngan sau do.
Sil bie'n b Hunggari nam 1956 trUdc tien
bat d i u tfl cupc bieu tinh td tinh doan ket
vdi cupc d i u tranh cua nhan dan Ba Lan
dien ra d trUdng Dai hpc Bach khoa ngay
22 thang 11 nam 1956. Dieu dang chu y la
do sU tham gia tich cUc cua rat nhieu tri
thflc va sinh •vien Hunggari vao cupc diu

tranh (ma hat nhan la Cau lac bp Petdfi
(13) da khie'n cho cupc bieu tinh cd tie'ng
vang ldn ve chinh tri. Nhflng yeu sach ve
chinh tri ke't hdp vdi kmh te, d i u tranh doi
dfla Imre Nagy tham gia vao bp may lanh
dao Hunggari, coi day la nhan to' quyet
dinh bao dam hien thilc hoa nhflng yeu
sach cua lilc lUdng each mang (14). Ngay 24
thang 10 nam 1956, tai Hpi nghi Ban chap
hanh Trung Udng cua Dang Cdng nhan
Hunggari da quyet dinh td chflc lai Bp
Chinh tri va Ban Bi thU. GerdErnd (ngUdi
gianh dupc sil tin cay va ung hp ciia Lien
Xd) dupc tai khang dinh chflc Bi thfl thfl
Nha't cua Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari va
Imre Nagy dUpc cu lam Thu tUdng Chinh
phu Hunggari. Tuy nhien, mpt ngay sau do
(25 thang 10), Bp Chinh tri cua Dang Cdng
nhan Hunggari nhom hpp tai Thu do
Budapesta da quyet dinh Kadar Janos la
ngUdi thay the GerdErnd gifl chflc Bi thU
thfl Nhat Dang Cdng nhan Hunggari (15).
Ngay tfl diu, cupc da'u tranh d Hunggari
da the hien tinh chit quyet liet, cip tien
(tfl viec ha be va pha huy tupng Stalin, mot
so' nha lanh dao Hunggari chay ty nan vao
Dai sfl quan Nam Tu). Nhung ngUdi tdp
hdp xung quanh Imre Nagy doi Hunggari

36

dupe hudng mpt nen tU tri ldn hdn, sU dpc
lap ve kinh te, rut cac lUc lUpng quan dpi
Xo •viet. Tham chi cdn co ca nhflng yeu ciu
ciic doan hdn nhU ddi Hunggari rut ra khdi
td chflc Hiep Udc Vacsava, tfl bd cac nguyen
tac s i n xua't va sd hflu XHCN, trd lai che
dp chinh tri nhU trUdc Chie'n tranh the gidi
thfl Hai (16). Thu tUdng Imre Nagy (17) - la
ngUdi lanh dao Dang Cpng san Hunggari
ngay tfl giai doan gifla hai cupc chien tranh
the gidi, tflng lam viec trong to chflc Qud'c
te Cpng san da tin ring. Lien Xd cd the
chap thuan nhflng yeu ciu cua Hunggari
ne'u •viec nay khdng lam anh hudng de'n he
tho'ng phong thu cua hp (18).
Dieu dang suy ngam la tai sao Lien Xo
lai quye't dinh can thiep quan sU, sd dung
bien phap bao lilc nham dap tat phong trao
da'u tranh d Hunggari? Dau la li do khien
Lien Xd co each do'i xd vdi Hunggari khac
vdi Ba Lan?
Mpt sd^ nha nghien cflu da dUa ra hai ly
do chii yeu de li giai nhflng cau hdi tren:
Tha nhdt, do ban lanh dao Dang Cpng san
Ba Lan da kiem soat thanh cong khuynh
hu6ng cai each (19); Thd hai, an ninh cua
Lien Xo khong bi tdn hai. Chinh -vi (heu dd
da khie'n cho each do'i xii cua Lien Xd vdi

Ba Lan td ra on hoa hdn (20). Ben canh do,
nhflng dien bie'n d Hunggari da co anh
hudng rat ldn tdi quye't dinh cua ban lanh
dae Lien Xd. Ngay 28 thang 10 nam 1956,
trong bai phat bieu qua dai phat thanh,
Thu tu6ng Imre Nagy tuyen bd': "Chinh
phu td chdi viec coi cdc nhom ddu tranh
cua nhdn ddn la cdc to chdc phdn cdch
mgng" (21). Do'i mat vdi cac cupc dau tranh
ngay cang manh me cua nhan dan
Hunggari so vdi Ba Lan, cpng them tinh
hinh cang thang, leo thang d khu •vUc kenh
dao Suez, ngay 28 thang 10 nam 1956 Lien
Xd chip nhan •viec thao luan ve rut cac lUc

Rghi(2n eiru Lieh sit. 56I.2QII
lUdng Xd vie't khdi Hunggari. Tuy nhien,
chi hai ngay sau dd. Lien Xd da thay ddi y
dinh. Lien Xo khdng chi ngflng hoan toan
•viec thao luan rut quan, ma cdn tang cUdng
them lUc lupng cho cac ddn vi Lien Xo dang
ddng quan tren lanh thd Hunggari, theo
ngudn tai lieu cua Hunggari, 1300 xe tang
Xd •vie't da tham nhap vao Hunggari (22).
Su cang thang trong quan he Lien Xo Hunggari leo thang sau cupc gap gifla Imre
Nagy vdi Dai sfl Lien Xd tai Hunggari
Andropov ngay 2 thang 11 nam 1956. Tai
cupc tie'p xuc, phia Hunggari da ddi td chflc
cupc thUdng lupng cap cao n h i m dpn dfldng
cho •viec Hunggari rut khdi khoi Hiep fldc

Vacsava va rut cac ddn •vi quan dpi Xd •viet.
Kadar da tuyen bd' giai tan dang va thanh
lap mpt dang mdi - Dang Cdng nhan XHCN
Hunggari (23), Viec Thu tUdng Imre Nagy
tuyen bd' chim dflt che dp cai tri dpc dang
va rut hoan toan cac lUc lUdng quan dpi
Lien Xd ra khdi Hunggari dUdc coi la mpt
hanh dpng tie'n xa hdn nhieu so vdi nha
lanh dao Ba Lan Wladisla^w Gomulka va
"cd le, dii khong chdc chdn, ong da vUgt qua
nhang gidi hgn md ngUdi Nga cd the dung
thi^'{2A).
Su kien Imre Nagy tuyen bd Hunggari
rut ra khdi td chflc Hiep Udc Vacsava,
tuyen bd' trung lap da't nUdc va yeu ciu cac
cUdng qud'c cong nhan Hunggari thilc sU la
"gipt nUdc lam tran ly". Vao thdi diem dd,
ban lanh dao Lien Xd phai lifa chpn gifla
cac kha nang: hoac khdng can thiep va de
tinh hinh dien bie'n theo hUdng lam tdn hai
de'n ldi ich chien lUdc cua Lien Xd; hoac
phai can thiep de chflng minh mpt sU that
la nen dpc lap cua Hunggari (hoac bat cfl
nUdc XHCN nao) tuy thupc vao each hanh
xd cua Lien Xd. De tran ap dUdc sU chdng
doi (hen ra ngay cang manh me d
Hunggari, Lien Xo tim kie'm sU ung hp ciia


Qop phan danh gia ve moi quan he.

cac nudc XHCN Dong Au khac. N h i m c6
dupc sU ddng thuan cua cac lanh tu Cpng
san khac, thuyet phuc hp ung hp quan
diem can thiep, cflu Chu nghia xa hpi,
Khdrutxd^p da thilc hien hang loat cac
chuye'n ngoai giao con thoi bi mat trong
cac ngay 1-3 thang 10 nam 1956: gap gd
cac nha lanh dao Ba Lan tai Brest, vieng
tham thu dd Bucaret (Rumani), gap gd
ngUdi dflng d i u Rumani, Gheorghe
Gheorghiu - Dej va Bi thU thfl N h i t Dang
Cpng s i n Tiep Khic dang co mat d
Rumani; sau dd bay sang Thu dd Sofia,
gap gd cac nha lanh dao Bungari. Ben
canh dd, ban lanh dao Lien Xd cdn tham
khao y kie'n cua Trung Qud'c. T i t ca cac
nha lanh dao cac nUdc XHCN deu cd
chung quan diem rang cac sU kien dien ra
d Hunggari da thupc pham tru "phdn cdch
mgn^' (25). Tren cd sd dd. Lien Xd quye't
dinh can thiep quan sU n h i m chim dflt
cupc "bao loan" d Hunggari (26),
Dieu dang ndi la, tuy gifla Lien Xd va
Nam Tu tiing nay sinh mau thuan, cang
t h i n g trong nhflng nam 1948-1953 (27),
song de tao them dU luan cho •viec sd dung
vu liic, Khdrutxd'p quye't dinh cin phai cd
them sU ung hd cua losip Broz Tito (28),
lanh tu Nam TU - ngifdi ma Imre Nagy tin
tudng va dat nhieu hy vpng. Ngay sau

chuye'n vieng tham Sofia, Khdrutxo'p cung
vdi Malenkov da gap mat Tito d Brioni, tie'n
hanh cupc gap gd bi mat trong 10 gid khdng
nghl. Npi dung cupc thao luan cua cac nha
lanh dao Lien Xd va Nam TU chu ye'u xoay
quanh v i n de ai se la ngUdi lanh dad mdi
ciia Hunggari (29). Dieu quan trpng n h i t
lam Khdrutxd'p hai long la Tito da khdng
phan dd'i •viec can thiep (30). Khdng chi co
vay, theo nha nghien cflu Csaba Bekes, qua
khao cflu tai lieu lUu trfl cua Nga da chi ra
ring: "nhd ldnh dgo Nam TU khong chi

37

ddng y vdi sU cdn thiet cua viec can thiep
md con hda giup logi bo Imre Nagy vd cdc
dong chi thdn can ong ta ra khdi ddi song
chinh tri" (31).
Sau khi cd dUdc sU ung hp va ddng
thuan cua cac nUdc XHCN, Lien Xd quye't
dinh hanh dpng, nguyen soai Jukov da phe
chuan ke hoach can thiep, tUdng Malinin
dupc cii lam Tdng chi huy lilc lUcJng can
thiep. Ngay 4 thang 11 nam 1956, cac sU
dean Xd vie't ddng loat md hang loat cupc
t i n cdng vao nhflng •vi tri do lUc lUdng noi
day Hunggari kiem soat. Thilc te trong cac
ngay 3-4 thang 11, nhieu ngUdi dan
Budapesta (chu ye'u la sinh vien, tri thflc

va cong nhan) da cim •vu khi chdrig lai cupc
t i n cdng cua Hdng quan Lien Xd. Xung dot
vu trang da khie'n mau dd nhieu. Theo mpt
nha nghien cflu, cd it nha't 3000 ngUdi chet,
g i n 15.000 ngUdi bi thUdng, 25-26.000
ngUdi bi quang vao nha tfl, nhieu nghin
ngUdi bi day sang Lien Xd (32). Ngay trong
dem ngay 3, rang sang ngay 4 thang 11,
p h i n ldn nha lanh dao cupc each mang
Hunggari, cung vdi gia (finh chay vao Dai
sfl quan Nam Tu xin ty nan chinh tri. Hp
da d day cho de'n ngay 22 thang 11. Day la
giai doan den toi doi vdi hp cung giorig nhU
ban than cupc each mang. Sau nay, Imre
Nagy da bi hanh hinh vao ngay 16 thang 6
nam 1958 (33).
Mac du Imre Nagy ra ldi keu gpi My va
cac nUdc phUdng Tay ung hp cupc each
mang Hunggari va ban than Imre Nagy
cung cac ddng chi than can cua dng tin
rang My va ddng minh se cd nhflng dpng
thai ngan chan sU can thiep c-ua Lien Xo
bing vu lilc, ddng thdi se phan flng gio'ng
nhu cupc chien tranh nd ra tren ban dao
Trieu Tien trong nhflng nam 1950-1953,
song mpi -viec lai (hen ra khac vdi tinh toan
cua ho. Cd the do nam 1956 la mot nam


3S

Rghien euu Lieh sit. so 1.2Q11

nhay cam vdi ngUdi My - nam b i u cd Tdng
thd'ng nen khdng mpt flng cd vien nao dam
mao hiem. Cdn ban than Anh va My thi lai
bat d i u can thiep vao cupc khung hoang d
kenh dao Suez tfl ngay 30 t h i n g 11. Trong
bd'i canh do, sU iing hp ma phUdng Tay
danh cho nhflng ngUdi ndi day d Hunggari
ehl dflng d mflc dp tuyen truyen qua lan
sdng dien cua dai phat thanh "Chau Au Tu
do".
Sau khi Lien Xd tran ap thanh cong sil
choang dd'i cua lUc lUdng ndi day/each mang
Hunggari do Imre Nagy dflng d i u (34),
trong cac ngay 1-4 thang 1 nam 1957 da
(hen ra cupc hpp gifla dai dien dang va
chinh phu cac nUdc Bungari, Tiep Khac,
Rumani, Hunggari va Lien Xd. Mpt ban
tuyen bd' da dUdc thdng qua, trong dd len
an sii "phan bpi" cua Imre Nagy (35).
3. Ke't l u a n
Vay sU kien Hunggari nam 1956 cd tac
dpng nhu the nao tdi he thd'ng XHCN?
Theo chung tdi, tuy cupc ndi day/each mang
(bao dpng "phan each mang" nhU each gpi
cua Lien Xo) bi t r i n ap. Lien Xd da kiem
soat dupc tinh hinh d cac nUdc XHCN Ddng
Au, duy tri dUdc khu -vUc anh hudng cua

minh, seng tieng vang cua no khdng phai la
nhd. Dd'i vdi he tho'ng XHCN, day la vet ran
nflt thfl hai sau sil cang thang trong quan
he Lien Xd - Nam Tu trong nhflng nam
1948 - 1953 (36). Khdng chi co vay, bie'n cd
d Ba Lan va Hunggari vao mua he va mua
thu nam 1956 da cd tac dpng manh me tdi
cac nudc XHCN Ddng Au. Lo sd ve kha
nang xay ra nhflng cupc bao loan phan each
mang noi theo tam gUdng Hunggari da la
noi am anh nhieu nha lanh dao Dong Au
XHCN khi do. Rieng 6 Bungari, chinh
quyen da b i t giam 10.000 ngUdi va md lai
trai tap trung noi tie'ng tren dao Belene
(37). Co the thay, viec Lien Xd phai sd

dung mpt lilc lupng quan dpi ldn (200.000
quan va 2.000 xe tang (38) de tran ap cupc
ndi day cua ngUdi dan Hunggari (dUdc Lien
Xd gpi la 'lUc l-j:dng phan dpng") da cho
t h i y tinh bao lilc ciia sii bie'n. De lap lai
trat tu va duy tri dUdc ky luat trong hang
ngu cac nude XHCN Ddng Au vao thdi (hem
cang thang ciia cudc Chien tranh lanh cung
nhu bao ve dUdc khu vUc anh hudng ciia
minh. Lien Xd da quye't dinh sif dung bao
lilc. Viec Imre Nagy va chinh phu cua dng
da cd nhflng hanh dpng •vUdt qua gidi han
cho phep cua Lien Xd da lam tan bie'n mpi
cd hpi giai quyet mau thuan bang con

dudng hda binh nhU each ma Lien Xd da
lam vdi Ba Lan.
Dang chu y la sau sU kien Hunggari
nam 1956, trong npi bp he thd'ng da dien ra
qua t n n h tim kie'm mpt md hinh phat trien
mdi, cai td lai he thd'ng, cd' gang tim kiem
mpt Chu nghia xa hpi vdi bp mat nhan van.
Ngay c i Lien Xd cung da cd nhflng thay doi
trong quan he vdi mdt so nUdc XHCN Ddng
Au (•Vl du, thang 6 nam 1958, Lien Xo da ki
vdi Rumani thda thuan rut cac lUc lUdng
quan dpi Xd viet ra khdi lanh thd cua nUdc
nay (39).
Cd the tha'y, chlnh mau thuan gifla Lien
Xo va cac nUdc phUdng Tay, dac biet vdi
Anh va My sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl
Hai, sfl hinh thanh trat tfl the gidi hai cflc,
sfl nay sinh cupc Chie'n tranh lanh tfl nam
1947 da tac dpng manh me tdi thai dp ciia
Lien Xd dd'i vdi cac nUdc Ddng Au vd'n dUdc
coi la khu •vUc anh hudng cua nUdc nay. Vi
ldi ich quan sil, an ninh trong trUdng hdp
xay ra cac cupc xung dot gifla hai phe, Lien
Xo da tang cUdng sU kiem seat ve kinh te',
chinh tri, quan sU d Ddng Au, khong chi
n h i m ddi phd vdi phUdng Tay ma cdn
n h i m phuc •vu cho mUu dd chie'n lUdc cua
minh. He qua la, cac nUdc XHCN Ddng Au

39

Q6p phan danh gia ve mo'i quan he...
khong the la nhflng ddng minh cua Lien Xd
theo dung nghia cua nd, ma thilc chat chi
la "nhflng cai dudi" ciia Lien Xd, la khu •viic

anh hudng ddc quyen cua Lien Xo, la
nhflng con td't tren ban cd chinh tri ma
Lien Xd dang d i u vdi My va phUdng Tay.

CHU THICH
Record

(11). Dang chfl y la den tan ngay 13 thang 12

263,

nfim 1954, Wladyslaw Gomulka mdi dUdc giai

CIA/NIE, Box 3, Folder 83 [Din theo, Comeliu

phong khoi nha tu. Sau do mot nfim, viec bfit giam

Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan,

Explozia.

ong dU(3c tuyen bo la "phi ly vfi ba't h(3p phap"

asupra

(Nguon: Cdrneliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan,

(1).

National

Administration,

Perceptii

Archives

romdne,

evenimentelor

and

Washington

iugoslave

din Polonia

D.C,
1956.

si sovietice

(1956.

si Ungaria

biing no. Cdc quan niem cua Rumani,
Lien Xo vi cdc sii kien
Hunggari),

RG

dien

Su

Nam Tu vd

ra d Ba Lan

vd

Nxb. Univers Enciclopedic, Bucaret,

1996, tr. 17, ti^ng Rumani],

sdd, tr. 45).
(13). Cau lac bo Petofi la t r u n g tam cua cuoc
t r a n h luan va ba't man cua gidi tri thflc Hunggari
nfim 1956.
(14). Sau day chflng toi xin gidi thieu noi dung

(2), (3), (6), (7), (9), (10), (12), (15), (16), (18),

cua ban Tuyin

ngdn "hy vgng" gom 14 diem, dfldc

(21), (22), (23), (25), (29), (31), (35), (39). D i n theo,

soan thao b3i nhflng ngfldi Hunggari, nhu mot

Comeliu

Mihai

bieu hien cua h a n h dong ilng ho va dong cam vdi

Explozia.

Perceptii

Lungu,

Mihai Retegan,

1956.
sovietice

nhflng ngUdi cong n h a n va sinh vien Vacsava (Ba

din Polonia si Ungaria, sdd,

Lan) dang da'u t r a n h -vi "nen doc lap cua Ba Lan".

tr, 19, 46, 18, 46, 20, 46, 20, 47, 21, 21, 22, 22, 48,

Noi dung ban Tuyen ngon da the hien nhflng yeu

romdne,

asupra evenimentelor

iugoslave

si

cau va doi hoi ciia gidi tre d cac trUdng dai hcc va

22, 23, 23, 48, 26,
(4). Mot sU kien quan trong do'i vdi phong trao
Cong san va Cong n h a n quoc te da xay ra ngay 17

nhflng ngfldi cdng n h a n Budapesta.
"1. Trieu tap ngay lap tic dgi hgi cua

thang 4 nfim 1956 do la sfl xua't hien ban thong

Cong nhdn Hunggari

bao ve viec cha'm dflt hoat dong cua Cue Thong tin

ldnh dgo mdi cua ddng, thdnh lap uy ban

cac dang Cong san va Cong n h a n (Nguon: Comeliu

Ucfng mdi.

Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr. 46).
(5). J o h n W. Young, Cold War Europe
1989.

A

political

History,

London,

(iich

sfl

19451991,

rdzboiului

thdnh phdn chinh phi cua dong chi Imre
3. Su hop tdc giia
Hunggari

chien

tranh

din Coreean

lanh),

rdzboiului
tap

rece

III: De

la criza aliantelor

la

1950-

4. Rut tdt cd cdc dem vi qudn doi Xo viit theo
hoa binh vdi

London, 1991, pp. 206-207.

A political

History,

- Lien Xo vd

nliau.

k h u n g hoang cac lien minh 1950-1967), Bucaret,
1993, tr, 287-288 (tieng Rumani); John W, Young,

Hunggari

gia

Nagy.

ddng, khong can thiep vdo cong viec noi bg cua

tinh thdn cua nhing

1945-1989.

Trung

- Nam Tu cdn phdi diia tren ca sd binh

1967 (Tfl cuoc Chien t r a n h Trieu Tien de'n cugc

Cold War Europe

nhd

2. Cdi td chinh phu, trong do co sit tham

pp.204.
(8). Andr6 Fontaine, Istoria

Ddng

(MDP); liia chgn nhing

dieu khodn

trong hiep

dinh

Hunggari.

5. To chic cugc tdng tuyen ci mdi tren cd sd bdu
ci bi mat vdi sit tham gia nhiiu ddng phdi
nhing

ing ci vien tranh ci vdo Qudc hgi.

vd cua


Rghien euru Lich sit. s6' 1.2011

40
6. To chic lgi nin kinh te Hunggari

vdi sU ung

(17) Trong phien hop d i i n r a trong nhflng ngay

hg cua chuyen gia thugc cdc linh vUc vd cdc qudng

3-4 thang 7, Quoc hoi Hunggari da b i u Imre Nagy

urani cua ddt nUdc se chi dUcic si dung

gifl chflc -vu T h u tUdng chinh phii thay the cho

chia

sii cdn thiet cua ddn tgc

cho

Rakosi Matyas (Nguon: Corneliu Mihai Lungu,

Hunggari.

7. Xem xet lgi todn bg nin cong nghiep,
hinh thic

cdc

trong lao dgng dp dgt cho cdng

Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr. 44).

nhdn;

(19). Trong Hoi ky cila minh, Khdrutxo'p chi

xdc dinh mic lUcfng dam bdo cugc sdng tdi thieu ;

danh may dong de ghi ve nhflng sfl kien xay ra 6

thiet lap che do tii tri lien quan den viec to

Ba L a n t h a n g 10 nfim 1956. Khdrutxop da cho

chic

cong nhdn trong cdc xi nghiep, cong xUdng.

r^ng: "Mgt chinh phu co the chdp nhgn dUdc, dUdc

8. Xem xet lgi che do hgn nggch I chi tieu trong
nong nghiep; trc) giup cho ngUdi ngUdi sd hiu
trong ndng

nho

9. Xem xet lgi he thdng cua tdt cd cdc vu xet

xi

chinh tri vd kinh te; dn xd cho tdt cd cdc tii chinh
tri vo tgi, thiet lap lgi tU cdch phdp ly cho hg vd
cho nhing

ton hgi md hg phdi

gdnh

vd Cyrankiewicz,

tap hap

ta co the tin tudng

dugc.

ndy bdy gid dd dn dinh" ( D i n theo, Jean-Fransfois
Soulet, Istoria Europei de Est de la al doilea rdzboi
mondial pindin prezent

(Lich si Ddng Au ti

Chien

tranh the gidi thi hai den nay), Nxb. Polirom, lasi,
2008, trang 101 (tieng Rumani).

chiu.
10. To chic mgt phien toa xet xi cong khai ddi
vdi trudng hdp Mihdly Farkas; md cugc diiu tra vi

vai

lap bdi Gomulka

mgt sd ngudi md chung

Chung ta CO ca sd de tin rdng tinh hinh d ddt nUdc

nghiep;

boi thudng

thdnh

trb cua

Hunggari

tiNga

11. Thay
truyin

Rdkosi;

dUa nhing

th chinh

tri

vi nUdc.

(20). Theo quan diem cila nha nghien cflu Peter
Calvocoressi, sci di Lien Xo co each doi xii va hanh
dgng trudc nhflng gi xay ra fl Ba L a n nfim 1956
khac vdi H u n g g a r i bfit nguon tfl nhieu ly do vfi sfl
toan tinh. P e t e r Calvocoressi cho rfing: "Ket cue

the' qudc huy hien thdi - xa lg vdi

thddng cua nhdn ddn - bdng qudc huy thdi

cua nhing

sii kien ndy (tflc nhflng bien dong xay

r a 6 Ba L a n mfla h6 nfim 1956 - Dfio Tua:n T h a n h

Kossuth; khoi phuc lgi cdc ngdy le hgi quo'c gia vdo

chu thich) la ngUdi Nga dd den Vacsava

cdc ngdy 15 thdng 3 vd 6 thdng 11 (dUdc coi nhU

dinh

nhing

ngdy nghi tii do). Thay doi trang phuc

qudn

dgi.

ngdn chgn

Gomulka

sau khi xem xet nhanh

vdi y

vd ddng cua ong ta,
dd chdp nhgn

hg.

Bien

phdp si dung triic tiip qudn dgi Nga tgi Ba Lan
12. Tli do hodn todn vi quan diem vd tU do bdo

Id qud mgo hiem bdi cdc liic lUdng cua Nga co the

chi. Phdt hdnh mgt sdlUOng ldn ciia cdc td bdo trite

vdp phdi sU cho'ng cU quyei Hit cua qudn dgi Ba

thugc td chic MEFESZ.

Lan vd mgt cugc ngi chii'n tgi Ba Lan co the ddn

Ti bo cdc ho sa theo doi bi

mat cd nhdn sau khi cong bd ngi dung cua chiing

tdi rdc rdi nghiem

cho nhing

Gomulka

ai quan

tdm.

13. Tuang cua Stalin,

bieu tUdng cua dgc tdi vd

si dupd 44 de ani" ("Budapet

1956.

khdc.

Id mgt ngUdi cgng sdn vd khong co bd't

ky mgt do tudng ndo vi viec Ba Lan duy tri quan

ra khoi Hiip Udc Vacsava

Hunggari".

(Nguon: Tibor M6ray, "Budapeste

qudc gia

he to't vdi Lien Xo. Ong khong di xud't viic Ba Lan

sii dp bic cdn phdi logi bo khong chgm tre.
14. Dodn ke't tdt cd mgi ngUdi

trgng 6 nhing

tgi Ba Lan vdi nhing
Atunci

1956. Khi do vd sau

hoac chia se quyin lUc

ngUdi phi cgng sdn. Co thi

chung sdng dUdc vdi Gomulka.

Ne'u ngUdi Ba Lan

luc ddu e nggi Id mgt chinh phu Ba Lan mdi se di

44 ndm"), Nxb. Compania, 2000, Bucuresti, tr. 43-

qud xa trong viec ldm phUOng hgi tdi nhiing ldi ich

44 (tieng Rumani).

cdn bdn vd thie't ye'u cua Nga, hg kit ludn sau khi


Qop phan danh gia ve mo'i quan he..
suy nghl lgi Id Gomulka se khong vUdt qud
ranh gidi cua nhiing diiu co thi dung thi
Thdng 12, chinh phu mdi dd ddnh cho Nga
duy tri liic lUOng qudn dgi tgi Ba Lan"
Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau ndm
Nxb. Lao Dong, Ha Ngi, 2007, tr, 280),

41
nhing
dUdc.
quyin
(Peter
1945,

muon thay the bfing mgt trong nhflng ngfldi ong
ling hg (Andriye Hebrang hofic Sreten Zujovic).
Ong muon bao dam fl Nam Tu mgt che do biet
phuc tung nhu ba't cfl quoc gia nao thugc Dong
Au. Neu Tito to ra cflng diu cflng co thi vin con
nhieu ngUcii Nam Tu khac sfin sang phuc tflng

menh lenh va di theo dUdng loi cua Stalin. Stalin
(24). Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau
khong CO y dinh gat bo Nam Tu ma co y dinh loai
ndm 1945, sdd, tr, 281.
bo Tito, va sfl trflng phat ha khfic cua Tito dgi
(26). Trong Hoi ky cua minh, nha lanh dao
xuo'ng dau nhflng ngUdi thee dUdng ldi Stalin
Lien Xo, Khdrutxop da danh hfin mgt chfldng de de
(dfic biet tai Serbia) sau khi hai ben cfit dflt quan
cap den nhflng sU kien dien ra cl Hunggari nfim
he noi len rfing cugc da'u tranh ben trong dang
1956. Khdrutxo'p cho rfing "Do Id mgt thdi diem Nam Tfl da trfl nen het sflc gay gfit vfi chien
lich si. Chung ta ding trUdc sii liia chgn co tinh thfing cua Tito chi la mgt chien thfing mong
budc ngoat: chung ta gii qudn dgi di'n thd do manh. Cugc tranh cai nay xoay quanh nhieu chu
(Hunggari - Dao Tua'n Thfinh chu thich) yd trd'n dp de nhfl each td chflc hdp ly mgt nha nUdc cgng
cugc noi day, hay to't hcfn la chung ta dai lUc lUOng san, vai tro cua Dang Cgng san, nhflng chinh
cdch mgng tU gidi phong vd ddn dp bgn phdn sach rugng dat, sU Id la cua Nam Tu trong viec
dpng" (Dan theo, Jean-Frans9ois Soulet, Istoria
thii tieu chii nghia tu ban va con ngUdi cua Ngoai
Europei de Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pind
truflng Nam Tu, Vladimir Velebit, ngUdi bi Nga
in prezent, sdd, tr. 103).
bugc tgi Ifim gian diep cho Anh. Mo'i bat hoa ngay
(27). De CO the hi§u sau sfic hdn mo'i quan he cang tfing do sfl co mfit cua cac cd van quan sU va
gifla Lien Xo vfi Nam Tu trong giai doan nay, theo dan sfl Nga fl Nam Tu, ma ngUdi Nam TU cho
chiing toi, nhflng nhan dinh sau cua nha nghien rfing nhflng vien cd van nay thflc eha't la dai dien
cflu Peter Calvocoressi trong cong trinh nghien cho tinh sieu viet ciia Nga va dfldc tra lUdng fl
cflu: "Chinh tri Thi'gidi sau ndm 1945" la mot ggi mflc qua cao; nhflng no Iflc cua Nga nhlm gay
mfl rat dang de chung ta suy ngam. Peter sflc 6p len Nam Tu bao gdm ca viec de dga rut het
Calvocoressi da viet rfing: "Cugc tranh cai gifla chuyen gia ve nU6c. Thong qua trao ddi thfl tin,

cac nha lanh dao Nga va Nam Tu dugc tien hanh ngUdi Nam Tu ro rang rat mudn tranh mgt sfl cfit
dflt, do v5, mot thai do co the dan tdi viec cung cd
thong qua thU tin trong cac thang 3,4 va 5 nfim
1948. Tam diem cua va'n de la viec Tito tfl choi quyet tam cua Nga vach ro sU thfla nhan sai llm
cha'p nhan sfl chi dao cfla Matxcdva va viec ong ve nhflng diem dang tranh cai. NhUng ket qua la
kien quye't doi co quyen giai quyet cac va'n de cfla Nam Tu khong chap nhan vi the cua mgt hgc tro
Nam Tu trong boi canh cua chinh hg va ap dung vfi thang 6 nfim 1949, sU tuyet giao dUdc tuyen
nhflng giai phap cua chinh hg hdn la nhflng bd cong khai bfing quyet dinh khai trfl Nam Tu
nguyen tfic va chUdng trinh cila Nga. Tito khfing ra khoi Cominform, hiep hgi qudc te cua cac
dinh Nam TU khong chi tdch biet md con hodn Dang Cgng san, trfldc dc dfldc hinh thfinh vao
todn khdc biit vdi Liin Xo, \a hcc thuyet cgng thang 9 nhlm dam bao sU thdng nha't va tuan
thu ly tuflng. Tito la mgt nha cgng san tu tin
san cung nhfl thflc tiin cua no khSng qua khd
nhUng
khong phai la mgt nha cgng san di vang
cflng den dg khcng the tinh tdi nhflng khac biet
ldi.
Ong
da tflng tinh tdan trudc viec gfin bo cua
nay. Nhung ve phin minh, Stalin da tfl be quan
niem ve nhflng con dUcJng khac nhau dan tdi chil nudc cgng hoa cgng san Nam Tu vdi Lien Xo
nghia xa hgi va trfl nen nghi ngd Tito, ngUdi ong nhUng trong nhflng ngay diu, ong lai tuhg lo Ifing


42
bdi nhflng •vu thanh triing cua Nga trong nhflng
nfim 30, bi bang hofing bfli hiep Udc Nga-Dflc nfim
1939 vfi tflng chiing kien thai do cua Stalin ddi vdi
nhflng nha cgng san nho hdn. Nfim 1948, ong tfl bo
mo hinh Stalin ve chil nghia cgng san qudc te •vi

niem tfl hfio dan tgc va niem tfl hao ca nhan;
nguon gdc dan tgc thflc sfl cila ong da khien ong
khac hfin vdi nhflng nha lanh dao cgng san sdng fl
Lien Xo lau hdn ca d nhflng qudc gia ban dia ciia
hg, va vi the cua eng vdi tu each la nha chi huy
cgng san thanh cong trong sU nghiep chdng lai Dflc
qudc xa da giup ong co dUdc sfl tfl tin va sU ung he
cua dan chung. Ong da ra't may mfin bfli mgt thflc
te la Nam Tu khong co chun^ dUcfng bien gidi vdi
Lien Xo va -vien trcS kinh te ciia phUdng Tay da
giup ong vugt qua sU phong toa kinh te cila phe
cgng san. Nam Tu trfl thanh mgt hien tUdng khac
thudng tren the gidi, met nha nudc cgng san phu
thugc vao vien trd cua Hoa Kp wk cac nhan vat
chlnh phfldng Tay, mgt ddng minh cua Hy Lap va
The Nhi K;^ trong hiep Udc Balkans nfim 1953 vfi
la quc'c gia ung hg chil nghia trung lap va chinh
sach khong lien ket cung vdi Nehru va Nasser"
(Ngudn: Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri The gidi sau
ndm 1945, sdd, tr. 275-276).
(28). Trong nhiing ngay 26 thang 5 - 2 thang 6
nfim 1955, Khdrutxop da dan dau doan dai bieu
ca'p cao tien hanh chuyen vieng thfim tai Belgrad
nhlm binh thucing hoa quan he gifla hai nhfi nUdc
XHCN sau 7 nfim mau thuin vfi bat ddng sau
nhflng quyet dinh cua lanh tu I. Stalin nfim 1948.
Sau mgt nfim, losip Broz Tito ciing da din dau
doan dai bieu cap cao Nam Tu tien hanh chuyen
thfim Lien Xo trong cac ngfiy 1- 23 thang 6 nfim
1956 (Ngudn: Comeliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai

Retegan, sdd, tr. 45-46).

Rghien cuu Lich sJr. s6'1.2011
(30). Co tai lieu cho thay ro thai do cOia nha
lanh dao Nam Tu. Do losif Broz Tito da lo sd trUdc
sil ca'p tien cua Imre Nagy. Cai each cua Nam Tu
trong thap nien 40 va 50 cua the ky XX mdi chi
dflng fl viec dfla ra mgt each thflc mdi/con dfldng
mdi xay dflng CNXH, song van nfim trong he
thdng XHCN; trong khi Imre Nagy lai quyet dinh
tfl bo he thdng XHCN (Ngudn: Corneliu Mihai
Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr. 23).
(32), (33). Jean-Fransfois Soulet, Istoria
Europei die Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pind
in prezent, sdd, tr. 102, 102.
(34). Theo nghien cflu cua Peter Calvocoressi,
"hdng nghin ngUdi Hunggari bi dUa de'n Lien Xo
hoac bixiti'
(Peter Calvocoressi, sdd, tr. 281).
(36). Chi ba thang sau khi Stalin chet (5 thang
3 nfim 1953), den ngay 15 thang 5 nfim 1953, Nam
Tfl va Lien Xo da ra thong cao chung binh thfldng
hoa quan he ngoai giao song phfldng. Den ngay 31
thang 8 nfim 1953, Hunggari vfi Nam Tfl ciing
tuyen bd binh thUdng hoa quan he, cii Dai sfl fl thu
dd moi nudc. Ngay 11 thang 9 nfim 1953, Bungari
vfi Nam Tu thiet lap lai quan he ngoai giao. Ngay
19 thang 6 nfim 1954, Rumani va Nam Tu thiet
lap lai quan he ngoai giao fl d p Dai sfl (Ngudn:
Corneliu Mihai Lungu, Mihai Retegan, sdd, tr. 44

-45).
(37). Jean-Frans(;ois Soulet, Istoria Europei de
Est de la al doilea rdzboi mondial pind in prezent,
sdd, t r 103.
(38). Jean-Frans90is Soulet, Istoria comparatd
a statelor comuniste din 1945 pindin zilele noastre
(Lich si so sdnh cua cdc nUdc cpng sdn ti ndm
1945 den nay), Nxb. Polirom, lasi, 1998, tr, 117
(tieng Rumani).