tổng hợp nhiều bài nghiên cứu về giáo dục và nguồn nhân lực việt nam

7lflO DUC S DHO Tfl

GIAI PHAP DAO TAO NGUON NHAN LI/C
THAY THE LAO DONG Nl/CiC NGOAI Cl VIET NAM
Nguyin Thi Thu Huong*, Trin Bich Thuy*

Bdi viet gi&i thieu thuc trgng lao dong nudc ngodi a Viet Nam trong nhicng ndm qua, mdi quan
he cua n& ddi v&i tdng tru&ng kinh te vd khuyen nghi cdc gidi phdp ddo tgo thay the ngudn nhdn
lifc ngi dia ddp ung nhu cdu canh tranh doi v&i su bien dong cua lao ddng nu&c ngodi.
Tir khoa: Lao ddng nudc ngoai d Viet Nam, di chuyen lao ddng, dito tao thay tha
1. Gidi thieu
Hpi nhap kinh te quoc le da tao lap vit phat Uian
cac loai thi tmdng trong dd cd Ihj tmdng lao dgng.
Trong bdi canh dd, ddng lao dpng nudc ngoai tham
gia thj tmdng lao ddng ngay mpt ddng hon. Van da
kat noi cung cau tran thi tmdng lao ddng trd Idn da
dang va phirc lap han; lao ddng nudc ngoai d Viet
Nam da mang den nhirng lpi ich cho tang tmdng
kinh tl, xa hpi nhung cung lao ra nhung bat cap
Uong ddi sdng kinh te xa hdi. Ddng lao ddng nudc
ngoai Viet Nam qua ddng se gay ra nhimg bat Igi
cho lao ddng Viet Nam, ty le that nghiep gia tan]

canh Uanh ngity cang khdc liet hon Uen thj tmdng
trong khi nan kinh te khiing hoang Iran loan cau. Co
che quan ly lao ddng ndi chung cdng tac quan ly lao
ddng nude ngoai ndi neng ciing can dugc hoan
thien va phai trien phii hgp vdi thi tmdng. Chinh vi
vay, cac tae gia da lya ehgn nghien cim chu da "Giai
phap dao tao thay the ngudn nhan luc lao ddng nudc
ngoai d Viet Nam".

2. Lao dong nudc ngoai d Viet Nam
2.1 So luang lao dgng nirdc ngodi (LDNN)
Lao ddng nudc ngoai vao lam viec d Viet Nam
khdng nhiing gia lang vl so lugng ma cdn md rpng

Hinh 1: Tuong quan giua toe do tang truong GDP d Viet Nam vdi su gia tang LDNN
9 00%
8 00%
7 00%

70000

6 00%

60000

5 00-A

50000

4 00%

40000

3 '»%

30000

2 1)0-'

20000
10000

6938

n

217 31117 430C3 52633 55426 539^5

2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
= 1 Lao ddng nu'dc ngoai lam viec d Viet Nam

- • - T d c dd tang GDP

Nguon. Cue Viec ldm - Bg Lao dgng Thuang binh ui Xd hdi (2002 2012/
Si 199 Ihdng 01/2014

65

kjiilileilidllrii'ii


^flO DUC S OflO TflO
vl nhilu loai hinh thuc nhu ngoai cae doanh nghiep
thye hien theo luat doanh nghiep luat diu tu cac nha
thiu, van phdng dai dien, td chiic chinh ui-xa hgi,
dem vj sy nghiep Nhit nudc... cdn cd them td chiic
hiep hdi doanh nghiep, eac hd kinh doanh vii ca
nhan kinh doanh.
Nam 2002 cd xip xi 7000 LDNN vao Viet Nam

Iam viec. Din nam 2012, tiie la sau mudi nam, sd
LDNN lang hon gip 11 lin, dat hon 78000 ngudi.
Nhu vay, sd LDNN viio Viet Nam cd xu hudng gia
tang theo mat dp day (tdc do tang trung binh lit
26,9% uong giai doan 2002-2012).
2.2. Moi twang quan giira tdng trir&ng kinh te
v&i LDNN
2.2.1. Xel ve moi luang quan giu tdng truang
kinh te vd gia tdng ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam
Cd the ehia lam hai giai doan trudc va sau khi hdi
nhap thuang mai the gidi (WTO):
- Giai doan tmdc hdi nhap (2004-2007), lang
tmdng GDP cua Viel Nam cao thi tdc dp tang cua
LDNN vao Viel Nam cung lang eao (tmng binh
46,7%/nam);
- Giai doan sau khi hdi nhap (2008-2012), khung
hoang kinh te the gidi va tiep do la ng cdng chau Au
da hudng manh den Viet Nam, nan tdc dp tang
Irudng GDP giam dang ke, ldc do LDNN vao Viet
Nam lang cham han (Imng binh 11,5%/nam).
Thdng ke cho thay, sd lupng lao ddng nudc ngoai
litm viec tai Viet Nam cd xu hudng gia tang, mat dp
day. Bang 1 eho thay ty le tang sd ngudi lao ddng
nudc ngoai lam viec tai Viet Nam tang tir nam 2002

din thang 10/2012.
2.2.2 Xet vi he sd co gidn viec ldm cua LDNN &
Viet Nam
- Tmdc hgi nhap, giai doan 2004-2007, he so co
gian viec lam la 2,76%;

- Sau hgi nhap, giai doan 2008-2012, he s6 co
gian viec lam la 1,97%.
Nam 2011: cu 1% tang len cua GDP thyc tl eua
khu vyc FDI thi ty Ie LDNN vao Viet Nam lam viec
tang 3,91%. Dilu nay cho thiy dau tu cua nudc
ngoiti tang se lao ra nhieu viec Iam, tang cau cua thi
tmdng lao dgng.
2 2.3. Xet ve mirc do m& cua ciia Viet Nam
Sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO (nam 2008), toe
do md ciia nen kinh tk. cao, thu hiit dau tu nudc
ngoai cang nhieu, gia Uj xuat nhap khau gia lang
manh, Cac nganh tham dung lao dgng cd co hdi md
rpng san xuat vit xuat khau dan den tang nhu cau lao
ddng. Cling vdi su chuyen giao va ky thuat cdng
nghe mdi, md rpng san xuat da lam cho ddng lao
ddng nude ngoai vao Viel Nam tang nhanh hon va
vdi nhiau hinh Ihiic da dang hem. Sau khung hoang
kinh te (2009-2010), de lang cudng xuat khau, sau
giai doan Ihu hut manh vdn dau tu nudc ngoai, Viel
Nam can cai thien nang lyc canh tranh da trd thanh
eae ddi thu manh tran thuang tmdng, diau nay ddi
hdi tmdng lao ddng trong nudc cin cd ngudn nhan
luc du sire thay thd va canh tranh vdi lao ddng nudc
ngoai.
2.3. Ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam theo chau luc

Bang 1: T> le tang hiing nam so LDNN lam viec dViet Nam (2002-10/2012)
Nam
2002
2004

2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Thang 10/2012

Sd lugng (ngudi)
6.938
12.602
21.217
34.117
43000
52.633
55 428
56.929
74000
78440

So vdi nam tmdc (%)
181.64
168,36
160,80
126,04
122,40
142,49
102.71
129.99

106,00

Ngudn: Tgp chi Cdng sdn dien lir sd 16 (ndm 2009) vd Cue Viec ldm - Bd Lao ddng, Thuemg binh
vd Xd hdi (2002-2012)
So 199 Ihang 01/2014

Killil ly'liat trien


GlH
IflO DUC S

BflO Tl

#

Hinh 2: He so CO gian viec lam so vol GDP
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000

(53,,

7 490)/

2009

2010

/490)

i'egOO

3000O
20000
10000

I I
2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2011

2012

[=1GDP thyc te cua khu VU'C FDI (tyddng)
^ ^ H e so CO gian viec lam cua lao dong nu'd'c ngoai khu vuc FDI
Nguon: Tinh todn cua de tdi tu ngudn so lieu cua Tong cue thdng ke
Bang 2: MIJC dp mtf cira cua nen kinh tl giai doan 2004-2011
2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

GDP ThiJc te (Ty
dong)

362.435

393,031

425.373

461,344

490,458

516,568

551 600

584,496

Xuat khau + NhSp
khau (Tydong)

994 432

1-193,766

I 478-656

1,940.224

2.540 183 2.437 038

3275 179

4.518 569

Mirc do mis cira
nen kinh te (Tong
XNK/GDP) (Un)

2 74

3 04

3 48

4,21

4 72

5 94

73

5 18

2011

Ngudn: Tinh lodn cua de tdi lir ngudn sd lieu cua Tdng cue thdng ke
Theo Ihdng ka eua Cyc Viec lam - Bd LDTBXH
thi sl LDNN lam viec tai Viet Nam ehu yeu lit
nhirng ngudi mang quoc tich chau A (Nhat Ban,
Han Quoc, Dai Loan, Tmng Qude...), ehiem 58%;
con lai la chau Au (Anh, Phap,...) chiem 28,5% va
cac chau luc khac la 13,5%. Dac biet, trong nhiing
nam gan day (nhat la nam 2010) sd lao ddng phd
Ihdng khdng nghe tir Tmng Qude vao kha nhiau
theo cac chii dy an tning thiu tai Vidl Nam.

2.4. Ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam theo gi&i tinh vd
do tudi
Lao ddng ngudi nudc ngoai la nam gidi chiem
xip xi 90% va nu gidi ehi chiem 10% tdng sd ngudi
nude ngoai d Viet Nam, trong dd lao dpng cd dp
tudi lit 30 trd len chiam da sd,
2.5. Ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam ldm viec theo
trinh dp chuyen mon vd vi tri ldm vifc

Bang3: LDNN lam viec & Viet Nam phan theo gidi \ a dp tuoi
1
2
3
4

Tyia(%l
Lao ddmz nuoc neoiii
89,9
Nam
10,1
Nii
Dudi 30 ludi
Tir 30 tudi trd ian
Nguon. Cue Viic ldm - Bd Lao ddng. Thuong binh vd Xd hdi (2002-2012)

^''199 thdng 01/2014

kmhlAllm


?lflO DUC 5i BflO THO
Hinh 3: S6 LD.N.N diigrc cap phep tinh din nam 2012

7.10%

39.90% v ^ ^ ^ ^ H

/ _ 52.90%

• Khdng thudc dien cap phep i^Oa du'gc cap phep
s Chiia diigc cap phep

Nguon; Cue Viec ldm - Bg Lao dgng. Thuang binh vd Xd hgi (2002-2012)
Bang 4: Trinh dp chuyen mon ciia lao dong nunc ngoai
So lu'O'ng (nguai)

Noi dung

STT

Ty le (%)

Tong so lao dong nydrc ngoai, trong do;

77,087

100

1

Tit dai hoc Ircr len

51.458

66,75

2

Nghe nhan nganh nghe truyen thong

809

1,05

3

Kinh nghiem lam viec tren 5 nam

10.448

13,55

4

Khac

14.372

18,65

Ngudn: Tdng hop sd lieu bdo cdo cua cdc Sa Lao dong- Thuang binh vd Xa hdi
Trong ty le LDNN la nghe nhan va Iam nghe
tmyen thdng thi bao gdm ca lao dgng khdng ed Irinh
dp Cd 81,35% LDNN vao Viet Nam Iam viec la lao
dgng ed Uinh do va ky nang trong eac ITnh vyc,

LDNN lit nhiing lao ddng khac bao gdm nhirng
LDNN khdng ed trinh dd vao Viet Nam lam viec.

Tuy nhian, thuc tl rit khd xae djnh ehinh xac eac
con sd nay vi nhung bit cap trong edng lac quan ly

Phan Idn LDNN vao Viel Nam la chuyen gia

LDNN d Viel Nam hien lai. Tinh hinh tram Ugng

chuyen giao edng nghe va can bp quan Iy, 27%

han khi dia phuong ed eae edng Irinh/du an do nudc

Bang 5: Vi tri viec Iiim cua LDNN
Ty le (%)
\'i tri lam viec
3L8
- Lao dgng quan ly
41.2
- Chuyan gia
27
- Lao dons khac
Ngudn - Cue Viec ldm - Bo Lao ddng. Thuang binh vd Xd hoi (2002-2012)
So 199 Ihdng 01/2014

68

klnhteJ'hattm


7lflO Dues DflO Tl
ngoai dau tu hoac tinng thiu tiong ITnh vyc xay

dyng, khai khoang,... nhu xay dyng nhii may, xay
dyng cdng trinh giao thdng, khai thac md,... mang
theo lao dpng phd thong la ngudi nudc ngoai vao
Vi^t Nam.
73% lao dpng nudc ngoiii la quan Iy, giam doc
dieu hiinh, tmdng dai dien cac td chiic qude tl,
thuemg mai va cac hinh thiie hgp tac qude ll khae d
Viet Nam, nhung nha chuyen gia va quan ly d bac
cao, phy Iraeh cae cdng viec ddi hdi chuyan mdn ky
thuat cao ma lao ddng Viet Nam chua dam nhan
dirpc litm viec trong eac doanh nghiep. Bai toan dat
ra cho cac nha quan ly doanh nghiep va cae nha
hoaeh dinh chinh sach d nudc ta trong Ihdi gian tdi
can phai dito lao ngudn nhan luc thay thi khi lyc
lupng nay chuyen giao va di chuyen khdi thi tmdng
laodong Viet Nam.
3. Cac giai phap dao tao thay the nguon nhan
lyc Viet Nam
Trong qua Irinh tai ca ciu nan kinh te vii phat
trien theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda eac
dong lao ddng uan ihi tmdng cd sy djch chuyan
manh, nganh ndng ngbiep, quan ly cdng cd xu
hirdng thu hep lao ddng. Lao dgng trong nhung
nganh nay se dugc djch chuyen sang cac nganh
cong nghiep vit dich vu khae, tac ddng manh vao
chuyen djch lao ddng theo nganh chu yau la cac yeu
to nhu: ehinh sach dito tao, gia lang tdng viec lam va
giam dit ndng nghiep. Ty le lao ddng khdng cd bang
cap, lao ddng liim nghi gian dan va lao ddng trong
nong nghiep giam manh do lai cau tnic kinh la

hudng tdi nen kinh ta tang tmdng va chal va ben
vung. Cac doanh nghiep, do dd cdng budc phai eo
cau lai lao dpng eho phii hgp vdi viec ddi mdi, nang
cap cong nghe. Lao dpng cd tay nghe va lao ddng
trong cdng nghiep va dich vii lang.

dung va sua dyng lao ddng trinh do trinh do tmng
va eao cip. Trong dao tao, cin cd co chi lien kit
khuyen khieh doanh nghiep tham gia vito dao tao
phat trien dao tao dung dja chi va theo don dat hang.
Cac chinh sach cua Nha nudc can tao dilu kien
da eae co sd dao tao edng lap va tu thuc phat triln
bmh dang, canh Uanh cdng bing Uen ca sd tiau
chuan dau ra. Cac chinh sach dao tao, diu tu, thui,
dat dai... cung can cd ehe dp khuyin khich ddi vdi
cac tmdng "dang cap" dao tao trinh do ky thuat
cdng nghe bae eao dap ung nhu cau canh Uanh ciia
thj tmdng.
Doanh nghiep can xay dyng chian lugc phiit trien
ngudn nhan lyc cua minh da cd the thay thi lao
ddng nudc ngoai. Dao tao va sir dyng hieu qua ddi
ngu va phat uian dpi ngu. Xay dung cac quy che dao
lao vii vj tri viec litm trong doanh nghiep dam bao
Ua edng tuong xirng vdi vj tri chirc Uach dam
nhiem.
Can cd chinh sach dai ngd nhan titi va mi dai
tuyen dyng hpc sinh dat kat qua xuat sac. Ddng thdi
khuyan khich cac em hpc tiep tuc d cac bac cao hon
da CO tha ddn dau nhirng thanh tyu ucn bp ve khoa
hoc cdng nghe nan tian uan tha gidi,

Thii hai, hoan thienchucmg trinh giao trinh va dpi
ngu giang \ ien nam bat dugc cdng nghe mdi va nhu
cau thj tmdng
Tang cudng quan ly dao tao theo chat lugng dau
ra. He thdng cac eo sd dao tao can dupc phan loai
vii xay dung chuan dau ra theo nhu eau bian dpng
eua ihi tmdng. Da la dugc dieu nay ddi hdi chuang
trinh giao trinh ludn dugc cap nhat ddi mdi, Ke
hoach dao tao, he thdng kiem dinh chat lugng, dinh
miie vit cbi phi dito tao ciing can phat trien linh hoat
dam bao cho dao tao.

Mdt trong nhiing giai phap phat trian dito tao
Lao ddng cd chuyen mdn bae cao vit bac Imng, va quan trgng lit dao tao ddi ngii giang vien "vira hdng
lao dpng djch vu ed ky nang lit nhimg nghe dugc su vira chuyen". Ddi vdi dpi ngii giang vian cd trinh dp
dyng nhieu trong cac nganh dich vu, chu yau phue cao vl ly thuyit va tay nghe can cd ca che chinh
vy cau trong nudc dan ddn tang cau ddi vdi can bd sach dai ngd nhu lien luong tian thudng, ehinh saeh
lanh dao va quan ly. Mat khac, nhu cau bd sung cho chdng "chay mau chit xam" de hp het Idng tmyan
lupng lupng lao ddng nudc ngoai nil khdi thi trudng dat kiln thiic eho hpe sinh. Xay dyng chinh sach
lao dpng Viet Nam dan dan cau kep ddi vdi lao ddng khuyin khieh cac co sd dao tao cd tha phat tnen san
chuyan mdn ky thual bac cao. Vdi xu hudng bian xuit dich vu, nghian ciru khoa hpc iing dung vao
ilpng ddng LDNN vao Viet Nam vit de dap iing nhu thuc lien.
cau thi tmdng, trong thai gian tdi can chit trgng mdt
Thii ba. nang cao ca sd vat chat ddi vdi cac ca sd
so giai phap sau:
dao lao nhit ia hp thing thipl bi. may mdc phgc vy
Thir nhal, can hoan thipn the cha dao tao tuyen dao tao. Phat huy nghien cim cai tien ky thuat ddi
"^'i 199 Ihdng 01/2014

69

kinhlrittiilH'ii'fi


^flO DUC S DflO TflO
vdi phdng thi nghiem phyc vu giang day. Nang cao
thuang hien dao tao ddi vdi cae ca sd dao tao. He
thdng thdng tin, thu vien Uong cac co sd dao lao
cdng can dugc diu tu nang cap de cd the kdt ndi lien
thdng khdng nhihig trong nudc ma cdn lien thdng
vdi cac CO sd dao lao ngoai nudc.
Thu tu, Dy bao nhu cau va vj tri viec lam thay the
lao dpng nuac ngoai; can ddi vdi nhu cau dao tao
cho nen kinh Id qude dan.
Tang cudng ddi mdi Ur duy Uong dao tao va quan
ly giao due dao lao theo hudng xay dung nan kinh
te Ui thiic va xa hgi hda sy hgc tap sudt ddi Irong

loan xa hdi.
4. Ket luan
D I nang cao hieu qua dao lao va sii dung ngudn
nhan lyc thay Ihl LDNN, dap iing nhu ciu thi
tmdng, Nha nudc can quan tam dau tu tir hoan thien
thi chi, thiet chi din td chiic thyc hien dieu tiet,
theo ddi va giam sat thi tmong lao dgng vdi eac
budc di thich hgp. Phan cdng rd tiach nhiem su phdi
hgp giiia cac nganh cac cap tir tmng uong den dja
phuang gdp phan thuc hien thang igi chien lugc
kinh le-xa hgi den 2020. •

Tai lieu tham khao:
Cue Viec lam - Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh va Xa hpi (2002-2012). Bao cao thudng nien. Ha Npi.
Bp Lao dpng, Thuang bmh va Xa hpi (2012). Gid hda ddn sd a Viit Nam - thdch thiec ddi vai suphdt trien kinh ti
- xa hdi. Tmy cap lan cuoi ngayl5/12/2012.
Bp Tai chinh (2012). Birc Iranh todn cdnh kinh texa hSi Viet Nam ndm 2011. Tmy cap lin cudi ngay 25/3/2013.
Chinh Phil (2012), Bdo cdo cua Thit lu&ng Chinh phu truac Quoc hdi ve tinh hinh kinh te- xd hdi ndm 2011, ke hogch
phdt triin kinh te- xa hgi nam 2012 vd 5 ndm 20! 1-201. xem todn vdn lai http.//www vietnamplus vn/Home/Thuluong-bao-cao-linh-hmh-kmh-texa-hoi-2011/201UO/110068.vnplus Tmy cap lan cuoi ngay 30/3/2013.
Thu tudng Chinh phu (2004). Quyet dinh sd 87/2004/Q§-TTg ngdy 19/5/2004 ve ban hdnh qui chi qudn ly hoat ddng
cua nhd ihdu nuoc ngodi trong linh vuc xdy dung lgi Viit Nam. Ha Npi.

Solutions to improving the local human resource to compete with foreign workforce
Abstract;
This paper presents the foreign labor situation in Vietnam in recent years and the relationship between foreign labor with economic growth The paper also recommends alternative solutions to improving the local
human resource to compete with foreign workforce.

Thong tin tac gia:
* Nguyen Thi Thu HirOng, thgc si
- Noi cong tdc: Vien Khoa hoc Lao dgng vd Xd hoi
- Linh vuc nghien ciru chinh cua tdc gid: Cdc vdn de lao dgng vd xd hgi
- Mgt so tgp chi tieu bieu md tdc gid dd timg ddng tdi cong trinh nghien cuu: Tgp chi Lao dong vd Xd hgi
Email; khtcqlkh(^gmail.com
**Trdn Bich Thiiy
- Nai cong ldc- Vien Khoa hoc Lao dgng vd Xd hgi

70

kinh leJ'hat (rien


NGHI6N CUU - TRflO

MOT SO DE XUAT DOI VOI HOAT DONG HOACH D M CHINK SACH
QUAN LY NHA M'OC \'E THI TRU'O'NG BAT DONG SAN' VIET NAM THOd GLiN TOd
Ngo Tuan .\nh^

Thong qua ddnh gid thuc trgng thi truang bdt dong sdn, hogt ddng hogch dinh chinh sdch
qudn ly nhd nu&c ve thi tnrdng bdt dgng sdn cua Viet Nam trong nhirng ndm qua, tdc gid nit ra
nhiing tdn tai, hgn che doi vol hogt dgng hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn ly nhd nu&c doi vai lmh
vuc ndy. Nghien cicu cdng dua ra mot sd de xudt ddi v&i hogt dgng hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn
ly nhd nuac ve thi trudng bdt dong sdn trong thai gian lai theo hudng tudn theo cdc quy ludt cita
kinh te thi Irucmg.
Tir khda: Bat ddng san, chinh sach quan ly nha nudc, thi trudng bat ddng san, quan ly nha
nudc ve thi trudng bat ddng san.
1. Gidi thieu
Thj irudng bat ddng san cimg vdi thj Irudng vdn
va thj Irudng lao dpng cd vai trd dac biet quan trong
trong CO cau thj trudng cda nen kinh lc, sy bat dn
xay ra vdi bat cir thj trudng nao deu tae ddng lieu
cyc ddn cac thi trudng khac va loan bg nan kinh te.
Thyc te da chiing minh cac tac ddng tich cue lan
tiau cue cua thi trudng nay tdi cac nen kinh le Iran
the gidi, lii cac nen kinh ta Idn nhu My, Trung
Qude, Nhal Ban ldi cac nudc nhd nhu Viet Nam
trong sudl nua the ky qua.
Viet Nam eung vay, nen kinh te dang phai ddi mat
vdi rat nhieu khd khan, dac biel ddi vdi thi trudng
bat ddng san trong nhiing nam qua, bieu hien la tdn
kho bat ddng san cyc Idn, np xau ngay cang tang
cao, mac du Qude hgi, Chinh phu va eac nha dau lu
da cd nhiau bien phap thao ga nhung kat qua khdng

niiiy kha quan. Nam 2013, mac du gia bat ddng san
t^i cac Thanh phd Idn nhu Ha Ngi, Hd Chi Minh...
da giam 30- 35% so vdi mire dinh diam tai mdt sd
khu dd thi, thj irudng bat ddng san van du thira
ngudn cung va khdng ban duge hang. Ng xau bat
dgng san da gay ra tinh trang ng xau ddi vdi nhieu
ngdnh kinh te khac. khdng thao gd dugc khd khan
cho thj Irudng bat dpng san thi cac thj trudng khac
cung khdng giai toa dugc. Giai quyel dugc hang tdn
kho thi mdi giai quyet dugc tinh thanh khoan ciia
doanh nghipp, tir dd giai quyat dugc ng xau cua
So 199 Ihdng 01/2014

doanh nghiep, dan ddn giai quyel duoc ng xau ciia
ngan hang, day chinh la nut that ciia nan kinh ta hien
nay.
Sy yau kem cua nan kinh ta ndi chung va khd
khan ciia thi trudng bat ddng san ndi riang gay ra
bdi nhiau nguyen nhan, ca khach quan lan chii quan,
nhung rd rang cd sy yau kem trong boat ddng quan
ly nha nudc, yeu kem trong hoach djnh chinh sach
quan ly nha nudc, nhiau chinh sach dugc ban hanh
khdng phu hgp vdi thue ta khi Viet Nam da hdi nhap
sau rdng, trd thanh thanh vien cua WTO va dang
xay dung kinh ta thj Irudng. Do dd, cac chinh sach
quan ly nha nudc ve kinh le ndi chung va quan ly thi
trudng bat ddng san ndi neng phai phii hgp vdi cac
quy luat cua kinh ie ihi trudng.
2. Thi trudng bat dong san nam 2013 va hoat
dong hoach djnh chinh sach quan ly nha nudc vc

thj trud'ng bat dong san trong thoi gian qua
2.1. Ve naxdu vd tdn kho bdt dgng sdn
Trudc khd khan hien lai, Qude hpi, Chinh phii va
cac doanh nghiep deu quyet tam giai ciiu inrdng bat
ddng san bang mpt loat cae quydt sach quan trpng.
nhu ban hanh cac co cha chinh sach thao gd, tung ra
gdi giai ciiu ng xau 30000 ly ddng, thanh lap Cdng
ty quan ly tai san cua cae td chirc tin dung Viet Nam
(\A\1C) nham giai ciru ng xau... Tuy nhien, kel
qua dal dugc khdng may kha quan. Dau nam 2013.
thi truang bat ddng san tai cac thanh phd Idn van am

kInlihU'liiillrii'i


^ '

GHICN cuu-TflflO BOI

dam, du gia tiep tyc giam, nhung tinh thanh khoan
van thip, chi cd diem sang d phan khiic can hd
chung eu cd gia tren 10 trieu ddng/m^, dien tieh nhd
va nha d da hoan thien cd giao dieh tang. Khi thj
trudng bat dpng san gap khd khan, hien tugng dau
ca, Iam gia, tam ly dam dgng se giam thidu, khi dd
Ihi trudng se bj ehi phdi manh han bdi quy luat cung
ciu, nhiing phan khue bat dpng san van chua dugc
dua ve gia thi ttirdng se tilp Uie khd khan va se cdn
khd khan hem nua, gia se tilp Uic giam Uong nam
2013, danh gia ehung thi gia se tiep Uic giam trong

nam 2013 vi Cung van tang nhieu ban Cau.

dan, quy md dien tich nhd. Dac biet, xu hudng ng
vay ngay cang Idn bit chip doanh thu va lgi nhuan
sut giam manh. Vdi viec bang tdn kho eua cac
doanh nghiep ngay cang lang chi phi lai suat dugc
vdn hda se Iam cho gia thanh bit dgng san ngay
cang tang. Dilu nay tiem in nguy eo thi trudng bat
dpng san sup do trong tuong lai.
Tuy sd lieu cdn chua thong nhat, nhirng thuc te
cho thiy ring, thi trudng bit dpng san dang tdn tai
2 vin dl la hang tdn kho Idn va no xau cao, dan den
tinh trang tren bdi nhieu nguyen nhan, nhu:

Thic nhdt, thj Uu'dng bit dpng san phat trian mat
Vl ng xiu: Cd nhilu sd lieu khac nhau vl ng xau can ddi, dac biet ddi vdi dit biet thy va ehung cu cao
dugc dua ra, day la dilu hoan toan binh thudng, thi cap. Su phai triln lech lae ciia Ihi tnrdng din din sir
nao la xiu nhieu khi khd doan dinh, so lieu cdng bd phan bd ngudn lue khdng cd hieu qua. Tinh Uang
thi nao thudc pham vi ciia doanh nghiep nan kho mil thanh khoan Uong phan khiic bit dgng san cao
can thiep, cac co quan quan ly nha nudc thu thap sd cip, nha diu Ur thilu vdn, ngudi tiau dung thilu
lieu lu ngudn nao... Thuc tl hien nay, khi cac Id nilm lin vao thi trudng, thilu cung nha 6 gia re xay
chirc tin dung hay doanh nghiep coi mdt khoan np ra d hau het cac do thj.
la ng xiu, thuc ll nd da rat xau rdi, neu khoan ng
Thir hai, kilm soat ludng vdn Iim chuyin ddi vdi
xiu nay cdn chua giai quylt dugc trong khoang thdi
thj trudng bit dgng san cdn han chi, ludng von
gian dai thi nd cdn xau hon rat nhieu.
nhilu khi khdng din duoe dung dia ehi, din din
Theo {Bdo cdo na xdu khong dung 2013) cho khdng hieu qua, gay lang phi ngudn lyc. Do vay, co
bilt: Iheo Ngan hang nha nudc (NHNN), linh dan thi danh gia chinh sach tai chinh bit dpng san con

ngay 28/2/2013, ty la ng xiu trong Iinh vue bit ddng nhiau yeu kem, bat cap.
san giam xuong chi cdn 5,68%, cao hon so vdi mue
Thir ba, cac thdng tin vl bit ddng san khong diy
5,39% lai thai dilm 31/12/2012. Tuy nhidn, IJy ban
giam sal tai ehinh qude gia eho rang, didn bian ng du, thiau minh bach nan nha dau tu ciing nhu nguoi
xau eua nganh nay phan anh khdng diing vdi bien dan khd khan khi lilp can. Nhirng han cha nay da
ddng cua thj trudng bat ddng san. Theo ea quan nay, gay tae dpng dau cyc dan su phat trien eua nen kinh
tinh ddn cudi thang 4/2013, li leng xau eua bat dpng te ndi chung va mat di long tin eiia ngudi dan, nha
san thupc nhdm cao nhat vdi con sd 11,4%. Vdi sd diu tu. Sy tang gia phi ly Iren thj trudng bat dpng
lieu cdng bd hian nay, con sd ng xau rat khac nhau san thdi gian trudc la do tinh trang ddng vdn dau co
va eae suy dien qua dd ciing khac nhau. Thdng ao at do vao thj trudng nay vdi hy vpng thu Icfi
Ihudng, d cae nudc, sd no xau thd hian khoang 1% nhanh, day gia bit ddng san tang qua cao va hau qua
tren tdng du ng da bi coi la nhieu, dan 2% la bao la dan den bong bdng bit ddng san.
ddng, 3% la trudng hpp ngoai Ie.
2.2. Ve hogt dgng hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn
\'e hang ton kho: Theo (Ton kho bdt dong sdn
gidm con 108 nghin ty ddng 2013j cho bidt: can cii
so lieu thdng kd cua Bp Xay dung tinh den bet thang
3.'2013. sd lugng hang tdn kho bat ddng san tren 125
nghin ty ddng trong do tdn kho can hg chung cu
khoang 65 nghin ty, dat nen khoang 6 nghin ty...
tinh den thang 6/2013 gia Iri hang ton kho bat dpng
san da giam xudng edn 108 nghin ty ddng tuong
ling 15%, nguyen nhan viec hang ton kho bat ddng
san giam la do mdt phan can hp da dugc giai phdng
trong dd tap trung d phan khiic du an cd gia binh
So 199 thdng 01/2014

ly nhd nicdc
He thdng cdng cy quan ly vT md ddi vdi thi

trudng bat ddng san la mdt ehinh tha thdng nhat cua
cac quan diem, chian lugc, giai phap, phuong hen
cu the duge Chinh phu su dung trong qua trinh hi?n
thuc hoa cae muc tieu da dat ra. Hien nay, quanly
thi trudng bat dpng san dua Uen nhiing loai cdng cu
chinh sau: cac cdng cu phap luat va dat dai, bat dpng
san; cac cdng cy quy hoach, ka hoach sir dung dat;
cac cdng cy lai chinh bat ddng san; cac cdng cv
quan ly hanh chinh.
30

kjiiltli'Attriii


N G H I C N CUU - TRflO
2 2.1. Cdng cu lugl phdp

2.3.

Chinh sach quan ly bat ddng san dugc quan tam
diing vai tam quan trpng cua nd doi vdi nIn kinh tl.
Trong khoang thdi gian Ur nam 2004-2011, Viet
Nam da ban hanh he thdng cac van ban quy pham
phap luat lien quan den nha d va thi trudng bat ddng
san tuong ddi do so, khoang gan 100 cac van ban
quy pham phap luat quan trpng nhu Luat, Nghj
quyat, thdng tu, quyel djnh... trong do ed nhieu
Luat quan trpng nhu nhu Luat Dat dai, Luat Nha d,
Luat Kinh doanh bat ddng san, Luat Xay dyng...
dieu chinh phan Idn cac hoat ddng Irong Iinh vuc

nay.

Cong cu quy hogch, ke hogch su dung ddt

Dang Hung Vd (2013) cho rang mac du Quoc
hpi, Chinh phu va cac nganh da ban hanh cac van
ban quy pham phap lual ve lap, pha duyet \ a quan
ly cac loai quy hoach lao ra khung khd phap ly cho
viec xay dung va quan ly cac quy hoach hidn cd,
nhu Nghj djnh sd 92/2006/ND-CP, ngay 07/9/2006
ve lap, pha duyel va quan ly quy hoach tdng thd phat
triln kinh te- xa hdi; Nghj djnh sd 04/2008/ND-CP
sira ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu ciia Nghj djnh sd 92;
Nghj dinh sd 69/2009/ND-CP, ngay 13/8/2009 sua
ddi, bd sung ve quy hoach, ka hoach su dung dat
theo hudng mdi cap quy hoach chi quan tam ldi mdt
sd ehi tieu sir dung dal nhat dinh; Luat Dat dai nam

Bang 1; IVIot so van ban quy pham phap luat Uen quan den thi trudng hat ddng san
So

Hinh thirc

So, ky hieu

TT

van ban

van ban

Ndi dung

Van ban do Quoc hoi ban hanh
1

Luat

56/2005/QHll

Nhad

2

Luat

63 2006'QHll

Kinh doanh bat ddng san

3

Luat

34/2009/01-112

Sua ddi, bd sung Diau 126 cua Luat Nha o va Dieu
121 ciia Luat Dat dai

Van ban do Chinh phii va Thu tuong Chinh phu ban hanh

4

Nghi dinh

153/2007/ND-CP

5

Nghi quyat

06/2004/NO-CP

Quy djnh chi tiet va hudng dan thi hanh Luat Kinh
doanh bat ddng san
Ve mpt sd giai phap phat tnen lanh manh thj trudng
bat ddng san

6

Chi thj

11/2007/CT-TTg

Trien khai thi banh Luat Kinh doanh bat dpng san

7

Chi Ihl

01/2008/CT-TTg

Ve mdt sd giai phap day manh phat tnan va quan ly Ihi
irudng bat ddng san

Vanb an do Bo Xay dung ban hanh
8

Thdng tu

13/2008/TT-BXD

Hudng dan thuc hien mdt sd ndi dung cua Nghi dinh
sd 153/2007,'^D-CP ngay 15/10/2007 cua Chinh phu
quy dinh chi tiat va hudng dan thi hanh Lual kuih
doanh bat ddng san

9

Thdng tu

12/2011/TT-BXD

Hirdng dan thuc hien mpt sd npi dung eiia Nghj dinh
sd 74 2005 ND-CP ngay 07 6 2005 cua Chinh phu vl
phdng, chdng nia tian ddi vdi hoal dpng kinh doanh
bat dpng san

.\giidn Tdng hif/} cua tdt gui (2013).
.So 199 Ihdng 01/2014

kinli Id'hiil (rien


^ < 'GHICN CUU - TRflO iDOl
2003 da tap Uung no lyc vao hoan ehinh he thdng tir chuyin quyen sii dung dit, thui sir dung dat, bdi
quy hoach, kl hoach sir dung; Nghi dinh sd thudng thiet hai vl dit, le phi dja chinh, Ie phi ti^dc
181/2004/ND-CP vl thi hanh Luat Dit dai; Sau khi ba. Do do, viec xac dinh gia dit phai dam bao
Luat Dit dai nam 2003 dugc thdng qua, Qude hdi nguyen tic: Sat vdi gia chuyen nhuong quyen sir
cung da thdng qua quy hoach su dung dit din nam dyng dat thuc tl Uen thi truong Uong dieu kien binh
2020 va kl hoaeh sir dung dit giai doan 2011-2015 Ihudng cung dugc Chinh phu va cac dja phuong
cap quoc gia. . eho thiy rieng linh vyc quy hoach, quan tam, Ihuc hien. Diln hmh, nhu Uy ban Nhan
kl hoach sir dung dat cd nhiau van ban quy pham dan (UBND) Thanh phd Ha Npi vira ban hanh
phap luat quy dinh cho thiy khd cd sy thong nhal Quylt dinh sd 27/20I3/QD-UBND cd hieu luc Ihi
hanh Ur 28/7/2013 vl quy dinh chi tiet viee xac dinh
trong lmh vue quan ly nay.
gia dit d, gia ban nha tai dinh cu (TDC) Iam can cir
Cao Van Ban (2013) tin ring cac quy djnh Uong
bdi thudng, hd tra va tai djnh cu khi Nha nudc thu
he thong van ban phap luat hian hanh ciing cdn bdc
hdi dit Uen dia ban. Theo do,tirongUTidng hgp xac
Id nhiing han chi ve hieu lyc phap Iy, thiau cac quy
djnh gia dit d Iam can cii de bdi tiiudng hd Up, neu
djnh dam bao dp tin cay va tinh kha thi cua cac quy
gia dit d do UBND Thanh phd Ha Ndi quy dmh tai
hoaeh dugc phe duyet, dan ddn cdng tac quy hoach
tbdi diem sau Ihdng bao thu hdi dil chua sat vdi gia
cdn nhieu bit cap, thieu tam nhin xa, thidu tinh du
chuyin nhupng quyln su dung dat thue ta uan thi
bao; Ur do din din cac quy hoach se rdi rac, chap va,
Irudng Uong dilu kien binh thudng... dieu nay the

thilu lien kit, kem ban vung, khdng hieu qua, gay
hien quyll lam cua cac cip, cac dja phuong tiiong
lang phi vl ca hdi, lai nguyan, dat dai, vdn dau tu',
qua hoach dinh chinh sach tai chinh se giup thj
ngudn nhan luc
trudng bit ddng san phat trien dn djnh trong Urong
2.4. Cong CIA tdi chinh bdt dgng sdn
lai.
Cac cdng eu cda chinh sach tai chinh ludn cd vai
2.5. Cong cu qudn ly hdnh ehinh
trd cue ky quan trong Uong viec tao vdn, ngudn luc
cho phat Uien kmh te- xa hgi. Thi trudng bat ddng
san cung khdng la ngoai Ie, va dugc qui dinh Uong
nhiau van ban quy pham phap luat khac nhau nhu
Luat dil dai, Luat xay dung... Tnrdc bdi canh thi
trudng bat ddng san sul giam keo dai, Quoc hdi,
Chinh phu va cac nganh da ban hanh nhiau chu
Uuong, chinh saeh Idn nham thao go khd khan cho
thj Irudng bat ddng san, nhu: Chinh phu da ban
hanh Nghi quyll so 02/NQ-CP ngay 7/01/2013 eua
Chinh phu ve mgt sd giai phap thao gd khd khan
cho san xual kinh doanh, hd trg thi trudng, giai
quyat ng xau; Thdng tu sd 228/20I2/TT- BTC cua
Bd Tai chinh ban hanh ngay 27/12/2012 quy djnh ro
ve viee huy dpng vdn, thanh lap, quan Iy va giam sat
boat ddng eua Quy Dau tu bat ddng san, cdng ty dau
tu ehimg khoan bai ddng san va neu ro vai trd cua
ngan hang giam sat cung nhu td chue tham dinh gia.
Hanh lang phap ly eho Quy Dau tu bat dpng san edn
dugc xac djnh tai Dilu 91 Nghi dinh 58/2012/NDCP quy dinh bat ddng san duge phep dau tu phai d

Viet Nam vdi muc dich cho thua hoac de khai thae
nham muc dich thu lgi Uic dn dinh. Chinh sach quan
ly diau hanh gia dat la edng cu ciia Nha nude dl
thyc hien cac ehinh saeh lai chinh ddi vdi dil dai
nhu thu lien sii dung dal, Uen thua dit, Ihul thu nhap
So 199 Ihdng 01/2014

Npi dung cua quan Iy hanh chinh ddi vdi thi
trudng bit dgng san rdt rpng, ehu yeu nhat la quan
ly khai thae, xay dung bat dpng san; quan Iy thj
Irudng bat ddng san; quan Iy thu nhap bat dpng san
va quan ly quyen tai san bat ddng san. Day la he
Ihdng van ban banh chinh quy djnh Ihii tuc tao lap,
giao djch, chuyan nbugng quyan lien quan tdi nha
dat, bat dgng san da duge cae eo quan quan ly nha
nude ban hanh Uong sudt thdi gian qua. Don gian
hoa thu tuc hanh chinh cung nam trong chian luoc
cai each thu bac hanh chinh cua ea nude, 86 Xay
dung da ban hanh Thdng Ur sd 02/2013/TT-BXD
nham nil ngan Ihu tuc hanh chinh nham giup cac
doanh nghiep ehuyen ddi muc dich cac dy an nha d
thuong mai sang nha d xa hpi... Tuy nhian, con
nhieu ndi com, nhu le nan tham nhiing, quan lieu,
thu tuc hanh chinh rudm ra dang la trd ngai Idn cho
su phat trien, ndi com xay ra trong ITnh vyc tai
nguyen dat dai, va dang lo ngai la miie dp nay cang
tang trong nhiing nam gan day.
2.6. Tdn tgi, hgn chi ddi v&i hogch dinh chinh
sdch qudn ly nhd nu&c
Chinh sach quan Iy nha nudc cdn thieu, chua

ddng bp, cdn nhiau khoang Udng, thieu nhat quan,
chua dap iing duge nguyen tac kinh te thj trudng,
32

kinlKvJMtrifi


N G H I C N CUU - TRflO
thdi gian ban hanh cham, nhu: Lual Kinh doanh bit
dpng san quy dinh "chii dau tu dugc huy ddng vdn
khi xong co sd ha ting cua dy an" Uong khi Luat
Nha d lai quy djnh "chi dupe huy ddng von khi
xong mdng", quy djnh viee huy ddng vdn tir nha dau
tu nuoc ngoai khdng ro rang dan dan tinh trang dy
^n cua nha dau tu ngoai nhung vdn Iai chu yau huy
ddng d trong nudc; chinh sach phat triln thj tifdng
nha d khdng cd mdt lp trinh nhat quan; Luat Kinh
doanh bat ddng san khdng dieu chinh boat ddng
kinh doanh djch vu tai chinh ddi vdi thj trudng bit
dgng san. Nam 2013, trudc tinh hinh kinh le khd
khan, Chinh phu da ban hanh Nghi quylt
02/20I3/NQ-CR Dong thdi, Bp Xay dung va Ngan
hang nha nudc da ban hanh cae thdng tu hudng dan
Nghi quylt 02/2013/NQ-CR Tuy nhien, Nghj quylt
02/2013/NQ-CP dugc ban hanh vao thang 1/2013,
den thang 5/2013, cac thdng tu hudng dan mdi duge
ban hanh. Cho den nay, cdn nhieu bat cap Uong viec
trien khai nhu tiau chi de xac dinh ddi tugng, trinh
tu thu tuc chua ro rang. Nhirng bit cap ddi vdi cac
chinh saeh nay can ehinh siia ngay trong thdi gian

ldi.
Tinh minh baeh Uong hoach djnh chinh sach va
thdng tin thj trudng cdn chua cao, huy ddng sire
manh epng ddng trong viae hoach djnh chinh sach
cdn nhieu ban ehe.
Chinh sach ban banh chua du manh, thdng Ihoang
da thu hiit dugc ngudn lyc tir ban ngoai ciJng nhu
cpng ddng, vi du ke tir khi Qude hdi cho phep ngudi
nudc ngoai va Viet kidu mua va sd hiiu nha a tai
Vipt Nam, dan nay mdi ehi cd gin 500 trudng hgp
mua dugc nha, chi bang 0,5% ddi tugng thudc dien
nay dang sdng va lam viec tai Viet Nam, cho ngudi
nudc ngoai mua nha la hinh thirc xuat khau tai chd,
cd the giup giai quyet hang tdn kho d thi trudng cao
cap. Tai cac nudc nhu Thai Lan, Malaysia, Trung
Qude cho Ihay viec khuyan khich ngudi nudc ngoai
sd hiru bit dpng san ed the hd trg cho sy tang gia on
djnh cua thi trudng bat dgng san.

thi can thiet la ngudn luc dd phai dugc di chuyen
sang cac khu vuc khac cua nen kinh le mang lai hieu
qua eao hon, va tieu chuan de danh gia hieu qua la
sy phan bd ed hieu qua cac ngudn lai nguyen khan
hilm cua xa hgi. Han nira, quan ly thj trudng hat
dgng san can tuan thu quy luat cung cau, de thj
trudng didu tiet, Chinh phii cd vai Ud quan Upng la
khac phyc cac khiem khuyat cua Ihi trudng ma ban
than thi trudng khdng ty khac phue dugc, nhu tinh
trang thdng tin khdng hoan hao, do ngoai img, hang
hoa cdng cdng, do siic manh ddc quyan va phan

phdi thu nhap khdng cdng bang.
Vai trd cua chinh phii la thiic day hieu qua va su
cdng bang, cac chinh sach kinh te ndi chung deu
hoac nham vao myc lieu lam cho nen kinh ta Idn
ian, hoac lam thay ddi each thuc phan chia ngudn
lyc cua nan kinh te. Khi ngudn luc eua nen kinh ta
la hiru ban, thi tnrdng van banh theo quy luat cung
eau se gdp phan phan bd ngudn lue cd hieu qua, khi
dd thi trudng se dal duge diem phan bd hieu qua
(diem E uan hinh ve), khdng cd hien tugng du thira
hoac thieu hut hang boa Ddi vdi Viet Nam hien nay,
mudn xu ly dirt diam, cac giai phap xir ly ng xau va
tdn kho phai tuan theo ca chi thi trudng, nhu Cdng
ty xu iy ng xau VAMC can thiet phai mua na xau
cua cac id chirc tin dung theo gia \a nguyen tac thi
trudng, ddi vdi cac du an bat ddng san cd tiem nang
sc duac hd trg, phdi hgp vdi cac td chirc tin dung
eung cap vdn dd tiap tuc hoan thien, ban ra thj
trudng, eae du an khdng kha thi can hat sire can
nhac nau hd trg, bdi vai Ud cua Chinh phu la phan
bd ngudn luc hieu qua dua Iran quy luat ngudn luc

Hinh 1: Can bang thj trircmg canh tranh

S=XMC

3. Mgt so dc xuat doi % di hoat dgng hoach dinh
chinh sdch quan ly nha nudc ve thi truong bat
dgng san N'iet Nam trong thdi gian tdi
3.1. Chinh .sdch qudn ly nhd nudc ve thf trudng

hdt dgng .\dn phdi phd hgp cdc quy lugt ciia kinh
te lh{ trirdng
Ngudn lyc cua ndn kinh te chi hiru ban. khi thj
inri-mg nay khdng mang l^i hi^u qua cho nan kinh te
So 199 Ihdng 01/2014

D=^MU

Ngudn ciia tdc gid (2013).

kinlitiUliiillrit'll


PGHICN cuu-TRflODO!
la khan hilm, Tdm lai, cac ehinh sach hoach djnh
phai man theo quy luat va cac nguyen lac cua kmh
ll thi irudng thi mdi ed hieu qua.
3.2. Chinh sdch phdt trien thi trudng bdt dpng
sdn cdn duac hogch dinh gdn chat v&i chinh sack
phdt trien thi truang tdi chinh
Trong ITnh vue kmh doanh bat ddng san, lugng
lien luu chuyan tren thj trudng ehu yeu la vdn vay,
ddi vdi ca ngudi mua va ngudi ban. Neu Ihj Irudng
bat dn se anh hudng Idn tdi loan bg he thdng. Ban
chat he thdng tin ehinh hat sue phue tap, su pha san
eiia ngudi mua, ban se lan toa den toan bd nan kinh
te, lin dung den biing nd va chinh phu khdng kiem
soat dugc, nguy co do vd day chuyan, nhiing ngudi
nop thua va ngudn luc cua nen kinh ta lai phai ddn
vao ciiu cac id chtictindung thua Id... Do do, can ed

CO che giam sal chat che cac boat ddng dau tu va
kinh doanh bat dpng san thdng qua kiem soal ludng
uln, ludng vdn den dung dja cbi, tranh tinh trang
that thoat vdn hoac vdn dugc su dung khdng hieu
qua; cam cac loai hinh dau tu bat ddng san gay anh
hudng lieu cyc den sy phat Uien cua thj trudng va
phue lgi xa hpi irong dai han Chinh sach lai chinh
bat dn, khdng quan Iy dugc thi trudng lai chinh,
hoac chinh phii su dung sai cac cdng cy cua chinh
saeh tai chinh - lien te se gay bat dn nen kinh ta ndi
chung va Ihi trudng bit ddng san ndi neng.

Viet Nam hien nay la tien quylt nhim lay lai niem
tin cua ngudi tieu diing, ngudi lieu dung chi chju bo
tien ra mua nha Idii hp bill chic ring tai san cua hp
dugc dam bao, thdng tin khdng bj che lap bdi cac
nha kinh doanh bat ddng san, va umg dyng cdng
nghe thdng tin va truyin thdng tao la mot giai phap
nang cao tinh minh bach va hieu qua cua quan ly
nha nuac cung nhu hoach dinh chinh sach quan ly
nha nude ve bat ddng san, cho phep ngudi dan c6 co
hdi tiep can vdi bd may ehinh quyen thdng qua co
eha "mdt cira dien Ui" (theo nghTa "chi can vao mpt
cira la duge dap iing mpi yeu cau tur bd may chinh
quyen"), cac eo quan nha nude cd the phdi hgp vdi
nhau mdi each de dang de thyc thi cac quy trinh
nghiep vu quan ly nha nudc, tien tdi Ud thanh Uung
tam cua he thdng chinh phii dien Ui, va quan ly thj
Irudng bat ddng san la diam ndng Uong nan kinh te
hien nay, cang can day manh ung dyng phuang thitc

hien dai nay.

De chinh saeh dugc hoach dinh ed hieu qua, tranh
trudng hgp khi ban hanh chinh sach, Chinh phu
thudng quan tam den lgi ieh eua minh nhieu hon loi
ich cua ngudi dan va nha dau tu, yeu eau lien quyel
la can mmh bach trong hoaeh djnh chinh sach, co sy
tham gia chat che cua cdng ddng dan cu, cac doanh
nghiep, nhirng ddi Urgng dugc hudng Igi trye liep tir
ehinh sach. Can nang cao linh phap Iy, tinh kha thi
3.3. Hogch djnh vd phd bien chinh sdch phdi cua he thdng cac van ban quy hoaeh tii chd cong
khai thdng tin khi lap quy hoach, phd bien quy
minh bgch
hoaeh dd mgi ngudi biet, tham gia va tuan thii. Neu
Trong mdt nen kinh te dang trong qua trinh
cdn tinh trang cat eir thdng Un, thdng tin bj ehe diu
chuyen ddi nhu Viet Nam. linh trang thdng tin
thi se dan den tinh trang dau ca, Iam gia, Igi ich
khdng hoan bao uan thi inrdng la phd biln vi cae
nhdm phat sinh Iam tdn hai din ngudi tieu diing va
nguyen tac kinh te Ihi Irudng chua duge hoan thien,
meo md thj trudng, vi muc lieu eua doanh nghiep,
he thdng phap lual, cac nguyen tic iing xii, dao dire
nha dau Ur la tim kiam va tdi da hoa Igi nhuan. Neu
kinh doanh cdn yeu kem. Vi du, thdng tin vl ng xiu,
thdng Un day du, minh bach, thi trudng van hanh
ton kho bat ddng san cd nhilu sd lieu khac nhau thi
theo qui luat cung cau se xoa bd dugc cae ton tai
hien tinh thiau minh bach cua thj trudng, khiln eho
Uen.

eae nha quan ly dua ra nhiing ehinh saeh dilu hanh
khdng hieu qua. Tinh trang khdng minh bach thdng
3.4. Rd sodt, hodn thien ngay he thdng chinh
tin dan den ngudi ban khdng cung cip diy du thdng sdch qudn ly nhd nu&c ve thi truomg bdt dgng sdn
tin eho khaeh hang, Nha nudc chua cd cac chi lai xir
Tien hanh ra soal ngay he thdng chinh sach quan
ly cac boat dgng kinh doanh khdng lanh manh din ly nha nude ve thj trudng bit ddng san, sira chira, bo
dan ngudi mua mat nidm tin vao ngudi ban, tam Iy sung, lam mdi chinh sach nham khic phue nhiing
dam ddng chi phdi dan din ngudi mua rit khd doan tdn tai han che Uong thdi gian qua da lam cho thj
djnh. khi ihi trudng nan thi dua nhau mua, khi thi tnrdng bat dn, anh hudng tiau cue din nen kinh le
trudng xudng thi dua nhau ban gay ra tinh Uang Thj Irudng bat dpng san lien quan din nhieu thj
hoang loan va bit dn ciia thj Irudng. Do dd, minh trudng khac Uong nen kinh le va quan ly nha nudc
bach hoa thdng tin doi vdi thi trudng bit dpng san ddi vdi thj trudng nay rat phirc tap. Do dd, dk cac
So 199 thdng 01/2014

34

kinhhyyiriri


NGHICN cuu-TRflOD^
chinh sach cd sy ddng bd can phai cd diem quy
chieu, do chinh la cac quy luat cua kinh ll thi
trudng, cin cd cae chuin muc ddi vdi hoach djnh
chinh sach kinh te ndi chung va quan ly thi tmdng
bat ddng san ndi riang, tranh y mudn tuy lien cua
. ,,
-^
•' •
cac CO quan quan ly.

quyln sd hun tai san va thuc hien giao djch. Khi
quyln so him dugc xac lap rd rang se thu hiit dugc
cac ben tham gia thi tmdng cung nhu huy ddng
^^^^ ^^^^ ,^^ pj,-^ ^ . ^ ^^.^^^ ^.^ ^ ^ ^-^ . ^
. .
..
*A i , • L .^ - ^ L - I . L- l.•hucmg lieu cue den nen kinh te ma Chmh phu phai
can Ihiep.
.
. . .
^^^' ' ° "^^ ^ ' ^^ "'^'^ "^^"^ ^'^^ ^'^} ''^ ''^° '^
^^^ ^^^ S^^o dich. Hang hoa eung cap Uen Ihi
tmdng phai cd chit lugng dat yeu ciu, phu hgp vdi
iripc dich, phai dung nhu md ta cua ngudi ban va
tuan thii cac cam kat giiia cac ban •

Ngoai ra, mdt van de quan Uong ddi vdi chinh
sach quan ly bit ddng san la cin cd cac chi tai vl
xac lap quyln sd hihi ddi vdi bit dpng san va cac
dilu kien hpp dong rd rang nhim thu bill va bao ve
eac ben Iham gia thj Irudng, khi dd ngudi dan va
nha dau tu Uong va ngoai nudc se yen lam khi
Tai lieu tham khao:

Cao Van Ban (2013), 'Nang cao chit lugng lap va thim djnh quy hoach", Tgp chi Kinh tevdDubdo, s6 12(548), tr
8-11
Chinh phu (2012), Nghi dinh so 58/2012/ND-CP vi Quy dinh chi tiet vd hu&ng ddn thi hdnh mot sd dieu cita Ludt
ehimg khodn vd Lugt sda ddi, bo sung mdt so dieu ciia Lugt ehimg khodn, ban hanh ngay 20/7/2012.
Chinh phii (2013), Nghi quyet sd 02/NQ-CP ve mot so gidi phdp thdo gd kho khdn cho sdn xudi kinh doanh, hd trg

thi trudng, gidi quyet naxdu, ban hanh ngay 7/01/2103.
Dang Hiing Vo (2013), 'Thong nhat the che ve quy hoach: Van de cap thiet can lam ngay", Tgp chi kinh te vadubdo.
s6 9(545), tr.10-16.
Bdo cdo na xdu khdng diing (2013), truy cap ngay 10/8/2013, tir hUp,//nfsc,gov.vn/tin-tuc/bao-cao-no-xau-bat-dongsan-khong-dung>
Tdn kho bdi ddng sdn gidm cdn 108 nghin ly ddng (2013), truy cap ngay 10/8/2013, tit
/>
Some suggestions for managing state policy on the Vietnam's real estate market in the coming time
Abstract
This paper makes assessment of the real estate market and the state management policy on the market in
Vietnam in recent years and indicates some liinitations The paper also provides some suggestions for policy making of slate management of the real estate market in the coming lime in accordance with the market economy rules.

Thdng tin tac gia:
*Ngi') Tudn Anh, Tien sT kinh le
- Nai cdng ldc Khoa Kinh te hoc - Dai hgc Kinh te quoc ddn
- Lmh vuc nghien ciru chinh: Kinh te vi md
- ,\ /()/ so tgp chi tieu bieu dd ddng bdi cua tdc gid. Tgp chi Kinh te \ d phdt trien. Tgp chi Thuang mgi
Email: vn

s.i 199 Ihdng 01/2014

35

kliililp.vFlial tfifn


PGHICN cuu-TRflO DOI

Ifng dung phirong phap bao d& lieu trong danh gia va phan loai hieu qua •
Rui ro cac ngan hang tai Viet Nam giai doan 2008-2012
Hd Dinh Bao*, Nguyin Thanh Tiing'"

Nghien cuu ndy duoc thuc hien nhdm muc dich iing dung phuong phdp bao dU lieu (DEA) trong
ddnh gid vdphan logi hieu qud - rui ro hogt ddng cua cdc ngdn hdng thuang mgi (NHTM) tgi Viet
Nam giai doan 2008-2012. Ket qud nghien ciru cho thdy (i) He thdng ngdn hdng a Viet Nam dang
hogt dgng v&i mice do rui ro cao hem trong moi quan he tuang doi so v&i hieu qud; (H) Nhdng ngan
hdng thuang mai vai quy mo nhd thuang chdp nhgn mirc nu ro cao han nhdm cgnh tranh, ngugc
lgi nhung ngdn hdng thuang mgi quy md lan thudng co xu hu&ng ua thich an lodn han.
Tir khoa: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), DEA trudng hgp xau nhat, xep hang, nii ro.
I. Gidi thieu
He thdng ngan hang Viet Nam da cd mpt thap ky
(2001- 2010) tang tmdng tin dung vdi tdc dp rat cao
(gan 30%), vdi su phat tnen vugt bac ca ve chit vii
lugng. Tang tmdng kinh ta nhanh; chuyen djch ca
cau kinh te theo nganh, vung; img dung khoa hpc
cdng ngha vao san xuat da gian tiep thue day sy phat
Uian cua he thdng tai chinh. Tuy nhien, ke lir nam
2010 Ud lai day, song hanh eung vdi nhiing bat cap
trong md hinh tang tmdng kinh le vit nhiing bat dn
nan kinh ta vT md, khu vyc tai chinh gap nhiau klid
khan va thach Ihiie. Tang tmdng tin dung nhanh
nhung khdng ben virng da lao ra cang thang thanh
khoan ngan hang, ty le an loan vdn tdi thieu thap, ng
xau gia tang... Nhu vay, xet ve tdng tha thi he thdng
till chinh - dae biet, he Ihdng ngan hitng Viet Nam
cdn chira dung nhiau nii ro. Viee Ihyc hien danb gia
hieu qua va giam sal tai chinh chu yau thien vl giam
sat tuan thit, thiau eae edng eu phyc vu eho boat
ddng giam sat. Cac md hinh phan tich djnh lugng,
kiem dinh nil ro (nhu md hinh eanh bao sdm EWS),
md hinh xac djnh gia tij nii ro bi tdn thai (VaR), eac

md hinh xep hang nii ro tin dung edn it duge nghian
cim va ung dung.
Trong hai Ihap ki qua, da cd nhieu nghien ciru cda
cae nha kinh le lai ehinh khip nai tren thi gidi di
sau phan lich su hieu qua trong hoat ddng cua ciic td
chuc tai chinh. Hau het eac nghien ciru vl hoat dpng
ngan hang dau su dung each tilp can tap tmng vao
muc lieu kinh te nhu. tdi thilu hda ehi phi hoal
So 199 Ihdng 01/2014

ddng, tdi da hda lgi nhuan, tdi da hda kT thual quan
ly. Trong nhiing nam gan day, da ed mot su gia tang
an tupng cua cac nghian ctiu danh gia nii ro hoat
dpng eua cae ngan hang khi ma ngan hang tren the
gidi da toan cau hda, cung vdi do la nhiing quy dinh
bai bd rao can tai ehinh Ihi rui ro tin dyng la thach
thire rat Idn ddi vdi cac ngan hitng Ihuong mai.
Thdng qua quan tn hieu qua rui ro tin dyng, cac
ngan hang khdng chi hd tro kha nang tdn tai va Icri
nhuan cua chinh ban than ngan hang ma edn gop
phan dn dinh he thdng tin dung vit phan bo vdn hieu
qua trong nen kinh te (Pssillaki va cdng sy, 2010).
Viec xac dinh vit djnh lugng rui ro tin dung ngay
citng quan Upng hem trong nang cao hieu qua, chinh
xac va nhat quan ciia eac sang kien quan Uj nii ro,
mang Iai lgi ich true tiep trong viec pha duyel tin
dung, quan Ui tin dung, eho vay chihig khoan, quan
ly danh mue dau lu.
Mpt loat eac kT thual phan lich da dugc sir dung
nham danh gia hieu qua hoat ddng vit rui ro tin dung

bao gdm: thdng ke md la, eac md hinh dua tren bao
hiem gia trj tai san cua cac nghTa vy ng, lap trinh
tuyan tinh hoac bae hai,.., Uong dd phuong phap
bao dii lieu DEA duge img dung nhiau ban ea, Muc
lieu eua nghian ciJru nay la danh gia hieu qua hoat
ddng eung nhu nii ro lin dung cua cac ngan hang
Ihucmg mai Viet Nam giai doan tir 2008- 2012
thdng qua sir dung DEA ehuan va DEA tmdng hpp
xau nhat, tir dd da xuat each xap hang cac ngan hang
thuong mai Ihdng qua chi sd danh ddi nii ro - hieu

kinimyiiiiiwi


N G H I C N CUU-TRflO £
quit. Ngoai phan gidi thieu, nghian eiiu dugc chia ra
lam 4 phan: (2) Tdng kat cac nghien ciiu cd lien
quan va cac each phan loai NHTM d Viet Nam; (3)
Md hinh ly tiiuylt; (4) Kit qua nghien cihi tiiuc
nghiem; vit (5) kat luan.

ciia Ngd Dang Thanh (2010) va Duong Thanh Thuy
(2013) Ngd Dang Thanh (2010) da sir dyng bd sd
lieu vdi 22 NHTM cua Viel Nam nam 2008, Duong
Thanh Thuy (2013) lai dua ra mpt each kit hgp diu
ra, dau vao khac Uong do dang chu y la diu ra duge
su dyng la kat qua xip hang eac NHTM do
Bankscope and Moody cung cip.

2. Tong quan tai lieu

Dudng bao (Frontier) dua Udn phuong phap hieu
qua duge Farrell (1957) de xuit. Md hinh cd tbi
dugc ap dyng tu mdt thanh phan cua nen kinh ll. Tac
gia khdng chi phat trien mdi ky thuat dk do ludng
hieu qua tdng the ma cdn phan chia bieu qua thanh
cac thimh phan, Chames va cdng su (1978) (CCR) lit
ngudi dau tian thuc nghiem each tiap can eua Farrell
va dat ten eho md hinh lit phuong phap bao dii lieu
(DEA). Md hinh DEA cua CCR la mo hinh djnh
hudng mdt dau vao va gia dinh dudng bao cd dac
diem hieu suat khdng ddi theo quy md (CRS). Sau
do da dugc sir dung rpng rai Uong danb gia thuc
hien, danh gia nang suit. Y tudng chinh cua DEA cd
dian la xae dinh dudng bidn san xuat, Uen dd eac don
vi ra quylt dinh (DMUs) dugc coi la hieu qua. Sau
dd, DMUs khdng nam Uen dudng bien se duge so
sanh vdi DMUs tuang ddng tren dudng bian de udc
linh diem hieu qua. Tit ca DMUs Uen dudng bien se
duge coi la ed cung mot muc dp hieu sual. Mdi Uong
nhimg uu diem chinh cda DEA la cho phep cac
DMUs ed quyen tu do chgn,... cd tha mang Iai thudc
do va hieu sual, bang each xir Iy nhiau dau vao, dau
ra ma khdng can thyc hien danh gia miic do quan
Ugng Urong ddi eiia nd vii can rat il gia dinh,

3. Mo hinh ly thuyit
3.1. DEA chudn vd DEA tru&ng hgp xdu nhdt
Phuang phap bao dir Ueu (DEA) dugc dua ra bdi
Chames, Cooper va Rhodes (1978), dya uan y
tudng cila Farrell (1957) vl udc lugng hieu qua ky

thuat vdi dudng bian san xual, DEA la mgt phuang
phap phi ngau nhian va phi tham sd dya tren each
tiap can quy hoaeh tuyan tinh. Nd dugc su dung
rdng rai da do ludng hieu qua tucmg ddi eiia eac don
vj ra quyat dinh (DMUs), sii dung nhilu dau vao va
dau ra khac nhau,
Gia djnh cd n DMUs dugc danh gia, tat ca deu su
dung m dau vao da san xuat ra s dau ra khae nhau.
Miic dp su dung dau vao cua DMU dupe xac dinh
bdi vecta X = (Xj, x^,..., x J^, va cd vecta dau ra:
Khi dd, diem udc lugng bieu qua ky thuat, vdi gia
djnh hieu suat cac DMUs thay ddi theo quy md
(VRS) duac eho bdi:
hh' = max 0
s.t:

Tran the gidi da cd nhieu nghian ciiu sir dung
phuong phap DEA trong danh gia hieu qua hoat
ddng cda cac NHTM, lieu biau nhu cua Liu vacdng
sy (2007); Eken M,H va Kale S. (2011); Chen va
Pan (2012);... Dac biet, Paradi J.C. va cdng sy
(2004) da de xual sii dung phuang phap DEA chuan
kat hgp phuong phap DEA Irudng hpp xau nhat
trong danh gia nii ro tin dyng.
Hien nay tai Viet Nam, da cd nhiau nghien ciiu
ung dung phucmg phap DEA Uong danh gia hieu
qua hoat dgng cua cac NHTM Tuy nhien, hau het
ciic nghien cim nay mdi chi su dung phuong phap
DEA chuan, van chua cd nghian ciru nao kel hgp
vdi phuang phap DEA Irudng hgp xau nhat. Dau

tien, phai ke den nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Viet Hung
(2008) da danh gia hieu qua boat ddng cua 32
NHTM Viet Nam giai doan 2001-2005. Diu vao
dugc sir dyng bao gdm tai san ed dinh rdng; chi cho
nhan vien; tdng huy dgng vdn tir khach hang; va cac
diu ra bao gdm Ihu lai va cae khoan luong duong va
thu ngoai lai. Ngoai ra, gin day cdn cd nghidn ciiu
S6 199 thing 01/2014

)^

X'>i:j1i?v^y
0Y'
(1)

Xj>D
Md hinh DEA chuan djnh hudng dau ra nay danh
gia cac don vi nam uan dudng bien la nhirng don vj
hieu qua nhat va cac don vj nam ben trong la chua
dal hieu qua Nhung don vj nam uan dudng bian
duge coi la cd hieu qua nhal vii cang nam xa dudng
bien se cd hieu qua ky thual giam dan Do do, cung
vdi mue dau vao khdng ddi, nhiing don vi nay cd the
tang san lugng dau ra bang each cai thien ky thuat.
Md hinh DEA trudng hgp xau nhat eiing su dung
md hinh tuong tu (1), nhung thay vi ehgn nhiing
bian phan anh chi sd lot, chung ta chgn nhirng bien
phan anh ehi sd xau, dae biet Man quan den phan tich
tin dung. Cd tha thyc hien dieu nay bang each chpn

47

ktf)l)t(U1ii)llm


^ < 'GHI6N cuu-TRflOBOI
Hinh 1: Phan lop hieu qua ky thuat trong DEA trirdng hgp xiu nhit dinh hirdng dau ra (trai)
va DEA chuin dinh hirdng dau vao (phai)

Nguon: Paradi J.C vd cdng su (2004)
nhiing bien dau ra phan anh viee sir dyng cae dau minh hga d hinh 1.
vao kem hieu qua, hoac la nhitiig kel qua dat dugc
Cae DMUs nim tren ldp dudng bien dau tien eiia
khdng mong mudn. Chang han nhu no xau, yeu cau DEA Uudng hgp xau nhat Iii nhiing DMUs nii ro
bao dam, chi phi lai vay... Mdt vai bian Uong md nhit va d eac ldp ben Uong la it nii ro han. Tucmg
hinh DEA chuan dupc su dung nhu la mdi bien dau Ur doi vdi tmdng hgp DEA chuan, ldp dau dan la
vao, va thap ndu hang dd hoat dpng hieu qua; ngugc nhung DMUs boat ddng hieu qua nhal va nhung ldp
lai se cao neu hang dd boat ddng khdng hieu qua. Vi ka tiap la nhiing doanh nghiap boat ddng kem hieu
vay, neu chpn lam bian dau ra eho md hinh DEA qua ban, Trong hinh 1, phan Idp dau tian ciia DEA
tm'dng hgp xau nhat, thi eae bang cd hieu qua ky chuin bao gom 2 hang la A va E, phan ldp thii hai
thual citng cao (nam Uen dudng bien), se la nhihig hoat ddng kem hieu qua hon gdm cd hang B, C va
hang xau nhat (rui ro nhat nau nhirng bien dau ra
D. Vdi md hinh DEA Uudng hgp xau nhal ben trai,
nity phan anh mirc do nil ro tin dung). Dau vao cd
phan ldp dau tien cd nil ro Idn nhal bao gdm hang
the duge chon nhu vdn ehii sd hiru, Igi nhuan, tdng
A, B vit C; Idp Ihii hai cd rui ro thap hon gdm hang
titi san,... Nhiing hang nam d dudng bien se Iii
D vit E. Nau kat hgp ea 2 md hinh, hang E va A co

nhiing hang su dung il dau vao nhat trong khi tao ra
cung hieu qua boat ddng, nhung rui ro eua A la Idn
kat qua dau ra la eao nhal (xau nhal). Dieu quan
hon E, do dd, rd rang la hang E la "tdi" hon hang A.
trpng can Imi y lit dau ra cua DEA chuan ed the
duge su dung nhu dau vao cua DEA trudng hgp xau Tuy nhien, ed mdt van de dat ra khi sir dyng 2
nhal va ngugc lai. Tuy nhian, eac bien su dung phuong phap nay de danh gia, xap hang, dd lii co
thudng khdng gidng nhau hoan loan, khdng ehi don nhiing hang nam tren 2 dudng bian d cae phan ldp
gian la trao ddi eac dau ra dau vao, bdi cd nhiing khac nhau, Chang ban nhu A va D, hang A vira co
bien phan anh dac Irung. Y tudng eua DEA irudng hieu qua hoat dpng, tuy nhian nii ro cung Idn; hang
hop xau nhat la dua ra nhiing bian dac trung ma D ed hieu qua thap han nhung rui ro cung thap hon,
do dd se rat khd da so sanh hai hang nay.
khdng bao gdm trong md hinh DEA chuan.
3.2. Chi so ddnh doi rui ro - hiiu qud
Trong thyc te, ea DEA vii DEA tmdng hgp xau
Do tiong md hinh DEA chuan hay DEA tmdng
nhat dugc phan loai la hieu qua tdi da se ed eung
hgp xau nhat, ta ehi biet duge duy nhat thdng tin
diem hieu qua ky lhuat la 1. Divine (1986) va
rieng quit hieu qua hoat ddng hoac rui ro. Do vay,
Thanassoulis (1999) da xuat sii dung ky thuat phan
ehiing ldi dua ra mdt chi sd la chi sd danh ddi nii ro
Idp ky thuat, theo dd, nhiing DMUs hieu qua nhat
- hieu qua dugc tinh bdi cdng thirc:
(nam tren dudng bian) se dugc loai khdi md hinh vit
chay lai lan niia vdi nhirng DMUs cdn lai. Qua dd,
>',=M'b
se lan lucrl xac dinh dugc cac nhdm cd hieu qua
tiong dd b,^ va h^ lan lugt la ket qua udc lugng dugc
giam dan, hay la miic do nii ro giam dan (vdi DEA

Uong md hinh DEA chuan va DEA tmdng hgp xau
tmdng hgp xau nhat).
nhat, Chi sd nay cho biet mot hang phai chap nh^n
Mgt ket qua minh hpa cho each phan ldp trong ca bao nhieu diem nil ro de dat dugc 1 diem hi?u qua.
md hinh DEA va DEA tmdng hgp xau nhit duge Chi sd nay cang Idn cho biet hang dd phai chap nh^n
So 199 Ihdng 01/2014

48

kinhld^yiriei


N G H I C N CUU - TRflO
Bang 1: Ket qua phan tich lya chon cac biSn dau ra, dau vao

Mo hinh
Dau vao
TA
IN
OE
EQ
Dau ra
EB
RE
EPS

1

DEA
2

*
•
*
*
*
•

*
*
*
*
*

3

*
*
•
•

Mo hinh
Dau vao
TA
RE
OE
PCL
Dau ea
TL/EQ
IN

NPL

DEA trucmg hap xau nhat
1
2
3
4

*
•
*
•
*
»

*
*
•

*
•
*

*
•

+

*

*
•
•
*
*

He so tu-ffng
He so tu-ffng
quan hang (r.)
0,913 0,902 quan hang (r.)
0,970 0,795 0,956
Ngudn: Tinh lodn cua cdc tdc gid su dung phdn men DEAP 2 1 (Coelli vd cong su, 2005)

-

mirc riii ro citng Idn dd dat dugc 1 diem hieu qua.
Do vay, nhiing hang nao ed chi sd nay Idn chung Id
hang dd la "tdi" ban va dugc xep hang thap hem.
4. Ket qua thuc nghiem
4.1. So lifu vd ede bien so su dung
Nghien ciiu nay sir dung sd lieu thu thap lu Bao
eao till ehinh hgp nhal kiem loan eua 31 NHTM
trong 4 nam giai doan 2008-2011 va 27 NHTM
trong nam 2012 cho md hinh DEA chuin va DEA
tmdng hpp xiu nhit. Cac biln s6 duoc sir dung
trong bai nghian ciru bao gdm' long titi san (TA); chi
phi lai vay (IN); vdn chu sd hiiu (EQ); Igi nhuan
chua phan phdi (RE); thu nhap trudc Ihue (EB); thu
nhap Uen mdi ed phieu (EPS); tdng np trdn vdn chu
sd hihi (TL/EQ) vit ng xau (NPL), chi phi hoal dgng

(OE); chi phi dy phdng nii ro tin dung (PCL).
Theo dd, de lua chpn bien dau ra, dau vao phii
hgp cho md hinh, nghien ciiu da su dung kiam djnh
tuong quan hang Spearman. Tmdc hat, chung la udc
lupng hieu qua ky thuat cho md hinh DEA va DEA
tmdng hgp xiu nhat vdi cac td hgp cac bien dau ra
va dau viio khac nhau. Sau dd thuc hien kiem dinh
tuong quan hang cac md hinh dua them vdi md hinh
gdc da kicm dinh xem lieu td hgp cae bien lua chgn
Uong md hinh gdc cd thuc su phu hpp hay khdng.
He sd tuong quan hang dudi day dugc tinh tmng
binh cho 5 nam giai doan 2008-2012.
Cac hp sd luong quan hang eho biat miic do
tuang quan giira each xep hang cac ngan hang tiong
md hinh lya chpn vdi md hinh gdc (md hinh 1) \a
dugc eho bdi cdng ihiic:

Idf

1

n(n2 - 1)J
SU99 Ihdng 01/2014

vdi r^ la be sd tuong quan hang; d^ lit su sai khac
giua xep bang NHTM thir i Uong hai md hinh; n la
sd NHTM dugc xap hang.
Ket qua linh loan cho thay each xep hang d md
hinh gdc cd mue dp tuong quan cao vdi cae md hlnh
cdn lai, Hau hat kat qua deu eho thay muc dp tucmg

quan Iran 0,9, chi duy cd md hinh 3 Uong DEA
tmdng hgp xau nhat cd mirc tuong quan thap ban la
0,795, Tuy nhien, Ihue hien kiem djnh eho thay cac
he sd luong quan hang nay dau cd y nghTa thdng ka
d mire 5%'. Nhu vay, cac bian duac su dung la cac
bien trong md hinh 1 d ca tmdng hpp DEA va DEA
tmdng hop xau nhal.
4.2. Ket qua thuc nghiem
4.2.1. Kel qud u&c luang hieu qud vd rui ro
Kel qua udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat, hieu qua
hoat ddng trong md hinh DEA chuan va riu ro trong
md hinh DEA tmdng hgp xau nhat dugc Irinh bay
trong bang 2.
Xet hoal dgng cua he thdng NHTM Vidl Nam ta
thay, mirc do hieu qua luong ddi cua loan nganh cdn
d mirc thip, dae biel thap han vao 2 nam 2008 va
2010. Trong ca giai doan nghian cim chi cd nam
2009 udc lugng hieu qua eho he thdng tang len mirc
cao so vdi cac nam cdn lai. Dieu nay cd the dugc giai
thich bdi nam 2008 nudc ta da ehiu nhung tac ddng
nhil djnh eua cudc khung hoang tai chinh toitn cau
khiln cho cae NHTM lung tung trong viec xii ly
khung hoang, dan din hieu qua boat dpng giam
Nam 2009, Chinh phii thyc hien gdi kich eau hd trp
lai suit 4% len tdi 1 ty USD da phan nao giiip hoat
dpng cua cac NHTM dugc phyc hdi. Cac doanh
nghipp dugc hd tip tang eudng vay vdn tir hp thdng
NHTM da giiip cac NHTM giai quyet phan nao khd

kinlili'J'liiiUrii

PGHICN CUU - TRflO BOI
khan, ting hieu qua hoat dong, dac biet loi nhuan ciia
hau h a cac NHTM diu tang o miic ik cao so voi

ctia cac NHTM lai roi vao tinh trang be tac, hieu qua
giam siit chi con ve miic xap xi nam 2008. Va tinh

nam 2008. Tuy nhien, sang iin nam 2010, khi ma
chinh sach ha tro lai suit 4% da kk thuc, hoat dong

hinh duoc cai thien dan trong 2 nam tro lfi day khi
ma uoc luong hieu qua hoat dpng cho thay con s6

Bang 2 Ket qua i/de lirffi] g hieu qua va riii ro 31 NHTM qua eac nam
DEA tnrang hop xau nhat

DEA chuan
NHTM
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

MBB

.877

1.000

.946

970

1.000

.440

.472

.727

.521

.392

SacomBank

.879

.857

.676

.719

.584

.817

.684

.820

.736

.532

ACB

1 000

.913

.933

1.000

414

.697

.716

.989

.715

.901

SHB

.666

.813

.633

.584

.863

.724

.553

.756

.748

1.000

MSB

.931

.999

.846

.359

.223

.591

.641

1000

1.000

.801

EB

488

.902

700

.994

.950

.515

.586

.565

.601

.858

KienLongBank

.436

1000

.395

.952

1.000

1.000

948

1.000

1.000

.931

SeaBank

.566

.951

.559

.092

1.000

451

.678

1.000

VIBank

.534

.920

.576

394

.573

.882

.757

.765

.698

.693

VPBar*

.364

.583

.477

.633

.789

1.000

.806

.755

.808

686

1000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.556

.650

696

.779

.722

542

.431

.788

408

.421

775

.641

.756

1.000

NaviBank

491

1.000

.754

.326

217

1.000

.986

1.000

1.000

NamABank

.078

.386

348

.587

.590

1.000

.905

937

1.000

SaigonBank

TechcomBank
VietABank

1.000

1 000

1 000

1.000

.687

1.000

.855

.867

.938

1.000

.841

HDBank

319

.640

.623

632

.526

1.000

.725

1.000

.880

J14

ABBank

124

704

.546

.364

.677

.803

.534

.838

.676

711

OceanBank

375

.592

621

.513

.491

1.000

789

.819

.678

.797

PNB

417

.545

.662

.859

.249

.740

.786

.952

1.000

1.000

MDB

1000

1000

.744

1.000

.979

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

840

DongABank

1.000

.879

.588

.811

.827

739

.768

851

627

.633

.057

1.000

.237

932

614

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

.142

253

479

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

PGBank

.567

1.000

.549

1.000

.830

1.000

1.000

.940

1000

1.000

OricomBank

389

963

511

.653

.692

.939

.845

1.000

.890

.842

VielconiBank

.544

1 000

1.000

.978

1.000

.285

.506

.605

477

.391

VietinBank

.599

.501

.866

.866

1.000

.657

.346

.820

.648

.499

BIDV

.618

.664

.662

508

.530

.557

.707

.858

.675

.343

MHB

464

.350

.129

133

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

DaiABaiik

1.000

.239

.231

.969

1.000

1.000

.872

.823

HabuBank

688

.654

.646

.265

.651

1.000

.936

1.000

.613 |

.660 |

VielCapitalBank
WEB

Mean
1 .610 1 .801 |
Ngudn: Tinli todn aia cdc Idc gid
Sii 199 iHdns 01/2014

.562

675 1 1

.815 |

.765 |

.870 |

941

.836 ] .765

klnhleilattrlH


N G H I € N cuu-TRflO E«1
nay ian ldi 0,66 va 0,675 Uong hai nam 2011 va
2012. Ket qua udc lugng rui ro cho eae NHTM cho
thay he thdng NHTM Viet Nam cd miic nii ro Urong
ddi cao. Bang chirng la udc lugng nii ro tmng binh
qua eae nam d miic cao hem han so vdi hieu qua hoat
dgng. Nau tinh tmng binh ea giai doan, hieu qua hoat
dgng chi d mirc 0,673 thi miic dp rui ro tmng binh ca
giai doan lit 0,781. Nam 2009 miic dp rui ro cd giam
khdng dang ke so vdi nam 2008. Sang den nam
2010, khi ma viec bcmi tien vao he Ihdng thdng qua
chinh sach hd tig lai suat kat thuc din Id ro nhiing
bat dn cua NHTM d Viel Nam da day muc dd rui ro
tang ian cao so vdi cac nam trude dd.
Tir kat qua cua hai md hinh DEA chuan va DEA
tmdng hop xau nhat, chiing ta eiing cd tha thiy
duge rang nhiing NHTM ed miic dp riu ro cao
Ihudng la nhiing NHTM cd quy md vdn nhd^.
Chang han nhu NaviBank, NamABank,
SaigonBank, MDB, WEB, PGBank,.... Mac du chip
nhan miic nii ro cao, cd the do tac dpng cua cudc
khiing hoang, khd canh tranh vdi cac ngan hang Idn
trong hoal ddng huy ddng vdn; tuy nhian, hoat ddng
cua nhdm ngan hang nay lai chi dat dupc hieu qua
khdng Ihue su nhu mong mudn, tham ehi ed nhung
ngan hitng dat dugc mirc hieu qua rat thap Dac biet

la Ngan hang Phat triln nha DBSCL (MHB), ludn
cd mire hoat dpng hieu qua rat Ihap nhung mue dg
rui ro ludn d nhdm nam tren dudng bian, tiic la mirc
dp nii ro cao nhal. Chi duy cd 2 NHTM la NHTM
CP Cong thuong Sai Gdn (SaigonBank) va NHTM
CP Phat trian Me Kdng (MDB) ed thd dat dugc mirc
hieu qua cao ddng thai vdi miic nii ro cao. Cdn hau
hat nhirng NHTM edn lai phai chju mirc hieu qua
hoal dpng thap, hoac chi dat duge hieu qua cao
Uong lir 1-2 nam. Dieu nay cho thay nhung NHTM
vdi quy md hoat ddng nhd cd xu hudng chap nhan
rill ro nham dat dugc Igi nhuan, hieu qua boat ddng.
Tuy nhian, quy md nhd, kha nang quan Iy chua tdt
din den viee suy giam hieu qua hoat ddng nhanh
chdng khi gap phai nipt cii sde bat lgi nao dd tran thi
tmdng tai chinh.

cd miic hieu qua d miic kha, thap hem nhdm NHTM
chap nhan nii ro cao hon vit cung khdng cd nhieu sy
thay ddi dot bien. Ta cd the thay nhu ngan bang so
SacomBank, BIDV la nhirng NHTM Idn nhung
hieu qua boat ddng lai ehi d miic tmng binh \a
khdng cd nhieu sy thay ddi qua eae nam. Tuy nhian,
vin ed nhirng NHTM nhdm nay ed hieu qua boat
dpng cao hem han uong khi miie dp nii ro van thap,
nhu ACB hay dac biet la TechcomBank.
Nhdm NHTM cdn lai la nhdm NHTM ed quy md
vdn ehu sd hiru d miie vira, theo dd, quy md vdn ehu
sd hiiu d miic dudi 10.000 ly trong nam 2011.
Nhirng NHTM nay thudng ed miic dp nil ro lan hieu

qua boat ddng d miic tmng binh. nhu NHTM sd
SHB, VIBank, VPBank, DongABank,...
4 2.2. Xep hang cdc NHTM
De thyc hien xep hang cac NHTM, Uong nghian
ciiu nay, chiing tdi thye hien phan loai theo eac lieu
chi hieu qua; rui ro bang each su dung ky thuat phan
Idp trong md hinh DEA ehuan \a DEA tmdng hgp
xau nhat nhu da gidi thieu. De dem gian. ehung tdi
chi thuc hien phan loai trong nam hai gan nhat la
nam 2011 va 2012. Theo tieu chi hieu qua trong md
hinh DEA chuan, chiing tdi chia ra 4 nhdm theo thir
tu hieu qua giam dan la: A, B, C, va D. Cdn trong md
hinh DEA Imimg hgp xau nhat, ehimg tdi cung phan
thanh 4 nhdm tbeo muc dd nii ro tang dan (lire lit
hieu qua ky thuat Uong md hinh la lang dan) bao
gdm: a , p , y , 6 . Ngoai ra, chiing tdi cung dua
them vao mdt tiau chi xep hang khac sir dung kat qua
tir 2 md hinh udc lugng dugc. dd lit chi sd danh ddi
nii ro - hieu qua nham dua ra dugc ket qua day du
thdng tin nhat. Kat qua dugc trinh biiy trong bang 3.

Nhin vito ket qua cbi sd danh ddi riii ro - hiau qua
ta cd the Ihay nhiing ngan hang ed chi sd nay dudi
1 diem lit nhitiig ngan hang, hoac cd hieu qua tdt,
hoac cd rui ro thap. Ngugc lai, nhiing ngan hang d
cd ehi sd nay d tren I diam hoac la cd hieu qua thap,
hoac la cd nii ro eao. Va dac biet, nhirng ngan hiing
cd chi sd danh ddi cao han so vdi nhihig ngan hang
Nhdm NHTM cd quy md vdn chii sd hiiu Idn lai khac lit nhihig ngan hang vira cd hieu qua boat ddng
lit nhdm nhirng ngan hang cd mirc do nii ro thap thip, vua cd riu ro cao. 6 trong nghien cim nay,

hem. Cd the do nhdm nay da boat ddng lau nam. quy chiing tdi su dyng chi tieu nay de phan nhdm cac
md vdn Idn nen cd uy tin cao han, de dang huy ddng NHTM thanh 4 nhdm tu 1 tdi 4 Trong dd, nhimg
vdn ban trong thai ky khd khan do tac ddng cua NHTM nhdm 1 la nhung ngan hang tdt, hiau qua
cugc khiing hoang, do dd hp khdng can phai chap boat dpng cao va cd muc dp rui ro thap. Nhdm 2 bao
nhan mao hiam nhu nhdm ngan hang nhd hem Cu gdm nhihig NHTM kha, cd mirc dp riii ro va hieu
the d day, nhdm NHTM nay bao gdm mdi sd ngan qua gin tuang duong nhau, Nhdm 3 bao gdm nhihig
hang nhu MBB. SacomBank, ACB, EximBank. NHTM tmng binh, mirc do rui ro cao hon so vdi
TechcomBank. VieteomBank, VietinBank. Do mirc hieu qua boat dpng. Nhdm 4 bao gdm nhung
dp mao hiem thap nen nhimg NHTM nay cung chi NHTM kem. cd mire dp riii ro cao, hieu qua hoat

S6 199 Ihdng 01/2014

liti'JIiiil tricn


"GHieN CUU-TRflO e o i

Bang 3; Phar nhom eae NHTM theo cae tieu chi nam 2011-2012
DEA tmong hop
DEA chuan
xau nhat
2012
2012
2011
2011
MBB
A
a
a
B

a
SacomBank
C
D
P
ACB
A
D
T
7
SHB
5
C
B
7
MSB
D
D
7
7
ElB
B
B
a
3
KienLongBank
B
A
P
SeaBank

D
VIBank
D
C
p
P
VPBank
C
C
p
P
TeehcomBank
A
D
p
P
VietABank
D
5
NaviBank
D
D
6
8
NamABank
D
B
5
SaigonBank
C

A
8
P
HDBank
B
D
T
P
ABBank
D
C
T
y
OceanBank
D
D
y
P
PNB
B
D
6
8
MDB
A
B
5
r
DongABank
B

B
a
a
VielCapilalBank
C
B
6
y
WEB
D
C
6
T
PGBank
A
B
5
6
OricomBank
C
B
T
P
VieteomBank
B
A
a
a
VietinBank
B

A
a
a
BIDV
D
C
a
y
MHB
D
5
DaiABank
B
B
7
•1
HabuBank
D
5
Gill ehu: Nhom 1: h, < 1; Nhom 2: 1 < h ,< 2.
Nhom 3: 2 < h, < 3; Nhom 4: 3 < h,
Nguon' Tinh todn ciia cdc tdcgid
NHTM

s
s

dpng Ihap.
Kat qua phan loai cho thay hau het nhiing su thay
ddi phan nhdm cae NHTM theo tiau ehi hieu qua va

rui ro cd eung mdt xu hudng. Nhiing NHTM nito cd
hieu qua boat ddng lot hon hau het diu cd mirc dp
rui ro cao hon. Chinh dilu nay da khien kit qua
phiin nhdm NHTM theo tieu ehi chi sd danh ddi rui
ro - hieu qua khdng cd nhidu su thay ddi Uong nam
20l2so vdi nam 2011. Theo tiau ehi nay, nam 2011,
cd 9 NHTM nhdm 1; 15 NHTM nhdm 2; 2 NHTM
nhdm 3; va 5 NHTM nhdm 4. Sang din nam 2012,
da ed 1 NHTM nhdm 4 ia NHTM CP Nha Ha Ngi
da sap nhap vdi NHTM CP Sai Gdn - Ha Ndi trong
lp trinh thuc hien Be an lai ciu tnic he thdng ngan
hang. Ngoai ra, cung da ed 1 NHTM nim Uong
nhdm 4 khae la WEB da ddng y hgp nhit vdi Tdng
cdng ty Till chinh cd phin Diu khi Viel Nam
Sd 199 thdng 01/2014

Chi so danh doi nil ro - hieu qua va
phan nh6m
2011
2012
0.537
1
0.392
1
1.024
2
0.911
1
0715
2.176

1
3
1.281
1.159
2
2
2.786
3
3592
4
1
0 605
0.903
1
1.00
0.931
1
1
10.870
4
1.772
1209
2
2
1
1276
0.869
2
1
0722

0.975
1
2375
3
3.067
4
4.608
4
1.704
2
1
0 841
1.456
2
1.392
1.357
2
2
1 857
2
1.050
2
1.322
2
1.623
2
1 164
2
4.016
4

1.000
2
0 858
1
0773
1
0.765
1
1.073
2
1.629
2
3.953
4
2.088
3
1 000
2
1.205
2
1.363
2
1217
2
0 488
1
0 391
1
1
0 748

0 499
1
1 329
2
0 647
1
7.519
4
0.849
1
1.674
2
3774
4

-

-

_

(PVFC) Trong 26 NHTM dugc udc lugng nam
2012, cd 12 NHTM nhdm 1; 9 NHTM nhdm 2; 2
NHTM nhdm 3 va 3 NHTM nhdm 4.
5. Ket luan va hiim y chinh sach
Nghien cuu nay sir dung phucmg phap DEA
ehuan va DEA tmdng hgp xau nhat nhim danh gia
hieu qua hoal ddng va nii ro cua cac NHTM Viet
Nam giai doan 2008-2012. Kit qua udc lugng dupc
cho thay hieu qua boat dgng cua he thdng NHTM d

Viet Nam thap hon trong hau hat giai doan. Chi c6
nam 2009 la cd hieu qua boat dgng tang cao han luy
nhien diau nay lai ehi duy tri dugc trong mdt nam.
Dieu nity cd tha dugc giai thieh la do chinh sach
kich cau bang each hd Up lai sual 4% cho eae doanh
nghiep vay vdn da giiip boat ddng cua cac NHTM
dat dugc nhieu kat qua kha quan. Rui ro ciia h?
thdng NHTM Viet Nam d mirc tuong ddi cao va hau
52

kinli leAtlriPi


NGHieNCUU-TRRO
nhu khong cd nhieu ihay ddi dang ke tiong giai
doan nghien ciiu.

thupc nhdm cd quy md vdn CSH nhd, bm nhdm nay
cd xu hudng chap nhan rui ro cao han, day miic dp
nii
ro cua he thdng NHTM d Viet Nam Idn miic cao.
Kat qua ciing chi ra rang nhdm nhung NHTM cd
quy rad vdn chii sd hiru nhd thudng cd xu hudng Ngoiii ra, theo De an tai ciu tnic he thdng ngan hang
chap nhan nii ro eao de dal dugc hieu qua hoal ddng hien nay, can phai quyat tam Ihuc hien sap cac
cao. Tuy nhien, khdng phai NHTM nao chap nhan NHTM yeu kem, dac biet cac ngan hang nam tiong
riii ro cao cung cd the dat dugc dieu nay, chi mdt cu nhdm 3, 4. Tren thuc tl, diu nam 2012, NHTM CP
sde tir ban ngoai ciing dit cd the khien cho cae Nha Ha Npi da ehinh thiic sap nhap vao NHTM CP
NHTM nhd nay khdng phan img kjp va thudng cd Sai Gdn- Ha Ndi; NHTM CP Phuang Tay da hgp
miic hieu qua rat thap Irong khi nii ro van d mirc nhal vdi Tdng cdng ly Tai chinh CP Diu khi Viet
cao. Ngugc lai, nhdm NHTM cd quy md vdn chu so Nam (PVFC) vao eudi nam 2012. Nhirng NHTM

hiiu Idn thudng cd xu hudng ua thieh an toan han, nay theo each xap hang dya vao tieu chi chi sd danh
do do chi chap nhan mirc nii ro thap hon. Do dd, ddi rui ro- hieu qua dau nam d nhdm 4 nam 2011
hieu qua hoat dgng cua nhdm NHTM nay ciing Do vay, ehimg ldi cho rang viec thyc hien sap nhap,
khdng cd nhieu sy thay ddi dang ke va duy tri d mue hgp nhal cac NHTM tbeo De an lai cau tnic he
thap hem nhdm NHTM mao hiem.
thdng ngan hang can tap tmng vao nhdm nhiing
Diau nity ham y rang can phai chu y kiem soat NHTM nam trong nhdm 3. 4 theo lieu chi chi sd
chat che hoal ddng huy ddng vdn cua nhirng NHTM danh ddi riii ro - hieu qua.D
Phu luc: Danh sach cac NHTM va quy mo von CSH nam 2011
Stt

Ten Viet tat

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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29
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MBB
SacomBank
ACB
SHB
MSB
EIB
KienLongBank
SeaBank
VIBank
VPBank
TechcomBank
VietABank
NaviBank
NamABank
SaigonBank

HDBank
ABBank
OceanBank
PNB
MDB
DongABank
VietCapitalBank
WEB
PGBank
OricomBank
VieteomBank
VietmBanic
BIDV
MHB
DaiABank
HabuBank

fi" 199 thing 01/2014

Ten tieng Viet
NHTM CP Quan doi
NHTM CP Sai Gon Thuong Tin
NHTM CP A Chau
NHTMCP Sai Gon-Ha Noi
NHTM CP Hang hai Viet Nam
NHTM CP Xuat nhap khau Viet Nam
NHTM CP Kien Long
NHTM CP Dong Nam A
NHTM CP Quoc te Vict Nam
NHTM CP Viet Nam Thjng Vuong

NHTM CP Ky thuong Vict Nam
NHTM CP Viet A
NHTM CP Nam Viet
"NHTPCPNamA"
NHTM CP Sai Gon Cong Thuong
NHTM CP Phat trien TP. HCM
NHTM CP An Binh
NHTM CP Dai Duong
NHTMCP Phuang Nam
NHTM CP Phat ttien Me Kong
NHTM CP Dong A
NHTM CP Ban Vict
NHTM CP Phuong Tay
NHTM CP Xang dau Petrohmex
NHTM CP Phuong Dong
NHTM CP Ngoai thuang Viet Nam
NHTM CP Cong thuong Viet Nam
NHTM CP Dau tu va Phat trien Vict Nam
Ngan hang Phat uien Nha DBSCL
NHTM CP Dai A
NHTM CP Nha Ha Noi
53

Quy mo von CSH
nam 2011 (tr.d)
9642143
14546883
11959092
5830868
949881

16302520
3456133
5536734
8160066
5996245
12515802
3576096
3216000
3300324
3304927
3547632
4723090
4644051
3254615
3882129
5813765
3300615
3162785
2590976
3751686
28638696
28490896
24390455
3187021
3512042
4390523

kinlili'J'liiilli'ii

^ .

GHieN cuu-TRflOBOI

Ghi chu:
1- Kiem dinh t: vdi: /

2 Xem quy mo v6n CSH nam 2011 ciia cac NHTM tai Phu luc
Tai USu tham khao:
Chames A., W. W. Cooper va E. Rhodes. (1978). "Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units", European
Journal of Operational Research 2(6), 429-444.
Ducmg Thanh Thiiy (2013), "Credit Risk Rating and Performance Benchmarking of VieUiamese Banks", Chinese
Culture University.
Farrell M. J. (1957). "The measurement of productive efficiency". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A
120(3), 253-290
Paradi J. C, M. Asmild, P. C Simak (2004). "Using DEA and Worst Practice DEA in Credit Risk Evaluation", Journal of Productivity Analysis, 2\, 153-165, 2004.
Kuan-Chung Chen va Chung-Yu Pan (2012). "An Empirical Study of Credit Risk Efficiency of Banking Industry in
Taiwan", Web Journal of Chinese ManagemenI Review vo\ 15,No, 1,2/2012.
Psillaki M , I. E Tsolas va D. Margartitis (2010). "Evaluation of credit risk based on firm performance", European
Journal of Operational Research, Volume 201, Issue 3, 873-881, 15/3/2010.
Eken M. H. va S. Kale (2011). "Measunng bank branch performance using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): The
case of Turkish bank branches", African Journal of Business Management Vol, 5(3), 889-901, 4/2/2011.
Ngo Dang Thimh (2010). "Evaluating the Effciency of Vietnamese Banking System: An Application Using Data
Envelopment Analysis", MPRA Paper No, 27882,
Nguyen Viet Himg (2008), "Phan tich cac nhan to anh hudng den hieu qua hoat dpng ciia cac ngan hang thuong mai
a Viet Nam", Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan,
NHNN (2012). Chi thj 01/CT-NHNN ngay 13/02/2012.
Coelli T. J., D. S Prasada Rao, C. J. O'Donnell va G. E Battese (2005). "An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis". Second Edition, Springer
Lm WenBin, DaQun Zhang, Li Qi va XiaoXuan Li (2007) "DEA Analysis Based on both Efficient and Anti-efficient Frontiers", t/rt/versify o/'/^e«i, Working paper'bio. 144, 10/2007.

Using DEA and Worst Practice DEA in rating commercial banks in Vietnam in the period 2008-2012
Abstract
The study was designed lo apply DEA and worst practice DEA in evaluating credit risk of commercial
banks in Vietnam in the period 2008-2012. The empirical results showed that (i) Commercial banks were
operating at relatively high risk; (ii) During the period, small scale banks were aggressively willing to
accept high risk lo obtain rapid growth, while large scale banks tend to be risk averse.

Thong tin tac gia:
*Hd Dinh Bdo, Tien si
- Nai cong tdc: Gidng vien Khoa Kinh td hgc, Dgi hoc Kinh te Quoc ddn.
Email: hodinhbao@yahoo. com.
**-\guyen Thanh Tiing
EmaiT

S3199 Ihdng 01/2014

54

kjnlllcj'llill 1^11


m

7 m o BUC S BflO Tl

CAC YEU TO ANH Hl/dNG DEN HANH VI CHIA SE TRI THU'C
Vdl DONG NGHIEP CUA GIANG VIEN TRONG CAC TRUOWG DAI HOC
Bill Thi Thanh*

Nghien cicu ndy nhdm xdc dinh cdc yeu td dnh hu&ng den hdnh vi chia se tri thirc v&i ddng

nghiep cua gidng vien trong cdc truang dai hoc. Die lieu khdo sdt duac thu thdp tir 422 gidng vien
ciia 6 tru&ng dgi hoc tren dia bdn TP. HCM. Mo hinh nghien ciru di xudt dua vdo ly thuyel • Trao
ddi xd hgi (Homans 1958. Blau 1964); Nhdn thirc xd hdi (Bandura 1989); Phdt Uien nhgn thirc
(Piaget 1965); Kien tgo xd hdi (Jonassen & ctg 1995) vd cdc nghien ciru tnrac. Do tin cdy vd gid
tri cua thang do duac kiem dinh bdng he sd Cronbach's alpha vd phdn tich nhdn td khdm phd
(EFA). Kit qud phdn tich hoi quy boi cho thdy, cdc yeu to dnh hu&ng den hdnh vi chia se tri thirc
cita gidng vien trong cdc truang dgi hgc gom 5 thdnh phdn xep theo thu tu quan trgng gidm ddn
nhusau: he thdng khen thuemg; van hda td chirc; cdng nghe thong tin; su tin tucmg vd dinh hu&ng
hoc hdi.
Tir khoa: tri thiic, quan ly tri thuc, hanh vi chia se tri thire.
da an sau trong Id chiic (Cronin & Davenport 2000).
Trong thdi dai ngay nay, tri thirc la lai san quy gia Vi thi, quan ly tri thiie duge xae djnh la chirc nang
nhat va la nen tang cua lgi iha canh tranh ciia mgt td chinh yeu cua eac trudng dai hpc, mdt cdng cp chien
churc (Bock & ctg 2005). Vi the, lam the nao de con luge da cac Irudng dai hpc duy tri hoac dai dupc lgi
ngudi san sang ddn nhan nhirng thach thuc mdi va thi canh tranh ban vimg (Sharimllah & ctg 2009).
chia se nhirng tn thirc mil hg da tim kiem, tich luy Tuy nhien, cac nghian ciiu lien quan dan qua Uinh
dugc, hoac khuyan khich hg tham gia vao cac hoal quan ly tri thiic trong cac tmdng dai hpc cho den
dpng dya Iran In thiic (san xuat, phan phdi va iing nay la rit it. Hem nira, mac du da cd eac nghian ciru
dyng tri Ihiic) la cd y nghTa dac biel quan Ugng. Tuy dl xuit thuc hien quy trinh quan ly iri thirc trong td
nhien, khdng gidng nhu eac ngudn tai nguyan chiic va tham chi d mot sd tnrdng dai hpc, nhung rat
tmyln thdng khac (dit dai, lao ddng va vdn,..,), it nghien cuu kilm djnh ehung bang thuc nghipm
ngudn tai nguyen "tri thuc" khi dugc phan phdi va (Shanmllah & ctg 2008). Bdi vay, myc uau ciia
chia se d mdt miic dp nhat dinh se trd hang hda cdng nghian ciru nay la nham xac djnh cac yau td anh
cpng. Bdi the, chia se Ui thiic vdn khdng phii hgp hudng din hanh vi chia se tri thirc cua giang vien,
vdi ban chat cua eon ngudi, vi hp sg rang se mat di dal CO sd cho viae hoach dmh chinh sach va bipn
siic manh tri thuc ciia hp uong td chiic neu chia se phap thiic diy hoat ddng chia se tii thiic gdp phan
vdi ngudi khac (Davenport 1997). He qua la Irong nang cao chit lugng va hieu qua quan ly tri thuc
quan ly tri thirc, chia se tri thirc dugc xem la mdt Uong cae trudng dai hgc d Viet Nam.
1. Gidi thieu

trong nhirng hoal dpng khd khan nhat (Ruggles
1998).

2. Cff sd ly thuyet va mo hinh nghien cihi
Cho din nay, cd nhilu djnh nghTa vc tri ihiic.
song tyu tmng, tii thiie la "su giai ma ve mgt nioi
quan he giira cac khai nipm cd lien quan dan nhihig
ITnh vyc cu ihl" (Becerra-Femandez & cig 2004)

Tai cae tmdng dai hgc, ban chit la mdt Id chirc tn
thuc. nai dugc cdng nhan la kinh doanh tii thirc kl
tir khi tri thirc dugc san xuit, phan phdi va ling dung
So 199 thiing 01/2014

71

klnhKi'liiil irien


® lIflO DUC & £)flO TflO
Quan ly tin thiic la qua trinh san xuat, phan phdi,
trinh diln va ling dung tri thiic; mgt qua trinh mang
tinh he thdng, cu the de td chiic san xuat va tmyan
dat cii tri thiic an tang lin tudng minh cua mgt nhan
vian cho nhiing nhan vian khac de cd the su dung nd
hiau qua va nang suit hon Uong cdng viec (Bhatt
1998).
Chia se tri thirc lit nan tang cdi Idi cua quan Iy tri
thue, la khia canh quan Upng nhat eua quan ly tri
tiiuc (Gupta & clg 2000), Chia se tri thirc duoc djnh

nghia la mdt hanh ddng chu quan cd y lam cho tri
thiic dugc tai su dung bdi nhiing ngudi khac thdng
qua chuyan giao tri thuc (Lee & Al-Hawamdeh
2002); la qua Uinh eho va nhan tri thirc, tiong do su
sang lao vit chia se tii thiic phy thugc vao nd luc cd
y thiic cua ca nhan lam cho Iri thiic dugc chia se
(Nonaka & Tekeuchi 1995).
Ve mat ly Ihuyet, chia se tri ihiic xual phat tir cac
ly Ihuyet xa hdi ma nan tang lit cae Iy thuyat: Trao
ddi xa hdi, Nhan thiic xa hdi, Phat tnen nhan thiic
vit Kien tao xa hdi.
Ly Ihuyet Uao ddi xa hdi (Social Exchange
Theory) la mot trong nhihig ly Ihuyet dugc sii dyng
phd bidn da giai Ihieh hanh vi ehia se tri thuc (Bock
& ctg 2005). Nguyan ly tmng tam cua ly thuyat nay
la con ngudi dua ra cac quyat dinh mang tinh xa hdi
dua Iran chi phi cam nhan vit nhan thiie lgi ieh vdi
gia dinh la con ngudi danh gia dugc lal ea eae mdi
quan he xa hdi de xac djnh lgi ieh mit hg ed the dat
dugc trong mdi quan he do. Vi thd, mac du trao ddi
Ui thiic la mpt phan cua hanh vi ca nhan, song ca
nhan se khdng chia se khi hg cam nhan dugc hoat
ddng chia se chi la chi phi; nhung ngugc lai, bp cd
the cd y djnh ehia se khi nhiing gi hg mong dai nhan
dugc la tich eye.
Kiem chung ly thuyet Uao ddi xa hgi, nghien ciiu
eua Chua (2003) eho thay, ehinh phan Ihudng se
giup nhan ra nang lue chia se Ui thiic tuyet vdi cua
nhan vien, ddng thdi he Ihdng khen thudng edng
bang va khach quan giup nhan vian tang eudng lim

kiam tri thitc mdi va hd tig chia se tri thiic. Adel vit
clg (2007) tim thiiy khen Ihudng cd mdi quan he tieh
eye den ehia se Iri thiic. Lim & ctg (2004) phat hien
ra nhan vien san sang hon dd chia se tri thiie neu su
khen thudng tang ian.
Gid thuyet HI: He thong khen thu&ng co tdc
dgng ducmg den chia se tri thirc.
Ly thuyat nhan thirc xa hpi (Social Cognitive
S<> 199 thdng 01/2014

Theory), dua tien ly thuyit hgc tap xa hdi, dugc gioi
thieu bdi Bandura (1989). Theo dd, hanh vi ca nhan
nhu la cau tnic nang dgng, chju su tuong tac cua cac
yeu td: ca nhan, hanh vi va mdi tmdng. Ly thuyet
nay nhan manh ring eac ca nhan cd the xem xel mdi
tmdng, muc tiau ca nhan va quan he xii hpi tmdc
khi chii ddng chia se tri thiie. Theo dd, neu mgt ca
nhan khdng chic chin ve nang luc cua hg vit ket qua
ciia tri thiic mii hg du dinh chia se, thi hp cd the se
khdng chia se nd. Bdi Ihl, tin tudng nhu la "Uai
tim" cua sy tiao ddi tn Ihiic (Davenport & Pmsak
1998); lit mpt trong nhung dgng luc quan Ugng nhal
cho qua tiinh chia se ui thiie thanh cdng (Ford
2003); tin tudng citng tang dan den muc dp chia se
tri thiic ciing tang theo (Anderson & Nams 1990;
Ardichvih 2003).
Gid thuyet H2; Su tin tudng co ldc dgng duang
den chia se tri thdc.
Ly thuyit phat tridn nhan Ihiic (Cognitive Development Theory) cho rang nhan Ihiic xa hdi dugc
nang ian tu cac quan diem khac nhau; cac y tudng

Irong mol mdi trudng hgp lae ed thd tao ra su bat
ddng ve nhan thiic ma kel qua la kich thieh su phat
trien nhan Ihuc (Piaget 1965).
Ly thuydt kien tao xa hdi (Social Constmctivist
Theory) da cap dan su can Ihiet phai hgp lac giira
cac nhan vian Nhan vien phat Uian ky nang cua
minh thdng qua giai quyat van dl Uong su hgp tac
vdi nhirng ddng nghiep ed kha nang cao han. Chia
se tri thiie va xay dung Ui Ihiie cd the dugc kich hoal
bang viec Iham gia tich cue, tuong tac vdi nhau va
ddi thoai thdng qua hpc tap hgp tae (Jonassen & ctg
1995). Ly thuyet nity cho rang viec hoc hdi se cd
hieu qua hon khi nhan vien san sitng chia se quan
diem eua minh vdi cac ddng nghiep. Bdi vay,
Govindarajan & Gupta (2000) eho rang, van hda to
chiic ddng vai trd quan Ugng cho su thimh cdng cua
ehia se Ui Ihirc. Qua tiinh ehia se tri thiie se khdng
xay ra trir khi nd duge hd Ug bdi nen van hda rieng
cua td chiic.
Gid thuyet H3: Vdn hda to chirc co tdc dgng
ducmg den chia se tri thiec.
Ciing theo phai trien nhan thuc va kiln lao xa hgi,
nhan vian phat trien ky nang cua minh Ihdng qua
giai quyel van de tiong su hgp tac vai nhimg ddng
nghiep cd kha nang cao hon. Vygotsky (1978)
chumg minh rang qua tiinh tuong tac va hgc tap hgp
tac giira cac nhan vien cd cimg su hilu bilt vii giai

72

kinltleJIial Irien


7lflO Dues BflO Tl«
quyet van de se din den viec xay dung, hoac kiln
t ^ tri thiic; chia se tri Ihiic Uong cac cdng ddng se
dugc tang cudng thdng qua hiinh vi tuang hd lin
nhau giira eac ca nhan. Wasko va Faraj (2005) cho
rang chia se tri thiic se dugc tang cudng thdng qua
hanh vi tuong hd Ian nhau giiia cae ea nhan,

nhirng nang luc can thiel da diy nhanh toe dp tao ra
va ehuyen giao Ui thiie. Cdn tiieo Huysman & W'ulf
(2006), cdng nghe thdng lin va tmyln thdng cd Han
quan chat che vdi chia se tri thiic, bdi \ i edng nghe
tiidng lm va tiuyln thdng hd trg thdng tin lien lac va
su hgp tac giira cac nhan vien tiong Id chiic.

Gid thuyet H4; Su tuang ho Idn nhau co tdc dgng
Gid thuyet H6: Cdng nghe thong tin cd tdc ddng
duang den chia se tri thirc.
duang den chia se tri thuc.
Ngoai ra, theo Pemberton & Stonehouse (2000),
chia se Ui thiic thiinh edng edn lien quan din qua
trinh hpc hdi trong nhan vian. Hpc hdi Ihudng duge
tranh luan nhu mdt dac diam khdng the thiau ciia bit
ky mgt td chiic nao Uong viec nam lay lgi thi cac
nguon lyc tri thiic cua minh de tao ra hieu qua cao
cho 16 chiic. Djnh hudng hpe hdi nhu la sy phat
trien ciia tii thiic mdi va su dyng Ui thirc dd tac ddng

den hanh vi va nang cao Igi the canh Uanh eiia mdt
tl chiic (Slater & Narver 1995)

Dya vao cac ly thuyat dugc tdng kat tren day. lac
gia de nghi md hinh iy thuyat nhu hinh 1,
Trong do:
• He thong khen thu&ng- la mot tap hgp cac chi
dp khuyen khich edng bang, khaeh quan va dya Uen
muc tidu dat dugc tir kat qua chia sc tri thirc. ddng
thdi lam cho nhan vien khdng cam thay lo sg hg se
phai ddi mat vdi nguy hidm neu chia se tri thiic din
den nhiing sai lam va that bai (Linda .A.rgote &
Epple 1990; Oliver & Kandadi 2006)

Gid thuyel H5. Dinh huang hgc hdi co tdc dgng
• Su tin tu&ng. tha hien sy ty tin ve nang lyc va
duang den chia se tri thuc.
kel qua cua tri thiic ma hg dy djnh chia se (Bandura
Cudi eung, Iheo Al-Ammary, Fung & Goulding 1997), su mong dgi dugc chia se bdi cac thanh vien
(2008), cdng nghe thdng tin ddng vai trd ngay ciing dap ling cae cam ket ciia hg vdi nhau (Dasgupta
quan Upng hon trong viec quan ly dir lieu vii thdng 1988); su trung thuc, hgp tac, dya Iran eac tiau
lin tmdc khi chiing dugc chuyin thanh tri thiic; hd chuan duoc cbia sa giira cae thanh vicn trong cpng
Irp qua trinh tim kiem, luu giii va phan phdi tri tbiic; ddng dd (Saeed & clg 2010).
dong thdi cung cap sy hpp tae, giao tiep va kat ndi

• Vdn hoa td chdc-. la cac tiau chuan bat thanh

Hinh 1: Mo hinh ly thuyct cac yeu to anh hudng den hanh vi chia se tri thirc cua giang vicn
trong eac trudng dai hpc o" Viet Nam
He thdng khen thudng

Van hda td ehiie

Sy tuong ho lan nhau

Hiinh vi
chia se tn thirc
ciia giang vian

Dinh hudng hpc hdi
Cdng nghe thdng lin
Ngudn De .xudi cua tdc gia
si 199 Ihdng 01/2014

kinlileJ'y Irien