Impacts of the vung tau go cong sea dyke on hydrodynamic flow regime

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

THUY LOI UNIVERSITY

IMPACTS OF THE VUNG TAU – GO CONG SEA DYKE
ON HYDRODYNAMIC FLOW REGIME

BUI DUC TOAN
MSc Thesis on Integrated Water Resources Management

August 2015


MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

THUY LOI UNIVERSITY

BUI DUC TOAN

IMPACTS OF THE VUNG TAU - GO CONG SEA DYKE ON
HYDRODYNAMIC FLOW REGIME
Major: Integrated Water Resources Management

THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE

Supervisor (s):
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Cao Don

This research is done for the partial fulfilment of requirement for
Master of Science Degree at Thuy Loi University
(This Master Programme is supported by NICHE – VNM 106 Project)
Ha Noi, August, 2015


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ABSTRACT
The low-lying terrain downstream of Saigon - Dong Nai River is most
affected by natural disasters such as, flooding, saltwater intrusion causing
difficulties in process of socio-economic development. The project of
building Vung Tau - Go Cong sea dyke with a length of 32km was proposed
to solve these problems, in particularly creating a reservoir for storing water
and preventing saltwater intrusion, expanding urban space, industrial parks,
tourism, services, shelter from the storm boats, reserving fresh water in the
future. However, hydrodynamic regime in this area would be altered by the
construction of Vung Tau - Go Cong, causing sedimentation in estuaries,
changing salt marsh ecosystems. The comparison between hydrodynamic
regime with two scenarios before and after construction sea dyke will be
mentioned in this thesis.
In this study, MIKE 21 model was used to simulate hydrodynamic
regime in study area. The computed domain is described as follow: Latitude:
1080000 – 1160000; Longtitude: 670000-770000. The grid which used in
computation was unstructured mesh because it met the requirement of
accuracy and detail computation. Exported data from MIKE 11 model was
used as input data for discharge boundary of model. The observed water level
data of Vung Tau station and global tide prediction data were used for model
calibration and validation. Duration time of model calibration and validation

for

the

research

site

from

17/October/2000

to

20/10/2000

and

21/October/2000 to 24/10/2000 respectively. The calibrated parameter was
bed resistance.
The application of model is considered in two scenarios: without sea
dike and with sea dike. Both scenarios show semidiurnal tide regime in Go
Cong- Vung Tau area. Moreover those confirm that current is mainly


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influenced by tide and flow of estuaries in coastal area. The construction of
sea dike creates two distinct areas: The first area- Reservoir including main
dike, branch dike and Soai Rap estuary; The second area - Ganh Rai Bay

containing Long Tau, Thi Vai estuaries and branch dike.

There is a

significant change in hydrodynamic regime between two scenarios at inside
reservoir, for example considerable differences in

phase, fluctuation

amplitude of water level/current. Except for inside the reservoir, there is a
small change in phase, fluctuation amplitude of water level/current at outside
reservoir.


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DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work presented in this thesis entitled, “Impacts of the
Dung Tau – Go Cong sea dyke on hydrodynamic flow regime ” in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Master of Science in
Integrated Water Resource Management, is

done by myselft under the

supervision of Assoc. Prof. PhD. Nguyen Cao Don. The matter embodied in
this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree or
diploma.
Ha Noi, date

August 2015

Bui Duc Toan


4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost I would like to thank the supervisor Assoc. Prof. PhD
Nguyen Cao Don for his great contribution in this thesis, for supporting me
and guiding me stay on the right trend. I want to show deep thanks to Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thu Hien and Dr. Hoang Nguyet Minh who are main coordinators, making value contributions to success in Master course and I
would like to thank the CoMEM Mariette who help me improve English
writing skill. I would like to thank my wife, my family and my colleagues for
their continuous encourages.
I would like to express deep thanks to KC.09.16/11-15 state project
namely “Research, identification scientific arguments and proposal of Phu
Quoc – Con Dao marine spatial planning for sustainable development”
(Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pham Quy Nhan is the Project Manager) that I am joining to
because of its funding.
Finally I would like to thank NICHE VNM-106 project (funded by
NUFFIC) for finance supporting and facilities for studying process.
Ha Noi, date

August 2015

Bui Duc Toan


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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................1
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................10
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................10
1.2 Problem statements .........................................................................................14
1.3 Objectives and Research questions .................................................................16
1.4 Methods ...........................................................................................................16
1.5 Structure of the thesis ......................................................................................17
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................18
2.1 The studies on Mekong Delta of foreign authors ............................................18
2.2 The related researches on the lower downstream of Sai Gon-Dong Nai river
basin.......................................................................................................................20
2.3 Overview of hydrodynamic models .................................................................23
2.3.1 Possible models ........................................................................................25
2.3.2 Selection criteria .......................................................................................26
2.4 Overview of MIKE 21 ......................................................................................27
CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS IMPACTS OF THE VUNG TAU – GO CONG SEA
DYKE ON HYDRODYNAMIC REGIME ...........................................................29
3.1 Governing equation .........................................................................................29
3.2 Model setting ...................................................................................................36
3.2.1 Study area .................................................................................................36
3.2.2 Bathymetry................................................................................................37


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3.2.3 Mesh generation ........................................................................................37
3.2.4 Water level boundaries .............................................................................39

3.2.5 River boundaries .......................................................................................39
3.3 Model calibration and validation ....................................................................41
3.3.1 Model calibration ......................................................................................41
3.3.2 Model validation .......................................................................................45
3.4 Application ......................................................................................................48
3.5 Results and discussions ...................................................................................49
3.5.1 Surface elevation ......................................................................................51
3.5.2 Current ......................................................................................................58
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................64
CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................64
RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................65
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................66
APPENDICES .........................................................................................................68


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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1. Vung Tau- Go Cong Sea dike project (Source: Google Earth 2010) .....10
Figure 1-2. Sai Gon - Dong Nai river basin ..............................................................12
Figure 1-3. Map showing the Vung Tau - Go Cong sea dike project (Source: Son ( 2012)) .15
Figure 2-1. Overview of the station net realized during the cruise in April 2007 ....20
Figure 2-2. Southeastern region (Source: Trinh (2007))...........................................21
Figure 2-3. Research area in Go Cong, Kien Giang province (Source: Hung (2011)) ......22
Figure 3-1. Computational mesh ...............................................................................37
Figure 3-2. Study area and bathymetry of computational domain ............................38
Figure 3-3. Locations of river boundaries and sea boundaries .................................39
Figure 3-4. Hydrographs at river boundaries ............................................................40
Figure 3-5. Model calibration: Comparison between simulated and measured water
level at Vung Tau gauge station (M=28 m1/3/s, 17/10/2000 01:00-20/10/2000 01:00) ......43

Figure 3-6. Surface elevation in model calibration, 17/10/2000 01:00-20/10/2000
01:00 (left hand-flood tide; right hand-ebb tide) ......................................................44
Figure 3-7. Current speed in model calibration, 17/10/2000 01:00-20/10/2000 01:00
(left hand-flood tide; right hand-ebb tide) .................................................................44
Figure 3-8. Model validation: Comparison between simulated and measured water
level at Vung Tau gauge station ( 21/10/2000 01:00-24/10/2000 01:00) .................46
Figure 3-9. Surface elevation in model validation (left hand-flood tide; right handebb tide) .....................................................................................................................47
Figure 3-10. Current speed in model validation (left hand-flood tide; right hand-ebb tide)
...................................................................................................................................47
Figure 3-11. Computational domain in the second scenario, with sea dike .............48


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Figure 3-12. Locations of exported results ...............................................................50
Figure 3-13. Surface elevation at ebb tide, 10/20/2000 04:00, first scenario .........51
Figure 3-14. Surface elevation at ebb tide, 10/20/2000 04:00, second scenario ...51
Figure 3-15. Surface elevation at flood tide, 10/21/2000 17:00, first scenario .......52
Figure 3-16. Surface elevation at flood tide, 10/21/2000 17:00, second scenario ....52
Figure 3-17. Comparison water level elevation between two scenarios at P1-P4 ....53
Figure 3-18. Comparison water level elevation between two scenarios at P5-P8 ....54
Figure 3-19. Comparison water elevation between inside and outside reservoir , ...55
Figure 3-20. Comparison water elevation between inside and outside reservoir, ....55
Figure 3-21. Current speed at ebb tide, 10/24/2000 02:00, first scenario ................58
Figure 3-22. Current speed at ebb tide, 10/24/2000 02:00, second scenario ...........58
Figure 3-23. Current speed at flood tide, 10/21/2000 17:00, first scenario .............59
Figure 3-24. Current speed at flood tide, 10/21/2000 17:00, second scenario ........59
Figure 3-25. Comparison current between two scenarios at P1-P4 .........................60
Figure 3-26. Comparison current between two scenarios at P5 -P8 ........................61

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1. Distribution of annual monsoon ..............................................................12
Table 3-1. Locations of river boundaries and Vung Tau gauge station ....................39
Table 3-2. Results in Nash - Suteliffe coefficient .....................................................43
Table 3-3. Parameters after model calibration ..........................................................45
Table 3-4. Design parameters of sea dike and sluice in the second scenario ...........49
Table 3-5. Locations of points to export results........................................................50
Table 3-6. Comparsion estreme watel level between two scenarios at P1-P8 ..........56
Table 3-7. Comparison extreme current speed between two scenarios at P1-P8 .....62


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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The downstream of the Dong Nai river and the Vam Co river covering
10000 km2 plays an important role in the society and the economy of Viet
Nam (Figure 1-1). This area includes Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Thap Muoi
(belonging to Mekong Delta River), Vung Tau - Go Cong area and Tien
Giang, Long An province with dense populations and concentration of
business as well as intensely agricultural productions.

Figure 1-1. Vung Tau- Go Cong Sea dike project (Source: Google Earth 2010)

The relative low elevation of this area in combination with the increasing
extraction of drinking water and the flooding problem from the effect of sea

level rise as well as salt intrusion are now of the primary concern of these
areas. The low-lying land area is located near the mouth of the large branches
of the Dong Nai and Vam Co River system (Figure 1-2) and therefore it is


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strongly affected by the variation of the flow in the river and, an even more
dominant factor, the tidal current. Large reservoirs have been built upstream
retaining the flood flow, leading to a decrease in the amount of average flood
flow. Conversely the effect of the tidal current is increasingly higher,
resulting in salt intrusion and a lack of fresh water. Human intervention in this
area also diverts the direction of the flow and tidal current into the river,
increasing water level at high tide and reducing water level at low tide
causing an increase in the tidal range in the river mouths. The higher the tidal
ranges, the more tidal energy, the less time tides need to transport from the
sea to the river basin. The overall impact is that more areas are suffering from
tidal flooding. Moreover, the effect of the sea level rise will add to these
impacts and make it more severe.
In short, in the present situation, the study area is located in a
complicated system of many estuaries which consist of intensive rivers and
channel networks therefore it is strongly affected by tide from the sea.
Moreover this is a low land area therefore it is difficult for draining. Human
intervention including groundwater withdrawal and channel accretion have
also contributed to land subsidence and, even lowers the elevation of the area.
In other words, tidal influences and salt intrusion problems due to sea water
penetrates are two main concerns of this area.


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Figure 1-2. Sai Gon - Dong Nai river basin

Natural conditions
Wind regime:
The study area is affected by two main direction of wind: Southwest
monsoon and Northeast monsoon (Table 1-1)
Table 1-1. Distribution of annual monsoon
Dry season
I

II

NE monsoon

Transition
III

IV
Transition

Wet season
V

VI

VII

VIII

SW monsoon

Dry season
IX

X

XI

XII

NE monsoon


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The southwest monsoon often starts in May and lasts to the end of
September. At offshore region, the main direction of wind is west with the
maximum velocity of 10-12m/s. In coastal area, due to continent the main
direction of wind is Southwest and the average wind velocity and maximum
wind velocity are 4-6 m/s and 8-10 m/s respectively.
The northeast monsoon often starts in September and lasts to the end of
March. At offshore region, the main wind direction is Northeast and average
wind velocity is 9-11 m/s, the maximum wind velocity is above 20 m/s. In the
coastal area, the main direction is Northeast and East, the average velocity
and maximum velocity are 8-10 m/s and 12-14 m/s respectively.
Oceanic regime and sedimentation:
The study area is strongly affected by tide from the East sea, the
monsoon as well as flow regime in the Mekong and Sai Gon – Dong Nai
rivers. The total flow includes tidal flow, ocean current, river flow and coastal

drift.
The tidal regime is semi–diurnal tidal, tidal range is 3.5-3.6m. The
velocity of flood tide is 0.8-0.9 m/s, up to 1.2 m/s and velocity of ebb tide is
1.5-1.8 m/s.
Respective to inconstant distribution of annual volume water, flow
regime in Mekong and Sai Gon – Dong Nai rivers fluctuates following
seasons. For example, at Tan Chau station the discharge is up to 20.000 m3/s
in wet season, meanwhile the discharge is 3.000 m3/s in dry season.
In wet season, the sediment content is higher than that in dry season. The
sedimentation in which rivers supply to sea is mostly in wet season.
Topography:


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In the area, topography is flat plain with the average elevation of (+0.7 +0.8), the highest elevation of (+1.3 - +1.4), the lowest elevation of (+0.4 –
0.5) (Hung, 2011).
Social – economic features
The economic advantages of the location:
- Near to East Sea, the southern key economic region (fishing
exploitation, marine eco-tour, shipping industry).
- Rich land resources with many types of land in which there is high
fertility.
- Due to the availability of many hydraulic structures, surface water
resources are not saline.
The disadvantages of the location:
- Low amount of rainfall, high evaporation.
- No fresh ground water.
- Salt intrusion during the whole year.
- The old dike is strongly eroded making it unsafe in wet season.

1.2 Problem statements
With the aim of solving the tidal flooding and salt intrusion (which are
the most important problems of the study area), the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development (MARD) has proposed to construct a 32 km long
system dike connecting Go Cong and Vung Tau (Figure 1-3). The main goals
of the dike procject are:
- To prevent inundation and saltwater intrusion for the whole are in short
term and long term;
- To improve the capacity for drainage water;


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- To create fresh water reserves in the future for the region to prevent
any fluctuation in upstream and protec against the natural disaster from the
sea;
- To shorten the transport distance between provinces in the West to
Vung Tau. The system dike will connect Vung Tau with the Southwest,
creating a driving force to form new urban areas;
- To develop tourism and make socio-economic development for the
entire region;
- To offer places to storm shelter for ships.

Figure 1-3. Map showing the Vung Tau - Go Cong sea dike project (Source: Son ( 2012))

However, the sea dike could also bring in many disdadvantages
regarding to the environment and navigation. Some consequences could be
mentioned:
- The Dong Tranh bay and Ganh Rai bay will become reservoirs to
restore waste from uper stream;

- The change in tidal regime and salinity will destroy the ecological
mangrove which is available from Soai Rap estuary to Long Tau estuary;


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- The alteration in hydrodynamic flow could lead to sedimentations at
Long Tau and Thi Vai estuaries. Therefore deep water ports at these estuaries
would be influenced.
One of issues is the change in hydrodynamic flow regime in the area in
case of having the project. The thesis, therefore will focus on how the dike
impacts to the hydrodynamic flow in research site.
1.3 Objectives and Research questions
Objectives of the study are to:
- Analyze the impacts of the Vung Tau – Go Cong sea dyke on
hydrodynamic flow regime.
- Assess the influence of hydrodynamic flow regime changes on the
coastal erosion in the study area.
Research questions
- What are the differences in the hydrodynamic flow regimes in case of
with and without sea dyke?
1.4 Methods
This study area is complex due to mentioned characteristics such as: low
elevation; Located near large estuaries; Influenced by tidal flooding; Impacted
by flood from Sai Gon – Dong Nai river basin etc.... In order to simulate the
hydrodymic flow regime in Go Cong – Vung Tau area in case of having sea
dyke, the main method is using numerical model.
The methods are applied in this research could be mentioned:
- To analyze marine, meteorological, hydrological data in Go Cong –
Vung Tau area.

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- To apply a mathematical model to simulate hydrodynamic flow in Go
Cong – Vung Tau area.
- To compare differences in the hydrodynamic flow regimes before and
after having sea dyke.
1.5 Structure of the thesis
The thesis consists of three chapters.
The first chapter introduces background information, including:
Locations; information of Meteorology, hydrology, topography; current
situation; Problem statement; Objectives and research questions.
The second chapter reviews some researches, projects regarding to
estuaries in Mekong delta and study area. Besides, over view about
hydrodynamic models are also presented.
The third chapter concluded: Governing equation; Model setting (using
MIKE 21 model) for study area: Setting up calculation grid and scenarios;
setting up parameters of model; Model calibration/validation; Application;
Result and discussions.


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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The studies on Mekong Delta of foreign authors
In the continental shelf of Vietnam in general, coastal area from Binh
Thuan to Ca Mau in particular, some international surveys were conducted in
which NAGA (1959-1961) with Stranger vessel belong to Scripps Institution

of Oceanography, California. NAGA programs finished 5 surveys from
11/1959 to 2/1961, from latitude 40N ÷ 160N with 6 sections perpendicular to
shoreline and out to offshore 250 nautical miles, depth ≈ 4000m (3895m). The
survey provided a large amount of raw data on the hydrodynamic
characteristics, geology, biology, ecological-environment, contributing to
further elucidate natural conditions in study area . The results of the survey
were published, the most significant of which was the work of

Wyrtki

(1961). However, due to a large scale of survey and huge gap between
stations, the results can only reflect the large- stable oceanographic
processes,. According to Wyrtki (1961) pointed out that the entire East Sea
was dominated by the monsoon regime, free laminar flow often had two
opposite directions in seasons while major ocean currents did not flowed into.
In recent years, many studies have focused on the areas affected by
freshwater (Regions Of Fresh Water Influence-ROFI). A comprehensive
summary report on ROFI dynamics was presented in the article by Simpson
(1996) that in most of ROFI there was a mixture between stratification effects
and stirring effect of wind, wave and tide. It is clear that this mixture is
difficult to determine than the thermal mixture, because the buoyancy of fresh
water is not united in space but depending on separate inlet sources. Due to
such complexity, Simpson said that the understanding of the system ROFI
was one of the biggest challenges that the oceanographers have faced today.


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When river water flows into estuaries, it is affected by the Coriolis force,
most of them directs to Kelvin wave (in the northern hemisphere). But

Simpson proposed that this flow can be diverted by the prevailing wind.
Another feature of the ROFI is under low friction conditions, buoyance driven
flow may express condition of baroclinic instabilities resulting in meandering
flow. However, in shallow water or areas with strong tidal current, bottom
friction often eliminates this uncertainty. Another important feature of the
ROFI is a distinct variation in vertical stratification which depends on tidal
cycle. In this condition, the tidal deformation plays a crucial role. It could be
proved that this feature may be caused by the difference between oblate
ellipse of tidal surface and tidal bottom layer (Carbajal et al., 2004). Simpson
also mentioned the tropical ROFI in Mekong estuaries. According to Simpson,
the sea shelf around Southeast Asia has to be interested because of the variation

in fresh water flowing into sea by the monsoon cycle.
Hein et al. (2007) was initially studied the dispersion of water in Mekong
based on data field measurements in April/2007. Mekong River can be seen
as a typical example for a region of freshwater Influence (ROFI). The shallow
region of the ROFI is defined by a great horizontal density gradient,
characters the frontal zone in the ROFI. This zone also shows the region of
strongest vertical mixing. The observations of a continuous station over 25
hours present the situation slightly off the shallow region of the ROFI. The
results point out that the stirring effect of tides, i.e. a complex variation of
vertical stratification during a tidal cycle. To conduct these measurements
accurately it is important to invest in three-dimensional hydrodynamic
simulations. Modeling of hydrodynamics in a ROFI is obviously linked with a
good concept of the frontal processes between two water masses and their
mixing. Some simple simulations of frontal behavior show the basic necessity


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to improve the advection scheme of hydrodynamic models. The major
problem is the numeric diffusion created by the algorithm of the advection
scheme. A basic one- dimensional model shows that an advection scheme
using a limiter function is able to simulate the interaction between the
Mekong discharge and the coastal water in a manner, that the diffusion and
moreover the mixing process in the model is controlled by physical processes.
Altogether, the fundamental results of the ship experiments and the advection
scheme studies allow an implementation of a hydrodynamic model, which
approaches the governing physical processes of the ROFI and their
variability.

Figure 2-1. Overview of the station net realized during the cruise in April 2007

2.2 The related researches on the lower downstream of Sai Gon-Dong Nai
river basin
So far, researches related to flow regime in the lower downstream of Sai
Gon – Dong Nai river basin is limited. Some of the searches such as: Trinh
(2007), Hung (2011), Linh et al. (2013) and Kim (2014) can be summerized
as follows:


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Trinh (2007) conducted master thesis "Study on hydrodynamic regime
and environment in southeastern region". The author has clarified
hydrodynamic regime in Southeast, i.e: Difference in water level between
months (July and November) about 40cm and trend in rising sea level with
0.5cm / year speed period from 1979 to 2003; Complicated attribute of tide
and magnitude of tide is quite high along the coast of Vietnam; Current speed
depended on season and direction its depended mainly on position; Wave

regime rested on season, i.e: In winter (prevailing northeast monsoon) from
November to April, observed wave direction was northeast, the average wave
height of 1.25m and reached at maximum of 4m; Meanwhile in summer
(prevailing southwest monsoon) from June to September, observed wave
direction was southwest, the average wave height was low and maximized to
1.25m.

Figure 2-2. Southeastern region (Source: Trinh (2007))

Hung (2011) conducted the research "study flow regime, sediment
distribution in coastal area from Soai Rap estuary to Cua Tieu estuary,
proposal solutions to prevent erosion at Go Cong dike in Tien Giang province


22

". One of the main tasks in this project is to find out the causes of coastal
erosion by using computational model. The simulation results have identified
that natural factors were the main causes of coastal erosion in study area,
including: (1) river flow and tide inlet at Soai Rap estuary; (2) waves during
northeast monsoon. The drawback of this research is limited sediment input
data at upper boundary, therefore results express more trend than quantity.
Besides, the mathematical model used in the study did not consider the role of
mangroves in limiting coastal erosion.

Figure 2-3. Research area in Go Cong, Kien Giang province (Source: Hung (2011))

Linh et al. (2013) did a research on "Research on the impacts of Go
Cong Vung Tau sea dike on water quality at Saigon-Dong Nai estuary". The
author has presented research results of water quality changes in Saigon Dong Nai estuary with the application of 3D numerical models, the

hydrodynamic and water quality EFDC. The disadvantage of this article was
that did not collect sufficient data about waste discharge sources in basin,


23

therefore

water quality in reality could be worse than simulated model

results.. On the other hand the model has just simulated water quality in flood
season, dry season when this region has run the risk of being polluted, has not
been concerned.
Kim (2014) has done a research on “Study about the integrated solutions
for controlling inundation and salt intrusion in the lower of Dong Nai – Sai
Gon basin and adjacent to areas”. The main contents of the project include: 1)
Calculation in features of designed meteorology-hydrology (flood, rainfall
and tide) to identify boundary conditions of hydraulic system; 2) Assessment
and revision to effectiveness of solutions for controlling inundation according
to approved planning for preventing inundation in HCM city; 3) Evaluation
the ability of controlling flood in whole river basin in the context of climate
change/rising sea level in the long term (30 years, 50 years and 100 years); 4)
Prediction for changes in hydrodynamic regime and water quality in
reservoirs and main river system. In order to answer the question should or
should not we build the systems of Go Cong – Vung sea dike, Ministry of
Science and Technology proposed a group of six projects concerning to the
impacts of super sea dyke on hydrodynamic regime, navigation, ecological
mangrove, environment and socio-economic developments in Go Cong –
Vung Tau area. The project which is conducted by Professor.Dr. Nguyen
Quang Kim is a key research to provide database data for five other projects.

2.3 Overview of hydrodynamic models
To understand deeply what issues relating to a system, researchers could
do a field trip and measure. This is called monitoring. Monitoring is not
always feasible due to it is expensive. Moreover the researchers cannot not
control the direction or the magnitude of the boundary conditions for the