Weights and measures

BarCharts, Inc.®

WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE

VOLUME (LIQUID)

BASIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
All measurement is derived from seven basic units and is described internationally as the Systéme International d’Unitiés (SI) or sometimes referred to
as SI-metric. These basic units are:
Ampere
A
Electric Current
Candela
cd
Luminosity (intensity of light)
Kelvin
K
Thermodynamic Temperature
Kilogram
kg
Weight (mass)
Meter (Metre)
m
Length
Mole
mol
Substance (molecule)
Second
s
Time

Unit

LENGTH
Unit
Angstrom
Cable
Centimeter
Chain (Gunter’s/surveyor’s)
Chain (Ramden’s/engineer’s)
Decimeter
Dekameter
Fathom
Foot
Furlong
Hand (horse’s height)
Inch
Kilometer
League
Link (Gunter’s)
Link (Ramden’s)
Meter
Micrometer (Micron)
Mile (statute/land)
Mile (nautical/sea)
Millimeter
Mil
Point (type size)
Pica (type size)
Rod
Yard

Abbr SI/metric
Å
cb
cm
chG
chR
dm
dam
fm
ft
fur
–
in
km
–
–
–
m
µ
mi
nmi
mm
mil
–
–
rd
yd

Imperial

.0001µ (10-10)
219.456 m
.01 m
20.1168 m
30.48 m
.1 m
10 m
1.83 m
.3048 m
201.168 m
10.16 cm
2.54 cm
1,000 m
4.8 km
.201 m
.305 m
–
.001 mm
1.609 km
1.85 km
.001 m
.0254 mm
.353 mm
4 mm
5.029 m
.9144 m

.000,000,004 in
120 fathoms/720 ft

.3937 in
66 feet/4 rods
100 ft
3.937 in
32.8 ft
6 ft
12 in
¹⁄₈ statute mi
4 in
–
.621 mi
3 statute mi
7.92 in
12 in
39.37 in
3.9370x10-5 in
5,280 ft
6076.11549 ft
.03937 in
.001 in
.0138 in
12 points (.1668 in)
16.5 ft
3 ft

Unit

Abbr SI/metric
A
a

ha
cm 2
ft 2
in 2
km 2
m2
mi 2
mm 2
rd 2
yd 2

Unit

Unit
Dram (avdp)
Grain
Gram
Kilogram
Milligram
Ounce (avdp)
Ounce (troy)
Pennyweight
Pound (avdp)
Stone
Ton (long or British)
Tonne (metric)
Ton (short)

Abbr

Equivalent

Btu
cal15
HP
J
Kw

.0002929 Kw
4.1858 J
746 watts
.7376 ft/lbs
1.341 HP

cm3
ft3
in3
ST
yd3

SI/Metric
1,000 mm3
.02832 m3
16.387 cm3
1 m3
.7646 m3

Abbr

SI/Metric

dr (avdp)
gr
g
kg
mg
oz
oz tr
dwt
lb
st
lt
mt
sh t

1.772 g
.0648 g
.001 kg
1,000 g
.001 g
.0280 kg
.03 kg
1.555 g
.454 kg
6.35 kg
1,016 kg
1,000 kg
907.18 kg

NUMERICAL

PREFIXES
1

/10
1
/2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
15

ENERGY
Unit

Imperial

Imperial
.061 in3
1,728 in3
–

1.3 yd3
27 ft3

WEIGHT

43,560 ft 2
1076.39 ft 2
2.471 A
.155 in 2
144 in 2
.386 mi 2
10.764 ft 2
640 A
.00155 in 2
272.25 ft 2
9 ft 2

British Thermal Unit
Calorie (@15.5˚c)
Horsepower (mechanical)
Joule (absolute)
Kilowatt

Abbr

Cubic centimeter
Cubic foot
Cubic inch
Stere (cubic meter)
Cubic yard

Imperial

4,047 m 2
100 m 2
10,000 m 2
100 mm 2
.0929 m 2
6.4516 cm 2
1,000,000 m 2
10,000 cm 2
2.59 km 2
–
25.293 m 2
.836 m 2

SI/Metric

VOLUME (DRY)

AREA
Acre
Are
Hectare
Square centimeter
Square foot
Square inch
Square kilometer
Square meter
Square mile

Square millimeter
Square rod
Square yard

Abbr

Barrel (US) fluid
bbl
26.2 gal (UK)
31.5 gal*
Dram (US)
dr
3.697 ml
.125 oz
gi
.142 L
4.8038 oz
Gill (¹⁄₄ UK pint)
Gallon (UK)
gal
4.546 L
1.201 gal
Gallon (US)
gal
3.785 L
4 qt
Liter
L
.001 m3
1.057 qt

Ounce, fluid (UK)
oz
.028 L
.96 oz
Ounce, fluid (US)
oz
.02957 L
2 tbs
Pint (UK)
pt
1.2 pt (US)
19.2 oz
Pint (US)
pt
.833 pt (UK)
16 oz
Quart
qt
.946 L
2 pt
*A barrel may be recognized by different liquid sizes in different states and
for different substances. Sizes may be stated in gallons, cubic inches or
weight. See notes on page 2.

1

Deci
Semi, hemi, demi
Uni
Bi, di

Tri, ter
Tetra, tetr, quadri
Penta, quint
Sex, hex, hexa
Hept, sept, septo
Oct, octo
Non, ennea
Dec, deca, deka
Hendeca, undeca
Dodeca
Quindeca

Imperial
.0625 oz
.00229 oz
.03527 oz
2.2 lb
.00003 oz
.0625 lb
1.0971 oz
.05486 oz
16 oz
14 lb
2,240 lb
2204.6 lb
2,000 lb

SI PREFIXES
Factor
10 24

10 21
10 18
10 15
10 12
10 9
10 6
10 3
10 2
10
10 -1
10 -2
10 -3
10 -6
10 -9
10 -12
10 -15
10 -18
10 -21
10 -24

Prefix
yottazettaexapetateragigamegakilohectodekadecicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-

Symbol
Y
Z
E
P
T
G

M
k
h
da
d
c
m
µ or r
n
p
f
a
z
y


LENGTH

AREA

LIQUID
CAPACITY

DRY
CAPACITY

Centimeters & Inches
cm x .394 = in
in x 2.54 = cm

Sq. Centimeters & Sq. In.
cm2 x .155 = in2
in2 x 6.452 = cm2

UK & US Gallons
UK gal x 1.201 = US gal
US gal x .833 = UK gal

Cubic Centimeters &
Cubic Inches
cm3 x .061 = in3
3
in x 16.387 = cm3

Centimeters & Millimeters
cm x 10 = mm
mm x .1 = cm

Sq. Meters & Sq. Chains (G)*
m2 x .0025 = ch2
ch2 x 404.686 = m2

UK & US Quarts
UK qt x 1.201 = US qt
US qt x .833 = UK qt

Sq. Rods & Sq. Chains (G)*
rd2 x 625 = ch2 (G)
ch2 x 16 = rd2

UK & US Pints
UK pt x 1.201 = US pt
US pt x .833 = UK pt

Sq. Chains & Acres
ch2 (G) x .1 = A
A x 10 = ch2(G)

UK & US Ounces
UK oz x .961 = US oz
US oz x 1.041 = UK oz

Sq. Chains (G)* & Sq. Feet
ch2 (G) x 4,356 = ft2
ft2 x .00023 = ch2 (G)

UK Gallons & Liters
UK gal x 4.546 = L
L x .220 = UK gal

Hectares & Sq. Miles
ha x .0039 = mi2
mi2 x 258.999 = ha

UK Quarts & Liters
UK qt x 1.137 = L
L x .880 = UK qt

Cubic Meters &
Cubic Feet

m3 x 35.315 = ft3
ft3 x .028 = m3

Hectares & Acres
ha x 2.471 = A
A x .405 = ha

UK Pints & Liters
UK pt x .568 = L
L x 1.760 = UK pt

Pints & Quarts
pt x .5 = qt
qt x 2 = pt

Acres & Sq. Miles
A x .00156 = mi2
mi2 x 640 = A

UK Ounces & Milliliters
UK oz x 28.413 = ml
ml x .035 = UK oz

Sq. Kilometers & Sq. Miles
km2 x .386 = mi2
mi2 x 2.590 = km2

US Gallons & Liters
US gal x 3.785 = L
L x .264 = US gal

Sq. Meters & Acres
m2 x .000247 = A
A x 4046.856 = m2

US Quarts & Liters
US qt x .947 = L
L x 1.056 = US qt

Sq. Meters & Hectares
m2 x .0001 = ha
ha x 10,000 = m2

US Pints & Liters
US pt x .473 = L
L x 2.113 = US pt

Sq. Meters & Sq. Feet
m2 x 10.764 = ft2
ft2 x .093 = m2

US Ounces & Liters
US oz x .03 = L
Liter x 33.8 = US oz

Chains (G)* & Yards
ch x 22 = yd
yd x .455 = ch

Sq. Meters & Sq. Yards

m2 x 1.196 = yd2
yd2 x .836 = m2

US Ounces & Milliliters
US oz x 29.572 = ml
ml x .034 = US oz

Fathoms & Feet
fa x 6 = ft
ft x .167 = fa

Sq. Meters & Sq. Rods
m2 x .03954 = rd2
rd2 x 25.293 = m2

Gills (US) & Ounces (US)
gi x 4 = oz
oz x .25 = gi

Kilometers & Feet
km x 3280.84 = ft
ft x (3.048 x 10–4) = km

Sq. Yards & Sq. Feet
yd2 x 9 = ft2
ft2 x .1111 = yd2

Gills (US) & Cubic Centimeters

Kilometers & Yards

km x 1093.6 = yd
yd x .00091 = km

*(G) = Gunter’s
or surveyor’s chain

Gills (UK) & Cubic Centimeters
gi x 142.065 = cc
cc x .00704 = gi

Centimeters & Picas
cm x 2.371 = picas
picas x .4233 = cm
Centimeters & Points
cm x 28.4528 = points
points x .0351 = cm
Millimeters & Inches
mm x .0394 = in
in x 25.4 = mm
Millimeters & Micrometers
(Microns)
mm x 1,000 = µ
µ x .001 = mm

Meters & Chains (G)
m x .04971 = ch
ch x 20.117 = m
Meters & Fathoms
m x .547 = fm
fm x 1.83 = m

Meters & Feet
m x 3.281 = ft
ft x .305 = m
Meters & Yards
m x 1.094 = yd
yd x .914 = m
Meters & Furlongs
m x .005 = fur
fur x 201.17 = m
Chains (G)* & Feet
ch x 66 = ft
ft x .015 = ch
Chains (G)* & Rods
ch x 4 = rd
rd x .25 = ch

Kilometers & Statute Miles
km x .621 = mi
mi x 1.609 = km
Kilometers & Nautical Miles
km x .540 = n mi
n mi x 1.852 = km
Nautical Miles & Statute Miles
n mi x 1.15 = s mi
s mi x .869 = n mi

*(G) = Gunter’s or
surveyor’s chain

gi x 118.29 = cc

cc x .00845 = gi

KITCHEN LIQUID MEASURES
1 gal
¹⁄₂ gal
¹⁄₄ gal

4 qt
2 qt
1 qt
¹⁄₂ qt
¹⁄₄ qt

8
4
2
1
¹⁄₂

pt 16 cups 128 fl
pt 8 cups 64 fl
pt 4 cups 32 fl
pt 2 cups 16 fl
pt 1 cup
8 fl
¹⁄₂ cup
4 fl
¹⁄₄ cup
2 fl
¹⁄₈ cup

1 fl
¹⁄₂ fl

oz 3.79L
oz 1.89L
oz
.95L
.47L
oz
oz
.24L
oz
.12L 8 Tbs 24 tsp
oz
.06L 4 Tbs 12 tsp
oz
.03L 2 Tbs 6 tsp
oz .015L 1 Tbs 3 tsp

2

WEIGHT
Grains (gr) & Grams
gr x .065 = g
g x 15.432 = gr

(g)

Drams

(avdp)* & Ounces (avdp)
dr (avdp) x .062 = oz (avdp)
oz (avdp) x 16 = dr (avdp)

Cubic Inches &
Cubic Feet
in3 x .000579 = ft3
3
ft x 1,728 = in3

Pennyweight & Grams
dwt x 1.5552 = g
g x .643 = dwt

Cubic Feet &
Cubic Yards
ft3 x .037 = yd3
yd3 x 27 = ft3

Grams & Ounces (US)
g x .035 = oz
oz x 28.349 = g

Cubic Meters &
Cubic Yards
m3 x 1.308 = yd3
yd3 x .765 = m3

Ounces (troy) & Grains
oz tr x 480 = gr

gr x .00208 = oz tr
Ounces (troy) & Grams
oz tr x 31.103 = g
g x .032 = oz tr
Ounces (troy) & Ounces (avdp)
oz tr x 1.097 = oz (avdp)
oz (avdp) x .911 = oz tr

Ounces (avdp) & Pounds (avdp)
oz (avdp) x .0625 = lb (avdp)
lb (avdp) x 16 = oz (avdp)

Quarts & Pecks
qt x .125 = pk
pk x 8 = qt

Milligrams & Grains
mg x .015 = gr
gr x 64.799 = mg

Pecks (US) &
Bushels (US)
pk x .25 = bu
bu x 4 = pk

Grains & Carats
gr x .32399 = c
c x 3.0865 = gr
Grams & Carats (metric)
g x 5 = c (metric)

c (metric) x .2 = g

Bushels (US) &
Barrels (US)*
bu x .0305 = bbl
bbl x 3.281 = bu
Bushels (UK) &
Bushels (US)
bu (US) x .969 = bu (UK)
bu (UK) x 1.032 = bu (US)
* A barrel is not the same container as a steel drum, which
typically holds 55 gallons (US).
Barrels come in different sizes
based on their contents, as
defined by various statutes.
Oil = 42 gal
Beer = 31 gal (US)
Beer = 50 liters (Europe)
Dry Goods = 7,056 in3
Cranberries = 5,826 in3
Flour = 196 lbs.
Cornmeal = 200 lbs.
Cement = 376 lbs.
Lime = 280 lbs.

Milligrams & Carats (metric)
mg x .005 = c (metric)
c (metric) x 200 = mg
Pounds & Kilograms
lb x .454 = kg

kg x 2.205 = lb
Tons (long) & Pounds (avdp)
lt x 2,240 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0004464 = lt
Tons (short) & Pounds (avdp)
sht x 2,000 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0005 = sht
Tonnes (metric) & Pounds (avdp)
t x 2204.62 = lbs (avdp)
lbs (avdp) x .0004536 = t
*avdp = avoirdupois
(from French), meaning “goods
of weight”

KITCHEN DRY MEASURES
1 cup
³⁄₄ cup
²⁄₃ cup
¹⁄₂ cup
¹⁄₃ cup
¹⁄₄ cup
¹⁄₈ cup
¹⁄₁₆ cup
¹⁄₄₈ cup

8 fl
6 fl
5¹⁄₃ fl
4 fl
2 ²⁄₃ fl

2 fl
1 fl
¹⁄₂ fl
¹⁄₆ fl

oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz

16 Tbs
12 Tbs
10²⁄₃ Tbs
8 Tbs
5¹⁄₃ Tbs
4 Tbs
2 Tbs
1 Tbs
¹⁄₃ Tbs

48
36
32
24
16

12
6
3
1

tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp
tsp

237
177
158
118
79
59
30
15
5

ml
ml
ml
ml
ml

ml
ml
ml
ml


LUMBER SIZES
Nominal
inches

Actual (dry)
inches
mm

COMMON NAILS

Actual (green)
inches
mm

60d

THICKNESS
1
1¹⁄₄
1¹⁄₂
2
2¹⁄₂
3
3¹⁄₂

4
4¹⁄₂
6
8

³⁄₄
1
1¹⁄₄
1¹⁄₂
2
2¹⁄₂
3
3¹⁄₂
4
5¹⁄₂
7¹⁄₂

19
25
32
38
51
64
76
89
102
140
191

²⁵⁄₃₂

1¹⁄₃₂
1⁹⁄₃₂
1⁹⁄₁₆
2¹⁄₁₆
2⁹⁄₁₆
3¹⁄₁₆
3⁹⁄₁₆
4¹⁄₁₆
5⁹⁄₁₆
7⁹⁄₁₆

20
26
33
40
52
65
78
90
103
141
194

1⁹⁄₁₆
2⁹⁄₁₆
3⁹⁄₁₆
4⁵⁄₈
5⁵⁄₈
6⁵⁄₈
7¹⁄₂

8¹⁄₂
9¹⁄₂
10¹⁄₂
11¹⁄₂
13¹⁄₂
15¹⁄₂

40
65
90
117
143
168
190
216
241
267
292
343
394

50d
40d
30d
20d
16d
12d

WIDTH
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
16

1¹⁄₂
2¹⁄₂
3¹⁄₂
4¹⁄₂
5¹⁄₂
6¹⁄₂
7¹⁄₄
8¹⁄₄
9¹⁄₄
10¹⁄₄
11¹⁄₄
13¹⁄₄
15¹⁄₄

38
64
89

114
140
165
184
210
235
260
286
337
387

10d
9d
8d
7d
6d
5d
4d
1

2

3

4

5

6

NOT TO SCALE

BOLT GRADES

GEOMETRY
LENGTH

h

Rectangle

Stove Bolt

Area (A) = Width (w) x Height (h)

SAE Strength Standard Markings

Strongest

Weakest

Hex Bolt

w

Carriage Bolt

Triangle

h

Machine Screw

8

7

b

Bolt to Screw

Pythagorean Theorem:

c

b

If a right triangle has hypotenuse
(c) and sides (a) and (b), then:
c2 = a2 + b2

a
a
h

5

3

0, 1 & 2

¹⁄₁₆

¹⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₃

1

⁵⁄₆₄

¹⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₃₂

2

³⁄₃₂

¹⁄₃₂ ³⁄₆₄

3

⁷⁄₆₄

³⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₁₆

4

⁷⁄₆₄

³⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₁₆

5

¹⁄₈

¹⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄

Cone

6

¹⁄₈

¹⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄

Volume (V) = πr2h
3
Area of curved surface:
A = πr√r2+h2

⁵⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₁₆ ³⁄₃₂
8 ¹¹⁄₆₄ ⁵⁄₆₄ ³⁄₃₂
9 ³⁄₁₆ ⁵⁄₆₄ ⁷⁄₆₄
10 ³⁄₁₆ ³⁄₃₂ ⁷⁄₆₄

Sphere

11 ¹³⁄₆₄ ³⁄₃₂ ¹⁄₈

Circle

r

Area (A) = πr 2
Circumference (C) = 2πr
π = 3.1416 r= radius

h
r

r

LENGTH IN INCHES

0

Volume (V) = 4πr3
3
Surface Area: A = 4πr2

S
O
F
T

W
O
O
D

H
A

R
D

W
O
O
D

¹⁄₄

³⁄₈ ¹⁄₂

⁵⁄₈

³⁄₄

⁷⁄₈

12 ⁷⁄₃₂

⁷⁄₆₄ ¹⁄₈

¹⁄₄

⁷⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄

Oval Head

Round Head

Flat Head

16 ¹⁷⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄ ⁵⁄₃₂

h

Right Cylinder

18 ¹⁹⁄₆₄ ⁹⁄₆₄ ³⁄₁₆

Common Sizes

Volume (V) = πr2h
Lateral surface area (A) = 2πrh

20 ²¹⁄₆ ¹¹⁄₆₄ ¹³⁄₆₄

Some Availability

24

³⁄₈

³⁄₁₆ ⁷⁄₃₂
3

1 1¹⁄₄ 1¹⁄₂ 1³⁄₄ 2 2¹⁄₄ 2¹⁄₂ 2³⁄₄ 3 3¹⁄₂ 4 4¹⁄₂ 5

Screw Length

7

14

NOTE: There is no “4” grade.

STANDARD WOOD SCREWS

S
H
A
N
K

Area (A) = (a+b) x h
2

Bolt to Bolt

PILOT
HOLE
SIZES
G
A
U
G
E

Trapezoid
b

r

6

Area (A) = ¹⁄₂ Base (b) x Height (h)


FAHRENHEIT-TO-CELSIUS CONVERSION
˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

˚F

˚C

-50
-49
-48
-47
-46
-45
-44

-43
-42
-41
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27

-45.6
-45.0
-44.4
-43.9
-43.3
-42.8
-42.2
-41.7
-41.1
-40.6
-40.0
-39.4

-38.9
-38.3
-37.8
-37.2
-36.7
-36.1
-35.6
-35.0
-34.4
-33.9
-33.3
-32.8

-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3

-32.2
-31.7
-31.1
-30.6
-30.0
-29.4
-28.9
-28.3
-27.8
-27.2
-26.7
-26.1
-25.6
-25.0
-24.4
-23.9
-23.3
-22.8
-22.2
-21.7
-21.1
-20.6

-20.0
-19.4

-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

-18.9
-18.3

-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.5
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.6
-11.1
-10.5
-10.0
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

-5.5
-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
-1.1
-0.5
0.0
0.5

1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.5
6.1
6.7
7.2

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

63
64
65
66
67
68
69

7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4
10.0
10.5
11.1
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.5
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4

20.0
20.5

70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93

21.1
21.7

22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.5
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.5
31.1
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9

94
95
96
97
98
99
100

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117

34.4
35.0
35.5
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
38.3
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.5

41.1
41.7
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.9
44.4
45.0
45.5
46.1
46.7
47.2

118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134

135
136
137
138
139
140
141

47.8
48.3
48.9
49.4
50.0
50.5
51.1
51.7
52.2
52.8
53.3
53.9
54.4
55.0
55.5
56.1
56.7
57.2
57.8
58.3
58.9
59.4

60.0
60.5

142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165

61.1
61.7

62.2
62.8
63.3
63.9
64.4
65.0
65.5
66.1
66.7
67.2
67.8
68.3
68.9
69.4
70.0
70.5
71.1
71.7
72.2
72.8
73.3
73.9

166
167
168
169
170
171
172

173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189

74.4
75.0
75.5
76.1
76.7
77.2
77.8
78.3
78.9
79.4
80.0
80.5

81.1
81.7
82.2
82.8
83.3
83.9
84.4
85.0
85.5
86.1
86.7
87.2

190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206

207
208
209
210
211
212

87.8
88.3
88.9
89.4
90.0
90.5
91.1
91.7
92.2
92.8
93.3
93.9
94.4
95.0
95.5
96.1
96.7
97.2
97.8
98.3
98.9
99.4
100.0

TC X 1.8 + 32 = TF

WIND CHILL INDEX (˚F) REVISED 2001
0 mph

40˚

35˚

30˚

25˚

20˚

15˚

10˚

5˚

0˚

5 mph

36

31

25

19

13

7

1

-5

-11

10 mph 34
15 mph 32

27
25

21
19

15
13

9
6

3

-4

0

-7

20 mph 30

24

17

11

4

-2

-9

25 mph 29

23

16

9

3

-4

-11

30 mph 28

22

15

8

1

-5

-12

35 mph 28

21

14

7

0

-7

-14

40 mph 27

20

13

6

-1

-8

45 mph 26

19

12

5

-2

-9

-10

-16

-13

-19

-15

HEAT INDEX

-16

-22

-22

-28

-26

-32
-35

-28

-34

-35

-41

-39

-45

-42

-48

-40
-47
-51
-55

-46
-53
-58
-61

-52
-59
-64
-68

-57 -63
-66 -72
-71 -77

-22

-29

-74 -81

-17

-24

-31

-37

-44

-51

-58

-64

-71

-78 -84

-19

-26

-33

-39

-46

-53

-60

-67

-73

-80 -87

-21

-27

-34

-41

-48

-55

-62

-69

-76

-52 -89

-15

-22

-29

-36

-43

-50

-57

-64

-71

-78

-84 -91

-16

-23

-30

-37

-44

-51

-58

-65

-72

-79

-86 -93

50 mph 26
19 12
4
-3 -10 -17 -24 -31 -38 -45 -52 -60 -67 -74 -81 -88 -95
WINDCHILL (˚F) = 35.74 + 0.6215T - 35.75(V0.16) + 0.4275T(V0.16 ) V = WIND SPEED (mph) T (˚F) = AIR TEMP.

SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE
CAT.

IN. MERCURY MILLIBARS

> 28.94

1

WIND/KPH

WIND/MPH

WIND/KNOTS SURGE/FT

74-95

119-153

> 980

CURRENT TEMPERATURE ˚F

-5˚ -10˚ -15˚ -20˚ -25˚ -30˚ -35˚ -40˚ -45˚

64-82

4-5

R
E
L
A
T
I
V
E

H
U
M
I
D
I
T
Y

Moderate. Overturned mobile homes, downed trees,
shingles blown off and some signs down.

70˚

75˚

80˚

85˚

90˚

95˚

100˚

64

69

73

78

83

87

91

10%

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

20%

66

72

77

82

87

93

99

30%

67

73

78

84

90

96

10 4

40%

68

74

79

86

93

101

11 0

50%

69

75

81

88

96

107

12 0

60%

70

76

82

90

100

114

13 2

70%

70

77

85

93

106

124

14 4

80%

71

78

86

97

113

136

15 7

90%

71

79

88

102

122

150

17 0

100%

72

80

91

108

133

166

184

BEAUFORT WIND SCALE

DAMAGE LIKELY
Minimal. Broken trees, shrubs and street signs. Inwater boat and mobile home damage.

0˚
0%

WIND SPEED
KPH

MPH

KNOTS

#

DESCRIPTION

0

0

0

0

calm

1-5

1-3

1-3

1

light air

6 - 11

4-7

4-6

2

light breeze

2

28.50-28.91

965-979

154-177

96-110

83-95

6-8

3

27.91-28.47

945-964

178-209

111-130

96-113

9-12

4

27.17-27.88

920-944

210-249

131-155

114-135

13-18

Extreme. Roofs blown off, building walls collapsed.
Storm surge near beach flooding homes.

12 - 19

8 - 12

7 - 10

3

gentle breeze

> 18

Catastrophic. Concrete structures damaged. Small
structures and cars overturned and blown away.

20 - 28

13 - 18

11 - 16

4

moderate breeze

29 - 38

19 - 24

17 - 21

5

fresh breeze

39 - 49

25 - 31

22 - 27

6

strong breeze

50 - 61

32 - 38

28 - 33

7

near gale

5

< 27.17

< 920

> 249

> 155

> 135

FUJITA-PEARSON

SUN TANNING INDEX

TORNADO SCALE REVISED 2007

SKIN PROTECTION FACTOR # TO USE

CLASS

TYPE SKIN REACTION
Tans little or not at all,
1 always burns easily &
severely, then peels
Usually burns easily &
2 severely; tans minimally
& lightly, also peels

EXAMPLES

People with fair skin, blue
12-20
or hazel eyes, blonde or
red hair

Burns moderately, gains Average caucasian

Burns minimally, tans
4 easily & above average

with each exposure

People with light brown
skin, dark brown hair,
dark eyes

Rarely burns, tans easily Brown-skinned persons

5 & substantially

6 Tans profusely & never
burns

SPF#

People with fair skin, blue
eyes, freckles, white,
20-30
unexposed skin

3 average tan

Black-skinned persons

Extensive. Large trees down; signs, awnings and
windows broken. Mobile homes destroyed.

F
F
F

F
F
F

0
1
2
3
4
5

KPH

MPH

DAMAGE LIKELY

64 - 116
117 - 180
181 - 253
254 - 332
333 - 419
420 - 512

40 - 72
73 - 112
113 - 157
158 - 207
208 - 260
261 - 318

light
moderate
considerable
severe
devastating
incredible

62 - 74

39 - 46

34 - 40

8

gale

75 - 88

47 - 54

41 - 47

9

strong gale

89 - 102

55 - 63

48 - 55

10

storm

103 - 117 64 - 72

56 - 63

11

violent storm

> 64

12

hurricane

> 118

> 73

SMALL CRAFT
ADVISORY
GALE
WARNING

STORM
WARNING

HURRICANE WARNING

8-10

ULTRAVIOLET
INDEX

Price: U.S. $4.95 / CAN. $7.50

5-8

VALUE EXPOSURE

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free downloads &

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4
2

0-2

Minimal

3-4

Low

5-6

Moderate

7-9

High

> 10

Very High

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,
recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. © 2002, 2003 BarCharts, Inc. 0408

Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522
4

TROPICAL STORM
WARNING

(TF - 32)/1.8 = TC

ISBN-13: 978-142320710-8
ISBN-10: 142320710-6