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Could
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"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and
requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of
"can."
Examples:
Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility
Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional
Using "Could" in Present, Past, and Future
Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below
to learn how "could" behaves in different contexts.
Modal Use
could
possibility
Positive Forms
Negative Forms
Also
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
use:
Future
Future
1. John could be the one who
1. Mary couldn't be the one who
might,
stole the money.
stole the money.
may
2. John could have been the one
2. Mary couldn't have been the
who stole the money.
one who stole the money.
3. John could go to jail for
3. Mary couldn't possibly go to
stealing the money.
jail for the crime.
1. If I had more time, I could
1. Even if I had more time, I
travel around the world.
couldn't travel around the world.
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could
conditional
of can
2. If I had had more time, I could
2. Even if I had had more time, I
have traveled around the world.
couldn't have traveled around
3. If I had more time this winter, I
could travel around the world.
the world.
3. Even if I had more time this
winter, I couldn't travel around
the world.
1. NO PRESENT FORM
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
2. You could have spent your
could
vacation in Hawaii.
suggestion
3. You could spend your vacation
in Hawaii.
I could run ten miles in my
I couldn't run more than a mile in
be
twenties.
my twenties.
able
I could speak Chinese when I
I couldn't speak Swahili.
was a kid.
"Could" can be used in negative
could
"Could" cannot be used in
sentences in which you describe
past ability
positive sentences in which you
a momentary or onetime ability.
describe a momentary or one
time ability.
to
Yesterday, I couldn't lift the
couch by myself. Correct
Yesterday, I could lift the couch
by myself. Not Correct
could
polite
request
Could I have something to drink?
Couldn't he come with us?
Could I borrow your stapler?
Couldn't you help me with this
Requests usually refer to the
near future.
for just a second?
can,
may,
might
Requests usually refer to the
near future.
REMEMBER: "Could not" vs. "Might not"
"Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. "Might not" suggests
you do not know if something happens.
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Examples:
Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key.
Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.
EXERCISES AND RELATED TOPICS
Modal Exercise 1 can, could, have to, must, might and should
Modal Exercise 3 might, must, should, could, have to and ought to
Modal Exercise 4 couldn't and might not
Modal Exercise 6 could, might, should and would
Modal Exercise 7 modal verb forms
Modal Verb Final Test complete review
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