XUẤT KHẨU GẠO Ở VIỆT NAM THỜI PHÁP THUỘC

XUAT K H A r GAO 6 VIET ]\AM T H d l
P H A P THUOC ( 1 8 5 8 - 1 9 4 5 )

TRANVI^TNGHU'

T

rong thdi k^ Phap thudc gao la mat
hang xua't khdu chien iQpc c6 gia tri
kinh te cao nha't b Viet Nam. Tuy nhien,
xua't khdu gao chi dem lai Idi feh to 16n eho
tQ ban Phap, Hoa thifdng va dia chu, con
da sdnong dan - nhQng ngQcli triic tidp lam
ra hat gao lai so'ng trong sQ d6i nghdo eQng
eUe. Hat gao xua't kh^u khong ehi gan lidn
vdi dcii so'ng kinh td, ma eon lien quan chat
che ddn cac va'n dd chinh tri, xa hoi, phong
trao da'u tranh giai ea'p va giai ph6ng dan
tSe cl Viet Nam trQ6c Caeh mang Thang
Tam nam 1945.
1. Xua't khau gao t r o n g thdi ky thiic
dan Phap x a m lifcfc: 1858-1886
Trxtdc khi thQe dSn Phap xam iQdc thi
gao la mot trong nhQng mat hang hi tridu
Nguyen kidm soat chat ehe nha't. Trong
thcli ky chidn tranh v6i quan TSy Sdn,
Nguydn Anh tQng xua't khdu gao de la'y
tidn mua nhQng hang hoa thidt yeu tQ niide
ngoai, dac biet la vu khi. Ngudn gao ddi dao
6 da't Nam Ky da gop phdn giup ong danh
bai quan Tay Sdn. Nam 1802 ong Ion ngoi

vua, la'y hieu la Gia Long.
Thang 2-1803, vua Gia Long la'y cd dan
Gia Dinh hi doi va gia gao len eao dd ra Sac

du ca'm xua't khdu gao ddu tien (1). Sac du
nay ban ra trong hdi canh dan doi la hdp ly,
nhQng la cd scl ndn tang cho chinh sach
ca'm xua't khdu gao ve sau. Nam 1816, nha
vua ra dao luat Cam ra bien trong do eo
ca'm xua't khdu gao: "Ca'm thuyen buon ehci
rieng gao, hoa vSt thong thQdng vdi nU6c
ngoai. Ke nao vi pham thi la'y luat ra rieng
bd coi va luat pham ca'm ra bien de xQ.
Thuyen va hang hoa sung eong. Quan sb
tai bidt ma c6 y dung tung thi cung toi" (2).
Cae vi vua kdtiep la Minh M§nh, Thieu
Tri va Tu DQe deu co gkng kiem soat gao.
Tridu dinh ca'm dan ehung khong dUdc ban
gao eho thuyen buon nUde ngoai va thuyen
buon nude ngoai den mua gao. Neu ke ban
ngQdi mua bi phat giac se hi tridu dinh xQ
ly theo phap luat. Tuy dQa ra nhQng hinh
phat ha khSc, nhUng trieu dinh van khong
kiem soat dQdc nan buon lau gao trong
nUdc. Gao vkn bi thdm lau ra nUde ngoai.
TrQde tinh hinh buon lau gao gia tang, nSm
1847 Tong do'c Nguy Khae Tuan dang sd
xin trieu dinh bai bo lenh ca'm xua't khau
gao. Vua Thieu Tri da bac bd ban sd nky.
Den ddu ddi vua T\l DQe tinh hinh xua't

khdu gao lau vkn didn bien ra't phQc tap.

* TS. Khoa Lieh sQ, TrQdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN


Hgnien cini jjjcn sir, so lU.awia
M^c dQ ca'm tQ thQdng xua't khdu g^o,
nhUng tridu dinh vikn dQa m^t ad thuydn
chb gao ban cho mdt sd nQdc lang gidng dd
c6 tidn mua nhQng hang ngo^i thidt ydu.
ThQe td la tridu Nguydn nftm dde quydn
trong xuft't khdu gao.
Chfnh sach ca'm xu&'t khdu ggo c6 tQ
thdi Gia Long, nhQng x^t ca mot tidn trinh
thi n6 n^m trong ehfnh saeh han ehd bu6n
ban va d6ng ciia cua tridu Nguydn. Trong
bdi canh kinh td, chinh tri khung hoang thi
si^ d6c quydn gao eua tridu Nguyen la mot
trong nhQng bi^n phap dd tang quydn li;(e
cua chinh quydn trung Qdng. Tridu NguySn
mud'n ha gia gao dd tang uy tin ddi v6i dan
nghdo va on dinh xa hSi. Ngoai ra gia gao
ha con giup tridu Nguyen dS tfch trQ dQ^c
quSn iQdng va to ehQc cQu ddi dan ngh6o
khi raa't mQa.
Chfnh sach ca'm xua't khdu gao cua tridu
Nguyen da lam cho cac hoat dong mua ban
gao trong nQdc va xua't khdu gao ra thi
trQdng qudc td gap ra't nhidu kh6 khan,
trai vdi tinh tQ nhien cua quy luat cung

cdu. Ba't cha'p SU nghiem ca'm cua tridu
dinh, nong dan nhidu ndi v i n I6n lut ban
gao eho thUdng nhan. Ldi dung ke hb eua
luat phap va cae quan chQc tham 10 n§n
hat gao Vi§t Nam vSn bf raftt xudt ra thj
trQdng qudc te.
Nam 1858 thuc dan Phap xam lQ(?e Vi^t
Nam. Den nam 1867 chung chidm tron
Nam Kj> lue tinh. Vi^c tridu Nguydn dd ma't
Nam K^, vua lua Idn nha't ca nQdc, da tftc
dong xa'u ddn cuoc khang ehien chdng Phap
cua nhan dan ta. Quan iQdng eua tridu
Nguyen bi thieu hut, ddi so'ng eiia nhSn
dan Trung K^ va Bftc K^ g$p khd khan do
ma't ngudn cung gao tQ Nam K^. Sau khi
tridu Nguydn mdt quydn kidm soat Nam
Kj^ thi hoat dong xu£t khdu gao ct day didn
ra tQ do.

Ho^t d$ng xua't kha'u gao trong thdi k^
1860-1866 chu ydu diSn ra tren dia ban
midn Ddng Nam Kj^ va chju nhidu tac dpng
cua chidn tranh. ThQdng nhan Phkp ehQa
man ma vdi thi trQdng Nam Kj> la do ho
quan tfim nhidu hdn ddn eac thi trQdng
truydn thdng va cdc thu^e dia ma d dd tinh
hinh chfnh tri da dn dinh. Tdng sd gao
Nam Ky xua't khdu trong thdi k^ nay la
426.003 ta'n, trung binh 60.857 t?fn/nam.
LQi;fng g^o xuft't khdu tftng nhanh sau khi

thi^c dftn Phap thdn tfnh xong Nam K^.
Trong thdi k^ 1867-1896 Nam K^ xu^tkha'u d\i(}c 12.206.836 ttfn gao, trung binh
406.895 ta'n/nftm (3). Sd iQdng gao xuft't
khdu tftng nhQng khdng dn dinh mft ed sii
bidn ddng dang kd theo nam do ma't mQa,
chidn tranh va thi trQdng khong on dinh.
Gao trd thftnh mat hang xua't khdu c6 gia
trj kinh td cao nha't, chidm tdi gdn 6/7 tdng
gift tr; xuft't khdu.
B§n canh mot sd thi trQdng truydn
thdng b chau A, g^o Nam K^ da dQpe xuft't
sang mdt ad" thi trudng mdi nhU Phap vft
mdt sd nQdc ehau Au. Trung Qudc la thi
trQdng tieu thy ehfnh eua gao Nam Kj^.
Ndu nhu nftm 1878 Trung Qudc nhap cua
Nam Ky 1.768 tft'n g^o thi ddn nam 1895 Ift
163.000 ta'n (4). LQijng gao xuft't khdu sang
Phap eon ra't khi^m tffn, ehi chidm 1/10
tdng gift tri hang xua't khdu. Tdng kim
ngach xuft't khdu g^o cua Nam K^ thdi k$
1891-1896 d^t 388.551.936 fr (francs: phd
rang), trung binh 64.758.656 fr/nftm (5).
Nam 1892 gia tri g^o xua't kh^u sang Phap
d^t 6.882.000 fr, thi ddn nftm 1896 giam
xudng con 5.634.542 fr (6).
Trong khi hoat dong xua't khdu gao d
Nam Ky qua cang Sfti Gdn dien ra s6i ndi
thi b Bac Ky l^i kha am dam. Hoa thQdng
tuy chi phdi ho^t dong xua't khdu g^o d Bac
Ky, nhQng ho khdng dat moi quan h$ bu6n

Xuat hhau gno 6 Viet Kam..
ban true tidp vdi ngUdi ndng dan nhQ b
Nam Ky. Ho ehd gao tQ cac ndi ddn cang
Hai Phong roi dua len tau chd di eae nQdc,
chu yeu Ift Hdng Kong. Hoa thQdng d Bac
Ky c6 khi nh^n dQde su Uu dai tQ phfa
chfnh quydn set tai. Nam 1866 Hoa thUdng
den mua gao b cang Hai Phong dupc midn
thud 5 nam vi trUdc d6 ho giup ehinh quydn
danh dudi bon cudp bidn d vinh Ha Long va
cxia s6ng Ca'm. Trong khi dd Hoa thUdng b
Hai DUdng va Nam Dinh phai ddng thud 1ft
4.091 lang b^e de mua 1.364.260 can g^o
(tQdng dUdng 818,5 tdn n6) (7). Tinh Hai
DUdng quy dinh Hoa thUdng chi ed 8-9
ngay d§ mua gao chd di va ndu d qua han
se bi coi Ift gian thUdng vft bi bftt giQ.
Nam 1872 mot thUdng nhftn Phftp Ift Jean
Dupuis da xam nhap Bftc Ky bft't hdp phap
qua dudng s6ng Hdng nen bj ehfnh quydn sd
tai tam giQ lai. Nftm 1873 quftn Phap la'y cd
ra Bac Ky de xut ly ho tridu Nguydn vu
J.Dupuis nhUng thue cha't la de xam lUdc.
De ddi lai viee quan Phap nit khdi Bae Ky,
tridu Nguyen da ky vdi ehung ban Hiep Udc
Giap Tua't (1874) chft'p nhftn tU do hoa cftc
tuydn thUdng mai d Bftc Ky. Phan Qng lai
trieu Nguydn vftn duy tri chinh sach ca'm

xuft't kh^u gao d Bftc Ky, Hoa thQdng da gtii
thu tdi Lanh sU Phap d Hai Phong nhd can
thi$p. Trong nhQng kien nghi gtii nam
1879-1880, ho doa neu tinh trang nfty vSn
tidp tue thi se rdi bo thftnli phd'. Hp mudn
ehinh quydn eho xua't khdu gao, vftn
ehuyen tU do tren cae eon sdng va bai bo
thud nhap khdu noi dia.
Nam 1880 trong mot bQe thU gQi Toftn
quydn Dong DUdng, Lanh sU Phap b Hai
Phong da vui mOng thong bao ngoai thQdng
B^e Ky dang phat trien. Trong nam nay da
cd 25.630 ta'n gao dUde xua't cang va thu
dUdc 5 tri$u fr. Nam 1881 lenh ea'm xua't
khdu gao dQde bai bd (8).

Nam 1882, quftn Phap danh chidm Bac
Ky Idn thQ hai. Nftm 1884, trieu Nguyen ky
Hi$p Udc Patendtre dang tron Vi$t Nam
cho thUe dftn Phftp. Sau khi chiem tron
Vi?t Nam thUe dan Phftp da xdp Bfte Ky va
Trung Ky vao danh muc thi trUcfng nhap
khdu gao Nam Ky. Mpt mftt chung vd v6t
gao Bac Ky xua't khdu, mat khac dUa gao
Nam Ky (da dftnh t h u d n h u gao xua't khdu)
ra bftn dd ftn chgnh l§eh. Ddi v6i Bftc Ky
vi^c san xuft't gao du an da la kh6 ndi gi
ddn thUa mQa dd xuft't khdu. ThUc dftn
Phftp thu gom gao d Bfte Ky xuft't kh^u
eftng lam cho tinh tr^ng khan hiem gao d

day th§m eftng thang, gia gao vi thd cung
leo thang va buoc phai nhftp kh^u gao tQ
Nam Ky. Ngudi Phftp nhan dd true lc}i Idn
do chenh l^ch gia gao giQa Bftc Ky va Nam
Ky kha cao. Nam 1887 Bfte Ky mft't mua
nhUng ngUdi Phap vSn xuft't cang 1.796 ta'n
gao va nhftp 45.000 ta'n gao Nam Ky (9).
2. X u a t k h a u gao t r o n g hai dc(t k h a i
thftc t h u o c dia: 1897-1929
Trong ddt Idiai thac thuoe dia Idn thQ nha't
(1897-1914), thuc dftn Phap da thUe hien m6t
so chinh sach de tang lUdng gao xuat khiu b
Viet Nam nhU tao didu kien cho tQ ban
Phap va dia ehu cQdp doat ru6ng dat ciia
ndng dan dd tap trung ruong da't; khuye'n
khich khai hoang lap ddn didn; dau tU eho
ha tho'ng thuy n6ng; ap dung khoa hoc ky
thuat vao san xua't; phat trien ha tdng cd
sd; doc chidm thi trUdng...
Tdng iQdng gao Nam Ky xua't khdu
trong thdi ky 1897-1913 la 14.061.697 ta'n,
trung binh 827.159 ta'n/nam (10). So vdi
thcli ky 1860-1896 tdng iQdng gao xua't
khdu trong 37 nam chi dat 12.776.603 ta'n,
thi den thdi ky nay thUc dan Phap chi ma't
mdt nda sd' thdi gian tren da xuft't khau
dUde hdn 14 trieu tft'n.
Mac du dat dUde nhQng thftnh tUu a'n

tUi^ng trong xua't khdu g^o nhUng tang
khSng dn dinh theo cftc nftm. Nam 1905 ad
lU(?ng gao xuft't khdu chi d^t 510.400 tft'n,
nhung ddn nftm 1907 tftng vpt 16n
1.264.143 tft'n. Mft't mQa Ift nguydn nhfln
chfnh dSn ddn luc?ng gao xuft't khdu tftng
khdng ddu. Trong cftc nam 1902-1906 do
thien tai gfiy mft't mQa liSn tidp n§n IU0ng
gao xuft't khdu giam trung binh 17.049
tft'n/nftm ao vdi thdi ky 1897-1901.
Vdi sQc xuft't khdu gao m^nh mc eua
Nam Ky, Viet Nam da vUdn I§n vi trf thQ
hai trdn thd gidi vd xua't khdu g^o. Tdng ad
gao xuft't khau eua D6ng DQdng, ehu ydu la
Vigt Nam trong thdi ky 1899-1913 Ift
12.660.000 tft'n (11). Trung Qudc ti6u thy tdi
3/4 tdng ad gao xuft't khdu cua Vi^t Nam. Do
dxioc Uu dai thudnfin s6'ludng gao Vi§t Nam
xuft't khdu sang Phap bat ddu tftng nhanh.
Trong thdi ky 1900-1913 Nam Ky xuft't sang
Phap vdi mQc trung binh la 124.000 ta'n
gao/nam (chidm khoang 1/4 tdng lUdng gao
xua't khdu eiia Nam Ky) (12). Phap trd
thftnh nha nhap khdu gao Idn nhft't cua
Viet Nam d thi trudng chftu Au.
Trong ddt khai thac nfty tuy thUc dftn
Phap tang cudng xua't khdu thdm nhidu
mat hftng khae nhU ehd, eao su, ddu va ngd,
nhUng gao v&n chidm hdn 60% tong lUijng
xua't khau ciia ViSt Nam. Toftn quydn

Klobukowsky ehu trUdng khdng n§n dd gao
chi phdi nen kinh te, nhUng ngUdi Phap
vSn ra sQe xua't khdu gao vi nd mang l^i
sieu li?i nhuan.
Trong thdi ky dien ra Thd chidn thQ
nha't (1914-1918), ho^t ddng xua't khdu g^o
cl Viet Nam kha dn dinh. Trong cac nftm
1915-1917 thien tai xay lien tuc b ca ba ky
da lam cho san iQpng gao hi giam sut. L5 ra
thQe dftn Phap phai e^t giam gao xuft't
khdu dd dam bao nhu cdu iQdng thuc d Vi^t
Nam, nhUng lUdng gao xuft't kh^u lai tftng

vdi sd lugng Idn. Trong thdi ky 1914-1918
Nam Ky xua't khdu 6.321.486 tdn gao,
trung binh 1.264.296 ta'n/nftm (13). Do
chidm tdi 65,3% trong cd eft'u hftng hda xudt
khdu n6n g^o vSn vQng vftng b vi tri ad mpt
trong danh mye eac mftt hang xu^t khdu ca
vd luting vft gift trj (14).
NhSn cd hdi nUdc Phftp bftn mai vdi
chidn tranh, Hoa thUdng tidp tuc cung cdvj
trf cua minh trong hoat ddng xuft't khdu
gao. Trung Qud'c vfin la thj trudng xutft
khdu g^o Idn nha't ciia Vi^t Nam. Do chidn
tranh n6n ad lUpng gao xuft't sang thj
trUdng Phap vft chftu Au giam dftng kd.
Trong thdi ky 1914-1918, tdng scf gao xutft
sang Phap la 713.877 tft'n vft chau Au la
21.381 ta'n (15).

Trong dpt khai th&c thupc dia Idn thfl
hai (1919-1929), thiic dftn Phap da tfip
trung v6n ddu tQ ra't manh vfto ndng
nghipp, tQ 52 tri^u fr (1924) tftng Idn 400
tridu fr (1927) (16). Chiing tao nhQng dieu
kipn thuftn ldi nhft't eho dia ehu ban xQ vft
tu ban Phap cUdp doat rupng da't cua nong
dftn. Cftc ddn didn c6 quy md Idn ra ddi
ngfty eftng nhidu. Tdc dd tU ban hda trong
ndng nghi$p didn ra nhanh. H6 thd'ng thiiy
ndng, ky thu^t, gidhg cfiy trdng, phan bdn
vft ha tdng ed sd dUdc ddu tu hdn so vdi
trUde. Nhd ddy manh tidn trinh tftp trung
ru^ng dft't vft dSu tU vdn nSn dien tieh va
san lupng liia tftng dang kd, do dd lUpng
gao xua't khdu cung tftng theo.
Tdng lupng gao xuft't khdu trong thdi ky
1919-1929 dat 14.079.238 tft'n, trung binh
1.279.930 ta'n/nam (17). Cung trong thdi ky
1920-1929, trung binh mdi nam gia trj gao
xua't khdu dat 1.673.106.100 fr (18).
Sd'lUpng gao xuft't khdu tuy tftng nhUng
khong phai Ift mdt chu6i lidn tue. Ddu nftm
1919 do Nam Ky bi mft't mQa nen vipc thu
mua gao rft't khd khftn. Dd ed gao xudt


Xufit hhau gao d Viet Ham..
khftu, ehinh quyen thuoe dia da phai quy
djnh mQc xua't khdu toi da Ift 20.000

tft'n/thang, sau nang len 60.000 tft'n/thang
theo ty le 2/3 eho cac nhft xua't khdu Phap
va 1/3 cho Hoa thUdng. Quy dinh nay luc
ddu td ra ed hieu qua, nhUng ddn thftng 61919 thi khd khan mdi nay sinh. Do san
lupng thde thu hoach tha'p hdn nhidu mQc
du kidn tQ 800.000 ta'n xudng gdn 540.000
tft'n. Trong khi d6 chfnh quydn y§u cdu
300.000 tft'n, nghiep doftn cac nhft xuft't
khdu yeu eau 250.000 tft'n vft cftc chfnh
phu nUdc ngoai yeu edu 100.000 ta'n (19).
Nan ddi Ian rong ra khap eae tinh Nam
Ky. Lo sd dftn doi cd thd lam bdng phat
cac hoat dong ehdng Phap nSn ddn thang
7-1919 Toftn quydn Dong DQdng da ra
lenh Cam xuat khau gao. Do dUdc mua
vfto vu eud'i nftm nen hoat ddng xuft't kh^u
gao b Nam Ky dan trcl lai binh thUdng.
Nftm 1919 ea Nam Ky xuft't khdu dUdc
762.529 ta'n gao va ciing la nam duy nha't
trong thdi ky 1919-1929 xuft't khiu dUdi 1
tri$u tft'n gao.
Trong thdi ky nfty gao Nam Ky bat ddu va'p
phai sQ canh tranh gay gat tQ gao Xiem (Thai
Lan) va gao Midn Dign (Mianma). LUdng gao
xua't sang Inddnexia va Philipin giam do hp
mua gao Xiem va Mien Dien ed gia re hdn.
Philipin con ddnh thud cao vao gao nUdc
ngofti nham bao ho cho ndn nong nghiep
trong nude. Trung Qudc giam iQdng gao
nhap khdu do khung hoang tidn te va

tuydn dudng vftn tai giQa Hdng K6ng va
Quang Dong thidu an toftn. Phap vft chau
Au cung giam iQdng nhap khau gao tU
Nam Ky. Trong thdi ky 1919-1923, sdlUdng
gao Nam Ky xulft khdu sang Phap la
368.247 ta'n vft chau Au 1ft 230.560 tft'n (20).
Trong khi efte thi trQdng ehu chdt giam thi
thi trudng ehau My lai tang lUdng gao nhftp
tu Viet Nam.

Khdng phai la trpng di^m xua't khftu
gao, nhUng trong 11 nftm (1919-1929) Bde
Ky da xuft't dUdc 1.838.167 tft'n gao, trung
binh moi nftm xuft't cang dUde 167.113 ta'n
gao (21). Sd lUdng gao xua't khdu cua Bfte
Ky ft hdn ra't nhieu so vdi Nam Ky. Thuc
dftn Phap vd v6t gao Bac Ky xuft't cang Ift
dd lam thi trUdng gao cl dfty ludn khan
hidm rdi dem gfio Nam Ky ra ban vdi gia
cao dd thu Ipi. Day la m6t mftnh khde trong
kinh doanh eua ngUdi Phap.
3. Hoat d o n g xua't k h a u gao t r o n g
thdi k y 1930-1945
Cupe khung hoang kinh te thd gidi 19291933 da cd tftc dpng ra't Idn den tinh hinh
xuft't kh^u gao d Viet Nam. TQ nftm 1930 gia
gao bi trUdt ddc manh. Gift mot ta gao vao
thdi diem thang 4-1930 1ft 13,10 $, thang 71931 la 5,62$, thang 11-1933 la 3,20 $ (22)
va den nam 1934 chi eon la 1,88 $.
Trong 6 nam (1930-1935) Bftc Ky ehi
xua't khdu dUdc 233.163 tft'n gao. Tuy Nam

Ky vftn xua't khau dUdc 8.965.000 ta'n gao,
trung binh 1.280.714 tft'n/nftm (23), nhUng
gia tri kinh td tha'p, ehi bang 1/3 so vdi
trUde khung hoang.
Tdng gift trj xuft't khdu gao va cftc san
phim tQ gao thdi ky 1930-1934 ehi dat
3.357 trieu fr, trung binh 671 trieu fr/nftm
(24). Tien thu dUdc ft khong ehi tftc dpng
xa'u tdi dbi so'ng ndng dan, ma con anh
hudng tieu eUc tdi cae nha xua't khau, dia
chu va Hoa thUdng. Mot bo phftn trong sd
hp bi pha san do dde hdt vo^n ddu tU vao
nong nghi§p. Ngoai ngudn vd'n tU cd hp
phai vay th§m eua ngftn hang, khi gia gao
xudng quft thft'p thi sd tidn thu vd khong du
tra nd ngan hang, n§n tai san cua hp bi
phat mai. SU lae quan vd xuft't khau gao
trUde khung hoang da tan bidn, thay vao dd
la mpt bau khdng khf am dam bao trQm len
eae nha xuft't khau gao.


Rghten eijru Ljch ai3r. s610.2012
Trong thdi ky 1930-1936, stflupng gijo
Nam Ky xua't khdu sang Phftp d^t
2.425.000 va thupc dja cua Phftp d^t
423.000 ta'n (25). Tuy nhidn, Trung Qudc
van la nhft nhftp khdu g^o Idn nhft't khi
nhftp tdi gdn 40% lupng g^o xuft't khdu eua
Nam Ky. Cftc thi trudng khfic d chfiu A do

khiing hoang kinh td eQng giam sd lU(?ng
nhftp khdu gao Nam Ky xudng cdn vfti
nghin ta'n/nam.
Tuy giam nhUng g^o vft cftc m$t hftng
xuft't khft'u tQ gao v5n chidm tdi 49,2%
tdng gift tri hftng xuft't khft'u b Vi^t Nam,
dQng sau Ift ngd (14%), cao su (8,4%), than
(5,6%) (26).
Trong thdi ky 1936-1939 ndn kinh td
Vi$t Nam cd nhQng da'u hidu phuc hdi sau
khiing hoang. Gao la'y lai da xuft't khdu khft
manh. Tong sd gao xua't khdu trong 4 nam
nay dat 5.909.000 ta'n, trung binh
1.477.250 ta'n/nam (27). Tuy xua't khdu
tang nhQng Viet Nam khong giQ dupe vj trf
thQ hai the gidi vd xua't khdu gao nQa.
Nftm 1938 mot sd khu vUc san xuft't lua
trpng diem ciia Nam Ky hi mft't mQa nhu
Chau Ddc, Cdn Thd, An Giang vft Long
Xuyen da Iftm giam dftng kd lupng gao xuft't
khdu. Vdi iQpng nhftp khdu I§n tdi
3.285.000 ta'n, Phap va eftc thupc dia cua
Phap trd thanh nha nhftp khdu g^o Idn
nha't cua Nam Ky, Trung Qude rdi xudng vi
tri thQ hai vdi 1.013.000 tft'n (28).
Sd iQdng gao Bde Ky xuft't khdu trong
nhQng nam 1936-1938 vin thft'p vft tidp tuc
giam, chi dat 176.152 tft'n, trung binh 58.717
tft'n (29). Nguyen nhftn chfnh dSn ddn ai^ sut
giam nfty Ift do thien tai gay mft't mQa.

Nam 1940 Nhat xftm iQpc Vipt Nam.
Sau dd Nhat va Phftp da cfiu kdt vdi nhau
de ciing thdng tri vft bde Idt nhfin dan ta.
Hoat dong xuft't khdu gao d Vi$t Nam vi thd
mft cd nhidu bidn ddng. Vdi ban hi$p udc

ngay 6-5-1941 Nhftt da budc Phftp hftng nftm
phfii cung eft'p dii nhu cdu iQdng thQe cho
Nh^t. TQ dfty Phftp vQa phhi vd v^t gao cung
cft'p cho Nh^t, vQa vd vdt riSng cho minh.
ThMc dfin Phfip dft thidt l$p d Sfti Gdn
Ban chi dg,o mua bdn xudt khdu lua gao vd
cdc sdn phim phu. Ban nfty chi dao vi^c
thi;(c hidn mpi djch vy tQ thu mua ddn xu^t
kh^u gao vft cftc ean phdm phy dd cung Qng
cho chfnh qudc, thude dia vft Iftm nghia vy
vdi Nh^t. Ban chi d^o s§ edp gidy ph6p
xua't khdu, a'n djnh ty 1$ vd khdi lUpng, sd
iQpng va gift ea.
DQ ra aQc vd v6t g^o nhQng Phftp khdng
dftp Qng dii dinh mQc raft Nhftt ygu cdu.
Ngudi Nhat vi thd nghi ngd sU thidu thi$n
ehf eua ngUdi Phap. Vi vay ngay 30-121941 Phftp thftnh Iftp Liin doan gao vd ngd
de vd v6t tren quy mo Idn nhftm dam bao
cung ca'p du sd lukhdu. Phftp con thftnh Iftp Hoi bu6n thoc di
kidm ke g^o, tinh trang va ho^t dpng eiia
eac kho tfch trQ g^o, didu hoft kha nftng chd
bidn gao thftnh phdm, bao dam viec giao
ndp va xuft't khdu gao.

Thi;(c dftn Phap dp bu$e ndng dftn phai
khai ro sS' thde thu ho^eh vk dy trQ, ddng
thdi td chQc efte doi quftn ddn tftn cfie Iftng xa
thu mua thde. Chung thu mua thde theo gift
quy djnh vft can trd vide iQu thdng g?o tren
thj trudng. Cac didn chii phai bftn eho ehiing
1,5-2,0 t? thdc/mSu vdi gift 13 $/ta (1943) vft
25 $/t^ (1944) (31). Ngudi Nam Ky khong
phai khai bfio sdlupng gao du trQ cua minh
ndu cd dudi 250 gia (20kg/gia) nftm 1942 vft
400 kg thde ho§c 200 kg g^o nftm 1944.
Trudc ay thuc 6p cua Nhat, Phap thftnh
l^p Uy ban ngd cdc d l dam bao cho xudt
kh^u va ndp dii s6 g^o, ngd va cac san
phdm phy cho Nhftt. uy ban eon lanh dao
vft kidm Boftt efte to ehQc trung gian, cftc
nhdm san xuft't, nhft may xay xat, ddng bao,


Xu^ hhau gao 6 Vi6t Tthm...
van chuy@n, eac nghigp vu mua ban va ky
gvii ngu cd'e tai Ddng DQdng.
TQ khi Nhat nhay vfto Vi§t Nam sd
iQdng gao xua't khdu da giam di dang kd.
Tdng so gao xuft't khdu trong thdi ky 19401945 dat 5.071.613 tft'n, trung binh 845.269
ta'n/nftm. Nam 1940 Vidt Nam xuft't khdu
dUde 1.586.476 tft'n gao, thi ddn nftm 1945
ehi eon la 44.817 tft'n (32). Nguygn nhftn
eua tinh trang giam sftu nay Ift do tQ eudi
nam 1943, khong quftn My tidn hftnh cac

eupe khong kieh d Vi6t Nam da lam eho
viee van chuyfin gao tren bd va tren bien
gap nhieu khd khftn, Nhftt bat ndng dftn
nhd lua dd trdng day vft thdu ddu vdi mdt
dien tich khft Idn vft cudi nftm 1944 ddu
nam 1945 Bfte Ky bj ma't mQa.
Hoa thQdng thdi ky nay budc phai chia
se ldi ich xay xat gao vdi ngQdi Nhat. TQ
nam 1943 Nhat can thiSp sau vao h$ thd'ng
eac nha may xay xat gao b Ski Gdn - Chd
Ldn. NgUdi Nhftt da kidm soat 4 nhft may
vdi eong sua't 1.455 tft'n/ngfty, trong khi
toan bp eac nha may xay d Sai Gdn - Chd
Ldn ed cong sua't 7.400 ta'n/ngay, tQe Ift
chiem 20% cdng suft't eua toan bp cac nhft
may xay (33). Cftc eong ty Nhat ddn kiem
softt boat dpng xuft't khau gao b Nam Ky. Vj
the vft quydn ldi cua Hoa thUdng da bi ma't
di ra't nhidu.
Sd lUdng gao xua't khdu sang Phap, cac
thupe dia cua Phap vft chau Au giam manh,
trong khi dd sd lUdng gao xua't kh^u sang
Nhat tang nhanh chdng.
Tong lUdng gao xua't sang Nhftt thdi ky
1940-1945 la 2.675.000 tft'n, trung binh
445.833 ta'n/nam (34). TrUdc The chidn thQ
hai Viet Nam tQng xua't khdu gao sang
Nhat nhUng vdi sd lUdng rft't it, vi du nftm
1921 xuft't khdu 105.000 tft'n, nam 1923 la
39.000 tft'n va nam 1929 la 48.000 ta'n.

Cung cd nam Phap khong ban gao sang thj

23
trudng Nhat. Trong thdi ky 1940-1945,
Nhat trd thanh nha nhftp khdu gao ldn
nha't cua Viet Nam. Den ddu nam 1945 do
bi lign quftn My - Anh khong chd dQdng
bien, dQdng bd nen khdng mfit tft'n gao nfto
dupe xuft't sang Nhftt. Hftng Mitsui eiia
Nhat bj tdn kho vdi sdludng ldn.
Gao Nam Ky khdng ehi bi thuc dftn
Phap vd vdt xua't kh9iu sang Nhat ma cdn
dupe ehd ra Bfte va Trung Ky dd vQa nudi
quftn Phap, quan Nhftt vft bftn kidm ldi.
Tdng sd gao chd tQ Nam Ky ra Bac va
Trung Ky trong thdi gian 1940-1945 Ift
650.795 tft'n, trong dd ehuyen ehd bftng tftu
thiiy ra Bfte Ky la 345.200 ta'n, Trung Ky 1ft
194.400 ta'n; ehuyen chd bang dudng sftt ra
Bac Ky la 29.020 ta'n, Trung Ky la 91.175
ta'n (35).
Mac du Bae Ky rdi vao canh thidu gao
va phai nhap khdu tQ Nam Ky, nhUng v&n
phai gong minh xua't khdu 83.577 ta'n nftm
1941 vft 18.098 ta'n nam 1942. Ngoai ra Bae
Ky cdn phai eung Qng du gao eho quan
Nhat sQ dung, dU trQ va nft'u cdn. Nguy ed
nan ddi tdi gdn nhQng Nhftt vft Phap vftn
bupe dan Bfte Ky ban thde cho chiing. Vu
thang 10-1942, sdthdc Bde Ky phai bftn cho

Phap la 18.098 ta'n, vu thang 5 vft thang
10-1943 la 130.205 tft'n, vft vu thang 5 va
thang 10-1944 la 186.180 ta'n (36).
TQ cudi nam 1944 Bic Ky rdi vao tinh
trang thidu iQdng thUc trdm trpng, trong
khi dd Nhat - Phftp vlin tftng cQdng vd v6t
gao b dfty. Den ddu nftm 1945 gao tQ Nam
Ky khdng the chd ra bftn d Bdc Ky vi quan
My da khdng chd tuydn dudng v^n tai bien,
dudng sdng va dUdng bo. Gidi ddu ed khdng
chju ban gao de true ldi. Mpt sd thUdng
nhftn cd tim cftch chd gao ra B^c Ky thi bj
Nh^t - Phap can trd. Chdng bat hp phai
ban lai cho chiing 75% sd gao vdi gia quy
djnh. Gia gao b Bic Ky leo thang vQn vut


Hghian eihi Ljch sir. s610.2012
theo ngfty. Kdt qua Ift gdn 2 tridu ngUdi,
chu ydu 1ft 6 Bfte Ky bj chdt ddi vi khdng cd
ggo ftn.
4. N h a n xdt
Ngay sau khi chidm dUt^c Nam Ky, thUc
dftn Phftp da bai bo chfnh sftch cft'm xuft't
khdu gao ciia trieu Nguydn. Xuft't khdu g^o
da nhanh ehdng dUa thUdng mai Vidt Nam
hpi nhftp vdi khu vuc vft thd gidi. Gao Ift
mftt hang xuft't khdu chidn lupc hftng ddu d
Viet Nam vd gift trj. Den ddu thd ky XX,
Vidt Nam da vUdn 16n vj trf thQ hai thd gidi

vd xuft't khdu gao. Hat gao Vi§t Nam dft
dQpe xuft't kha'u sang hdn 30 nude. NhQng
thj trudng xuft't khft'u chu lye cua Vi^t Nam
la Trung Qude, Phftp, Nhftt Ban va mpt sd
nude khae chftu A. Hdng Kong Ift ddu mdi
trung ehuyen quan trpng trUde khi gao ViSt
Nam xua't sang cac thi trUdng khac.
Xua't khau gao va nhidu ndng san khftc
da Iftm eho nong nghiep Viat Nam dieh
ehuyen tQ tu cung tU ca'p sang kinh t d h a n g
hda. Xua't khftu gao cdn thiic dft'y sU phftt
trien cua nganh eong nghigp chd bien vft
efte ngftnh dieh vu phu trd khae nhU vftn
tai, cd khl vft siia ehQa. Hat gao Vigt Nam
la dong luc cho kinh te chinh qude phat
trien. Neu khdng ed dUde khoan tidn to ldn
tQ xuft't khft'u gao thi Vi6t Nam Ift'y dau ra
tien dd mua hftng eua chfnh qud'c. Cftc
khoan thanh toan qud'c t6', nha't 1ft giQa
Phftp va Vigt Nam chu yeu dua tren ngudn
tidn cd dUdc tQ xua't khdu gao. Khong chi
thQdng mai mft cdng nghiep vft ngftnh chan
nudi eua Phap eung dQpe hudng Ipi tQ h^t
gao xuft't khdu cua Vipt Nam.
Sd lUdng gao xuft't khdu tang khong
ddng deu bdi ed nhQng nftm, nhQng thdi ky
lUdng gao xuft't khdu sut giam manh.
Nguyen nhan 1ft do thi trudng qudc td,
ehien tranh, thien tai vft sU thieu sQ ddu tU
thda dang vfto ndng nghiep. Mftc dQ ViSt

Nam dQng thQ hai thd gidi vd xua't khdu
gao nhUng nang xua't lua thupe hang thdp
nhft't thd gidi. Nam Ky ehi dat 12 ta/ha.
Nftng xuft't tha'p Ift do ed sd ha tdng ydu
kdm, ky thu^t canh tftc l^e hftu va Im bde
lot kidu phong kidn. Sd lUpng gao xudt
khdu b ba ky ed sU chdnh 10ch qua ldn.
Trung Ky hdu nhu khdng cd gao xufi^t khdu.
Bfic Ky cd xua't khft'u gao nhUng ft. Da so
gao xuft't khdu Ift ciia Nam Ky.
Hoa thUdng ddng mot vai trd quan trpng
trong hogt d^ng xuft^t khftu gao d Vi^t Nam.
Hp cd nhidu Ipi thd trong kinh doanh gao
nhu thdng thao dia hinh, nftm dUdc cac diu
mdi thu mua gao vdi gift r^ nhft't vft bidt
ban gao ra cac thj trudng cd ldi nh^t.
Khdng chi cd dUdc mot mang ludi thu mua
gao sftu rdng d Vidt Nam, hp cdn thiet Iftp
dUdc mot hd thdng phan phoi gao quoc td.
Thuc dan Phap bupe phai hdp tftc vdi Hoa
thUdng trong linh vUc xuft't kh^u gao dUa
tren tinh thdn doi ben cQng ed ldi. Chung coi
Hoa thUdng vQa la doi thii canh tranh vQa Ift
ddng minh vd kinh te', sii dung Hoa thQdng
di chd ngU va cho'ng lai tU san ngUdi Vi§t.
Hoa thUdng dUdc ngUdi Phap tao didu kiSn
thuftn Ipi hdn so vdi ngUdi Viet trong kinh
doanh. Thd lUc kinh te cua Hoa thUdng ldn
hdn nhidu so vdi ngudi Vi§t Nam.

Tu ban Phap, Hoa thUdng vft dja chii
ban xQ dUde hudng Ipi tQ xuft't khdu gao,
cdn ngQdi nong dftn trQe tidp Iftm ra hat
gao l^i chiu nhieu thipt thdi nhft't. Hp trd
thftnh nan nhftn khi hi thUe dfin vft dja chu
eUdp doat rupng da't, bi phft san hftng loat
va rdi vao tinh trang bdn eQng hda. Sau khi
hi day ra khdi manh ruong eua minh, da sd
nong dftn budc phai trdi chftt thftn phftn
minh vdi dja ehu, chiu sQ dd ndn vft bde lot
tot eQng cua dia ehu. T Q ban hda ndng
nghiep la cdn thidt dd xay dUng ndn kinh td
hi§n dai. Mudn cd lUdng ndng san xuft't


Xu^ hhau gno d Vi^t Ram...

23

khftu ldn thi cdn phai xda bd tinh trang san

1945,

xuft't manh mun. The nhUng ngudi Phftp

mQa, gift gao len tQng ngfty thi bpn thuc

trong khi ngQdi dftn B^e Ky mft't

ham ldi chi biet cUdp doat mft khong cd bien

dftn va phat xft vdn ra sQe vd vdt gao vdi s6'

phap nfto de dam bao ddi sdng cho ngudi

lUdng ldn de tfch trQ. Chiing da khdng ed

ndng dan. Do dd da tdn tai mot nghich ly ldn

bien phap nao dd cQu ddi dftn nghdo, de

trong viec thu hudng ldi fch tQ xuft't khdu

mac 2 trifiu ddng bao ta chdt ddi. Mftu

gao giQa chinh qud'c vdi thuoe dia, giQa

thuftn dftn toe dQdc ddy len tot dinh. Trong
bdi canh dd. Dang da di ra khau hieu: "Phd

ngUdi san xuft't vft ngudi xua't khdu.
Xua't khdu gao cd hen quan ehftt ehe

kho thoc Nhat" de cQu ddi dftn nghdo. Khft'u

den eupe van dpng giai phdng dftn tdc 6

hiSu nfty da dftp Qng dQde nguy§n vpng cft'p

Viet Nam nt(a ddu the ky XX. Bi eUdp do&t

bfteh eua nong dftn. Su vQng len da'u tranh

rupng dft't vft lua gao nen mfiu thuSn giQa

manh me eiia ndng dan dft gop ph^n Iftm

ndng dan vdi dd qud'c va dia chu ngay eang

n^n thftng ldi cua Cftch mang Thftng Tam

them sau sac. Cudi nftm

nam 1945.

CHU

1944 dau nftm

THJCH

(I), (2), TrUdng Thi Yen: Chinh sdch

thmng

(11), (14), (26), (30), Nguyen Vfin Khanh: Ca

nghiep cua triiu Nguyen nica ddu thiky XIX, Luftn

cd'u kinh tixd

an Tig'n si lich sii. Ha N6i, 2004, tr. 149, 147.

1945), Nxb. D^i hoc Quoc gia Hfi N6i, 2004, tr.

(3), Pham Quang Trung: Chinh sdch vo vet lua
gao cua tu bdn Phdp vd qud trinh phat trien cua
giai cap dia chu d Nam Ky thdi Phdp thuoc, T^p
cM Nghien cihi Lich si, so 6, 1985, tr. 23.
(5), (6), Nguyen P h a n Quang, Trin

211-213,57,116,212-214.
(16), Dinh Xufin Lam: Bai cilOng lich sH Viet
Nam, t. 2, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Noi, 2006, tr. 213.
(17) Tong h^p tii Le Huynh Hoa: Cdng Sdi

Thanh

Thanh: Sdi Gbn vd thi trUcfng lua gao Nam Ky
1860-193&', T^p chi Nghien

hdi Viet Nam thdi thupc dia (1858-

cihi Lich sH, s6 5,

2000, tr. 33, 34.
(4), (12), (15), (19), (20), Nguyen Phan Quang:
Thi trUdng lua gao Nam Ky 1860-1945, in trong
sach Mot 80 cdng trinh sU hoc, Nxb. Tong h?p

Gdn,.., tldd, tr. 150 va Nguyin Phan Quang: Thi
trudng,.., sdd. tr. 1169.
(18), (24), Jean Pierre Aumiphin: Su hien dien
tdi chinh vd kinh ticua Phdp d Ddng Duong (18591939), Hk NOI, 1994, tr. 145.
(21), (29), Vu Thi Minh HUdng: Not thuang Bac
Ky 1919-1929. Luftn kn Ti^n si Lich stf, HH NSi,

Th4nh pho H6 Chi Mmh, 2006, tr. 1170, 1174, 2002, tr. 72.
1175, 1078, 1175.
(22), Nguyin The Anh: Viet Nam thdi Phdp dd
(7). (8). (9) Martinez: Chinese rice and Shipping
hp, Nxb. v a n hoc, Hk Noi. 2008, tr. 185.
from Hai Phong, p. 85-90.
(23), T6'ng hflp tii H^ Phu Hudng: Van di xuat
(10), (13), Le Huynh Hoa: Cdng Sdi Gbn vd cdng Ilia gao d Nam Bd qua cdc giai doan lich sH,
biin ddi kinh ti Nam Ky thdi Phdp thuoc (1860-

Tap chi Nghien ciCu Kinh ti, so 40, 1967, tr. 55 vk

1939), LuSn an Tien si Lich sii, T h i n h pho Ho Chi

Vu Thi Minh HuOng: Ndi thUOng Bde Ky 1919-

Minh, 2003, tr. 119, 140.

1929,.., tldd, tr. 72.
(Xem tiip trang 76)


Rghian cihi Ljch siSr. stf 10.2012

76
"Diing Cflng a&n Vi^t Nam ra dcfi n&m 1930 Ifi kfit qiia

(18). Ddng Cflng sfin Vi$t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng,

tfi't yfiu cua cuflc dfiu tranh yfiu nfliSc vfi d&'u tranh

Todn t^p, tfip 2, Nxb. Chfnh trj qufic gia. Hfi N$i.

giai efip b nUdc ta trong thdi dfi m6i".

2002, tr. 10-13.

(12). Dfing Cflng sdn Viflt Nam: Vdn kifn Ddng,

(14). Dfing Cflng flin Vi^t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng,

Todn t^p, t$p 2. Nxb. Chfnh tr) qufic gia. Hft Nfli.

Todn tdp. T. 21, Nxb. Chfnh trj quflc gia, Hft Nfli,

2002, tr. 19-20.

2002, tr. 904.

XUA'T KnAu GAO 6 vi$T i\AM Tiidi P H A P THUdC...
(Tigp theo trang 25)
(31), Kifiu Tufin Anh: Vdn di Ida g

(25), Tfing h<^ tiK ngufin: Hfi Phii HUdng: Vdn
dS xudt

cdng...,

tldd. tr. 55 vft Nguyfin

Phan

Khofi lufin tfit nghi$p

I4ch Bli. 2000. tr. 60.

Quang: Thi trUdng lua gg.o.,., add. tr. 1068.
(27). (28). Hfi Phii HUdng: Vdn di xudt

Nam giai doqn 1939-1945,

(33). Nguyfin P h a n Quang: NgiM Hoa trin thi

cdng...,

trudng lua g^o Nam Ky thdi Phdp thu^c (1859-

tldd, tr. 55.
(30). (32), (35). (36), Trfin Huy Li^u, Nguyin
Lildng Bfch. NguySn Khfic Dam: Cdch m^ng

c^n

dai Viit Nam: Xd h^i Vi^t Nam trong thdi Phdp-

1945), Tf p chf Nghiln

cdu Lick sd, B6 1. 2002. tr.

87.
(34). Vftn T90 - F.Motomo: JVpn ddi 1945 d ViSt

Nhdt. q 1, t. 8, Nxb. Vftn S i Dja, Hfi N^i, 1957. tr.

Nam - Nhihig

77. 159. 174, 175.

Xa hdi, Hfl Nfli, 2005, tr. 606.

chihig tich lich ad, Nxb. Khoa hoc