BƯỚC ĐẦU KHẢO CỨU VỀ PHÒNG CHỐNG THAM NHŨNG TRONG HOÀNG VIỆT LUẬT LỆ

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THAM I«ltWG TRO]\G ''HOAl¥G VIET LUAT LE'

NGUYEN N(;OC CO*
NGUYIN THI THU THUY"

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ham nhiing la van nan ciia moi nha
nudc, nd thudng lam bang hoai cac
gia tri dao dUe, gay ton tha't thanh qua
kinh te - xa hdi, tao ra nhiing nhan to' ba't
on trong cdng ddng. Chd'ng tham nhung
dUdc xem la mot trong nhiing tigu chi hang
dau de duy tri, cung cd', tang cudng sUc
manh qud'c gia. Trong lich sii, nhieu trieu
dai quan ehii d Viet Nam da dd" ra cac bien
phap phdng chd'ng tham nhiing khac nhau.
Den trieu Nguyen, nan tham nhiing trd
nen nghiem trong, den miic nha nUdc da coi
day la mpt thU giae. Bo Hodng Viet luat le
(1815) ciia vUdng trieu nay da nghiem khac
xii phat cac toi cd lien quan den tham
nhiing, nhu: nhan hdi Id; giai quyet cac
cdng viec vi tU tinh; an bdt, la'y trdm tien
bac, lUdng thao trong kho; dung tai san
chung lam viec rieng...
Bai viet nay khao sat cac dieu luat, did'u
le trong Hodng Viet luat le de xem xet
chinh sach phdng chd'ng tham nhiing dUdi
thdi Nguydn, hi vong gdp phan hid'u sau sdc

hdn chinh sach quan li xa hoi cua cac bae
tien nhan, nhUng gia tri thue tiln cua nen
phap che Viet Nam the ky XIX.
Hodng Viet luat le dUdc ban hanh dudi

thdi vua Gia Long, gom 22 quyen, 398 dieu.
Hodng Viet luat le cd pham vi dieu chinh kha
toan dien, bao quat nhie'u khia canh quan h'
xa hoi. Day la bd luat quan trong dUde xay
dung nham duy tri trat tu, gop phan vao viec
cung cd sU dn dinh ciia vUdng trieu.
Nhiing quy dinh xii phat toi tham nhiing
rai rac dUdc ghi trong 7 phan: Danh le luat,
Lai luat. Ho luat, Le ludt, Binh luat, Hinh
luat, Cong ludt. Diem dac biet la Hodng
Viet ludt le da danh mdt chUdng gom 9 dieu
luat va 14 dieu le quy dinh rieng ve viec xii
phat tdi nhan hd'i Id.
Xem xet noi dung cu the ciia nhCfng dieu
luat, did~u le cd the tha'y mdt sd'net chu yeu
ve viec phdng chd'ng tham nhiing nhU sau:
1. N h a n ho'i Io t i e n , h i e n vat
Nhan hd'i Id tien, hien vat la mot bieu
hien ciia toi tham nhiing. Vi vay, so' lUdng
dieu luat, dieu le xii phat ve tdi danh trong
Hodng Viet ludt le dUdc ghi nhieu nha't. Cac
quy dinh da dang, da chieu. Trong sd'dd, toi
nhan hoi Id, xii phat tdi nhan hd'i Id ndi
chung dUdc quy dinh kha chat che.
Quan lai nhan hd'i Id deu can cU vao

tang vat de dinh tdi: "Pham quan lai (nhan
chuyen uong phap hay ba't udng phap (1))

' GS.TS. Khoa Lich sii, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi
" TS. Khoa Lich sii, TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi


ddi vdi quan lai nhan hd'i 16 hai I^n ciia mpt
chu va nhan hd'i Id cua nhieu chu cung lue:
"NgUdi ed loe (nhiing ngudi ed lUdng thang
tU mdt thach trd len), nhan tien cac chii ma
udng phap... neu pham hai lan nhan tien
trd len ma chii phat giac va da luan tdi roi,
thi nhiing ngUdi khac phat giac sai, thi dii
tdi nhe hdn hay bang tdi trUdc deu tinh he't
de luan tdi.
Bat uong phap, nhan hdi Id ciia nhieu
chii, tinh chung xU tdi theo niia so dd (tuy
nhan cung mpt luc, tien cua 10 chii, viec do
be, tinh gdp ehung xii phan niia toi, mpt
chu ciing xii phan niia toi)" (7).

ma nhan tien ciia thi tinh theo tang vat dd
ma xii toi. NgUdi khdng an lUdng nha nUdc
thi giam bac, la'y lai nhiing eao sSc vua ban
cho, xda ten so quan, lai thi bai ehdc dich
(tang vat chi 1 lUdng), khdng ke thU bac
nao" (2). Tang vat nhan hdi Id chi 1 lUdng
thi quan da bi xda ten trong so quan, Iai hi
bai ehdc.

Trudng hdp nhan tien va dem tien Io
cdng viec thi ngUdi nhan hd'i Id va ngUdi
dUa hd'i Id deu bi xii phat: "... Dem tien de
Io cong viee thi ngUdi cd Ipc (3) xU giam nhe
hdn ngUdi nhan tien mpt mUc, ngUdi khdng
ed ldc (4) giam nhe hdn hai miic (rieng cae
tang vat do hach sach, khoa liem, lUa ddi
va sau viec mdi nhan tien dUa tdi thi khdng
ddng luat nay). Tdi chi phat 100 trUdng, do
2 nam (chieu theo luat "thien dd tii luu" (5)
giam mpt niia de dinh tdi)" (6). Dieu luat da

NgUdi khdng cd ldc nhan hdi Id uong
phap va ba't uong phap thi mUe hinh phat
nhe hdn so vdi ngUdi ed ldc nhan hdi Id:
"Ngudi khdng cd ldc (ngUdi ed miic lUdng
hang thang khdng day 1 thach), uong phap

Bang 1: Tiing vut va mirc hinh phiit tui nhan hoi 16 doi vui quan Ini co 16c (H)

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quy dinh mUc hinh phat ngudi nhan hdi Id
uong phap va ba't uong phap, ngUdi nhan
hd'i Id cd ldc va khdng cd ldc. NgUdi nhan
hdi Id ud'ng phap, cd ldc hi xii phat nang
hdn ngUdi nhan hoi Id ba't uong phap,
khdng cd ldc. Dieu luat ciing neu cu the cac
mUc tang vat tUdng dUdng vdi hinh phat
ddi vdi ngUdi nhan hdi Id cd Ide, khdng eo
ldc; udng phap va ba't uong phap:
NgUdi cd ldc nhan hdi Id uong phap va
ba't uong phap dUdc quy dinh eu the nhu
bang 1.
Dieu luat cung quy dinh mUc hinh phat

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(giup cho ngudi pham tdi nghe theo ho di
eo' y tha tdi) 120 lang la xii treo cd', giam
chd. Ba't udng phap thi du 120 lang trd len
tdi ciing chi den mUe phat 100 trUdng, day
3000 dam" (9). NgUdi khdng cd Idc nhan hdi
Id ud'ng phap den 120 lang mdi hi xii tdi
treo co, giam chd. Ngudi khdng cd ldc nhan
hdi Id ba't ud'ng phap thi tang vat du tren
120 lang cung chi bi phat 100 trUdng, day
3000 dam.
Nhan hdi Id khdng phai vi lam viec uong
phap va ba't uong phap tpa tang chi tdi (10),
ciing bi xii tdi: "Pham quan lai khdng phai


nhan cd viec ud'ng phap hay ba'y ud'ng phap
ma nhan tien cua ngUdi tUc la toa tang chi
toi cac chii, thi tinh toan toan bo tang vat
chiet di mot niia ma dinh toi. NgUdi cung
tham du xii giam nhe 5 mUe. (Nhu ngudi
la'y trdm tien ciia hoac danh bi thUdng neu
ngoai tien bdi thudng va tie'n thud'c thang

phat den 100 trUdng, do 3 nam. Dieu luat
cdn giai thich; "(Vi toa tang d day khdng
phai la thUc tang cho nen den 500 lang la

tdi chi d miic do 3 nam)" (xem bang 2) (11).
Hai quy dinh tren la ed sd quan trpng de
xem xet mUc hinh phat ciia cac trUdng hdp
nhan hdi Id va dUa hdi Id khac.

Bang 2: Tang vat va mUc hinh phat toa tang chi toi (12)

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lai nhan dd ma nhan them tie'n cua cac chii,
dd'u tinh toan bp tang vat, chie't di mdt niia
ma luan tdi. NgUdi dan xep giiia hai ben
cung vdi ngUdi cd' y dua tien dUdc xU giam
nhe hdn tdi cua ngUdi nhan tien 5 mUc.
Trudng hdp tU tien, nhan viee cdng bat
nhan dan ddng gdp tien ciia do vat hoac thu
nhieu nop it (nhU thu tidn lUdng, thue'
lUdng cung la kiem tra hpa ve lUdng ndi
dong bai va lam rieng cac loai giac, dau,
cSn, thudc deu cd trong luat, tuy khdng bd
tui minh hoac lam hU phi cac loai nhan
cdng vat lieu. Pham nhiing ngUdi mac toi
do ed tang vat nhU vay deu la tpa tang chi
tdi). Quan lai nhan tang neu nhu khdng bd
tui minh thi dUdc de nghi cho phuc chUe.
TrUdng hdp xua't tien de nham tranh tdi
nang thi xii nang)" (13).

Theo quy dinh, so' tang vat nhan hdi Id
dUde chie't di mpt niia roi mdi dinh tdi,
ngUdi dong Ida dUdc giam nhe 5 miic. Viec
xtf phat khdng ed sU phan biet giiia ngUdi
cd ldc va ngUdi khdng cd Ide, giiia vide uong
phap va ba't ud'ng phap. Pham nhan hdi 16
nhung khdng phai vi de giai quyet viec deu
bi xii phat gid'ng nhau va mUc hinh phat
nhe hdn nhieu so vdi tdi nhan hoi Id udng
phap va ba't ud'ng phap, tdi nang nha't chi

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Lai vien, sai dich nhan hdi Id ciing can cU
vao tang vat de dinh tdi. MUc tang vat de
dinh tdi ciing can cii vao hai quy dinh tren.
Lai vien giup viee cho quan nhan tien
eua ngUdi ed viec can cU vao tang vat de
dinh toi: "Pham nhUng ngUdi lam viec d eiia
quan, dam nhan tien ciia ngUdi cd vide,
trUdng hdp nay luat khdng cd chinh didu,
nhung phep tdc qua cd bi sai lech budng
tha thi deu la'y dieu uong phap tinh so'tang
vat ma dinh toi" (14).
Sai dich nhan hdi 16 viia can cii vao tang
vat de dinh tdi, viia hi thich chii len mat.
"Bon sai dich sau mot bi t6i an hdi 16, chieu
le phan biet sd'hdl Id tri tdi, ngodi ra khdng
ke thii pham, tdng pham, bi tdi do trd
xud'ng thi thich 1 chU do' pham (pham tdi
sau mot) tren canh tay, bi tdi lUu day trd
Idn thich chii d mat. Bpn bach dich cd pham
tdi cung theo le nay ma thi hanh" (15).
Ngoai nhUng quy dinh chung ve" viec xU
phat tdi nhan hdi Id, Hodng Viet ludt le
ciing cd nhi3ng quy dinh xU phat mot s6'
trUdng hop nhan hoi Id cu the.
Triidc het, quan Iai nhan hoi Id de chay
viec.

Dua tien chay viec bi phat giac thi ngUdi
nhan tien va ngUdi dua tien deu bi xU toi:


Rghien ctru Lieh siSr. so 11.2014
"Pham cac trUdng hdp di cau xin, chay viec
va dua tien, ne'u xet diing sU thUc thi tinh
he't sd tien da dua va da nhan ciing dinh
tdi. NhUng phan biet giCa ngudi cd Idc va
ngUdi khdng cd Ide. NgUdi cd Ipc khdng dUde
giam mUc, ngUdi khdng ed Idc dUdc giam mdt
miic. Cdn ngudi di cau xin va ngUdi chay
viec, dua tien, neu ed ngUdi dUng dau va
ngudi ddng Ida, thi ngUdi dUng dau chie'u le
dinh tdi, ngudi dong loa neu la ngUdi cd loe
thi dUdc giam mpt mtie, ngudi khdng cd ldc
dUdc giam hai mUc" (16). TrUdng hdp nay,
phap luat ciing can eU vad tang vat cu the de
dinh tdi. Tuy nhien, mUe hinh phat ed sU
phan biet giiia ngudi nhan hdi 16 (cd loe
nhan hdi Id va khdng cd Ipc nhan hdi Id) va
ngudi dua hdi Id. NgUdi cd 16c nhdn hoi 16
khdng dupc giam, ngudi khdng cd Ipc dUdc
giam mpt mUc. MUe hinh phat ngudi dUa hoi
16 cung cd sU phan biet giiia ngudi dUng dau
va ngUdi dong Ida. Quy dinh ciing nha'n
manh: "Neu do bi i3c hiep, bUc ep d^ la'y tid'n,
thi ngUdi xua't tien cung ngudi khde dem
tien chay viec dd'u khdng phai ehiu tdi" (17).
Quan lai nhan cd viee nhan h6l 16 thi

luan tdi theo dieu ud'ng phap: "Neu nhan
viee (quan) ma nhan thi tinh tang, la'y dieu
ba't udng phap ma luan tdi" (18).
Thii hai, quan lai nhan hdi Id roi nghi
tdi, thi hanh hinh phat sai, tha td nhan.
Ngudi CO viec dung tien cau xin quan Iai
xii sai phap luat thi quan Iai nhan tien va
ngUdi dUa tien deu bi xii phat nhUng luan
tdi theo tpa tang: "Pham trudng hdp nhiing
ngudi cd viec, dung ti^n cua cau xin (quan
lai) nham dUdc x\i sai phap luat thi tinh s6'
tien da dua, luan tdi toa tang. Neu la trudng
hdp tranh chd khd de den chd dl (19) thi (tdi
lam) sai phap luat nang hdn (toi dUa tien),
cU x{( nang (tang phai sung cdng)" (20). Tuy
nhien, phap luat ciing quy dinh: "TrUdng
hdp cac quan Iai dieu tra, dung the manh
sinh su, bUe ep de la'y tien thi ngudi xua't

tidn khdng phai chiu tdi..." (21).
Quan lai nhan cua cai ciia pham nhan
rdi nghi tdi sai thi tuy theo tang vat de
dinh tdi: "Neu cd ngudi lam quan nhan cua
cai ud'ng phdp nhieu lan, tang vat la 40
lang. Trong dd 20 lang bi phat giac trudc bi
danh 60 trUdng va hi toi dd 1 nam. 20 lang
phat giac sau tinh gdp vdi tang vat trudc
tong sd' la 40 lang, dinh lai tat ca tdi, bi toi
do 3 nam. NhUng tang vat khdng uong
phap va lien quan. tang vat bi toi thi khong

gop lai de dinh toan tdi" (22). Quy dinh x^
phat da phan biet viec nhdn tang vdt udng
phap va tang vat ba't uong phap. Tang vat
uong phap bi xii phat nang hdn tang vat
ba't uong phap. Tuy nhien, mUc tang vat tdi
da quy dinh trong dieu luat ehi la 40 lang
nen mUc phat nang nhat mdi la tdi do 3
nam. Nhiing mUc tang vat khac khdng dUdc
quy dinh ro rang trong dieu luat nay.
Quan lai sau khi giai quyet xong viec
nhan tien hdi Id ciing bi xii phat: "Pham
quan lai thUa hanh viec gi ma trUdc do
khdng ddi tien, sau khi xong viec lai nhan
tien, ng'u la trudng hdp xet xii sai, chuan
luan tdi ud'ng phdp. TrUdng hdp khdng xet
xii sai, chuan theo ba't ud'ng phap ma luan
tdi. (NgUdi khdng cd ldc dUde xii giam nhe
hdn ngUdi cd ldc 1 mUc, neu l.am trai phep
nhieu thi xii nang. Quan Iai deu chie'u diing
le each chUc nhUng khdng truy thu bang
s&c)" (23). MUc hinh phat ciing can cU vao
tang vat cu the va bang vdi toi nhan hdi Ip
trudc khi xet xii. Tuy nhien, quy dinh nay
khdng de cap viec xU phat ngudi dUa tien
hdi Id mdt each cu the nen mUc hinh phat
tUdng ddi hnh boat: "(Luat khdng ndi den
toi cua ngudi xua't tien va dua tien. Xii toi
khdng xii nang ciing dUdc)" (24). Su thi6'u
rd rang nay It nhieu lam giam tinh hieu
qua ciia luat phap.

Quan Iai nhan hdi Id khdng thi hanh
diing hinh phat eCing can eU vao tang vat de


xU tdi theo luat uong phap: "Nhan cua cai
(de' danh khong theo phep, danh kh6ng den
da) tinh tang, theo luat uong phap ma luan
theo tdi nang" (25).
Quan lai nhan hdi Id tha tu nhan thi xii
ddng tdi vdi tii nhan: "Pham nhan eiia eai
tha tu thi dong tdi vdi tu nhan. Ke pham toi
hi xU lang t n , chem, that co, cU y theo luat
xii toi" (26). Sai dich nhan hdi Id tha tu nhan
cung xii dong tdi vdi tii nhan. Tham chi, neu
tang vat nhid'u sai dich edn bi xii tdi nang
hdn tu nhan: "Pham giai cac pham nhan hi
xii do, luu, sung quan di xet hoi ma giiia
dudng de trd'n thoat, neu xet tha'y sai dieh
an hdi Id rdi cd' y tha thi xii tdi sai dich trpng
tdi ciia tii. Neu tang vat nhi^u thi theo dieu
uong phap, xii theo tdi nang hdn" (27).
TrUdng hdp pham nhan bi tdi that co thi
cd the dUdc xem xet de hoan viec thi hanh
an Iai ddi bat dUdc tu nhan. Ngudi nhan hdi
Id dUdcxet giam an theo mUc tdi nhan h6l 16
uong phap va xet theo toi nang: 'TrUdng hdp
(pham nhan - TG chu) bi tpi that co, thi phai
giam ca'm c6', hoan quyet an lai, ddi bat dUdc
tu nhan trd'n xet hdi (van y theo ban luat
trong dieu: Giam mUc cho tdi nhan ciia cai

uong phap xet theo tdi nang)" (28).
Quan lai ap giai pham nhan pham trpng
tpi nhan hdi Id, doc dudng edi bd xieng xich
de tdi nhan trd'n thoat thi lap tUc chieu
theo tdi pham nhan dUdc tha xii ngUdi ap
giai trpng tdi: "Pham giai cac trpng tpi nhU
tram, giao di xet hdi dpc dudng edi hd xid'ng
xich de tdi nhan trd'n thoat, neu nhU chua
bat dUdc pham nhan thi dem ngUdi ap giai
cUu xet, nghiem giam, chd ngay bat dUdc
pham nhan, tra xet rd rang xem ed thUc sU
an hdi Id, cd' tinh tha tu khong, sau dd lap
tUc chie'u theo tdi ciia pham nhan dUdc tha
x\i ngUdi ap giai trong tdi" (29).
Thii ba, nhan hdi Id, gian lan trong eac
ki thi deu bi xii phat nang: chem hoac phat

vang ra bien gidi, sung quan.
Chanh phd, Chu khao va cdc si tii nhan
hdi Ip, gian lan trong eae ki thi Hudng, Hpi
deu bi tpi chem: 'Trong cac ki thi Huong,
thi Hpi, chanh phd chu khao va cac si tii du
thi, ne'u pham vdo cac te thdng dong, giii
gam, hdi Id, mua ban, hdi diing sU that thi
bi tpi chem" (30).
"Cac chUe dich vUdt vao trUdng thi doi
bai vd, hoac dUdng liie thi ddi quyen, ddng
thdi dung tien thue mang tai lieu dua eho
phu phen, linh trang phue dich d dd nhan
tien mang ho tai lieu vao (trUdng thi) va

nhiing ngUdi bid't ma khdng phat hidn trdc
na, de'u hi phdt vang den tan bien sung
quan. Nd'u tinh tang vat Idn hdn ban tdi thi
can cii vao tpi nang de xet x\i" (31).
Quan lai nhan h6l 16 rdi thue hien thu
thue' va lao dich kh6ng deu, khdng ke quan
Iai chUc vu to hay nho deu can cU theo tang
vdt xii theo tpi ud'ng phap: "... Ne'u nhan
ciia dut lot (ke ca quan tren quan dUdi), dd'u
tinh theo tang vat ma xii nang theo tpi
ud'ng phap" (32).
Ben canh nhiing quy dinh xii phat
nghiem khic cac tpi nhan hdi Id cua quan
Iai thi Hodng Viet ludt le ciing cd quy dinh
xem xet giam nhe tdi cho mdt so' hanh vi
tham nhiing.
Chang ban, trUdng hdp quan lai dong y
nhan hdi Id ma chUa thuc su cam tien hdi
Id, thi can cU hinh phat cho giam mot mUc:
"Pham quan Iai ddng y cho dem tien ciia
tdi, tuy chUa tie'p nhan, nhung ne'u la
trUdng hdp viec bi x\i sai, ehua'n theo dieu
uong phap ma luan tpi. TrUdng hdp vide
khdng bi xvt sai chuan theo dieu ba't uong
phap ma luan tdi. Deu dUdc giam nhe hdn
so vdi tpi (nhan tie'n cua) mdt mUc. TrUdng
hdp lam sai nang, deu xii nang (Phai cd sd
muc, da'u tich rd rang mdi phai chiu tpi.
Pham trudng hdp ndi la chuan, thi de'n tdi

chet dUdc giam mdt mUc, tuy dii so'tang vat
tdi ciing dUng lai d mUc phat 100 trUdng,
ddy 3000 dam. Dieu nay da ndi chuan theo
uong phap ma luan tpi, lai noi giam mot
mUc. Gia du nhu dong y nhan tang de lam
sai phap luat ma tang dii s6' de'n tpi tU thi
dUdc giam mpt mUc, tUc la chi phat 100
trUdng, day 3000 dam. Lai dUdc giam mpt
mde thanh phat 100 trUdng, do 3 nam mdi
dung theo luat nay" (33).
Dieu le kem theo dieu luat nay ciing
xem xet khdng nghi tdi ddi vdi quan lai hiia
nhan tie'n nhUng chua nhan: "Dong y nhan
tien cua, ne'u mdi hUa thi tang dd khdng
xac cU, khdng dUdc dua ra nghi tpi. Ne'u
tien ciia hiia dem de'n cdn ca't giG chd khac
hoac vie't gia'y td van khoan hoac giao cho
ngudi dl Io viee thi xem xet truy thu cac
khoan tie'n ngudi dd da hda de sung cdng"
(34). Tuy nhien, quy dinh ciing chi ro: "Ne'u
ngudi pham tdi dang tpi, cU chieu theo luat
ma dinh tdi" (35).
Trudng hdp quan lai nhan hdi Id ba't
uong phap bi xii tpi che't, neu bdi thudng
day du tang vat dUdc xem xet cho giam tdi:
"Neu quan lai nhan cd viec nhan tie'n tham
lam bd tiii, xet rd la ba't ud'ng phap ... cae
tang vat qua dung trong han 1 nam da boi
thudng day dii thi neu la tpi tii, chieu

nguyen tpi da nghi xii, giam mot mUc. Ne'u
trong han bdi thudng khdng day du thi tdi
tii vSn chie'u nguyen theo tdi da nghi xii"
(36). Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cae mUc hinh phat
khac thi du cd bdi thudng day dii ciing
khdng giam mUe phat: "Tii tdi di day trd
xud'ng thi thi hanh ngay, cae tang vdt phai
tra iai, chie'u le dinh han truy thu day dii"
(37). Hodng Viet ludt le cung dac biet
nghiem khac doi vdi quan lai nhan hd'i 16
uong phap. TrUdng hdp nay, du tham quan
boi thudng dii sd tien nhan hdi Id ciing
khdng dupc xii giam: "Quan vien tham ciia
neu xet trudng hdp uong phdp de nhan ciia,

tuy trong han h6i thudng dii eung khdng xii
giam mUc" (38).
Nhu vay, CO the tha'y, Hodng Viet luat le
cd nhUng quy dinh tUdng ddi eu the, ro rang
mUc xii phat tdi nhan hdi Id, can cU theo sd'
lUOng tang vat, ngUdi cd ldc va ngUdi khong
cd ldc, ud'ng phap va ba't udng phap, toa tang
va thuc tang... Dac diem chung ia deu can
cU vao sd'ludng tang vat de dinh tpi, r6i tdy
tpa tang hay thue tang, ngUdi ed ldc hay
khdng cd Ipc, ud'ng phap hay ba't ud'ng phap
de dinh hinh phat eu the. Nhiing quy dinh
nay la ed sd quan trong cho chinh sach
phdng chd'ng tham nhiing cua trieu Nguyin.
Ben canh nhiing quy dinh xii phat doi

vdi tdi nhan hdi 16 ndi chung, Hodng Viet
ludt le con cd nhUng quy dinh xii phat doi
vdi mpt sd' trUdng hpp nhan hoi Id nhu:
trong giai quyet mpt sd' cdng viec; trong xii
an, thi hanh hinh phat; trong thi cut, trong
thu thue' va lao dich... NhUng trUdng hdp
nay cd the hieu la nhUng quy dinh dac biet
quan trpng nham dam bao ki cUdng phep
nUdc. Mpt sd' trUdng hdp quan lai nhan hoi
Id ciing dUdc xem xet giam nhe hinh phat
nhung khdng dang ke. Ve ed ban, ngUdi
pham tpi nhan h6l 16 thUc tang deu bi xii
phat nang,
2. Q u a n Iai s a c h n h i e u lay tien ciia
dan
Ben canh tpi hdi 16 va nhan h6l Id • mot
trong nhUng bieu hien quan trpng ciia
tham nhung thi viec quan lai saeh nhilu,
la'y tien ciia dan ciing la mpt tdi tham
nhung can phai phdng chd'ng.
Quan lai dung chUc vu de dpa nat, hach
sach la'y tien ciia dan can cU vao tang vat de
dinh tdi; "1 lang trd xud'ng phat 100 trUdng;
1 lang den 5 lang phat 100 trUdng, cum 1
thang; 6 lang den 10 lang, phat 100 trUdng,
do 3 nam; Tinh tang vat tU 10 lang trd Idn
dudi ra can bien. Den 120 lang thi chieu luat
udng phap xii giao, ngUdi vao hua de chia

ciia dut lot dUdc giam mdt mUc" (39).
Ben canh viec dua vao tang vat de dinh
tpi, cac q u y dinh cua luat cdn can cU vao
hau qua ddi vdi ngUdi hi hach saeh, doa nat
de dinh tdi. MUc hinh phat nay nang hdn
tpi nhan hdi Id thdng thudng ra't nhieu.
Hach sach, dpa nat de de'n mUc gay chet
ngudi, ba't luan tang vat the' nao cung de'u
hi xii tdi chet, giam ehd. NgUdi vao hua de
chia ciia ciing bi xii phat nhUng nhe hdn
mdt mUc so vdi ngudi trUc tie'p nhan hdi Id,
hach sach: "TrUdng hdp hach sach dan
nghdo de'n ndi ngudi ta budc phai ban con
trai, dd con gai thi 10 lang trd xud'ng cung
chieu le dudi ra sung quan. NgUdi vao hiia
de chia ciia thi khdng can tinh tang vat de'u
phat 100 trUdng, do 3 nam. Ne'u do doa nat,
ddi lUa de'n mUc xay ra chet ngUdi thi ba't
luan sd' eiia dut nhieu hay it deu nghi xii
giao, giam chd. Neu danh dap ngUdi ra dd'n
chet, chie'u thed luat co' sat, nghi xii chem,
giam chd, ke vao hua dUdc giam mdt mUc"
(40), MUc hinh phat ddi vdi tpi nay gan
tUdng dUdng vdi tpi quan lai nhdn tien.
TU quy dinh tren, Hodng Viet ludt le nha'n
manh viec xii phat mot sd' trUdng hpp cu the
khi quan Iai sach nhieu lay tie'n cua dan.
Quan lai cau ke't vdi cUdng hao sach
nhieu dan thi xii theo dieu ba't ud'ng phap:
"Pham quan lai cau kd't vdi bon cUdng hao

sach nhieu, vay mUdn tien ciia dan sd thudc
minh cai quan, thi tinh toan bp tang (da
sach nhieu vay mUdn), chuan theo dieu ba't
ud'ng phap ma luan tpi" (41). Tuy nhien,
ne'u cUdng bUc de la'y tie'n ciia dan thi xii
theo dieu uong phap: "Ne'u la cUdng bUc thi
chuan theo dieu udng phap ma luan tdi,
tie'n cua tra lai cho chii (ngudi khdng cd ldc
dUdc xii nhe hdn ngUdi cd 16c mdt mUc)"
(42). Quan dUdng ehUc nhan hdi Id bi xii
phat nang hdn ba mUc so vdi quan Iai da
thdi chUc: "Quan da thoi chiJc ma nhan tien

cua trong vung cai quan cii ciia minh va
sach nhidu dan, de'u xii nhe tdi hdn khi
dang lam quan ba mUc" (43).
Quan lai hach sach la'y tien ciia thd
quan Nung, Man, ngUdi ngoai qud'c, ba't
luan tang vat the' nao de'u bi xii tdi nang
dudi ra can bien, sung quan: "Cac quan
chUc van vd hach sach de la'y tien ciia cac
thd quan NUng, Man, ngoai qud'c. Ke pham
tpi xii do 3 nam trd len, deu bi dudi ra can
bien, sung quan" (44).
Quan lai nhan viec e6ng tu tien bat
nhan dan ddng gdp tie'n cua tu tiii ciing bi
xii phat nang, tpi cao nha't ciing cd the bi
chem: "Pham eac quan lai hiiu ty khdng
dUdc lenh chi ciia thupng ty, nhan viec cdng
tu tien bat dan sd thudc ddng gdp tien ciia

va trudng hdp quan lai quan quan quyen
gop tie'n lUdng ban thUdng cua quan nhan
(tuy khdng bd tui minh), deu bi phat 60
trUdng. TrUdng hdp nhan tang nang thi
luan tdi theo tpa tang. Ne'u bd tui minh,
tinh tang udng phap luan tdi. (NgUdi khong
cd ldc dupc xii giam nhe hdn ngUdi cd ldc 1
mUc. Tang vat len de'n 120 lang, xU chem,
giam chd)" (45). Quan lai la'y tien ddng gdp
eiia dan nhUng khdng bd tiii minh, tang vat
it thi bi phat 60 trUdng; tang vat nhie'u thi
luan theo toa tang. Ne'u la'y tien ddng gdp
eua dan bd tui minh thi tinh tang vat xii
theo dieu ud'ng phap.
TrUdng hpp khdng phai nhan viec cdng
ma bat nhan dan dong gdp tie'n eiia tU tui
Cling hi xii phat theo dieu ba't udng phap:
"Ne'u khdng phai nhdn viec cdng ma bat
nhan dan ddng gdp tien ciia de tU tiii thi
tinh toan bp tang theo ba't ud'ng phap luan
tdi (NgUdi khdng cd 16c tdi chi phat de'n mde
100 trUdng, day 3000 dam. Ne'u de dua bieu
ngUdi khac, tuy khong tU tui tdi cung nhu
vay)" (46).
Thu bien d eac nha mon, bp, vien tu


Rghien ctj-u Ljch sur. so 11.2014
XUng la Bd phi de thu tien eua ciia dan thi
bi xU tpi nang, bi day di mien xa, tham ehi

cdn hi xii tram. NhUng ngUdi hua theo viec
Cling bi day ra viing xa: "Cac vien thU bien
d cae nha mdn, bd, vien dam xUng la bd phi
de thu gdp tien bac, dpa dam, lUa ddi can
pham. Phap luat-'hha nUdc khdng the so vdi
tpi an hdi Id tam thudng, ne'u viec bi phat
giac, xet diing sU that, xii tram. Ngudi bie't
rd sU viec van hua theo de chia sd' bae dd,
chid'u le dudi ra viin bidn" (47).
Trudng hdp nhan hdi 16 dudi hinh thUe
qua tang ciing deu hi xii tpi, nhUng miic
hinh phat tUdng doi nhe: "Ne'u tiep nhan ll
vat, thd san eiia dan sd tai dUa tang, thi
ngudi nhan phat 40 roi, ngUdi dUa giam
nhe 1 mUc" (48).
Nhu vay, hach sach, doa nat de la'y tien;
vay tien... ciia dan dUdc coi la nhUng bieu
hien eua tham nhung, nen mUc xU phat cac
loai t6i nay ve" cd ban tUdng dUdng vdi tpi
nhan hdi Id ndi ehung, ciing can cU vao tang
vat de dinh tdi theo die'u ud'ng phap va ba't
udng phap, quan Iai dUdng chUc va quan lai
da thdi chUc. Tuy nhien, do dac thu, nhiing
quy dinh lien quan de'n tpi nay cdn can cU
vao hau qua d6l vdi ngudi bi hach saeh, dpa
nat lam ed sd de dinh mUe phat. TrUdng
hpp hach sach, dpa nat de de'n ndi dan phai
chet, ba't luan la tang vat bao nhieu deu bi
xU tdi ehe't,
3. Lay t r o m c u a cong

La'y trdm ciia edng tU tui la mot trong
nhiing bieu hien ciia tham nhiing va bi xtf
phat nang. NhUng quy dinh ve npi dung
nay ciing kha toan dien, cu the cd the xe'p
vao hai trudng hdp sau day:
TrUdng hdp quan lai la'y trpm tie'n, lUdng
thUc ciia kho tu tui.
Quan lai dung thii doan tU ldi bd tiii vat
Heu trong kho tinh tang vat de djnh tdi,
khdng phan biet thu pham va tdng pham.

Tang vat de'n 40 lang la bi xii chem va phai
bdi thudng vat lieu: "Pham nhiing Cdng
tUdng va Dau muc d cac cue vien chuyen
trach ve viec xay dUng cd' tinh lam hdng
nhieu vat lieu de tu ldi, thi tinh sd tang (da
bd tui) chie'u theo dieu luat Giam thii tU
trdm cap luan tdi (khdng phan biet thu
pham vdi tdng pham, tinh tang luan tpi de'n
mUc 40 lang thi xii tram), truy ddi tien vat
lieu bat bdi thudng" (49).
Giam lam, Chii thii tu lay trdm tien bac,
lUdng thuc trong kho tu tiii, khdng phan
biet thii pham hay tdng pham deu tinh gdp
tang vat de dinh tdi: "Pham ngudi Giam
lam, Chii thii tu la'y tie'n bac, lUdng thUc,
cae dd vat 6 kho tang, khdng phan biet thu
pham, tdng pham, tinh gdp tang ma luan
tdi (tinh gdp tang nhu 10 ngUdi nhieu lan
eung an trdm 40 lang quan ngan, tuy chia

ra mdi ngudi chi dupc 4 lang, nhUng tinh
gdp Iai thi la 10 ngudi, ciing de'u tinh 40
lang, tdi xii tram).
Ne'u 10 ngUdi ciing la'y trdm 5 lang deu
bi danh 100 trUdng... Pham tpi 3 lan thi
xem nhu thUe pham, xii giao. Tren eanh tay
phai deu thi'ch 3 chii "dao quan quan" (thay
quan lUdng, quan vat) (50) ... 1 lang trd len
den 2 lang 5 tien danh 90 trUdng; 5 lang
danh 100 trUdng; 7 lang 5 tie'n danh 60
trUdng, xii tdi dd 1 nam; 10 lang danh 70
trUdng, xii tpi do 1 nam rUdi; 12 lang 5 tiln
danh 80 trUdng, x^ toi do 2 nam; 15 lang
danh 90 trUdng, xii tpi dd 2 nam rUdi; 17 lang
5 tie'n danh 100 trUdng, xU tdi do 3 nam; 20
lang danh 100 trUdng, xii di day 2000 dam;
25 lang danh 100 trUdng, xii di day 2500
dam; 30 lang danh 100 trUdng, xii di day
3000 dam; 40 lang thi bi xii tram" (51).
Nhu vay, quan Iai an trpm lUdng thUc,
tie'n ciia trong kho tU tui bi xii phat nang,
khdng phan biet thii pham hay tdng pham,
tinh gop tang vat de luan tpi. Tang vat de'n


40 lang deu bi xii chem.
Giam thu lay trdm tie'n, luong thuc d
kho nhUng khdng lam cua rieng thi dUdc
xem xet xU giam tdi va phai truy thu bdi
thUdng dii sd tien, lUdng thUc da la'y: "Vien

Gidm thu la'y trdm tie'n, lUdng thuc d kho
tang xem xet khdng phai la'y lam ciia rieng
dupc chie'u theo le dinh trong dieu luat "na
di" (thay ddi ma xet nghi)" (52).
Quan lai van chuyen lUdng thuc an trpm
cung bi xii phat, nhUng mUc hinh phat nhe
hdn so vdi tpi an trdm tie'n, lUdng thUc
trong kho: "Pham van chuyen lUdng thUc
ma vien Giam thii an trdm 60 thach lam
cua rieng thi phat vang ra viing bien viin.
Neu sd lUdng thUc la'y len tdi 600 thach thi
nghi xii tram, giam hau" (53).
Ngoai quy dinh xii phat tpi la'y trdm ciia
eai, lUdng thUc trong kho tu tui - mdt bieu
hien rd net cua tham nhung, thi quan lai
la'y tang vat ciia pham nhan tU tui eung la
bieu hien eiia tham nhiing va hi xU phat
theo dieu luat an trdm va nhan hdi Id udng
phap va ba't uong phap.
Quan lai la'y tang vat ciia pham nhan tU
tui, chie'u theo luat an trdm tie'n lUdng va
nhan ciia cai udng phap de tri tpi: "Quan lai
tham lam cac tang vat, ta't thay deu phai
truy de'n bang tie'n bac. Doanh tra'n do phai
liy nhiem cho vien quan thanh tra ve tai
san hop cung vdi quan dia phUdng, lenh cho
gia thudc ke pham tpi dem rupng, nha, mpi
thU dd vat trinh ro thdi gia, trUdc cdng
dudng, ciing xac minh ro rang thi ghi vao
gia'y bao cho thUdng ty, ddng thdi lenh cho

gia thuoc cila pham nhan ciing dUng xem
ban ngay ta't ca cac hang dd vat. Ne'u cd te
nan an chan hoac yeu sach thi cho phep gia
thupe ciia pham nhan cung vdi ngUdi ehii
mua cac vat td* cao. Cac quan tham nhiing
dd, cU chie'u theo luat an trpm tie'n lUdng va
nhan cua cai udng phap de tri tpi" (54).

Quan lai bat trpm cUdp thu dUdc tang
vat khdng nop len quan tren ciing bi xii
phat theo dieu ba't udng phap: "Pham quan
tuan bd' da bat dUdc bpn trdm cUdp kem
theo tang vat ma luu giU tang vat khdng
dUa len quan thi phat 40 roi. Ne'u bd tiii
tinh tang thi la'y ba't udng phap luan tpi.
Tinh ca tang vat (luu giii Iai) va tang vat
(da dUa len quan) de'u luan tdi trdm d p .
Ne'u quan nhan pham tdi nay, tinh tang vat
du nhieu ciing chi phat tpi de'n mUc 80
trUdng (tinh tang vat luan theo tpi trdm
cdp)" (55).
NgUdi di tuan bat ke trpm ma lam hao
hut tang vat bi xU theo luat uong phap:
"Nhiing ngUdi di tuan b i t ke trdm ma lam
hao hut tang vat, thi tinh sd' tang vat chie'u
luat bat udng phap, luan tpi xU nang" (56).
Nhin chung, mUc binh phat doi vdi quan
Iai la'y tang vat ciia pham nhan tU tui nhe
hdn so vdi tpi nhan hdi Id ndi ehung,
4. D u n g do c o n g l a m viec tU

Dung do cong lam viee tu ciing dUdc coi
la mdt trong nhiing bieu hien ciia tdi tham
nhiing, Hodng Viet ludt le cd 3 die'u luat
quy dinh xii phat cac quan Giam lam, Chu
thu tu tu tien dung xe, thuyen, die'm xa,
qu^n ao ciia nha nUde lam viec rieng.
Nhiing hanh vi nay deu tiiy theo tang vdt
va thdi gian sU dung dai ngan khac nhau
ma dinh tpi nang nhe:
Quan lai tU tien dung xe, thuyen, die'm
xa, d6 dung ciia nha nUdc lam viec rieng
deu can cU vao tpi tpa tang de xii phat:
"Pham cac quan Giam lam, Chu thii tu ma
tu tien sii dung xe, thuye'n, die'm xa, dd
dung ciia nha nUdc lam viec rieng, hoac cho
ngUdi khac mUpn thi ngUdi cho mUdn va
ngUdi mUdn deu hi xii phat 50 roi, tinh sd'
ngay sii dung truy thu tie'n thue dua vao
nha nudc (khdng dUdc thu gia qua dat).
Ne'u tinh s6' tien thue nang hdn (mUc phat


50 roi) thi xii theo tpi tpa tang tang them
mpt mUc" (57).
Dieu luat Mudn rieng do vat ciia cdng
quy dinh: "Pham cac quan Giam thu, Chii
thii mUdn cac do vkt ciia c6ng nhU ao quan,
chan dem, do diing de sii dung vao viec rieng
hoac chuyen cho ngUdi khac mUdn va cho
mUdn, moi loai deu bi xU phat 50 roi. Ne'u

qua 10 ngay, mdi loai (tinh theo so' vat
mUdn), thi de'u xU theo tpi tham 6 tang vat,
nhung cho giam di hai mUe. (Tpi nang nha't
chi xii phat 80 trUdng, dd 2 nam. TrUng thu
cac vat vay mUdn do tra cho nha nUdc)" (58).
Die'u luat Nam giii tai san ciia cdng quy
dinh: "Pham do vat cua nha nUde can ca'p
phat cho ngUdi ta ma da mang ra khdi kho
roi nhUng chUa ca'p phat, cung eac vat tu
can cung ca'p viec quan da dua den cho nha
nUdc nhUng chUa nhap kho (de'u thuoc dd
vat eiia nha nUdc) van cd ngudi coi giU d
quan ty (quan ty giao phd cho ngUdi khae
tam coi giU), neu cd ke xam pham vay
mUdn thi de'u tinh theo so' tang vat (da la'y
lam cua rieng rdi) ma xii theo tpi Giam thu
tu lay trdm (Ne'u nhu khong phai la ngudi
coi giU xam pham thi xii theo ludt dan
thUdng la'y trdm ciia kho. Ne'u nhU dd vat
chUa giao nop ma xam pham sii dung, thi
cac vien li dieh coi giU ddu bi xii theo luat
gia'u gie'm bao lam, khong nha't thiet phai
s^ dung luat nay)" (59).
Phae qua mpt vai net ve nhiing quy dinh
ed lien quan de'n viec xii tdi tham nhiing
trong Hodng Viet ludt le, cd the tha'y:
Thii nhat, vd pham vi die'u chinh cac tpi
va doi tUdng tham nhiing:
Nhu da trinh bay, nhUng did'u luat, die'u
le lien quan de'n hanh vi tham nhiing trong

Hodng Viet ludt le n i m rai rac d 7 phin,
trU phin Le luat. Dieu dd chUng td, pham
vi dieu chinh cae tdi lien quan de'n tham

nhiing d mUc dp nha't dinh la kha bao quat.
Cd nhidu quy dinh cu the nhU; nhan hdi Id
b i n g tien hay hien vat; sach nhieu lay tien
ciia dan; la'y trdm ciia cdng, dung dd cdng
lam viec rieng... Trong sd do, nhUng quy
dinh xii phat ve toi nhan hdi 16 la nhieu
nha't, cu th^ nha't va chi tie't nha't.
Hodng Viet ludt le cdn cd nhiing quy
dinh ve mUc xii phat ddi vdi cac nhdm ddi
tUdng khac nhau, nhU: ngUdi nhan hoi Id va
ngUdi dUa hoi Id, ngUdi ed Ipc va ngudi
khong cd 16c, nhan tien ciia udng phap va
bat udng phap, thii pham va tdng pham.
Cac doi tUdng khac nhau thi mUc hinh phat
ciing khac nhau.
Thit hai, ve nguyen tac xet xii doi vdi tpi
lien quan de'n tham nhung:
Hinh phat d6l vdi tdi lien quan den tham
nhiing chii ye'u can cU vao sd' lUdng tang vat
nhieu, it de dinh tpi nang nhe. Mdt sd'trudng
hdp cu the, nhu hach sach Id'y tien ciia dan
cdn can eU vao hau qua gay ra ddi vdi ngUdi
bi hai de dinh tdi; hoac nhu, diing do cdng
lam viee rieng cdn can cU vao thdi gian sii
dung dai ngIn de dinh tpi... Tai san tham
nhiing phai dUdc thu hdi, tich thu, ngUdi co

hanh vi tham nhiing phai bdi thUdng, bdi
hoan so tie'n tham nhiing.
Thii ba, ve mUe dp xtl phat ddi vdi tpi
tham nhung:
Xem xet hinh phat cdc tdi hen quan den
tdi tham nhiing nhu trinh bay d tren cho
tha'y, mUc xii phat ddi vdi cac hanh vi tham
nhiing la tUdng ddi nang. So'lupng tang vat
khdng nhieu khoang tren dUdi 100 lang
(cho cac trUdng hdp nhan hoi Id; sach
nhilu, lay tien ciia dan; lay tr6m tien,
lUdng thuc trong kho chia nhau) la can cd
de xii tdi che't. Dieu dd cho tha'y sU nghiem
khac ciia phap luat tridu Nguyin doi vdi
nhUng hanh vi tham nhiing.
Song song vdi nhUng quy dinh xii phat


nghiem khie ddi vdi hanh vi tham nhiing,
Hodng Viet ludt le cdn cd quy dinh ve nhUng
tinh tiet cd the dUdc xem xet giam nhe, nhU:
quan lai nhan hdi Id nhUng ehua earn tien,
quan lai nhan hoi 16 hi xii toi che't nhung da
bdi thudng diing han... MUe xet giam nhe
khdng nhidu, ehii yeu ehi gidm xud'ng mpt
mite so vdi quy dinh. Dilu nay mdt l l n nUa
khang dinh sU nghiem khic cua phap luat
ddi vdi cac hanh vi tham nhung.
Cho'ng tham nhiing la mdt viec Idn, mdi
quan tam hang d i u dd lam trong sach bp

may quan li nha nUde. Hodng Viet luat U
trong mpt mUc dp nha't dinh da ehii trpng
de'n vide trUng tri bpn tham quan, gdp phan
ban che' sU sach nhieu ddi cua chiing, thdng
qua dd bao ve quyen Idi chinh dang ciia
lUdng dan mdt each gian tiep.
CHU

Khi ban de'n bp Hodng ViSt ludt le ciia
nha Nguyen, cae nha nghien cUu xUa nay
thudng chi ehii trpng den viec dat bd luat
nay trong moi lien he vdi bp Dai Thanh
luat le va Quo'c trieu hinh luat nhim dinh
vi bd luat nay trong tie'n trinh lieh sii dan
toe ndi chung va tie'n trinh lich sU luat
phap Viet Nam ndi rieng. Chiing tdi cho
rang dieu do la can thiet. Song, viec xem
xet nhUng gia tri khac ciia bp Hodng Viet
luat le dUa tren npi dung eu the eua nhUng
dieu luat, die'u le cua nd ciing giiip them
cho viee nhin nhan mdt each cdng bing,
khach quan khoa hpc hdn vd y nghia ciia bd
luat nay trong lich sU.
Nhiing quy dinh ve viec phdng chd'ng
tham nhung la mdt trong nhiing npi dung
cd gia tri va tam quan trpng nhU vay.

THICH

(1). Vong phdp nghia la uon cong, pha v6 phap

luat = CO f lam trai phap luat; Bat uong phdp
nghia Ih quan lai tuy tham 6 nhiing khong be cong,
pha vd phap luat = tham 6 nhUng khong co y lam
trai phap luat, Vi du: Quan lai nhan ti^"n hoi Io (va
hiia hen vdi nguSi nha toi nhan) nhUng khi xet an
v i n khong xet xii trai phap luat thi goi la bat uong
phap.
(2). Vien Sii hoc, Co luat ViSt Nam: Quoc trieu
hinh luat va Hodng Viet ludt le. Nxb. Giao due
Vi^t Nam, Ha Noi, 2009. tr. 832
(3). Ngiic/i CO loe: NgUdi co miic lUdng thang ttf
1 thach trd len
(4). NgUifi khong co ldc: NgiXdi co miic lutJng
thang du6i 1 thach
(5) Thien do ti luw ddi di ndi khac
(6), (7), (8), (9). Vien Sd hpc, Co luat Viet Nam:
Quoc trieu hinh luat vd Hodng Viet luat le, sdd, tr.
832, 834, 834-835, 835
(10). Toa tang chi toi: Khong phai nhan co viec
van nhan tien ciia ngUdi.

(11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17). (18). Vien
Sii hoc, Cd ludt Viet Nam: Quoc trieu hinh luat vd
Hodng Viet luat U, sdd, tr. 839, 838-839, 838, 836 837, 675, 844, 844, 845,
(19). Tranh ch6 kho de de'n ch5 dl la ndi tranh toi
nang kho co the dUdng noi dildc toi nhe, dl chiu hdn,
(20). (21), (22). (23). (24), (25). (26), (27). (28).
(29), (30), (31). (32). (33). (34), (35), (36), (37), (38).
(39), (40), (41), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), (47). (48),
(49), Vien Sii hoc. Co luat ViSt Nam: Quo'c trieu

hinh luat vd Hodng Viet ludt le, sdd, tr. 842, 842,
326. 840, 840, 968, 349, 913-914, 349, 913, 367.
367, 463, 841, 842, 842, 837, 837, 837, 837, 837,
844, 845, 845, 847, 849. 849, 836, 845, 988.
(50) Dao quan ngan hay dao quan lildng, dao
quan vat; nghia la "lay trdm tien ciia cong" hay "lay
trdm luang thUc cong", hay "lay trdm do vat cd/jg",
(51), (52), (53), (54), (55). (56), (57). (58). (59).
Vien Sii hoc, Co luat Viet Nam: Quo'c trieu hinh
luat vd Hoang Viet luat le, sdd, tr, 600- 601, 604.
601. 321. 851, 851, 422, 461-462. 475,