TÌM HIỂU NÔNG TRƯỜNG VIỆT NAM Ở MIỀN BẮC VIỆT NAM

TIM HIEU ]\6]\G TRlJdlVG QUOC DOAI^H
d Mm\ B A C VIET XAM GIAI DOA]\ ( I 9 5 5 - I 9 6 0 )

DINH QUANG HAI*

S

au khi Hiep dinh Gidnevd ky ket
(1954), mien Bac hoan toan giai
phong, bu6c vao thdi ky xay diing chu
nghia xa hoi, dong thdi lam nghia vu hau
phUdng 16n chi vien cho tien tuyen 16n mien
Nam dau tranh chong de quoc My va tay
sai, nham giai phong mien Nam, thong
nhat dat nu6c.
Trong boi canh tinh hinh va nhiem vu
mdi, Dang va Chinh phu chu trUdng doi v6i
khu vUc san xuat nong nghiep cl mien Bac
luc d6 chi con ton tai hai hinh thilc s5 hiiu
la scl hOu toan dan {sd hflu nha nU6c) va sd
hulu tap the. Hai hinh thilc sd hijtu do song
song ton tai, bo sung lan nhau va tao dieu
ki§n can thiet de phat trien san xuS.'t nong
nghiep, trong do hinh thttc sci hiiu nha nU6c
dong vai tro chii dao, quyet dinh 5 ca giai
doan trudc mat, cung nhU lau dai. Mgt
trong nhijfng dien hinh cua hinh thiic sd
hiiu nha nU6c trong nong nghiep thcii ky
nay la su ra ddi va phat trien ciia Nong
trUdng quoc doanh (NTQD). Trong giai
doan d^u, NTQD da c6 nhfing thanh cong

va dong gop quan trong doi v6i sii nghiep
phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cl mien B&c. Tuy
nhien, chi sau mot thdi gian phat trien,
cang ngay NTQD cang boc 16 nhiing han
' PGS.TS. Vien Sii hoc

che, yeu kem va di den giai the, tan ra. Su
thanh cong va nh^ng han che, yeu kem ciia
NTQD cl mien B&c da dl lai nhieu bai hoc
kinh nghiem vo cung quy gia cho hi§n nay.
Bai viet nay, chiing toi mong muo'n di sau
nghien cflu lam ro mot so' van de cua
NTQD a mien Bac giai doan (1955-1960), la
giai doan dau cua NTQD vk van con dang
tren da phat trien, song da co nhiing bieu
hien cua sU han che va yeu kem.
1. Sii h i n h t h a n h va t o chijfc ciia
Nong trifdng q u o c d o a n h
Xuat phat tii nhan thiic xay diing va
phat trien nen kinh te mien Bac xa hpi chu
nghia la "tien bang hai ehan, tiic la cong
nghiep va nong nghiep. Nong nghiep
XHCN lai phai tien bang hai ehan, tiic la
Hdp tac xa nong nghiep va Nong trUdng
quoc doanh quy mo 16n", do do. Dang da de
ra chu triidng "Bat dau xay diing nong
trUdng quoc doanh de thi nghiem va lam
kieu mau cho nong dan, lam til nho den
16n, tCf tha'p den cao, dan dan tiing bu6c
chac ehan" (1).

Thiic hien chii trUdng ciia Dang, ngay tii
nam 1955, Sd Quoc doanh Nong nghiep
dudc thanh lap tren cd s8 cai to lai Sd
Doanh dien Quoc gia da diidc thanh lap vao


Rghien emi Lich siSr. stf 10.2014
nam 1950 tii Nha khai hoang di dan (2).
TCf thang 2 nam 1957, nham dap ting
yeu ciu dat ra cho nen kinh t§' nong nghi6p
va dl cha'n chinh lai t l chiic, giam nhe bien
che, chuyin ngU^ sang linh viic san xua't,
mot b6 ph|in can bo, bo d6i tut mien Nam
tap ket ra Bac da phuc vien tinh nguygn
xin di thanh lap cac Lien doan san xua't
nong nghiep mi^n Nam.
Thiic hien chu trUdng chuyen nganh
hang loat b6 d6i sang lam kinh te sau boa
binh lap lai, nh^m xky diing hau phUdng,
ciing co' bien gidi, md mang nhflng viing
nong, cong nghidp njdi, ma chu yeu la nong
nghiSp, tiSn hanh xSy diing n6ng trUdng d
nhflng khu viic quan trong ve kinh t§',
chinh tri, quan sii nham gop phan xay
dUng kinh te xa hpi chu nghia d mien Bac
vdi phUdng cham "Chuyen mot p h i n li^c
lUdng quan doi lam nhiem vu san xnSit,
nham muc dich dUa bp ddi xung phong di
d i u trong viec md rdng hau phUdng, xay
diing can cii dia, giam bdt q u i n sd' xay dung

bo dpi thudng tnic, cung co' quw phong" (3).
Tii cuoi nam 1957, Bp Qud'c phdng da
chuyin mdt bp phan liic lUdng quSn dpi ra
lam nhiSm vu san xua't de xay diing thanh
cac ndng trudng quan ddi. D l quan ly, chi
dao li^c lUdng nliy, Cue Ndng trudng quan
ddi da dUdc thanh l^p dudi sii chi dao triic
tiep cua Tong cue Hau can.
Nhu v|iy, ndng triidng quo'c doanh d
mien B^c dUdc hinh thanh tit 3 nguon: Thd
nhdt Id Ndng trudng qudc doanh xay diing
tren cd sd qudc hiiu hoa cac don dien ciia
thiic ddn Phap, cua tu ban, ho^c cua dia
chu phong kien Viet Nam; Thd hai Id cac
Lien dokn san xuA't nong nghiep do can bd,
bp ddi mign Nam tap kg't ra Bac; Thd ba Id
nhiing ndng trudng quan ddi dUdc thanh
lap theo chu trUdng chuyin nganh hang
loat bp ddi sang lam kinh te.
Cung vdi nhiem vu cai tao phat trien

kinh tC trpng tam la ph&t triln thanh p h i n
kinh t^ qudc doanh, thdi ky nay Ndng
trudng qudc doanh dUdc kjf vpng la hinh
thttc to chiic kinh t^ ti^n bo nhd't trong n^n
ndng nghigp xa hoi chu nghia, nhU Chi thi
so' 336 (thang 8 nam 1957) cua Thu tUdng
Chinh phu v^ vipe xay diing nganh nong
trudng qud'c doanh da chi rd: "Ndng trUdng
qud'c doanh la hinh thiic to chiic kinh te

tien bp nha't trong nen ndng nghi§p xa hpi
chu nghia. Ddi vdi nUdc ta hien nay dang S
trong thdi ky qua dp tiing bUdc tien len chu
nghTa xa hdi, ndng trudng qud'c doanh cd
tac dung gUdng mSu trong viec cai tien nen
kinh te tieu ndng theo phUdng thiic xa hpi
chu nghia" (4). Ddi vdi mid'n Bdc liic do
dang trong thdi k^ cai tao thanh p h i n kinh
td' ca the, tU nhan, xac l^p thanh p h i n kinh
te tap the, tiing budc dua san xua't nhd Idn
san xua't Idn xa hdi chu nghia, Ndng trudng
qud'c doanh cd tac dung lam gUdng miu
trong viec cai tao n^n kinh te tilu ndng
theo phUdng thiic xa hdi chu nghia, hUdng
d i n ngUdi ndng dan di vao con dudng lam
an tap t h i , cai tien ky thuat canh tac, lam
an theo dudng ldi mdi xa hdi chu nghia. Do
vi tri vai trd va tinh cha't quan trpng nhU
vay, nen ngay tie khi mdi thanh lap, Ndng
triidng quoc doanh da diidc giao nhidm vu:
- Tap trung san xuat mdt sd' san phim
chinh cin thiet cho nha nUdc, chu yeu la
cay cdng nghidp, ehan nudi. NhUng tiay
theo dieu kien da't dai va kha nang quan If
cua Ndng trUdng qudc doanh, cd the trong
thdm nhiing cay lUdng thiic thich hdp nhU
Ilia, ngd, khoai, sdn...
- Tich luy kinh nghiem, dao tao can bd,
ap dung ky thuat tidn tieh ve ndng nghidp,
phat huy tinh cha't liu viet cua Ndng trudng

qud'c doanh ve cac mat san xua't, kinh
doanh, cai thidn ddi sd'ng d l lam gUdng
miu, ddng vien, to chiic va hiidng d i n ndng
dan tham gia phong trao Hdp tac hoa ndng


Tim hieu nong mrcmg quoe doanh..
nghiep,
- Kinh doanh c6 lai, tich liiy von cho nha
nude diing vdi tinh cha't la xi nghidp, doanh
nghiep cua nha nude (5).
Doi vdi cac Lien doan san xua't ndng
nghiep mig'n Nam cd 2 nhidm vu: Xay diing
cd sd kinh te ndng nghiep xa hoi chu nghia
la nhidm vu lau dai; Phat triln san xua't
nham dam bao tii tiic tu ca'p la nhiem vu
tnidc mdt (6). Cdn ddi vdi cac ndng trUdng
quan dpi cd nhidm vu phat trien kinh td'
khu vUc mdi; Xdy diing bien cUdng, cung cd'
qud'c phong; Thue hien chinh sach dan tdc
cua Dang va Chinh phu (7). Ngoai nhiing
nhiem vu ke tren, eac ndng trudng edn cd
nhiem vu giiip dd phat trien kinh td' xa hdi
d dia phUdng.
Tinh den cudi nam 1957, tren toan mien
Bdc da cd 16 Ndng trudng quo'c doanh,
chie'm didn tich 54.240 ha, trong dd, da't dai
diidc khai hoang va trdng trpt la 6.044 ha,
cd 8.523 edng nhSn, can bd va 371 may mdc
cac loai (8). Tren cd sd phue h6i 10 ndng

trUdng qudc doanh cii va 6 ndng trUdng
qud'c doanh dUdc xay mdi (9) chinh la
nhfing cd sd kinh doanh ndng nghiep d i u
tidn cua nha nude bao gom: Ndng trUdng
Phii Quy d Quang Binh; Ndng trUdng Ngoc
Thach d Ha "Hnh; Ndng trudng Bd'Ha d Bdc
Giang; Ndng trUdng Sdng Ld d Tuyen
Quang; Ndng triidng Ninh Hai d Kie'n An;
Ndng trudng Ddng Hid'u d Nghe An; Ndng
trudng Tay Hid'u d Nghe An; Ndng trudng
Sdng Con d Nghd An; Ndng trUdng Trinh
Mdn d Nghd An; Ndng trudng Yen My d
Thanh Hoa; Ndng triidng My Cai d Thanh
Hoa; Ndng trUdng Van Du d Thanh Hoa;
Ndng trUdng Phiic Dd d Thanh Hoa; Nong
tnidng Tam Dao d Vinh Phiic; Ndng triidng
Sdng Bdi d Hoa Binh; Ndng triidng Ddng
Giao d Ninh Binh (10).
Ve cac trai thi nghidm dUdc phan bd' nhu
sau: Trai chd, sdn d Phii Thp; Trai cao su,

ho tieu d Vinh Linh; Trai bdng, liia d Thai
Binh; Trai liia, mau d HUng Yen; Trai bdng
Hoang Giang d Thanh Hoa; Trai ehan nudi
bd, de d Cao Bang; Trai gia siic Ngpc Thanh
d Vinh Phiic; Trai lam sinh Yen Bai; 5 diem
thi nghidm trong riing d Yen Bai, Lam Sdn,
Hong Quang, Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh; Ao
ea rd phi d Ha Ddng (11).
Cac cd sd san xua't ndng nghiep xa hdi

chu nghia dUdc xay diing rdng khdp d cae
tinh midn Bdc. Mdi nong lam trudng, tram,
trai thi nghiem trd thanh nhQng trpng
diim kinh te' ndng nghiep eua eac tinh, true
tie'p giao cho dia phUdng quan \f. Cu t h i la:
Giao cho Uy ban tinh Ha Tinh quan ly 1
ndng trudng va 1 lam trudng; Uy ban tinh
Nghe An quan ly 4 ndng trudng va 2 ISm
trudng; Uy ban tmh Thanh Hoa quan ly 4
ndng trudng, 1 lam trUdng va 1 trai thi
nghiem bdng d Hoang Giang; Uy ban tinh
Quang Binh quan ly 1 ndng triidng; Uy
ban tinh Ninh Binh quan ly 1 ndng trUdng
(Ddng Giao); Uy ban tinh Hoa Binh quan ly
1 ndng trudng (Song Bdi); Uy ban tinh
Vinh Phiic quan ly 1 ndng trudng (Tam
Dao); Uy ban tinh Tuyen Quang quan 1;^ 1
ndng trudng (Sdng Ld); Uy ban tinh Lang
Sdn quan ly 1 lam trudng (Hiiu Lung); Uy
ban tinh Kien An quan ly 1 ndng trUdng
(Ninh Hai); Uy ban tinh Bdc Giang quan ly
1 ndng trUdng (Bd' Ha); Uy ban tinh HUng
Yen quan ly 1 trai thi nghiem liia mau; Uy
ban tinh Thai Binh quan ly 1 trai thi
nghiem bdng, liia; Uy ban tinh Ninh Binh
quan ly 1 trai cao su, hd tieu; Uy ban tinh
Phu Thp quan ly 1 trai che, sdn; Uy ban
tinh Yen Bai quan ly 1 trai lam sinh; Uy
ban tinh Cao Bdng quan ly 1 trai ehan nudi
(sau thanh cd sd san xua't); Uy ban tmh Ha

Ddng quan ly 1 ao ca (ca rd phi); cdn 5 diem
thi nghiem nhd lam sinh eiing giao eho cac
tinh Tuyen Quang, Lang Sdn, Thanh Hoa,
Quang Binh (12).


Hghien ciJru Lich si.
Nhiing nong trUdng do Bd Ndng lam
quan ly gom: Ndng triidng Ddng Hie'u, Tay
Hieu, Sdng Con thupc tinh Nghe An, Ndng
triidng Yen My thudc tinh Thanh Hoa,
Ndng triidng Ddng Giao thudc tinh Ninh
Binh, Ndng trudng Ninh Hai thuoc tinh
Kie'n An, Ndng trUdng Tam Dao thupe tinh
Vinh Phuc.
Nhiing ndng trudng do dia phiidng quan
ly bao gdm; Ndng triidng Phii Quy giao cho
tinh Quang Binh (vao thang 7-1958), Ndng
tnidng Thach Ngpc giao cho tinh Ha Tinh
(vao thang 7-1958), Ndng trudng Trinh
Mdn giao eho tinh Nghe An (vao thang 121958), Nong triidng My Cai giao cho tinh
Thanh Hoa (vao thang 12-1958), Nong
trUdng Phiic Do giao cho tinh Thanh Hoa
(vao thang 7-1958), Ndng trUdng Van Du
giao cho tinh Thanh Hoa (vao thang 71958), Ndng trudng Sdng Boi giao cho tinh
Hoa Binh (vao thang 7-1958), Ndng trUdng
Bd' Ha giao cho tinh Bdc Giang (vao thang
10-1958) va Ndng tnidng Sdng Ld giao cho
tinh Tuyen Quang (vao thang 3-1958) (13).
Bd Ndng lam quyet dinh chpn ndng triidng

Sdng Ld lam thi nghiem.
Tren ed sd khdi phuc mot so' ddn dien
ciia tu ban Phap de lai, tii nam 1957 den
nam 1960, viec xay diing cac Ndng triidng
qud'c doanh da dUdc trien khai manh me.
Den thang 10 nam 1960, tren mien Bdc da
xay diing diidc 59 cd sd ndng nghiep xa hpi
chu nghia, trong dd cd 9 nong triidng ciia
Lien doan san xua't ndng nghiep midn
Nam, 35 ndng trudng quan dpi va 15 nong
tnidng qud'c ddanh. Cac ndng trUdng qud'c
doanh diidc phan bd'tii ddng bang, ven bien
den viing trung du va mien niii. San phim
cua cac ndng trUdng tap trung chu yeu vao
cac loai cay cdng nghiep nhii ea phe, chd,
thud'c la, bong, hd tieu... va gia siie (phin
Idn la Idn va bd). Ndng trudng da bUde dau
hinh thanh mdt sd' viing chuyen eanh nhU

s610.2014

viing eay an qua d cac tinh Thanh Hoa,
Nghe An, Hda Binh, viing che d Vidt Bdc,
Tay Bdc, viing ea phe d Phii Quy (Nghe
An), vung hd tieu d Le Thuy - Vinh Linh,
vung ehan nudi gia siic d Mdc Chau (Sdn
La)... Quan he sd hiiu ve tU lieu san xua't
trong cae ndng trudng qude doanh la sd hiiu
toan dan do la quan he sd hiiu cd trinh dp
xa hpi hda eao nha't. Ngoai ra, ndng trUdng

diidc to chiic vdi quy md tUdng doi Idn va
tap trung, cpng vdi viec ed gidi hda va
chuyen mdn hda trong mdt sd' khau ciia qua
trinh san xua't, nen ndng trUdng qud'c
doanh diidc eoi la d i u t i u giidng mdu, cd
traeh nhiem d i n ddt cac hdp tac xa di len
san xua't Idn xa hdi chii nghia.
Thdi ky nay d mien Bdc, ben eanh ndng
trudng qud'c doanh edn ed lam trUdng va cd
sd thuy san qud'c doanh vdi mdt liic liidng len
den hdn 1 van cdng nhan vao nhiing nam 60,
lam tnidng la mdt loai hinh qud'c doanh dam
nhiem ca khai thac go va trdng riing; cdn cac
cd sd qud'c doanh nudi trong thuy san ra ddi
mudn hdn, quy mo nhd, chu yeu d ca'p dia
phUdng, pham vi hoat ddng hep, nen san
lupng hang nam khdng dang ke.
Ngoai vdn d i u tu cua nha niidc, he
thdng NTQD cdn nhan diidc vien trd tii eac
nude XHCN. Ngay 28-3-1967 Trung Qud'c
ky hiep dinh vien trd khdng hoan lai giiip
xay diing, trang bi cho 8 ndng trudng kieu
m i u va 1 triidng trung ca'p ndng tnidng vdi
sd'vd'n tren 38 trieu nhan dan te; Ngay 146-1960 Lien Xd ky hiep dinh cho vay dai
ban 350 trieu nip de giiip md them 19 ndng
trudng mdi va md rdng 27 NTQD hien cd de
san xua't cae loai cay lau nam nhu che, ca
phe, cao su va cae loai cay an qua: cam,
ehud'i, dCfa tren dien tich Idn; Mdng Co giiip
mdt so' gia siic de ehan nudi tai cac ndng

trUdng; Tiep Khac, CHDC DC(c ciing giiip vd
trang thiet bi, may mdc...
De dap iing yeu ciu, nhiem vu cua ndng


'nm hi^u nong tnrdng quoc doanh..
Trong nhiing nam d i u
xay diing, so' lUdng cdng
nhan, can bd ndng
trudng cd ra't nhid^u
1870
8323
6149
4190
chuyen bien (Xem bang
11\^
1651
4739
3458
1).
104
135
15
61
Tii nam 1955 - 1956,
541
101
495
356
sd' lUdng can bd, cdng

17
196
190
104
nhan vien ndng triidng
86
468
590
tang len nhanh do tuyen
NguiSn: B6 Nftng liim: liai nghi ii'iiig kvi 3 ii,
V ili/ni; iioii)! irid'iiig i/iiai diiuiili ii
ngudi vao ndng trudng
1955-1957 aiii Bti Ndng lam. H6 -.a i; 521. Trung li
•0 Quoe gia 111
mdt each 6 at, khdng
trudng trong giai doan each mang mdi,
chpn loe, la'y ca ngUdi
ngay 1-10-1960, Trung Udng Dang da quyet gia, ngiidi dm dau, thiidng benh binh. TrUde
dinh thanh lap Bd Ndng triidng theo Nghi khi vao ndng triidng, cdng tac giao due tU
dinh ciia Hdi dong Chinh phu, thang 4 nam tudng khdng diidc ehu trong nen cdng nhan
1960, tach Bd Ndng lam thanh: Bd Ndng vien khdng hieu diidc vai trd va nhiem vu
nghiep, Bd Ndng trudng qud'c doanh, Tong quan trpng eua Ndng triidng quoc doanh,
ci^c thuy san va Tong cue Lam nghiep.
ma phin Idn diia tren tinh than tii giac, t\^
Bd Ndng trUdng dupe thanh lap da thd'ng nguyen. Do dd, trong thdi gian diu, anh chi
nha't quan ly ta't ca cac Ndng trUdng qud'c em cdng nhan vien deu dem het nhiet tinh
doanh gdm Ndng trudng quan dpi. Lien lao ddng de xay diing ndng trUdng, nhung
doan san xua't ndng nghidp mien Nam. Sii sau mdt thdi gian da nay sinh tam ly ehan
ra ddi ciia Bd Ndng trUdng lam eho cac che nan, ue oai, khdng tap trung va nhiet tinh
dp chinh sach, cae td' chiie kinh doanh phu cdng tac, nen nang sua't lao ddng giam siit

hdp vdi yeu ciu phat triln san xua't; viec SLT (14).
dung nhSn liic, may mde, da't dai dUde tap
TrUdc tinh hinh do, nam 1957, Trung
trung hdn, tao kha nang md rdng quy md Udng Dang cvl dean xud'ng tim hilu thiic te
san xua't cua cac ndng trUdng. Tren cd sd dd tai cac ndng trudng va quye't dinh on dinh
da tao dieu kien thuan ldi hdn trong viee ap td ehiie, sap xep lai liic lUdng can bd, edng
dung ky thuat hien dai vao san xua't ndng nhan ndng trudng: Nhiing ngUdi gia ea, dau
nghiep mdt each nhanh chdng hdn va dm, thUdng benh binh, siie khoe khdng du
nhiing thanh tiiu ky thuat diic ket dUde 6 thi dUdc bd' tri cdng viec khac hoac dUa ve
cac ndng trudng, nhflng kinh nghiem quan dia phUdng san xua't; nhiing edng nhan edn
ly, nghiep vu cd dieu kien ap dung rdng rai d lai ndng trudng la nhiing ngudi ed siic
hdn.
khde de dam bad cdng viec va tren tinh
2. Ve dot ngii c a n bo, cong n h a n vien than y thiic tii giac. Bdi vay, trong hai nam
(1957 va 1958), so' lUdng can bd, cdng nhan
ndng tritdng
Dai bd phan cdng nhan cua cac Ndng d ndng tnidng tuy giam ve sd' lUdng nhiing
trudng quoc doanh la can bd, bd dpi mien dd thiie sii la Iiie lUdng lao dpng ed y thiie
Nam t^p ket (chiem 58% nam 1956), eac va tinh than lao ddng xay diing ndng
ddn vi bd ddi, thanh nidn xung phong, hoac tnidng. Nhd eung cd' so' liidng can bd, cdng
cdng nhan tCf cac nganh khac chuyen sang. nhan ndng trUdng, tranh tinh trang lang
Bang 1: Tong so can bo, congnhar vien chdc den cuoi nam 1958
Dan 17 linh: n^itiii
1956
1958
1955
1957

Tong so can bo, cong nhan vien
linh den cuoi ndm

Tronp d6 co:
C6ng nhan san xuai
Nhan vien ky Ihuai
Nhan vien hanh chi'nh
Nhiln vien phu iriich van hiia xa hOi
Nhan vifin khac


Rghien curu Lich sJr. sg 10.2014
phi nhan liie, nen tii nam
Bang 2: So von dilu lir xay dung co ban cho Nong trirong quuc doanh
1960, liic lUdng lao dpng san
Dffii vi tinh: 1.000 cloiin
xua't d cac ndng trudng da di
Nam
Ke hoach
Ho^n (hfinh
Thifc hien
vao on dinh.
1955
465.620
100%
465,622
Dpi ngii can bd, edng nhan
1956
5.975.3-19
101 %
6.051.822
1957
1,821.643

107%
1.950,147
ndng trudng ngay cang dUde
nang cao ve trinh dp chuyen
102%
COng
8.262,602
8,467..59l
mdn va p h ^ cha't dao diic
Nguon: Bdo ccio it'iiig ke) Ih'ii iiftlii m'mg iraiiitg i/inii- iltiaiili iritiii mien BCic Urn ihit
de cd the dap iing diidc yeu
den 2110119m. H6 M .s6: 7. Ir. 12. Trujig Iflm
nlwl Imp ngdy 2miimi
lull Ir&Oufic gia III
ciu, nhiem vu. Khi mdi
thanh lap cd nhieu ndng
tnidng, xi nghiep cd hang tram edng nhan, tri gia len den 1.625.000 dong. Ne'u la'y chi sd'
nhiing chi cd tii mdt de'n hai ky sU; tham chi nam 1955 la 100 thi nam 1958 tang len 600,
cd mdt so" xi nghiep Idn, nhUng khdng cd mdt nam 1959 tang len 1.810, t^c la gap 18 lan
ky sU nao. Khi gap va'n d^ yeu ciu trinh do (17). Nam 1960, ndng triidng dUOc diu tU 270
ky thuat cao mdi giai quye't dUdc thi cae ddn may keo tieu chuan 15 ma lUc, 217 d td va
vi nay thudng bi liing tiing. Cudi nam 1957, cac phiidng tien san xua't khac.
Vd linh vi^c xay diing ed ban, do ehi chii
Dang va Nha nUde da dao tao diidc 364 cdng
nhan lai may kee, 53 can bd ed khi (15) cho trpng tang sd' liipng ndng trUdng mdi, nen da
dan den tinh trang xay diing vdi vang. Sd'
toan nganh Ndng trudng qud'c doanh.
3. Ve d a u trf xay diAig cd sd vat c h a t , lUdng cac Ndng trUdng qud'c doanh mdi dUde
thanh lap nhieu, nhung thid'u sii dilu tra,
ky t h u a t , m a y m o c

Ndng trudng qud'c doanh ed vai trd, vi tri tham dae, khdng lap ke' hoach va vach mi^c
va nhiem v\i quan trpng trong nd'n kinh td' tieu xay diing theo hiidng phat trien toan
nen dUdc liu tien dau tu xay diing cd sd vat didn, the hien d chd mdt sd' da't khai hoang
cha't, di dau trong iing dung thanh tiiu khoa khdng thich hdp vdi trdng trpt, cd nhiing
hpc ky thuat. Mac dii trong dieu kien da't edng trinh khdng thich hdp vdi yeu cau san
nude edn nhieu khd khan, song Ndng tnidng xuat... Trong xay diing cd ban, eac cdng
qudc doanh da ludn thu hiit dUde sii quan trinh san xua't nhu chudng, trai, san phdi,
tam, diu tU vi ed sd vat cha't, ky thuat, may nha kho... khdng dUdc chu y xay diing, ma
mdc. Tinh den cudi nam 1957, toan nganh tap trung xay diing eac cdng trinh phi san
Ndng trudng qud'c doanh dUdc trang bi 188 xua't nhu cae cau lac bd, nha tim... nen da
may keo (15 ma liic) va 296 ndng cu cac loai; gay lang phi ngudn vd'n eiia nha nUde.
dau tu vao ndng trudng 4.968 trieu ddng vd'n
4, Ddi s o n g c u a c a n bo, c o n g n h a n
lUu ddng va 8.233 trieu ddng vd'n xay diing n o n g t r i i d n g
ed ban. Nha nude da xay diing dUpc
Do chii trUdng xay diing phan Idn cac
136.750m2 nha ciia, 61.804m^ san phdi, 45 ndng trudng tren nhiing viing da't mdi khai
cai ciu ed'ng, 2 dap niidc, 84 eai gie'ng nUdc, pha, nen trong thdi gian dau mdi thanh lap
1.27Dm mudng phai (16).
ndng trUdng, ddi sd'ng ciia can bp, cdng
Trong ba nam (1955-1957), sd'vdh d i u tii
xay dung cd ban cho Ndng trUdng qud'c doanh
rat Idn. Ngoai ra, cac Nong tnidng qud'c
doanh cdn dUdc vien trp may mdc, dung cu

nhan ndng tnidng gap nhidu khd khan ca
vd vat cha't l i n tinh t h i n , die'u kien sinh
boat thieu thon. Khu nha d eho can bd,
cdng nhan vien chi la nhiing lan trgi, tranh

Tim hieu nftng tnrcmg qutfc doanh...
tre niia la ddn sd, lai thudng xuyen phai dd'i
dien vdi benh sot ret. Thdi gian sau, Dang
va Nha nUdc da quan tam chii y cham lo
nham eai thien ddi song vat cha't va tinh
than cho can bd, cdng nhan ndng tnidng.
Tnidc het la cdng tac bao hd lao ddng diipc
chii y hdn, nen sd' tai nan lao ddng da giam
di nhid'u. Nam 1956, ed 157 cdng nhan hi
thiidng, nam 1957 khdng dl xay ra vu nad.
Ve nha d, ndng triidng da xay diing diidc
khu nha gach ngdi, khu lam viee, khu giai
tri, khu nha an, nha tim... Ve cdng tac y
te, nam 1956, cdng tac cham sde sflc khoe
cdn nhieu yeu kem, ty Id ngUdi d'm dau len
tdi 20%, cd ndi len tdi 60-70%. Tii sau thang
cudi nam 1957, cdng tac ve sinh phdng
b^nh dupe quan tam, chii y hdn trUdc, cii 6
ngudi thi ed 1 nhan vien y td', 25 ngUdi cd
mpt quan Ijf ca'p dUdng, viec ve sinh phdng
benh kha hdn nen ty le dm dau bdt di
nhieu. Quy I nam 1958, binh quan cd 8%
ngUdi nghi dm, cd ndi chi 0,46%, ndi cao
nhat la 10% de'n 11% nhU Ndng trUdng
Phuc Dd va Ndng trUdng Tay Hieu (18).
Phong trao tang gia san xua't, tu cai thien
ddi sd'ng ciing thu dUde nhidu ket qua tot.
Dai bp phan cdng nhan vien ndng tnidng da
tu tiic dUdc rau, thiic phim de tii cung tii ca'p

cho sinh boat cua ndr^ tnidng.
Cdng tac giao due van boa, ehinh tri tU
tudng Cling dUdc quan tam. Nan mii ch3 da
dUdc thanh toan gan hd't, cd ndng triidng da
sd' cdng nhan hpc het Idp 4 - Idp 5, nhieu
ndng trudng da thu dUde thanh tich ve
nang cao trinh dd van hoa cho cdng nhan.
Nam 1957 cd 38 ngUdi dUdc cvi di dii hpc Idp
quan tri ndng tnidng, 90 ngudi dupe cii di
hpc cac Idp ke toan, tai vu, cd khi, bd tiic
van hoa... va cd so" ddng ngUdi khac dUdc CLC
di hpc cac Idp dii bi chinh tri, van hoa. Nan
mil chii h i u nhU da dUdc thanh toan, ket
qua cd 611 ngudi hpc Idp 1; 1.156 ngudi hpc
Idp 2; 1.170 ngUdi hpe Idp 3; 857 ngUdi hpc

Idp 4; 269 ngudi hpe Idp 5; 83 ngUdi hpe Idp
6; 78 ngUdi hpc ldp7; 11 ngiidi hpc Idp 8 va 6
ngUdi hpc Idp 9 (19). Nhin chung ddi sd'ng
vat cha't va van hoa tinh than cua cdng
nhan vien ndng trUdng da tiing bUdc dUde
quan tam va nang cao hdn.
5. Tinii h i n h s a n x u a t cua n o n g
triidng quoc doanh
VS khai hoang, la mpt nhidm vu quan
trpng cua Ndng triidng qud'c doanh. Day
viia la nhiem vu kinh te, viia la nhiem vu
chinh tri co y nghia mang tinh chien ludc.
Ngay tii khi thanh lap, Ndng trUdng qud'c
doanh dUde giao nhiem vu khai hoang, md

rdng dien tich trong trpt de xay diing nen
nhiing viing kinh te' mdi. Trong dieu kidn
cua mien Bac lue dd edn ra't khd khan, nen
viec khai hoang md rpng dien tich chu yeu
diia tren tinh t h i n tu liic canh sinh va sU
va't va, chiu diing gian kho cua cdng nhan
vien toan nganh ndng trUdng. Sii phat trien
eua ndng trUdng the hien chii yeu d vide
khai hoang, vd hoa, md rdng dien tieh,
trdng mdi de trd thanh nhiing Ndng tnidng
qudc doanh Idn. Cuoi nam 1958 khai hoang
901 ha, lap them 16 ha vUdn Udm ca phe,
eao su, cam (20). Nam 1960, eac ndng
trUdng khai pha dUde 24.300ha tren tdng
dien tich 185.000ha. Chan nudi dUdc 35.600
trau bd, tren 400 ngiia, 3.200 de, eiiu va
Idn, ga, vit, ngdng (21).
Ve trong trpt, eac ndng tnidng khdng
ngiing md rdng dien tich gieo trdng vdi cac
loai cay trdng nhU cay cdng nghiep lau nam
(ea phe, cao su...), eay cdng nghiep hang nam
(thud'c la, viing, bdng, lae...), eay lUdng thiic
(Ilia, ngd...), eay an qua (cam, diia, quyt....);
ddng thdi da budc d i u binh thanh dupe mot
so' viing chuyen canh nhu che Tay Bac, Viet
Bac, viing ea phe Phii Quy, viing eSy an qua
Nghe An, Thanh Hda, Ha Tay, Sdn Tay, Hda
Binh, viing hd tieu Quang Binh, Vinh Linh...
Trong 3 nam diu (1955-1957), Ndng tnidng

R g h i e n curu Lich sJr. s o 1Q.2014

Bang 3: Niing suat mpt sd loai cay trong chinh ciia nong trucmg
Dcfu viiinli: tg I lia
Ciic loai cay
Caphe

1955
1,2 Id
57 la
11,9 la

Mia

230 la

1958
4,1 la
116,91a
16,87 la
12,7 la
426,2 la

1957
3,56 la
40 la
9,3 la
lla
228,3 la

1956
2.72 la
43 la
8,5 la
2,3 la
315 la

Ngu6n: B6 N6ng Itlm: Bui> cao idii)- ke'l lien do nam I95fi va xOkei lUiii^ .\iiaii nam 1959 iinanh n
iiiriiiig qiii'icdoanh Bo Nong lam. H(i so so: 570. Trung lAm liru Irir Qudc gia 111
qud'c d o a n h tich ciic d a y m a n h k h a i h o a n g v a

rd p h i . T r o n g n a m

t r d n g t r p t . D i e n t i c h t r d n g mdi, c h a m sdc,

c u n g ca'p dUde 1 1 1 , 8 ta'n t h i t , 1400 lit siia,

1958, n d n g trUdng da

p h u c hdi n a m 1957 la 1.806.000 h a , k d ' h o a e h

8 0 9 . 0 0 0 q u a t r i i n g vit, 1 2 3 9 1 ta'n p h a n . So

n a m 1958 la 1.830.083 h a . C a n bp, e d n g n h a n

vdi ke' h o a c h diidc g i a o , so' l i i d n g d a n bd vUdt

n d n g trUdng nd liic viidt mpi k h d k h a n , g i a n

ke' h o a c h 13,7%; t h i t bd vUdt kd' h o a c h 10%

k h d h o a n t h a n h v a viidt miic k e h o a e h diide

cdn n h i i n g chi t i e u k h a c d e u k h d n g d a t k e

giao. N a m

h o a c h ; so lUdng d a n Idn chi d a t 20,6%; s a n

1958, n d n g t n i d n g d a d a m b a o

dUde dien tich gieo t r d n g la 3 5 3 5 h a gdm cac

lUdng t h i t Idn c h i d a t 4 1 , 3 % ; sd'lUdng d a n vit

cay cdng n g h i e p l a u n a m , cdng n g h i e p h a n g

e h i d a t 4 3 , 9 % ; s a n lUdng t h i t vit c h i d ^ t

n a m , cay a n q u a , eay lUdng thiic. T r e n d i e n

6 7 , 4 % ; s a n l i i d n g siia l a 2 2 , 2 % ; s a n liidng

tich dd, t h u dUde 3 1 1 t a n c a p h e n h a n ; 11 ta'n

t r i i n g l a 7 1 % v a p h a n l a 7 1 % k e h o a c h (23).

thud'c la; 4 5 , 5 ta'n lae; 5 3 2 ta'n m i a cay; 139

Tii k h i t h a n h

lap, Ndng triidng

qud'c

t a n c a m ; 6 4 , 5 ta'n q u y t ; 1249 ta'n liia; 126 ta'n

d o a n h diidc g i a o n h i e m v u la k i n h d o a n h ed

ngd v a m p t s d h o a m a u k h a c (22). T r o n g do,

l a i , t a n g t i c h l u y v d n e h o n h a nUde. T r e n

b i n h q u a n n a n g sua't t r e n m d t h a c u a m d t so

thiic

loai cay t r d n g q u a cac n a m c h i i n g td sii viidn

d o a n h k h d n g h i d u q u a , t y Id lo c a o . N a m

l e n ciia cac n d n g t r U d n g .
Ve chdn nudi, N d n g t r u d n g qud'c d o a n h t r d
t h a n h t i e n de" v a h i n h a n h ciia n e n s a n xua't
Idn x a hdi ehii n g h i a . Cac d a n bd t h i t , bd siia,

te, Ndng

trudng

qud'c d o a n h

kinh

1 9 5 6 Id 2 . 1 1 4 , 5 9 6 t r i e u d d n g , n a m 1957 Id
531.917 trieu

ddng, trong

3 nam

(1955-

1957) t d n g lo l a 1 4 7 , 3 2 2 t r i e u d o n g (24).
Nam

1956 va n a m

1 9 5 7 , t r o n g s d 16

d a n Idn vdi q u y m d Idn d e u t h u d c ve eac

n d n g t r u d n g , cd 1 5 n d n g t r U d n g k i n h d o a n h

N d n g trUdng qud'c d o a n h . N d n g t r i i d n g qud'c

h i Id. D o t h d i g i a n d a u m d i d i v a o x a y diing,

d o a n h k h d n g chi h i n h t h a n h v u n g c h u y e n

c a e n d n g t r U d n g qud'c d o a n h 6 a t m d r d n g

c a n h ve eay t r o n g , m a cdn t r d t h a n h v i i n g

s a n xua't, n a n g s u a t l a o d d n g k d m ,

t a p t r u n g e h a n n u d i q u y m d Idn. N h i e m v u

lUdng k h d n g d a t k e t q u a diidc g i a o . S a u

dat r a cho e h a n nudi la t a p t r u n g e h a n nudi

n a m 1 9 5 7 , vdi c h u t r U d n g e u n g e d ' c a c n d n g

san

m d t sd' loai gia siic c h i n h de d a m b a o c u n g

t r u d n g , n h a n liie d n d i n h h d n , ke' h o a c h s a n

ca'p siic k e o , g i o n g t d t c h o h d p t a c xa, t h i t ,

xua't s a t vdi t i n h h i n h t h i i e te' h d n , c h i i ^

siia, t r i i n g e u n g ca'p c h o n h a nUdc.

dd'n c a i t i e n k y t h u a t , n e n sd' le cd g i a m b d t ,

T i n h de'n c u o i n a m 1 9 5 8 , d a n g i a siic e u a

t r o n g 16 n d n g t r U d n g ed 3 n d n g t r u d n g l a i

t o a n n g a n h N d n g t r U d n g qud'c d o a n h gdm

4 2 5 t r i e u v a 1 3 n d n g t r U d n g lo 9 5 7 t r i e u . S d

5.151 con bd, 3 5 8 con t r a u , 3 6 8 con Ipn,

Id t h u c c u a n a m 1 9 5 7 l a 5 3 1 . 9 1 7 t r i d u b a n g

1 1 8 6 8 eon vit v a m d t sd' ga, n g a n , n g d n g , e a

2 4 , 8 % s o l d c u a n a m 1 9 5 6 (25).


Tim hieu nong trucmg qudc doanh..
Nam 1958, cac nong trUdng da bat d i u
kinh doanh cd lai. Nhiing san pham cd lai
la ca phe lai 701 trieu ddng, cam lai 86,5
trieu ddng, ly do lai khdng phai la day
manh nang sua't tang ma phan Idn la do
dieu chinh gia dUdc hdp ly hdn. Cac loai san
phim mdi khac deu Id, nhat la cac cay cdng
nghiep hang nam nhu: Bdng Id 6 trieu 732;
Thiu d i u Id 22.957 tridu; Viing, lac Id
67.390 trieu; Sa 16 1.60 trieu; D6 tiidng Id
3.900 trieu; Thud'c la Id 7.061 trieu; Ngd,
khoai Id 5.500 trieu; Liia Id 83.803 trieu.
Chan nudi eiing Id, nha't la tieu gia siie: Bd Id

15 trieu 333; Vit, Idn lo 42.000 trieu ddng
(26). NMn chung, boat dpng san xud't ciia
NTQD khdng that sii hieu qua, trii mdt so'
ndng triidng san xua't chd, cdn h i u nhU ta't
ca cae nong lam tnidng, tram trai de'u thua
Id. Diing nhu tac gia Chif Van Lam da chi ro
"cac ndng lam trUdng tuy ed nhiing thanh
tiiu nha't dinh, song khdng tiidng xiing vdi sd'
vd'n dau tii nha nude bd ra. Cd nhieu nguyen
nhan cua tinh trang dd, nhUng trudc het la
do cd ehe' tap trung quan lieu bao cd'p tit tren
xud'ng da lam cho hoat ddng kinh te' cua
ndng triidng kem hieu qua (27). Thiie trang
dd da lam cho ddi sd'ng can bd cdng nhan
ndng tnidng cdn nhieu khd khan, keo theo
dd la eac va'n de ve van hda, xa hpi khac
ciing ra't dang diide quan tam.
Ket l u a n
Trong qua trinh tien hanh xdy dung
mien Bic xa hdi ehu nghia. Dang va Nha
nUde tien hanh cai tao cac thanh phan kinh
te', dua cac thanh phan kinh te' ca t h i tii
nhan di vao con diidng qud'c doanh va tap
the hda, dUa nen san xuat nhd len san xua't
Idn xa hpi chu nghia. Trong qua trinh dd da
thiic hien chCi triidng thanh lap cac Ndng
trudng qud'c doanh, ddng thdi Dang va Nha
nude ciing chii trUdng ed gidi hoa quy md
Idn n h i m tao ra "cii bich" vdi nen kinh te'
ndng nghidp, lam thay ddi ndng thdn ddng

bang Bac Bd. Trong giai doan dau tien, cac
NTQD da cd nhiing thanh tiiu nhat dinh va
cd nhiing dong gop vao cdng cudc khdi phuc
va phat trien kinh te - xa hdi d mien Bic,
gdp phin phan edng lao dpng xa hdi, cai
thien ddi sd'ng nhan dan. Tuy nhien, nhiing
thanh cdng eua NTQD ehiia tUng xiing vdi
sd' vd'n d i u tu nha nUdc bd ra. Danh gia ve
hieu qua san xua't ciia khu viie NTQD,
ngay tii nhiing nam 60, Trung Udng da
nhan dinh: NTQD liic d i u xay dUng khdng
diia vao nhu cau va dieu kien cua ta la
ehinh, phiidng hudng san xufi't mdt thdi
gian dai khdng dn dinh, cd sd vat cha't ky
thuat cho tham eanh khdng dUdc chii y tii
diu, quy hoaeh eua nhieu ndng trudng
chUa hoan chinh, can do'i giiia cae loai cay
trong va giOa trong trpt, ehan nudi trong
tiing ndng trudng bd' tri cdn liing tiing.
Nguyen nhan san xuat thua Id eiia NTQD
la do cd che' tap trung quan lieu bao ca'p tii
tren xud'ng diidi, ta't ca deu ham lam to,
lam nhanh, lam nhieu, lam qua siic, y lai
vao may moc va khdng xua't phat tii kha
nang thiic te eiia can bo va cdng nhan.
Tren thiic te' nhiing nam d i u xay diing
ndng tnidng qud'c doanh, sd'vd'n d i u tU Idn,
tap trung mpi sii Uu tien eua nha nUdc cho
ndng trUdng, song Ndng trudng qud'c doanh

khong dat diide nhiing ky vpng, mue tieu
nhu da dat ra. Vide san xua't kinh doanh
cua cae Ndng trUdng quo'c doanh da ed
nhiing bieu hien thua Id tii kha sdm,
khdng tieh luy dUdc vdn cho nha nude, trai
lai nha niidc phai thudng xuyen bii Id eho
cac ndng trUdng. NhU vay, ndng trudng
qud'c doanh chiia lam trdn diide vai trd
gUdng mau dd'i vdi ndng dan de thiic da'y
ngiidi nong dan budc vao eon dUdng hpp tac
hoa va lam an cd hieu qua de cd the nang
cao dUdc ddi song vat chat va van hoa tinh
t h i n cho ngudi ndng dan nhu muc tieu va
ke hoach ban dau da de ra.


Rghien eiiru Ljeh sCe. ad 10.2014

12
CHU THICH
(1). Dang Cong san V i | t Nam: Vdn kien Ddng

(13). Bp Nong lam: Du thdo phdn cdp qudn ly

todn tap, tap 16, nSm 1955. Nxb. Chinh tri Qufl'c

nong trUdng quoc doanh.

gia, Ha Noi, 2002, tr. 211

Trung tam lUu trfl Quoc gia III.

Ho sd s6 2053, tr. 19.

(2). Den nSm 1958, S6 Quc^c doanh nong nghiep

(14). Tinh den cuoi nam 1956 co 20% ngudi

ddi th^nh Cyc Quan 1;? Nong trii&ng quoc doanh.

tich ciic cQng tac, 40% \km cho qua ngay thang,
20% dau o'm, 20% khong chiu lam viec, lam cho

Bo Nong lam.
(3). Cue Nong trudng quan doi: Bdo cao tinh
hinh chuyin qudn ra sdn xuat ndm 1959 cua Cue
ndng trudng. Ho sd so 43, tr. 7. Trung tam luu trfl
ngay 16-8-

1957, Ve cong tdc cung co nong trUifng quoc doanh,
so 53, ra ng&y 11-12-1957, tr. 179-180.

n h a n dan. Ngudn: Bo Nong trUdng: DU thdo Bdo

ndm

1957. Ho sd so 98, tr. 1. Trung tam liiu trii Quoc
gia i n .

hodn

thdnh nhiSm vu cdch mang d miin Bdc ciing nhii
miin Nam (Bao cao tai Hoi nghi N5ng trUdng quoc
doanh toan quoc l^n thii nha't hop ngay 26-9-1960
den ngay 2-10-1960;, Ho sd so 7, tr. 9, 9. Trung
tam lilu trii Quo'c gia III.
(8). Bo Nong tnidng: Chi thi cua Thu

(15). (16), (18), (24), (25). B6 N6ng trUdng: Du
thdo 3 ndm xdy dUng nong trUdng qudc doanh. Ho
Trung t^m lau trB

QuS'c gia III.
(17). Bo Nong trUdng: Phan ddu xdy dUng ndng
trudng

qudc doanh,

thiet

thUc gop phdn

hodn

thdnh nhiem vu cdch mang d mien Bae cUng nhU

(6), (7). Bo NSng tnidng: Phan dau xdy dUng
nong triidng qudc doanh, thii't thiic gop phdn

sd so' 1, tr. 25. T r u n g tam luu trfl Qu6'c gia IH.

sd so 1, tr. 3, 3, 26. 19, 20.

(5). Bo N6ng trifdng: Chi thi cua Thii tiidng ve
cdng tdc cung co nong tritbng quoc doanh

mien Nam (Bao cao tai Hoi nghi Nong trUcIng quo'c
doanh toan qu6'c Mn thii n h a t hop ngky 26-9-1960
de'n ngay 2-10-1960J, Ho sd so 7, tr. 12. Trung tam
lUu trii Quoc gia III.
(19), (20), (22), (23). Bg Nong lam: Bdo edo idng
ki't tien do ndm 1958 ud sd ket ddng xudn

ndm

1959 ngdnh ndng trUdng qud'c doanh Bd Ndng Idm,
tudng

Chinh phu ve cong tdc cung co ndng triidng quo'c
doanh nam 1957, Ho sd so 98, tr. 1. Trung tam lUu
trQ Qufl'c gia III.
(9). Bo Nong lam: Hdi nghi tong ket 3 ndm xdy
diing ndng trUbng qud'c doanh ndm 1955-1957 cua
Bd Nong lam. Ho sd so 521, tr. 20. Trung tSm luu
trii Quo'c gia III.
(10), (11), (12). Bo Nong Mm: Du thdo phdn cap
qudn ly cdc ndng tnidng, Idm triidng vd cdc trai thi
nghiSm 6 dia phUOng, Ho sd so 2053, tr. 3, 4, 5-6.
Trung tSm luu trii Quoc gia III.

nhig'u kho khSn va a n h hudng khong tot d€'n
edo 3 ndm xdy dUng nong trUdng quo'c doanh. Ho

Quoc gia III.
(4). Cong bao: Chi thi s6'336-TTg

tinh hinh nong tru&ng khdng fl'n dinh, gay them

Ho sd so: 570, tr. 25, 13, 13, 18. Trung tam lUu trQ
Quoc gia III.
(21). Theo Dang Phong (chii bifen). Lich si kinh
te Viet Nam

1945-2000,

t^p II: 1955-1975. Nxb.

Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2005, tr 280.
(26). Bg Nong lam: Bdo cao tdng ket tii'n dp
ndm 1958 ud sndng trUdng qudc doanh Bo Ndng Idm, US sd so':
570, tr. 29. Trung tam luu trii Quoc gia III.
(27). Vi6n Kinh te hoc: 45 nSm kinh t^ Vi6t
Nam (1945-1990). Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha N6i,
1990, tr. 114,