TỪ GIẢI PHÓNG MIỀN NAM THỐNG NHẤT ĐẤT NƯỚC ĐẾN HỘI NHẬP QUỐC TẾ

Tir CIAI PHONG MIEN NAM, THONG NHAT TO OUOC
DEN HOI NHAP OUOC TE

v o KIM CirONG'

1. Dpc l a p d a n toe, thd'ng n h a t da't
ntfdc - cd sd n e n t a n g c u a t i e n t r i n h
hoi n h a p quo'c t e
Cupc Tong tie'n cong vfi noi dfiy miia
Xuan nam 1975 dupe md mfin bang Chie'n
dich Tay Nguyen (tfl ngfiy 10-3-1975 de'n
ngay 24-3-1975) da nhanh chong gifinh
dUde thang ldi vdi vific giai phdng hoan
tofin Thi xa Buon Ma Thupt (ngay 11-31975) vfi sau do lfi sU thfio chay cua quan
dpi Sai Gon khdi cac tinh Playcu, Kon Tum.
Dfi'n ngfiy 24-3-1975, dia bfin Tay Nguyfin
rgng ldn da dfldc giai phdng hofin tofin. Sau
thang ldi nay, Quan giai phong tifi'p tuc md
chifi'n dieh tai dia bfin Hufi'-Dfi Nfing (tfl
ngfiy 19 dfi'n 29-3-1975) vfi cung da nhanh
chong gianh thang ldi. Nhflng chifi'n t h i n g
t h i n to'c va ve vang dd da da diy quan doi
Sfii Gon vao tinh the' tuyet vpng. Tifi'p dfi'n,
tfl dau t h i n g 4-1975, eae binh dofin chu lUc
theo hfldng tie'n ve Sfii Gdn dfi giai phdng
eic dia phfldng Phan Hang, Binh Thuan,
Binh Tuy, Xufin Loc, dfinh chilm Bfi Ria.
Cuoi thfing 3 nfim 1975, chie'n dich giai
phong Sfii Gon, ndi dat tru sd eua eac ed
quan d i u nfio eua chinh quyfi'n Nguyen
Vfin Thieu da b i t dau dflde chuan bi theo

• PGS.TS. Vifin Sfl hpc

tu tudng chi dao "Thdn to'c, tdo bgo, bdt
ngd, chdc thdng". Ngay 14-4-1975, Bo
Chinh tri quyfi't dinh dat tfin "Chie'n dich
Ho Chl Minh" cho trfin tong tfi'n cong giai
phong Sfii Gdn - Gia Dinh. Ngfiy 26-4-1975,
cupc tie'n cong vfio Sfii Gon bat dau vdi sU
phoi hdp hiep ddng chfit che cua nfim canh
quan ehu lfle ciing cfie luc Ifldng vu trang
dia phUdng va sU giup sflc cua quin chung
ndi day. Tfl ngay 26 de'n ngfiy 28-4, Quan
giai phong da tieu diet mpt bp phan quan
trpng Iflc Ifldng dich tren tuyen phong thu
vong ngoai Sai Gdn va nhanh chong xifi't
chat vong vay xung quanh thanh phd.
Ngay 30-4, vdi sfl hiep ddng chie'n da'u ciia
cae lfle Ifldng chinh quy, eac lfle Ifldng biet
dong, tfl vfi kfi't hdp vdi sfl noi day cua quin
chung, Quan giai phong da than tdc thpc
sau, nhanh chong chilm Dinh Dpc lap, Bp
Tong tham mflu va Khu Bp tfl lenh cae
binh ehung quan dpi Sai Gon, Bifit khu thu
do va Tong nha eanh sat, san bay Tan Sdn
Nha't, Dai phat thanh... Tong tho'ng vfla
nham ehfle Dfldng Van Minh phai tuyfin bd
d i u hang khong dilu kien. Dung 11 gid 30
ngfiy 30-4-1975, cd cich mang da tung bay
tren ndc Dinh Dpc lap. Trong the tifi'n cong

Tir giai ph6ng mi&i Ram, adng nhat To qude..,
t h i n toe do, tfl ngfiy 30-4-1975, ddng bfio vfi
chifi'n si d m i l n Ddng Nam B6 vfi ddng bang
song Cflu Long da ddng loat tie'n cong vfi
ndi dfiy. Ngay 1-5-1975, tofin bd lanh thd
dfi't lifi'n mien Nam Viet Nam da dfldc giai
phdng. Vdi thfing ldi cua Chiln dich Hd Chi
Minh, nhan dan Viet Nam da hofin thfinh
sfl nghi$p giai phong dan tpc, giai phong
mien Nam, thdng nhfi't To qude; dfi't nudc
Viet Nam hoan toan dUdc dpc l^p.
Vdi t h i n g Idi trong Chifi'n dieh Hd Chi
Minh mua Xuan 1975, nhan dfin Viet Nam
da hofin thfinh eupe each mang dan tpc dan
chu trfin pham vi ca nflde: dan tpc dUdc dpc
lfip, To qudc dflpe thdng nhfi't. Tfl thdi diem
nay, dan tpc Viet Nam bfldc sang mpt thdi
ky mdi - thdi ky xfiy dflng vfi phfit trien dfi't
nflde gifiu manh d l c6 the "sdnh vai vdi cdc
ci^fng qudc ndm ehdu".
Cd the tha'y, viec giai phdng mien Nam,
thdng n h i t To quo'c da trd thfinh tie'n d l dl
Vifit Nam gia nhfip to chflc hfing d i u vfi
quan trpng nhfit ciia cpng ddng qude te; do
la Lifin hdp qudc (thing 9-1977). Mac d i u
tfl trflde Viet Nam da tflng ed nguyfin vpng
gia n h i p td chflc nfiy, nhflng khi dfi't nflde
con bi chia cat, bdi canh trong nflde vfi qud'c

te' chfla that t h u i n Idi nfin Viet Nam chfla
t h i tham gia. Trong ca mpt thdi gian dfii
dfi't nflde bi thfle dan P h i p do hp, mpi vific
giao lflu qudc te' chinh thfle eiia Vifit Nam
diu do Phap quye't dinh; eae mdi quan hfi
vdi thfi' gidi dfi'u phu thupe vfio chinh quyen
thUc dfin. Sau khi Cach mang t h i n g Tim
thfinh cfing, ea nudc lai tifi'p tyc cupc trfldng
k^ khfing chifi'n chdng thuc dan P h i p . Tfl
sau Hi$p dinh Gidnevd (nam 1954), mdi chi
c6 mien Bic gifinh dflpc dpc Ifip, con mifi'n
Nam lai chiu sU 1^ thupe vfio dfi' quo'c My.
Trong trfit tfl t h i gidi hai cflc, Viet Nam da
cd rfi't nhilu nd lfle d l dfit quan hfi vdi eae
nflde xa hpi chu nghia (XHCN) vfi nhie'u
nflde t h i gidi thfl ba cung nhu tu ban chu

nghia (TBCN), nhflng cic t h i Iflc thu dich
da chdng pha lai nguyen vpng ciia Vifit
Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa. Dfi'n sau khi giai
phdng mifi'n Nam, hai mifi'n da trd thanh
mpt quoc gia thdng nhfi't vfi dpc Ifip vdi su
ra ddi cua Nha nude CHXHCN Viet Nam,
thi tfl thdi dilm do, dfiu cic t h i lUc thfl dieh
vdi nhifi'u mflu mo xao quyfit eung khfing
the ngan can sfl gia nhfip ciia Viet Nam vfio
to chQc ldn nha't cua cpng ddng qudc tfi' Lien hdp quo'c.
Vdi sfl kifin giai phong miln Nam, thdng
nhfi't To qude tie'n d l de Viet Nam hfldng ra
eae nudc khu vUc Dong Nam A dfi hinh

thfinh. Dfl lufin cac nudc trong khu vUc da
ddi chifi'u, mudn hpp t i e vdi Viet Nam; va
trong thfle te hp da di theo xu hUdng nhfl
Thii
tudng
Thai
Lan
Chatichai
Choonhavan Iue bfi'y gid da tuyfin bd: "Bien
Bong Biicfng tii chidn tnidng thdnh thi
triidng". Die'u nfiy cung cd nghia la mue
tieu cua eae nudc ASEAN mong mud'n
hudng tdi hdp tfie vdi Viet Nam va dd Ifi ed
sd thufin ldi dfi Viet Nam b i t tay vao tie'n
trinh hpi nhfip khu vflc.
Nhfl vfiy, CO the noi rfing, de eo t h i di
theo eon dfldng p h i t trien nhu hifin nay thi
d i u tifin phai xua't p h i t tfl ye'u tdchu quan,
CO nghia chinh tfl nhu eau eua npi tai da't
nudc. Trong giai doan trUde khi giai phdng
mien Nam, muc tifiu hfing d i u ciia cieh
mang nUdc ta dupe khfing dinh vfi theo
dudi Ifi gianh dpc lap hofin tofin cho da't
nUde, giai phdng mifi'n Nam khdi sU lfi
thupc vfio de' qudc My, thdng nhfi't giang
sdn ve' mpt mdi, de trfin cd sd do xay diing
mpt dat nUde Viet Nam gifiu manh, phdn
vinh vfi di theo con dfldng p h i t triln mfi
Dang da Ifla ehpn. Nhfl vfiy, de phat trien
vfi hpi nhfip vdi qudc te mpt each tofin difin,

trflde tifin phai co dpc Ifip dan tpc, phai co
tu chu tuyfit ddi, hoan toan; eon neu nhfl
vfin phai ehiu Ie thupc vfio bfi't ky mpt ehu


Rghien cihi luch sit, sd 4.2Q15
the nfio thi khong thd noi dfi'n hpp tac va
hpi nhfip. Ddl vdi moi mpt chu the Ifi qudc
gia thi vfi'n de toi quan trpng d i u tifin lfi Ipi
ieh qudc gia, ldi ich qude gia phai dfldc xfiy
dijtng. Cling cd vfi bao vp tren n i n tang dpc
Ifip d i n tpe. Nfi'u nhfl khdng cd dpc lfip dan
tpc thi khong the nao ndi dfi'n Idi ich qudc
gia. Dpc lfip dan tpc la nen tang ed sd d i u
tifin d l xay dflng dfldng III hpi nhfip, tfl
chu, md rpng quan he vdi ben ngoai vi muc
tifiu xay dflng va phat trien quo'c gia-dan
tpc hung cfldng. Sfl kifin lich sfl giai phong
hoan tofin miln Nam, thdng nha't To qudc
da mang Iai eho d i t nflde mpt ed hpi mdi, ed
quyfi'n Ifla chpn con dfldng phat trifin eua
dfin tpc Vifit Nam.

cfip dfi'n trong Vfin Idfin Dai hpi Dang l i n
thfl VIII (nfim 1996): "Xay dflng mpt nfi'n
kinh t l md, hpi nhfip vdi khu vfle va thfi'
gidi, hudng manh ve xufi!t k h i u , ddng thdi
thay t h i nhfip khau bang nhQng san phim
trong nUde san xufi't c6 hieu qua" (1).

2. Q u a t r i n h h o i n h a p quo'c te h i e n
n a y la sfl t i l p nd'i c u a lich suf da'u
t r a n h cfich m a n g v a t r u y e n t h o n g d a n
toe Viet N a m

Mac d i u vfiy, tren mpt ham y rpng hdn
va muc tieu xuyen suot eua each mang Vi$t
Nam thi hpi nhfip ciia Vifit Nam dfldi sU
lanh dao cua Dang, nhfl da trinh bay 5
trfin, trflde h i t dfldc xay dflng tfl n i n mdng
cua nfi'n dpc Ifip dfin tde. Chu tieh Hd Chi
Minh khfing dinh: "Khong co gi quy hcfn dpc
lap, tti do", n i n dfic lfip eiia qu& gia-dan
tpc lfi trfin he't. "Bit co doi cd ddy Tnidng
Sctn ciing phdi gidnh cho diicfc dpc lap ddn
tpc". Dpc l^p la ne'n tang cd ban nhfi't cho
Vipt Nam tham gia vao eae hoat dpng qudc
t l , gia nh^p cac the che quoc te' va quan he
vdi cpng ddng quo'c te'.

Cpi ngudn cua hpi nhfip qudc t l , cd le
dfldc hinh thfinh tQ rfi't sdm, gfin vdi sfl
phfit trifin lich sii cua cfie qude gia-dan tpc
trong giai doan phfit triln tfl ban ehu
nghia. Song thufit ngfl nay mdi chi dfldc sfl
dung nhie'u tren the' gidi vfio euoi nhQng
nam 50 ciia thfi' ky trflde. Mac d i u co nhilu
cieh d i n giai khic nhau nhung tUu trung
"hpi nhdp quoc td' la sfl tham gia cua mpt
quo'c gia-dan tpc vao cic hoat dpng qude tfi',

tQ da phUdng de'n song phfldng. Dflng trfin
khia eanh ngfl nghia cua thuat ngQ nfiy thi
cd thfi ndi "hpi nhgp qudc te" la mpt vfi'n de
hoan toan mdi doi vdi Viet Nam. Tuy
nhien, sau khi Dang vfi Nhfi nflde ta khdi
dpng eong eupe "Boi mcH" vfi nha't la tfl sau
Chien tranh Ltinh, vdi sfl ket thuc eua trfit
tfl hai cflc Yanta vfi sfl thay ddi sfiu sfic vfi
toan difin efla tinh hinh the' gidi thi sQ cin
thie't cua vfi'n d l hpi nhfip qudc tfi' mdi trd
nen cin thifi't va ro ndt. Trong nhQng tfii
lieu ehinh thflc cua Dang va Nha nflde Viet
Nam, thufit ngfl nfiy l i n d i u tifin dupe de

Trong tie'n trinh lanh dao cieh mang
Viet Nam, Dang dat mue tieu dpe lap dan
tpe Ien hfing diu. Ta't nhien trong tifi'n
trinh dd. Dang luon chu trpng tdi vifie gfin
ke't hai vfi'n d^ ehu ylu la dpe lap dfin tpc
vdi trfio Iflu each mang thfi' gidi; sflc manh
dfin tpc kfi't hdp vdi sflc manh thdi dai. Vifit
Nam phfi'n di.\x trd thfinh thfinh vien cua
dai gia ^ n h cac nflde trfin the gidi, mudn
hdp tfie vdi tofin the cac quoc gia. Dieu nfiy
dfldc t h i hifin ro trong cic vfin kien cua
Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc ngay sau ngay Caeh
mang thfing Tfim nfim 1945 thanh cfing.
Trong bfle thfl gcti Tong Thfl ky Lifin hdp
qude (thang 12-1946) Chu tieh Hd Chi
Minh da nhfi'n manh: "Vifit Nam sfin sang

thfle thi chinh saeh md efla vfi hpp tic
trong mpi linh vflc" vdi cae nflde, "chip
nhfin tham gia moi td chflc hdp t i c kinh te
dfldi sfl lanh dao eiia Lifin hdp qude" (2).
Trong hai cupc chie'n tranh giai phdng,
chdng thuc dfin Phap vfi dfi' quoc My, vdi
muc tieu cao nhfi't lfi gianh dpe l|i^p dan tpc,


TiJr giAi ph6ng mien Ram. Bidng nhdt Td qude...
Viet Nam da nhfin dfldc sfl ung hp vfi giup
dd to ldn cua nhan dfin vfi chinh phu eua
nhie'u nflde tren the gidi, trudc tien la eae
nflde XHCN, eac nude t h i gidi thfl ba, nhfin
dan cfie nude TBCN, eae to chflc quoc tfi' va
toan the lofii ngudi tiln bp, yeu ehupng hoa
binh. Cung trong q u i trinh do, Viet Nam
khong ehi la thfinh vifin cua hfi t h i n g
XHCN, lfi thfinh vifin cua Cpng ddng tfldng
trp kinh tfi' (SEV), mfi cdn la thfinh vifin cua
Phong trfio Khong lifin kfi't, eua nhieu td
chflc van hoa, giio due... eiia Lien hpp qude.
Cupc ehien dfi'u gifinh dpc Ifip dan tpe cua
nhan dan Vipt Nam khd di dfi'n t h i n g Ipi
eudi Cling n l u khong cd sfl ung hp, giup dd
dd tfl ben ngofii; Dong thdi day eung Ifi die'u
kipn thufin Idfi't nflde ehung ta diy nhanh edng eupe hpi
nh4p qudc t l hien nay.
Mfic du sau khi tho'ng nhfi't dfi't nflde,

Vipt Nam dflng trflde nhieu khd khfin vfi
thii thfich thfim vao dd lfi sfl cho'ng p h i cua
ea thfl trong vfi giac ngofii. Cho nen cong
cupc thflc hifin tifi'n trinh hpi nh^p nhifi'u
lfle, nhifi'u khi bj gian doan, hi can trd. Hdn
nfla, trong bli canh trfit tfl hai cflc Yalta
v i n cdn tdn tai, su doi d i u nhau giQa hai
hfi thdng da t i c dpng khdng nho de'n tien
trinh xay dflng vfi phat triln eua nhan dan
Vifit Nam. Sau dd, chung ta phai tifi'n hfinh
hai cupc chifi'n tranh bifin gidi Tay Nam vfi
phia Bie n h i m bao vfi chu quyin, lanh thd
qudc gia eung vdi eupe chifi'n tranh trfin mat
trfin tfl tfldng chong cic lue lfldng thu dich
tfl ben ngofii hdng thay ddi the che' chinh
tri eua Viet Nam. Nhflng dilu kien d6, c6
nhilu luc da can trd bfldc tien eiia nhan
dan Viet Nam trfin con dfldng xay dflng vfi
phat triln dfi't nudc.
Nfi'u nhfl nhin sau hdn vfio b l dfiy cua
lich sii dfin tpc, chung ta diu bifi't rfing, vdi
nhflng truyen thong quy bau dfldc tich luy
qua hfing ngfin nfim, Viet Nam dfi rut ra

57

dflde nhieu kinh nghifim xfldng m i u v l giao
Iflu va md eiia; nhflng hfi qua tich cUc vfi ca
tifiu cflc do qua trinh giao luu v i tie'p bifi'n
vfin hoa, do viec md rpng cfie hoat dpng

thfldng mai vdi cae nUdc trfin thfi' gidi dUa
lai; eung nhU nhflng hfi luy do tfip quan
"khep kin" cua van hofi lfing xa, hay la do
chinh sfich "dong cUa", "be quan tod cdn^'
eua eac trie'u dai phong kie'n trong nhflng
thdi ky lich sii nha't dinh gay nfin.
Trong tifi'n trinh lich sfl Viet Nam, d l
dfing de nhfin tha'y rfing cic trifiu dai
phong kie'n vdi tfl duy khfip kin da dfin de'n
nhflng han c h l nhfi't dinh trong vific giao
lUu vdi nflde ngoai. Co the ndi, v l tong the,
Viet Nam trong mpt thdi gian dfii dflng yen
trong vong xoay cua l l thoi tfl cung tU cfi'p,
dong cfla doi vdi nhQng xu thfi' giao luu vfi
hfldng ngoai. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te thi
khfing phai luc nfio cung deu nhfl vay. Mae
d i u CO sfl cfi'm dofin, c6 sfl can trd nha't
dinh eu,a cic nhfi nudc phong kifi'n trung
Udng, nhflng trong nhflng thdi diem nfio do,
d nhflng dia phUdng nfio dd, vdi nhflng khia
c^nh nhfi't dinh, Vifit Nam dfi tCfng thie't lfip
dUdc nhQng mdi giad Iflu vdi the' gidi bfin
ngofii, nhfi't Ifi trao ddi thUdng mai, giao luu
vfin hoa. NhQng thUdng cang da dfldc xfiy
dung, nhflng eon dudng budn ban trfin bien
vfi tren bp da hinh thfinh trong suot chilu
dai lich sfl da noi Ien tiln de cua vfi'n d l
giao lflu hpi nhfip ciia Viet Nam trong lich
sfl. Ne'u ehung ta khong tinh dfi'n sfl anh
hfldng vfi giao thoa van hda, ton gifio d trfin

vung dfi't vdn lfi chu quyin cua qude gia Dai
Viet trflde day, ndi vo^n c6 sfl giao lflu vfi
tifi'p bifi'n vfin hda vdi An Dp, vdi Trung Hoa
vfi nhie'u nen vfin minh khae (va day Ifi
dilm chii yfi'u, cd ban), vi dilu nfiy ai ciing
nhin thfi'y ro va da dUdc nhilu nhfi nghifin
cflu da tQng ban lufin trong vo sd eae eong
trinh khoa hpe eua minh. Do vfiy, ehung toi
xin khong de cfip thfim va chi bo sung vfio


Rghien eiiu Lich siSr. sd 4.2015
tien trinh giao lflu do vdi nhiing dia ban
con it dfldc chfl y. D6 la nhQng dia ban ma
hien nay thupc ve chu quyfi'n eua Viet Nam,
nhflng trong mpt thdi ky nfio do trong lich
sfl dang nam ngoai ranh gidi Dai Viet. Nfi'u
nhin ludt qua'vfio viing d i t phfldng Nam,
va cu the hdn thi doi vdi lanh thd Champa
hoae la sau hdn, vfldng qudc Phfl Nam tQ
nhflng nam d i u thifin nifin ky trflde thi day
eung lfi mpt minh ehflng ro rang. Cd the
thfi'y anh hfldng cua van hoa An Dp dflde
the hien ro net qua eie di ehi khao eo, qua
cic di tich ton giio, qua eie bia ky ma de'n
hifin nay vfin eon tdn tai. Dfi'y la nhiing
minh chiing v l sU lan truyfi'n, pho bifi'n,
hien dien cua Hindu giao mfi n l i bfit lfi efic
giio phai Shiva va Vishnu dUdc eU dan ban
dia du nhfip va ban dia hoa, Ifim cho cic

Ioai hinh ton giio nfiy trd thfinh nhiing
giao p h i i mang ban sac rifing cua dia
phUdng.
Vifit Nam vdi eae nflde trong khu vUe co
nhflng nfit tfldng ddng tren nhilu mat: lieh
sfl, vfin hoa, dia ly tfl nhifin, chung tpe, ton
giio, trinh dp phat trien... D6 la nhflng ed
sd hinh thanh va la die'u kifin phat triln
cho quan he gifla Viet Nam vdi eae nflde
trong khu vflc noi rieng, vdi thfi' gidi noi
chung. Nhin Iai tien trinh Hch sfl cua eae
nflde trong khu vfle, ne'u nhu trflde day, cae
nflde Dong Nam A lfi khu vuc ehiu sfl anh
hfldng eua vfin minh Trung Hoa, van minh
An Dp vdi sfl du nhfip cua Phfit gifio, Hdi
giio. An Dp giao... dfldc hon dung vdi n i n
tang van hoa ban dia, thi vao thdi efin dai
lai eo them sfl tifi'p xuc, trao ddi vdi vfin
minh phfldng Tay, vdi Kitd gifio... Nhflng
nhfin to' nfiy da trd thfinh nfi'n tang cho vific
giao luu hpc hdi cua nhan dfin Vifit Nam
trong nhie'u thdi ky. Lich sfl da dfla ra
nhie'u Vl du cu the trong vfi'n d l nfiy. Tfl rfi't
sdm da xufi't hien nhifi'u trung t i m thfldng
mai qudc tfi' Idn nhu Pho' Hifi'n (3), Thang

Long, Van Ddn, Hpi An (4), Hfi Tifin... vdi
sfl trao doi thUdng mai va van hda gifla
Viet Nam va nudc ngoai. Nhilu trilu dsti
phong kiln Viet Nam edn bay td mong

mudn dfldc thiet Ifip quan hfi thfldng mai
vdi cac nudc. Vi du, trong bfle thfl giii cho
Tofin quyin Hfi Lan d Dai Loan ngay 24-71649, chua Trinh da td y muo'n ngudi Ha
Lan dfi'n buon ban d Dang Ngoai (5). Ngoai
ra, nhilu trilu dai ciing da cho ngudi ra
nflde ngoai de hpe hdi eae ky thufit tien
tifi'n, tifi'n hanh cac thUdng vu mua ban
eong nghfi/ky thufit de sau do ve nUdc
nghifin cflu tifi'n hanh cong viec due sung
dai bac (vi du vao nam 1631 d Thufin Hda
da thfinh lfip mpt xfldng due sung dai bic
vdi khoang 100 ngfldi thd. Ky thuat due
Sling ciia ngudi Phfldng Tay dfldc ap dung
nfin "phao dpi cua cac chua Nguyen datrfldng thfinh vfldt bfie") (6), dong thuyg'n
ddng, md ra eic nganh nghe san xufi't mdi...
Tuy rang, nhflng eong viec nhu vfiy cdn qua
it di, nhflng nguyen vpng cua dfin chiing
van luon dflde nuoi dfldng.
Mae d i u nhu eiu giao lflu hpi nhfip cua
Viet Nam p h i n nhieu it dupc eae trieu dinh
phong kie'n chip nhfin, nhflng nhflng sfing
kie'n v l vfi'n de nay cua dan chiing, nhfi't la
tang ldp tri thflc, cung dfi ehflng td tim
quan trpng cua nd. Cd t h i Iiy vi du trfldng
hdp Nguyin Trfldng Tp (1828-1871) Ifim vi
du dien hinh eua vfi'n de nfiy. Lien tuc
trong vdng 10 nfim Nguyen Trfldng To da
lien tiep giii Ifin trilu (finh Hufi' 58 ban die'u
t r i n nham cha'n hflng da't nflde vdi phfldng
cham tang efldng giao lflu hpe hdi tfl bfin

ngoai. Nguyen Trfldng Tp da 'Tdidng mpt
mdi" nham pha vd "bfle tfldng lac hfiu kinh
khiing v l hpe vfi'n, ve khoa hpe, sfl mu mSm
trong dau cac quan Iai eao cfi'p, ke ea dfi'ng
ehi ton" cua trilu Nguyin (7).
Bfing each "thdu tom tri khdn cua thien
hg 500 ndm nay" (8), Nguyin TrUdng Tp da


Tir giii ph6ng m i ^ Ram, thdng nhat Td quQc...
nhieu l i n di nghi trilu dinh quan tfim d i n
vific md mang bufin ban trong nUde vfi giao
thfldng vdi nflde ngofii, mdi eac eong ty nflde
ngoai den giup khai thae tai ldi, sfla ddi
thue khofi lfim sao cho "niidc gidu ddn cUng
gidu"... Tuu trung, ong khuyen trie'u dinh
nen hpc theo eon dfldng eic nude dang trai
qua de chfi'n hUng dfi't nudc. Ngoai ra de
tfing cfldng sfle manh qude gia trflde nguy
ed xam lupc cua thfle dan Phap, ong de
xua't ein chinh ddn quan dpi, cd chinh sach
Uu tien binh sy, nghien cflu d l bifin soan
binh phap, dfio tao si quan, tfing cfldng
mua s i m khi gidi, t i u thuyfin hifin dai, xay
dflng cac tuyfi'n phdng thu ea d thanh thi
Ifin ndng thfin... (9).

Nam, P h i p da tQng bfldc "bifi'n thi trUdng
Dong Dfldng (mpt bp phfin khfing khit ciia
thi trfldng Dong A) thanh mpt thi trfldng

phu thupc vao he thdng dfi' qude chu nghia
Phfip" (11). Dilu nay cung eo thfi la dieu
kien de n i n kinh tfi' Viet Nam nhan bifi't,
tifi'p xuc vdi sfl vfin hfinh eua he thdng kinh
te the' gidi. Sfl khfic bifit lfi nam d chd do:
thong qua Ifing kinh khach quan de tie'p
cfin the' gidi.
3. Dflcteg 16'i h o i n h a p h i e n n a y

Sau khi tifi'n hfinh cong cupc Doi mdi,
qua trtnh giao lUu va hpi nhfip eua Viet
Nam vdi the' gidi ben ngofii ed nhflng bfldc
chuyen bien manh me ca v l lUdng vfi chfi't.
Nhin nhfin sfl thay ddi eua tinh hinh thfi'
Sau khi Phap dfit xong ach do hp thuc
gidi, Dai hpi VI da khang dinh rang: "Mpt
dan, nhfi nudc phong kifi'n Viet Nam khong
dfic dilm ndi bfit cua thdi dai l i cupc each
cdn giQ dUde vai trd dpe Ifip cua minh trong
mang khoa hpc-ky thufit dang difin ra
quan hp qudc te', Ilnh vflc nay hoan toan do
manh me, tao thfinh budc p h i t trifin nhay
thfle dfin P h i p chi phoi, quyfi't dinh. \ ^ thfi',
vpt ciia lUe lUpng san xufi't va day nhanh
vfi'n de giao Iflu vfi hpi nhfip eOia Vifit Nam
qufi trinh qude te' hoa lue Ifldng san xufi't"
khong cdn nam trong tay eiia trilu Nguyen;
(12). Tuy r i n g lue nay chfla d l cfip cu the
khi khong con dpc lfip dan tpe thi khong the
de'n k h i i niem toan ciu hda vfi hpi nhfip

nao ndi de'n vfi'n d l giao lflu va hoi nhfip.
quo'c te, nhflng vdi khfii niem qudc te' hda
Viet Nam vfla phai bupc nam trong vong
vfi tham gia vfio sfl phan cong lao dpng
xofiy eiia mdi quan he gifla Phfip vdi eae
quo'c te'. Dang da nhfi'n manh den tinh tich
nude Idn ndi chung, vfi gifla Phfip vdi tflng
cflc eua qua trinh quo'c tfi' hda vfi Viet Nam
nflde trong khu vfle ndi rieng. Dieu nay dfi.
ein thie't phai md rfing, tfing cudng hdp tfie
din dfi'n hfiu qua hai ehilu cua qua trinh
qudc te'. Dang chu trUdng: "Phai tham gia
giao lflu vfi hpi nhfip: vfla phai chiu sfl le
sfl phan eong lao dpng qude tl..., tranh thu
thupc vfio P h i p , ddng thdi sfl xfim nhap cua
md mang quan he kinh tfi' vfi khoa hpc-ky
Phap trfin mpt goe dp nao dd cung cd the
thufit vdi efic nude thfi' gidi thfl ba, cfie nflde
ndi da dem lai nhflng cd hpi mdi chd Vifit
cong nghifip p h i t trien, eic to chflc qudc te
Nam bfldc vfid the gidi. Hifip Udc nam 1874
vfi tu nhan nflde ngoai trfin nguyen tfie
giQa Phfip vfi trilu Nguyin quy dinh gifi'u
binh dfing eung co ldi" (13).
3) mpi quan he thfldng mai gifla Vifit Nam
vfi nflde ngoai deu phu thupc vfio nUdc
Tie'p de'n Dai hpi Dang l i n thfl VII vfi
Phap (10). Nhfl vfiy, eon dfldng cd ban vfi
Cudng linh nam 1991 da cd nhQng difi'u
chu ye'u cua thdi bfi'y gid de giao Iflu-hpi

chinh ldn trdng quan he doi ngeai eua Viet
nhfip vdi the gidi hoan tofin bi Phap kho'ng
nam. Viet Nam da ed nhflng bfldc dpt p h i
che'. Tuy nhifin, chung toi cung ddng tinh
vdi y kifi'n eho r i n g vdi sfl xam Ifldc Viet trong quan he ddi ngoai, tang cfldng giao
Iflu vfi hdp tfie vdi bfin ngdfii di c6 t h i tfin


Rghien a h i Ijcfa siS-. sd 4.2015
dung thfinh qua cua each mang khoa hpe Dfic bifit va diln hinh lfi sU kifin Viet
cong nghfi tren t h i gidi vfio cong cupc xay Nam gia nhap ASEAN. Tfl t h i n g 7-1992,
dflng va phat trien da't nflde mpt each cd Viet Nam chinh thflc ky Hifip fldc Bah, trd
hieu qua nhat. TQ phfldng cham "them ban, thanh quan sat vifin cua ASEAN. Hea ngfiy
bdt thu", Vifit Nam da bfldc sang giai doan 17-10-1994 Viet Nam gfli ddn sin gia nhfip
"mud'n iam ban vdi ta't ea eae nflde trong ASEAN va vfio ngay 28-7-1995, Viet Nam
cpng ddng the' gidi, phah da'u vi hda binh, trd thanh thfinh vien thfl 7 eua td chflc nfiy.
dpc lfip va phat trien" (14). Cu the hda npi Day la mpt cpt moc quan trpng, danh diu
dung nay Van kien Dang chi ro: sfl can sfl khdi dau ciia qua trinh Viet Nam tham
thie't phai "md rpng, da dang hoa va da gia hpi nhap khu vflc va qudc t l trong giai
phfldng hda quan he kinh te doi n ^ a i trfin doan mdi. Sfl kien nay la ket qua ciia mpt
nguyen tac gifl vflng dpc lap chu quyin, q u i trtnh no lfle ed gang tfl hai phia Viet
biiih dang va eung co ldi" (15). Nhfl vay, co Nam va ASEAN vi ldi ich eua ea hai ben vfi
the thay sdi ehi dd xuyfin sudt trong qua phu hdp vdi xu thfi' khu vflc hda va toan ciu
trinh doi mdi tfl duy la vaji d l dpc lap dan hda dang difin ra manh me va soi dpng tren
tpc, do ia nguyen t i c tdi thfldng cua dfldng the' gidi.
ldi phat trien hfldng tdi hpi nhap quoc te
Sfl kifin gia nhap ASEAN mang y nghia
ciia Viet Nam. Cupc Tong t i n cdng mua quan trpng trong tien trtnh khdi dpng hpi
Xuan nam 1975 la hoan thanh sfl menh nhfip qudc tfi'cua Vifit Nam. Bdi vi:
gianh doe lap dan toe va trong giai doan

Thti nhdt, vific gia nhfip td chQc nay gop
tifi'p theo la cung ed dpe lap dan tpe, dfla da't p h i n nang cao vi thfi' qaoc te eila Vifit Nam
nflde phat trien len mpt tam eao mdi.
tren trudng quoc td. V l mat IHnh te, Viet
Trfin nen tang ciia tu duy mdi, ngay sau Nam dupc cpng ddng quoc te thfla nhfin vdi
khi Chifi'n tranh Lanh k i t thue, vdi viee tfl each la thfirih vien diy dii ciia mpt td
giai quyet xong van d l Campuchia, Viet chflc khu vuc. La thfinh vien chinh thfle,
Nam binh thfldng hda quan he vdi cac td Viet Nam se c6 nhieu thufin Idi trong viee
ehfle tin dung quoc te' nhU vdi Quy tifi'n tfi dam phan, giai quye't cfie vfin de an ninh
quoc te - IMF, Ngan hang The gidi - WB, vdi cae quoc gia cd hfin quan.
Ngan hang phat trien chau A - ADB (thang
Thli hai, viec gia nhfip ASEAN tao dilu
10-1993). Tiep den, Viet Nam ehmh thfle kien cho Viet Nam ciing eo moi trudng an
binh thudng hoa quan he vdi My (thing 7- ninh khu vflc. Day lfi l i n d i u tien Vifit
1995), ky k i t Hifip dinh khung hdp tac vdi Nam tham gia mpt to ehfle chinh tri khu
cpng ddng ehfiu Au (thfing 7-1995) va gia vflc d Dong Nam A. Sau hdn 30 nam hoat
nhap ASEAN (thang 7-1995) vfi nhanh dpng, thanh tflu ldn nhat cua ASEAN la dfi
chdng ky kfi't tham gia Hifip dinh thfldng giQ viing dflpe hda binh va on djnh giiia cac
mai tfl do ASEAN (AFTA). Vdi nhflng sfl nUde thfinh vifin. Cd dfldc thanh tflu tren lfi
kifin nay, co t h i khfing dinh rang, Vifit do nguyen t i c giai quyfi't eae tranh chfi'p
Nam da hofin toan bfldc ra khdi bao vay mpt each hoa binh, khong can thifip vfio
eain van, bfit dau tie'n trinh hpi nhap khu cong vifie npi bp ciia nhau, khong cho phep
vuc vfi qudc te, tfl hpi nhap kinh te' dfi'n hpi mpt bfin thfl ba sfl dung lanh tho chong lai
nhfip tofin dien v l kinh te', chmh tri va van mpt trong cac nflde thanh vifin cua ASEAN.
Cac nguyfin tfie nay da dUdc the chfi' hda
hda-xa hdi.


Tir giii ph6ng nAia Ram, thdng nhat T6 qude...
thfing qua Diin ddn an ninh khu viic

(ARF). Tham gia ASEAN, Vipt Nam sfi cd
dflde mpt vfinh dai hda binh vfi on dinh.

quan sfl thay dfii nhanh chdng cua mdi
trfldng qudc t l , Dai hpi Dang I i n thfl IX
(thfing 4-2001) da tifi'n thfim mpt budc mdi
ThU ba, viec gia nhfip ASEAN giflp Viet vdi phudng cham "Vifit Nam san sang lfi
Nam dat dfldc mpt sd difi'u kifin thufin lpi ve ban vfi Ifi ddi t i c tin efiy cua tfi't ca cfie nflde
mat kinh te'. Sau khi mfi't di thi trudngj trong cpng ddng the gidi". Dai hpi khfing
truyfi'n thong la Lifin Xo va Ddng Au, Vifit dinh: "Chu ddng hpi nhfip kinh tfi' quo'c tfi'
Nam eoi ASEAN la thi trudng ldn nhfi't cua vfi khu vfle theo tinh t h i n phfit huy toi da
minh. Ngflde Iai, Viet Nam eung trd t h i n h npi Iflc, nang cao hieu qua hdp tfie quo'c te',
dam bao dpc lfip tfl chu va dinh hfldng
thi trfldng xufit k h i u va d i u tu hfi'p dfin doi
XHCN, bao vfi ldi ieh dan tpe, an ninh qudc
vdi eae nUdc thfinh vifin khae.
giai gifl gin ban sic van hda dan tpc, bao ve
Tha tu, gia nhfip ASEAN, Vifit Nam se moi trudng" (17). Dfi'n Dai hpi X cua Dang
cd dupe nhflng kinh nghifim bflde d i u quy (nfim 2006), Vifit Nam edn hfldng tdi mue
gia trong hdp tfie da phuong, la mpt bflde tifiu la ehu dpng hpi nhap kinh tfi' sfiu hdn
tiln len hpi nhfip qudc t l s i u rfing.
vfi diy du hdn vdi cic t h i che' kinh te' tofin
Vdi viec dua ra khfii nifim hpi nhdp qudc ciu, khu vflc vfi song phUdng, Ifi'y phuc vu
(Strong vfin kifin ehinh thfle eua minh, Dai Idi ieh dfi't nude lfim muc tifiu cad nha't.
hpi Dang Iin thfl VIII (nam 1996) da nha'n Nghi quye't Dai hpi X ghi ro: "Thuc hifin
manh v l sfl ein thifi't phai "... day nhanh nha't q u i n dUdng Idi doi ngoai dpc lfip tu
qud trinh hpi nhgp vdi kinh ti'khu viic vd ehu, hda binh, hdp t i e vfi phfit triln; chinh
thd gidi". Hpi nghi Trung Udng l i n thfl 4 sach ddi ngdai rfing md, da phfldng hda, da
khda VIII ciia Dang lam ro thfim nguyfin d^ng hda cfie quan hfi quo'c tfi'. Chu dpng vfi
tie hpi nhfip qude tfi' eua Viet Nam Ifi "tich tieh cue hpi nhfip kinh tfi' qudc t l ddng thdi

cUe va chii dfing tham nhap va md rpng thi md rpng hdp t i c tren eie Iinh vue khfie"
trUdng qudc te", "chii dpng chuin bi cic (18).
dilu kifin cin thie't v l can bfi, lufit p h i p vfi
Tren ed sd phan tich mpt each khfich
nhfi't la ve nhflng san pham mfi ehung ta co
quan v l dfic diem ndi bfit trong giai doan
kha nfing canh tranh de hpi nhfip thi
hien nay ciia thdi dai la "eie nudc vdi chfi'
trudng khu vfle vfi thi trUdng qud'e tl*', "tie'n dp xfi hpi vfi trinh dp phat triln khac nhau
hfinh k h i n trUdng, vflng chac vifie dfim cung tdn tai, vfla hdp t i c vfla dfi'u tranh,
phin hiep dinh thfldng mai vdi My, gia canh tranh gay gat vi Idi ieh qude gia, dan
nh^p AFEC va WTO. Co k l hoach cu the de tpe" (19), Bfio cao ehinh tri ciia Ban Chap
chii dpng thflc hien cam ke't trong khuon hfinh Trung Udng khoi X tai Dai hpi dai
khd AFTA" (16).
bieu tofin qudc l i n thfl XI da chi ro Vifit
Budc sang nhflng nfim d i u eua t h i ky
XXI, trong bdi canh chung cua tofin the
gidi, tinh hinh khu vUc da cd nhieu thay ddi
quan trpng. Chinh vi vfiy, dudng Idi cua
Vipt Nam cung cd nhiing sfl difi'u ehinh eho
phu hdp vdi thuc tien khieh quan. Trfin
nfi'n tang dfldng ldi da d l ra tfl thdi ky trUdc
Cling nhfl phan tich ky vfi mpt efieh khfich

Nam ein phai: "ehu dpng v i tich eUc hpi
nhfip qudc tfi'; lfi ban, dm t i c tin efiy va
thfinh vien cd trfich nhiem trong cpng ddng
quo'c te; vi lpi ich qude gia, dan tpc, vi mpt
nflde Viet Nam xa hpi ehii nghia gifiu
manh". Tfl xufi't phat diem dd, efic nhiem

vu eu the dflpc dfit ra la; "Tham gia cfie ed
chfi' hdp tac ehinh tri, an ninh song phUdng


Rghien eihi Lich siV. sd 4.2015
vfi da phfldng vi ldi ich qudc gia trfin cd sd
ton trpng cae nguyfin tfie cd ban eua lufit
phap qudc tfi', Hie'n chUdng Lifin hdp qude.
Thflc hifin tdt eong viec tai cfie tfi' chflc qud'c
tfi', dac biet la Lifin hdp qud'e. Tich cue hdp
t i e eiing cfie nUdc, cac td chflc khu vue va
qudc te' trong vific ddi pho vdi nhiing t h i e h
thfle an ninh phi truyfi'n thdng, va nhfii la
tinh trang bie'n ddi khi hfiu; sfin sang ddi
thoai vdi cfie nude, eie td ehfle qude te' va
khu vflc cd Uen quan v l vfi'n d l dan chu,
nhan quyen; chu dpng, kien quyfi't diii
tranh, Iam thfi't bai mpi am mflu, hanh
dpng ean thiep vfio cong vifie npi bp, xam
pham dpc lap, chu quyin, thdng nhfi't, toan
ven lanh tho, an ninh quoe gia va dn dinh
ehinh tri cua Vifit Nam" (20).
Tie'n xa hdn so vdi giai doan trUdc, Dai
hpi l i n thfl XI eua Dang Cpng san Viet Nam
da ehlnh thflc dfla ra quan dilm mdi dd la
"hpi nhgp todn dien". Dfic bifit, ddi vdi khu
vflc, Viet Nam "ehu dpng, tich efle va ed
traeh nhiem cung eic nflde xay dflng Cpng
ddng ASEAN vQng manh, tfing cfldng quan
hfi vdi cic ddl tae, tifi'p tue giQ vai tro quan

trpng trong cae khuon khd hpp t i e d khu
vfle ehfiu A - T h i i Binh Dudng" (21). Viet
Nam hpi nhfip toan dien tren tinh t h i n chii
dpng, tich efle va tie'n trinh hpi nhfip do
khfing ehi gidi han trong linh vflc kinh tfi' ma
md rpng sang eae Iinh vue khae nhfl an
ninh, quoc phdng, ehinh tri, van hoa-xa
hpi... vi ldi ich qudc gia.
Nhfl vfiy, hpi nhap la muc tieu, ddng
thdi cung lfi nghia vu, traeh nhifim ma
chung ta c i n phai tie'n hanh. Do Viet
Nam nhan thflc mpt each d i y du v l xu the'
khach quan cua the gidi vfi nhu eau npi tai
cua nen kinh te da't nudc nfin da ed sfl Ifla
chpn chu dpng, tich ciic hpi nhgp. Ndi
chung, quan diem hpi nhap cua Viet Nam
lufin dfldc t r i l n khai thuc hien tren n i n
tang: qufi trinh hpi nhfip qudc tfi' mfi chiing

ta tien hfinh chi la phfldng tien de hfldng
tdi muc tifiu c h i n hflng vfi phat trien dfi't
nflde; vfi hpi nh^p nhflng phai luon giQ
vflng dpc lap dan tpe, bao vfi dflpc chii
quyfi'n vfi Idi ich qudc gia. Dpc lfip dan tpc la
muc tifiu vfi hpi nhfip la phfldng tifin de
tifi'n din muc tifiu dd.
Hdn nfla, trong tinh hinh thfi' gidi diy
bie'n dpng vfio thfip nien d i u cua the ky
XXI thi qua trtnh hpi nhfip qudc tfi' eon gdp
p h i n lfim tfing sflc manh an ninh, qude

phong eua mdi quo'c gia-dan tpc; difi'u dd cd
nghia lfi tang efldng vific bao dam dpc lfip
vfi chu quyen quo'c gia-dan tpc. Hpi nhfip
qude te se giflp cho cae nflde phat huy dupe
tie'm lfle qude gia vfi cac dilu kifin quoc t l
de xay dflng kinh t l Idn manh, tao dilu
kifin p h i t trien van hda, xa hpi, lfim tifi'n dl
vfit chfi't cho vifie tang cfldng qudc phdng,
an ninh (22). Ddng thdi, hpi nhfip qudc te
ciing tao ra yeu c i u mdi doi vdi qudc phdng,
an ninh, bupc qudc phdng, an ninh eung
phai ciing cd, phat triln d l cd the dfip flng
vdi nhflng ddi hdi ciia tinh hinh mdi. Mfic
d i u hifin nay Viet Nam dang lfi nflde dang
phat triln, tie'm lfle kinh te' chi mdi bfit diu
dupe cac nflde chu y dfi'n nhflng thfing qua
cic quan he doi tfie chie'n Ifldc eu t h i vl an
ninh va qudc phong vdi mpt sd qude gia c6
the manh, t i l m nang nhfl Nga, Nh^t Ban,
An Dp, Trung Qudc... do vfiy, Viet Nam co
t h i dfla trfin nhQng Ipi t h i do d l nang t i m
quan hfi hdp t i c ca v l b l rpng lfin chilu sfiu
trong cfie Iinh vuc khfie, vdi nhilu nflde
khfic. Hifin nay, Viet Nam da dfit quan hfi
ddl t i e chifi'n Iflde va chifi'n Ifldc tofin difin
vdi nhieu nflde phat trien nhfl Nga (2001),
^ 1 Dp (2007), Trung Qude (2008), Nhfit
Ban vfi Han Qudc (2009), Anh (2010), Dflc
(2011), Itaha, Phap, Indonesia, Thii Lan
(2013)..., trong do dfic bipt da thig't lfip

quan hfi d6i t i c ehien lUdc vfi doi tfie tofin
dipn vdi 5 nflde ldn la uy vien thudng trflc


T j giiu phdng mi&i Ram, thdng nbit Td qude..
Hpi dong bao an Lien hdp qudc: Anh, Phap,
Nga, Trung Quoic vfi My (ddi t i e toan dien 2013) (23).
Trflde dfiy, chung ta da tittig nhfi'n manh
de'n t i m quan trpng cua vipc k i t hpp sflc
manh dan tpc vdi ylu td thdi dai, vfi hifin
nay dfic biet nhfi'n manh them va'n d l "phdt
huy npi liic" eua da't nUde d l tie'n hfinh hpi
nhfip qufi'c tfi'. Cfldng linh xay dflng da't
nflde trong thdi ky qufi dp Ifin CNXH (bd
sung, phat triln nam 2011) da khfing dinh
ro: "Kei hdp site mgnh ddn tpc vdi siic mgnh
thdi dgi, site mgnh trong niidc vdi siic mgnh
qudc td' (24). Do dd, hpi nhfip qude te'Ifi eon
dudng duy nhfi't khong phai ehi dfinh rieng
eho Vifit Nam mfi eon dfldng chung cua tfi't
ca cic nflde, nhfi't Ifi efic nflde dang phfit
trien; qua dd eac nflde nay se cd cd hpi de
nang eao tifi'm Iflc qufi'c gia cua minh, hofic
it nha't la khdng bi tut hfiu vfi day lfi ldi ieh
Idn nhfi't mang tinh chifi'n Ifldc.

73

Binh Duong (TPP) vfi Hifip dinh Doi tfie
hop t i c kinh t l khu vfle (RCEP). Vifit Nam,

vdi tu cfich la thanh vifin, dang tich cue,
ehu dpng va ed t r i e h nhiem trong tifi'n
trinh xay dflng Cpng ddng ASEAN vdi 3 tru
cpt, ehinh tri-an ninh, kinh te' va van hda-

xa hpi.

Nhfl vfiy, ed t h i ndi, trfin nfi'n tang
nhflng t h i n g ldi da gifinh dfldc trong sfl
nghiep dfi'u tranh each mang, giai phdng
mifi'n Nam, thd'ng nhfi't dfi't nflde, dudi sfl
lanh dao eua Dang, nhan dfin Viet Nam
ngfiy mpt vflng vfing bude di theo xu thfi'
eua thdi dai vdi mpt 16 trinh hdp ly. Tfl cho
ehu trUdng "them bgn, bdt thu.", dfi'n "da
phiicfng hda, da dgng hoa cdc quan he qudc
td' vfi tifi'p dd lfi "md rpng quan he doi
ngogi, chu dpng vd tich ciic hpi nhdp qudc
td', Viet Nam da tflng bUde pha vd thfi'bao
vay cfi'm vfin eua cae lfle Ifldng thu dieh,
hoa giai thanh eong nhflng trd ngai, thach
thfle tren eon dfldng phat trien cua minh de
Nfi'u chflng ta khong ehi nhin vfio vifie
ngfiy cang tie'n tdi hpi nhap sau rpng, tieh
tang cfldng va md rfing md'i quan he song
efle vfi tofin difin vdi thfi' gidi. Nhd vay, ke tfl
phfldng vdi cac nflde (25), thi viec tham gia
khi dfi't nflde dflde thdng nhfi't dfi'n nay, Vifit
vfio cic t h i chfi' khu vflc vfi toan eiu trong
Nam da gifinh dupe nhie'u thfinh tflu quan

thdi gian qua cung cd the minh chflng ro
trpng trong vific giQ gin vfi eiing co' dpc lfip
dupe muc tifiu v i ke't qua hpi nhfip qudc te
dfin tpe, bao ve ehu quyen quo'c gia, tfing
cua Vipt Nam. Ngofii nhflng td chflc nhfl
eudng dUde vi thfi' eua qudc gia tren trfldng
Lien hpp qudc, ASEAN, ARF nhfl da ndi d
qude tfi' lfin mpt t i m cao mdi. Tuy nhifin, de
tren, Viet Nam cdn tham gia Cpng ddng
diy manh hdn nfla tie'n trinh hdi nhap ciia
kinh te chau A-Thfii Binh Dudng (APEC),
dfi't nude, Nghi quyfi't 22-NQ/TW ngfiy 10-4Difin dan efi'p cae Dong A (EAS), tham gia
2013 ciia Bp Chinh tri Ban Chfi'p hfinh
tfch cflc v i cd trfich nhiem vfio cic ed chfi'
Trung Udng cdn nha'n manh: "Chu dpng vfi
eua ASEAN vdi ben ngoai nhfl ASEAN+1,
tieh eUc hdi nhfip qudc tfi' lfi dinh hfldng
ASEAN+3, Difin dan hpp tac A-Au (ASEM);
chifi'n lupc ldn eua Dang nhfim thfle hien
tham gia dfim phan vfi ky kfi't nhie'u hifip
t h i n g Idi nhifim vu xay dUng vfi bid vfi To
dinh thfldng mai tu do vdi nhie'u nflde va
qude Viet Nam XHCN" bdi vi "hpi nhap
khu vi^e; nhfi't lfi dang tieh cU dam phfin de
qudc te lfi sfl nghifip cua tofin dan vfi cua ea
ky kfi't 2 hifip dinh mang t i m quan trpng
he thdng ehinh tri" (26).
dfic, bifit lfi Hipp dinh Ddi t i e xuyen Thfii

Rghien eijru Lich sir, sd 4.2015
CHU THiCH
(1). Dang Cong aan Viet Nam. Vdn kiin Bai hgi
dgi bieu todn quae ldn thil VHI. Nxb. Chinh tri
Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 1996, tr. 84-85.

(18). Dang Cpng aan Vipt Nam. Vdn kiin Dai hdi

(2). Ho Chi Minh, Todn tdp, tfip IV. Nxb. Chinh
tri Quoc gia, Hfi Noi, 2002, tr. 14-15.

X. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 2006, tr. 112.
(19). CUdng linh xay dUng dfiit nu6c trong thdi

(3). Ngudi Ha L a n da den buon ban t^i Dfing
ngofii ta nfla d i u ih^\y

(17). Dang Cong san Viet Nam. Van kiin Dai hdi
DC. Nxb. Chinh tri Qu6c gia, Bk Npi, 2001, tr.l20.

kS qufi do len CNXH (Bl eung, phat trien nfim
2011)

XVII.

(4). Trong suot the ky XVII Hpi An trd thfinh

/>
thuong cang s^m ufi't, ndi hpi tu cua cfie thUdpng

eu/Van-kien-Dang-Nha-nuoc/2011/3525/CUONG-

nhfin Bo Dfio Nha, Nhat Ban, Trung QuS'c...

LINH-XAY-DUNG-DAT-NUOC-TRONG-THOI-

(5), (6). Vi^n S i hoc. Lich sv! Viet Nam. Tfip IV

KY-QUA-DO-LEN.aspx.
(20), (21). Bdo cdo chinh

(the ky XVII-XVHI). Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hfi

(7). T r i n Vfin Gifiu, LcJi m5 d i u ciia sfich
Nguyin

TrUdng Td-Con ngUdi vd di thdo ciia tfie

gia: TrUcfng Ba C i n , Nxb. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, 2002.
/>
Chdp

biiu

todn

quoc

ldn

thii

XI

cua

Ddng.

/>eu/Van-kien-Dang-Nha-nuoc/2011/3525/
(22). Nguyin Xuan Thfing (chu bien). Dgc lap
tu chu vd hgi nhap qudc tecua Viet Nam trong bdi

13703.0;wap2
(8). Thanh Hai. Nguyin

tn cua Ban

hdnh Trung Udng Bdng khod X tai Bai hgi dgi

Noi, 2007, tr. 259, 647-648.

TrUcfng To vd

khdt

vgng canh tdn. http.//tuanvietnam.net/2010-02-09-

cdnh mdi. Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi. Ha Npi, 2011,
tr.75
(23). Cho den 2014, Viet Nam da thiit lfip dSi

nguy en-truon g-to-va-khat-vong-canh-tan

tac chien lU(^ d i y du vdi 13 nUdc, 2 d6i tfie chien

(9).
/>
ludc trong linh vi^c hep (Hfi Lan vfi dan Maeh) vfi

r%C6%B0%E l%BB%9Dng_T%E 1%BB%99

mpt so d6i tac toan dien.

(10), (11). Vipn Sfl hoc. Lich sv! viit Nam 1858-

(24). Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Van kiin Dgi

1896. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hfi Npi, 2003, tr.804-

hgi XI cua Dang. Nxb. Chinh tri Qufi'c gia, Hfi Npi,

805, 777.

2011, tr. 4.
kiin

(25). Cho den nay Vipt Nam da thie't lfip quan

Dgi hdi VI. Nxb. Chinh tri Qud'c gia, Hfi Npi, 1987

hp ngoai giao vdi 180 nudc vfi c6 quan h% thUdtig

tr. 34, 81.

mai vdi 200 qudc gia vfi vfing lanh tho, 43 nUdc

(12), (13). Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam. Vdn

(14), (15). Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam. Vdn

kiin

Dgi hgi Vll. Nxb. Chinh tri Quic gia, Hfi Npi,

Hdi

nghi ldn thti 4 Ban chap khdnh Trung UOng khda
VIII. Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Npi, 1998,
tr.60.

(26). Nghi quyet so 22-NQ/TW

ngdy

10/4/2013

cua Bd Chinh trt vi hdi nhgp qud'c te. Bao Dipn tie

1991, tr.l47, 119.
(l6). Dang Cpng san Viet Nam. Vdn kiin

cdng nhfin Viet Nam co quy c h i kinh te thi trUdng.

Dang

Cpng

sati.

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