các cách nhấn mạnh khi viết tiếng anh

collected and written by
TRAN MANH TRUNG – HONG DUC UNIVERSITY

CÁC PHƯƠNG THỨC NHẤN MẠNH

KHI VIẾT TIẾNG ANH

- Lý thuy t

- Bài t p th c hành
- Đáp án bài t p

Ghi chú: Tài liệu này chỉ đề cập đến các phương thức nhấn mạnh khi viết
đặc biệt khi viết học trang trọng, do vậy những phương thức nhấn mạnh khi
nói sẽ được đề cập đến trong bài viết khác.

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Lời giới thiệu
Nhấn mạnh là một thủ thuật rất phổ biến khi viết tiếng Anh. Nhấn mạnh
không chỉ giúp tập trung chú ý của người đọc vào phần thông tin ta muốn chia
sẻ mà còn gây ấn tượng cho người đọc – nhất là giám khảo chấm thi viết. Nhấn
mạnh có những cách thông thường như dùng đại từ phản thân để nhấn mạnh
vào chủ thể gây ra hành động (chủ ngữ), ví dụ : He himself does it. (Chính anh
ta làm việc) hay dùng trợ động từ để nhấn mạnh vào hành động (động từ) trong
câu khẳng định, ví dụ: He did meet me yesterday hoặc She does do his
homework.

Một vài cách nhấn mạnh thông thường khác thường được dùng trong
ngôn ngữ nói của tiếng Anh:
1. Dùng Neither , Nor: Cũng không và So: cũng vậy
Ví dụ:
- I don’t like him. – Nor/Neither do I.
- My mother is ill this week . – So is my mother.
2. Đặt “here: đây” hay “there: đó ” lên đầu câu.
Ví dụ:
- Here comes Freddy!
- There goes the teacher!
3. Với động từ “say: nói” hoặc “ask: hỏi” khi chủ ngữ là danh từ hay tên
người. (dùng trong văn viết kể chuyện)
“What is your name?” asked the teacher/Lâm.
“I don’t believe you any more” sai the girl.
Kỹ năng viết ở trình độ Advanced (C1 ≈ IELTS 7.0 +) đòi hỏi người
viết phải biết các phương thức nhấn mạnh phức tạp hơn, nhưng hiệu quả hơn.
Xin giới thiệu có 2 phương thức nhấn mạnh chủ yếu sau đây:
- Nhấn mạnh dùng CẤU TRÚC CÂU PHÂN ĐOẠN (Cleft sentences)
- Nhấn mạnh dùng ĐẢO NGỮ với sự kết hợp với một số từ loại khác.
(Inversion).

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PHẦN 1:
NHẤN MẠNH DÙNG CẤU TRÚC
CÂU PHÂN ĐOẠN (CLEFT SENTENCES)

1. Câu phân đoạn là gì?
Câu phân đoạn là loại câu mà thông tin chứa trong một mệnh đề được chia làm
hai phần và được đặt ở hai mệnh đề khác nhau.
Ví dụ:
- Vanessa has made the greatest impact. (Câu thông thường)
- It is Vanessa who has made the greatestest impact.
Câu phân đoạn được dùng khi muốn nhấn mạnh vào thông tin mới, để giải
thích hay nhấn mạnh sự tương phản với thông tin có trong câu trước đó. Câu
phân đoạn thường được sử dụng trong viết học thuật vì nó có khả năng liên kết
ý rất tốt trong đoạn văn.
Ví dụ:
All of the Redgrave family are gifted actors. But it is Vanessa who has made
the greatestest impact in the world of feature films.

2. Các loại câu phân đoạn
A. Câu phân đoạn dùng “It”
Cấu trúc câu:
It + to be (khẳng định hoặc phủ định) + từ hoặc cụm từ muốn nhấn mạnh
+ that/who/which + mệnh đề.
Ví dụ:
- It is not just his outlandish sense of humour that I am complaining
about.

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Câu phân đoạn dùng “It” được trong các trường hợp sau:
Hãy xem câu thông thường “Tom saw Will Smith at the awards party last
night” được chuyển sang câu phân đoạn như sau:
* Nhấn mạnh vào chủ ngữ (subject)

Ví dụ: It was Tom who saw Will Smith at the awards party last night.
* Nhấn mạnh vào tân ngữ (object)
Ví dụ:
- It was Will Smith that Tom saw at the awards party last night.
* Nhấn mạnh vào các loại trạng ngữ (Adverbials)
Ví dụ:
- It was last night that Tom saw Will Smith at the awards party.
- It was at the awards party that Tom saw Will Smith last night.
Ghi chú: Có thể dùng “When” hoặc “Where” that “that” sau trạng ngữ chỉ
THỜI GIAN hoặc trạng ngữ chỉ NƠI CHỐN.
Ví dụ:
- It was in January when the test results were published.
- It is in Green Street market where the best bargains can be found.
* Các nhấn mạnh khác
Ví dụ:
- He did it because of greed. => It was because of greed that he did it.
- He does it by using a calculator. => It is by using a calculator that he does it.
Trong viết học thuật, câu phân đoạn có thể dùng với từ “this” để nhấn mạnh về
thông tin đã nêu ở câu trước đó.
He married the president’s girl. It was this that made him well- known.
DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH - Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG
< />TÀI LI U LUY N IELTS - Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG
< />6


B. Câu phân đoạn dùng mệnh đề nghi vấn với what (What clause)
Trong câu loại này mệnh đề nghi vấn ( gồm Wh - + chủ ngữ + động từ + …)
được đặt đầu câu và hành động được nhấn mạnh đặt cuối câu.
Cấu trúc: What - clause + be/not be + phần nhấn mạnh
Ví dụ:

- What the manager did was (to) change the formation of the team.
Một số ví dụ khác:
Các câu thông thường:
The boys are not leaving Sandy at home. They are taking him to the beach with
them.
Câu phân đoạn:
- What the boys are doing is taking Sandy to the beach with them.
Các câu thông thường:
Old members are absent but the new members have taken their seats in the
assembly.
Câu phân đoạn:
What the new members have done is taken old members’ seats in the
assembly.

c. Câu phân đoạn dùng mệnh đề nghi vấn WHICH, WHEN,
WHERE, WHY và WHO
Loại câu phân đoạn này thường có cụm danh từ (chỉ người, nơi chốn, thời
gian hoặc lý do) đứng đầu câu, kế tiếp là mệnh đề nghi vấn (wh-clause)
với tư cách là một mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause). Phần nhấn mạnh có
thể là cụm từ nhưng cũng có thể là mệnh đề.
Cấu trúc:
Cụm danh từ + Mệnh đề nghi vấn + be/not be + Phần nhấn mạnh

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Ví dụ:
(Chỉ người)
- The guy who told me about the new club was James.
(Chỉ nơi chốn)

- The house where I lived in my childhood is near here.
(Chỉ thời gian)
- The day when we left was the saddest day of my life.
(Chỉ vật)
- The thing which you bought yesterday is an American novel.
(Chỉ lý do)
Ví dụ:
- The reason why they never told me is they do not trust me.
Ghi nhớ:
1* Cụm danh từ với từ “thing” còn được dùng với nhiều ý nghĩa khác
nhau trong câu phân đoạn.
Ví dụ:
- The thing (that) I most disliked about the movie was the scene in the
graveyard.
- The only thing (that) they want is a chance to air their grievances.
- The last thing (that) we did was (to) pack the kettle.
2* Đại từ “Something” và “All” cũng có thể sử dụng trong câu phân
đoạn.
Ví dụ:
- Something the surveyor neglected to mention was the damp in the
kitchen.

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- All (that) we are asking for is to be given a chance.
3*. Trong câu phân đoạn trong cấu trúc câu điều kiện, động từ trước phần
nhấn mạnh không nhất thiết là động từ “be” nữa, mà bất kỳ động từ nào.
Ví dụ:
The one person (that) I did not want to see just then walked into the

room.

Collected and written by
TRAN MANH TRUNG – HONG DUC UNIVERSITY

******************************************************

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BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH PHẦN 1:
I. Viết lại các câu sau, dùng “It” để nhấn mạnh phần gạch chân.
1. Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa, not Michelangelo.
……………………………………………………………………………..
2. Shirley Bassey sang many of James Bond theme songs.
……………………………………………………………………………..
3. Mike took those photographs.
……………………………………………………………………………..
4. Sally is married to Fred’s best friend, not his cousin.
……………………………………………………………………………..
5. Mozart’s most famous opera is The Marriage of Figaro.
……………………………………………………………………………..
II. Đọc kỹ đoạn văn và phủ định các câu sau bằng thông tin đúng
bằng câu phân đoạn với “It”.
Nick turned up late for work on Monday because he got stuck in a
traffic jam on the ring road. Nick had a hands-free mobile phone in his
car so he was able to call his manager and warn her that he would be
late. She was furious but managed to reschedule an important meeting for
the afternoon.
1. The manager arrived late for work on Monday.

No, it was …………………………………………………………………
2. Nick was late because he had overslept.
No, it was …………………………………………………………………

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3. Nick sent his manager a text message to let her know he’d be late.
No, what Nick ……………………………… from his hands-free phone.
4. Nick was late on Wednesday morning.
No, ……. …………………………………………… that he was late.
5.Nick’s manager had to start the meeting without him.
No, what she ………………………………………………the afternoon.
6. Nick got stuck in a traffic jam in the town centre.
No, not the town centre; it ………………….………………… got stuck.
7. The manager had to reschedule the meeting because a client was
unable to come.
No, it …………………………..………… had to reschedule the meeting.
8. Nick called his manager to give her the sales figures.
No, it …………………………………………………… that he rang her.
9. Nick’s manager felt a little annoyed with him for being late.
No, she did not feel a little annoyed. What ……………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..
III. Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi, dùng từ gợi ý trong
ngặc đơn.
1. Sebastian left the job because of the long working hours. (Why)
……………………………………………………………………………..
2. The union representative called the strike. (person)
……………………………………………………………………………..
3. Political analysts do not question his dedication. (isn’t)

……………………………………………………………………………..

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4. These criminals are totally ruthless. (what)
……………………………………………………………………………..
5. Dickens used to live around the corner. (place)
……………………………………………………………………………..
6. It was the next-door neighbour who complained. (one)
……………………………………………………………………………..
7. The children inherited everything except the house. (only)
……………………………………………………………………………..
8. The climbers reached the peak at six o’clock. (was)
……………………………………………………………………………..
9. They engaged two au pairs to look after the children. (did)
……………………………………………………………………………..
10. Before leaving we switched off the power supply. (last)
……………………………………………………………………………..
11. The company has imposed a ban on private emails. (done)
……………………………………………………………………………..
12. The only thing the customers wanted was to get their money back.
(all)
……………………………………………………………………………..
13. The managing director informed the staff of the news. (it)
……………………………………………………………………………..
14. Our mechanics just need five minutes to change the tyres. (all)
……………………………………………………………………………..

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15. The introduction of stamp duties led to the loss of the American
colonies. (that)
……………………………………………………………………………..
***********************************************************

ANSWERS TO PART 1 EXERCISES
(ĐÁP ÁN BÀI TẬP PHẦN 1)
I.
1. It was Leonardo da Vinci who painted the Mona Lisa, not
Michelangelo.
2. It was Shirley Bassey who sang many of James Bond theme songs.
3. It was Mike who took those photographs.
4. It is Fred’s best friend to whom Sally is married, not his cousin.
5. It is The Marriage of Figaro which is Mozart’s most famous opera.
II.
1. No, it was Nick who arrived late on Monday.
2. No, it was because he got stuck in a traffic jam that he was late.
3. No, what Nick did was (to) call his manager from his hands-free
phone.
4. No, it was on Monday morning that he was late.
5. No, what she did was (to) reschedule the meeting for the afternoon.
6. No, not the town centre; it was on the ring road that he got stuck.
7. No, it was because Nick was late that she had to reschedule the
meeting.
8. No, it was because he was (going to be) late that he rang her.
9. No, she did not feel a little annoyed. What she felt was furious.

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III.
1. The reason why Sebastian left the job was the long working hours.
2. The person who/that called the strike was the union representative.
3. It is not his dedication that political analysts question.
4. What these criminals are is totally ruthless.
5. The place around the corner is where Dickens used to live.
6. The one who complained was the next-door neighbour.
7. The only thing the children did not inherit was the house.
8. It was at six o’clock that the climbers reached the peak.
9. What they did was to engage two au pairs to look after the children.
10. The last thing we did (before leaving) was (to) switch the power
supply.
11. What the company has done is imposed a ban on private emails.
12. All the customers wanted was to get their money back.
13. It was the managing director who/that informed the staff of the news.
14. All our mechanics need to change the tyres is just five minutes.
15. The thing that led to the loss of the American colonies was the
introduction of stamp duties.

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH - Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG
< />TÀI LI U LUY N IELTS - Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG
< />
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PHẦN 2:

NHẤN MẠNH DÙNG PHƯƠNG THỨC
ĐẢO TRẬT TỰ GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VỚI ĐỘNG TỪ
HOẶC TRỢ ĐỘNG TỪ
Một phương thức nhấn mạnh khác là đặt từ nhấn mạnh lên đầu câu
và sau đó đảo vị trí của chủ ngữ với động từ hoặc trợ động từ. Các từ
nhấn mạnh có thể mang nghĩa phủ định hoặc là một bộ phận của câu
được nhấn mạnh.
I. DÙNG CÁC TỪ CÓ Ý NGHĨA PHỦ ĐỊNH
1. Trạng từ barely/ hardly / scarcely …. when … : vừa mới, ngay khi
Ví dụ: - Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had I arrived home when I had a new
problem to cope with. (Tôi vừa về đến nhà thì phải giải quyết một vấn đề
mới).
2. No sooner … than … : ngay khi
Ví dụ: No sooner had she handed in her paper than she realized her
careles mistakes. (Ngay khi cô ấy nộp bài xong, cô ấy nhận ra những lỗi
do bất cẩn)
3. Rarely/ Seldom (hiếm khi), Little (ít ỏi), Never (không bao giờ)
Ví dụ:
- Rarely has the economic situation been worse.
- Little did she think that I knew all about her.
- Never before have I stayed in a worse hotel.
4. At no time (không lúc nào), Under/ In no circumstances (không bao
giờ, không đời nào), in no way (không cách nào, không mặt nào), on no
account (không vì bất cứ lý do gì).

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Ví dụ:
- At no time during the operation did the patient regain consciousness.

(Trong suốt ca mổ không có lúc nào bệnh nhân tỉnh lại)
- Under no circumstances can refunds be given. (Không bao giờ hoàn lại
tiền).
- On no account are visitors allowed to smoke in the museum.
(Vì bất kỳ lý do nào du khách cũng không được phép hút thuốc trong bảo
tàng)
- In no way can Mr Brown be held responsible.
5. Not only …. but also … : không những …. mà còn
Ví dụ:
- Not only is she intelligent but she is also kind.
- Not only did he lose all his money, he also came close to losing his life.
- Not only is he late, he has not even brought a present.
6. Not + cụm từ chỉ thời gian/ người/vật
Ví dụ:
- Not until Ann spoke to the doctor did she understand how serious her
illness was.
- Not a single stone was left unturned in the search. (Tất cả các hòn đá
đều bị lật tung để tìm kiếm)
7. Dùng Neither hoặc Nor
Ví dụ:
- They have no intention of paying and neither have we.
- We could not face the customers and nor could the boss.

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II. DÙNG CÁC TỪ CÓ Ý NGHĨA DUY NHẤT
Cấu trúc với “Only … ” (Chỉ …)
* Sau từ “Only” thường dùng các từ hay cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ví dụ:

- Only after a year did I see the results of my work.
- Only then/ later did I realize that I had lost my keys.
- Only when I have free time do I watch TV.
- Only on Sundays can members park there.
* Sau từ “Only” thường dùng với các cụm giới từ
Ví dụ:
- Only with a great deal of efford was he able to escape.
- Only by working harder will you pass your final exam.
- Only in a few countries does the whole population ẹnoy a reasonable
standard of living.
* Sau từ “Only” thường dùng các liên từ
- Only if the weather improves will the golf tournament take place.
III. DÙNG VỚI CÁC TỪ KHÁC
1. so : cũng vậy
Ví dụ:
- The captain is refusing to play under these conditions and so are the rest
of the team.
2. So … that … / such … that …: đến nỗi mà
Ví dụ:
- So hot was the day that we had to stay indoors.

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- Such was his hunger that he could not go on learning.
3. Đặt cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng đầu câu để nhấn mạnh.
Ví dụ:
- On the stairs was sitting a small girl.
- Round the corner came a milk-van.
4. Dùng “as: cũng như vậy” đặt đầu mệnh đề sau.

Ví dụ:
- She travelled a great deal, as did most of her friends.
IV. CÁC CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LƯỢC BỎ “IF” VÀ ĐẢO NGỮ KHI
NHẤN MẠNH
* Câu điều kiện loại 1: Thay “If” bằng “should”.
Ví dụ:
If anyone asks me, please tell them I will be away for a few days.
=> Should anyone ask me, please tell them I will be away for a few days.
* Câu điều kiện loại 2: Bỏ “If” đặt động từ/trợ động từ trước chủ ngữ.
Ví dụ:
If it were not for special glass, advanced technology could not operate.
=> Were it not for special glass, advanced technology could not operate.
* Câu điều kiện loại 3: Bỏ “If” đặt động từ/trợ động từ trước chủ ngữ.
Ví dụ:
If I had known what was giong to happen, I would never have left him
alone.
=> Had I known what was giong to happen, I would never have left him
alone.

18


***********************************************************

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH PHẦN 2
I. Choose the most suitable words underlined.
1. Jim promised that he would never/ never would he tell anyone else.
2. Not until it was too late I remembered / did I remember I call Susan.
3. Hardly had we settle down in our seats than/ when the lights went out.
4. Only after checking three times I was/ was I certain of the answer.

5. At no time I was aware/ was I aware of anything out of usual.
6. Only Mary and Sally passed/ did they pass the final examination.
7. So the waves were high / So high were the waves that swimming was
dangerous.
8. Only when Peter has arrived / has Peter arrived can we begin the program.
9. No sooner had it stopped raining than/ when the sun came out.
10. If should you leave early / should you leave early could you leave me a lift?
IIa. Rewrite these sentences, using NEVER.
1. She has never been so happy before.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. I have never heard such nonsense!
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. I have never seen such a mess in my life.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. Our profits this year are higher than they have ever been.
…………………………………………………………………………………

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5. She would never again trust her own judgment when buying antiques.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. The firm has never before laid on such a sumptuous celebration.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. I’ve never come across such a horrifying film.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. I have never been so moved by a Shakespeare production.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. I never for one moment thought the consequences would be so far- reaching.
…………………………………………………………………………………

10. I had never tasted such a wonderful combination of flavours before.
…………………………………………………………………………………
IIb. Rewrite these sentences, using RARELY, SELDOM or LITTLE.
1. One rarely finds good service these days.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. She has rarely travelled more than fifty miles from her village.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. It is very unusual for a military campaign to have been fought with so little
loss of life.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. It is unusual for the interior of the island to be visited by tourists.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Public borrowing has seldom been so high.
…………………………………………………………………………………

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6. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. She didn’t realize what would happen to her next.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. I didn’t think that one day I’d be appearing in films rather than just
watching them.
…………………………………………………………………………………
III. Rewrite these sentences, using IN, AT , UNDER, or ON.

1. Keith certainly can’t be held responsible for the accident.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. The children themselves are not in any way to blame for the disaster.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. The existence of extraterrestrial is not confirmed by the report.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. I was never shown how to operate the machinery.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. He never suspected that she was a witch.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. There has never been a time when the English language was not in a state of
change.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

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7. Miss Weaver will not be offered the job under any circumstances.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. You should not send money to us by post under any circumstances.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. We can’t exchange tickets in any circumstances.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. I won’t go out that way to visit him again on any account!
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. You must on no account lift heavy weights like that again.

…………………………………………………………………………………
12. This window must not be unlocked without prior permission.
…………………………………………………………………………………

IV. Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with NOT.
1. He is my friend as well as yours.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. He booked tickets for the afternoon performance and the evening
performance as well.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. Burglars stole a thousand pounds’ worth of electrical goods, and left the flat
in an awful mess.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. Tony was not only late, but he had left all his books behind.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. You will enhance your posture and improve your acting ability on this
course.
…………………………………………………………………………………
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6. It isn’t worth considering his suggestion for a moment.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. She didn’t shed a tear when the story ended in tragedy.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. The manager not once offered us an apology.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. She made no sound as she crept upstairs.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. He only thought about having a holiday abroad after he retired.
…………………………………………………………………………………
V. Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with ONLY.
1. I only realized how dangerous the situation had been when I got home.
………………………………………………………………………………

2. It wasn’t until last week that the Agriculture Minister admitted defeat.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. I understood Hamlet only after seeing it on the stage.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. They didn’t get round to business until they had finished eating.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. I didn’t realize who he was until later.
…………………………………………………………………………………

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7. The door could not be opened without using force.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. I won’t agree until Tom’s apologized.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. To get the 40% discount, you must buy all twelve books at the same time.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard every day.
…………………………………………………………………………………
VI. Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with SHOULD.
1. If the Government were forced into another election, it would be the
favourite to win.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. If you should wish to make an appointment to see Dr Simons, she is
available between 9.00 and 11.00.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. If you should have further problems with your printer, contact your dealer

for advice.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. If you should decide to accept the post, you will be expected to start work on
1st April.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. If we hear any further news, we will be in touch immediately.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. If you wish to take advantage of the offer, kindly tick the box on your order
form.
…………………………………………………………………………………

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7. If the film should be a box - office success, they may be sequel.
………………………………………………………………………………
8. If you should change your mind, there will always be a job for you here.
…………………………………………………………………………………
VII. Rewrite these sentences, using inversion with WERE OR HAD
1. If the chemical were to leak, a large area of the sea would be contaminated.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. If Germany were to beat Romania, they would face Italy in the final.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. If Mr Morgan were still head master, he would not permit such bad behavior.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. If you had given it on time, you would have got a high mark.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. If she had become a lawyer, as her parents wished, she would have earn a
large salary.
…………………………………………………………………………………

6. If anything has gone wrong with my plan, I would have been held
responsibile.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. If it hadn’t been for Henry, I might not have met you.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. If only they had confirmed by phone, the airline could have warned them.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. The coast guards could have saved the vessels if they had been notified.
…………………………………………………………………………………

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