EBOOK grammar in use a self study

CAMBRIDGE

Ä

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
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English
www.cambridge.org
English Grammar in Use
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/978052I532891 ©
Cambridge University Press 2004

Grammar
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permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004 7th printing 2005
m Useby
A self-study
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A self-study reference
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reference
and practice
and practice
book for

ISBN-13 978-0-521-53289-1 Edition with answers ISBN-10 0-52153289-2 Edition with answers
book
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Klett edition
THIRD
EDITION
THIRD
EDITION
Raymond Murphy
CAMBRIDGE
y ” f UNIVERSITY PRESS
Raymond Murphy


Contents
Thanks vii To the
srudent viii To the

teacher x
Present and past
1 Present continuous (I am doing)
2 Present simple (1 do)
3 Present continuousand present simple I (1 am doing
4 Present continuousand present simple 2 (I am doing
5 Past simple (1 did)
6 Past continuous (1 was doing)

and
and

1 do)
I do)

Present perfect and past
Present perfect 1 (I have done)
8 Present perfect 2 ll have done)
9 Present perfect continuous (1 have been doing)
10 Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and 1 have done)
11 How long have you (been) ... ?
12 For and since When ... ? and How long ... ? •
13 Present
perfect andpast 1 (I have done and I did)
14 Present
perfect andpast 2 (1 have done and I did)
15 Past perfect (I had done)
16 Past perfect continuous (1 had been doing)
17 Have got and have
18 Used to (do)

19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Future
Present tenses (I am doing /1 do) for the future
(I'm) going to (do)
Will/shall 1
Will/shall 2
I will and I’m going ;o
Will be doing and will have done
When I do / When I've done When and if

Modals
Can. could and (be) able to
2" Could (do) and could have (done)
28 Must and can’t
29 May and might 1
30 May and might 2
31 Have to and must
32 Must mustn't needn't
33 Should 1
34 Should 2
35 Had better It’s time ...
36 Would
37 Can/Could/Would you ... ? etc. (Requests, offers, permission and invitations)

26

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ONIllPAGE
326.


38
39
40
41

If and wish
If I do ... and If I did ...
If I knew ... I wish I knew ...
If I had known ... I wish I had known ...
Wish

42
43
44
45
46

Passive
Passive I (is done / was done)
Passive 2 (be done / been done / being done)
Passive 3
It is said that ... He is said to ... He is supposed to ...
Have something done

47
48

Reported speech
Reported speech 1 (He said that ...)
Reported speech 2

49
50
51
52

Questions and auxiliary verbs
Questions 1
Questions 2 (Do you know where ... ? / He asked me where ...)
Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so /1 hope so etc.
Question tags (do you? isn’t it? etc.)

-ing and the infinitive
Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing etc.)
Verb + to ... (decide to ... / forget to ... etc.)
Verb (+ object) + to ... (I want you to ... etc.)
Verb + -ing or to ... 1 (remember/regret etc.)
Verb + -ing or to ... 2 (try/need/help)
Verb + -ing or to ... 3 (like / would like etc.)
Prefer and would rather
Preposition (in/for/about etc.) + -ing
Be/get used to something (I’m used to ...)
Verb + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing
etc.)

63 Expressions + -ing
64 To ... , for ... and so that ... (purpose)
65 Adjective + to ...
66 To ... (afraid to do) and preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing)
67 See somebody do and see somebody doing
68 -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.)
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78

Articles and nouns
Countable and uncountable 1

Countable and uncountable 2
Countable nouns with a/an and some
A/an and the
The 1
The 2 (school / the school etc.)
The 3 (children / the children)
The 4 (the giraffe / the telephone / the piano etc., the + adjective)
Names with and without the 1
Names with and without the 2

IV IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE
326.


“9 Singular and plural

80 Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache)
81 -’s (your sister's name) and of ... (the name of the book)

Pronouns and determiners
Myself/yourself/themselves etc.
A friend of mine My own house On my own / by myself
There ... and it ...
Some and any
No/none/any Nothing/nobody etc.
8” Much. many, little, few. a lot, plenty
88 All / all of most / most of no / none of etc.
89 Both / both of neither / neither of either / either of
90 All. every and whole
91 Each and every

82
83
84
85
86

92
93
94
95
96

Re la tire clauses
Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which
Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which
Relative clauses 3: whoseAvhom/where
Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (11
Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)
9" -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the
accident)
Adjectives and adverbs

98 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
99 Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired
100 Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quicklv)
101 Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well/fast/late. hard/hardlv)

111
112

So and such
Enough and too
Quite, pretty, rather and fairly
Comparison 1 (cheaper, more expensive etc.)
Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner
the better) 10“ Comparison 3 (as ... as / than)
Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc.)
Word order 1: verb + object; place and time
Word order 2: adverbs with the verb
Still, yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer
Even

113
114
115
116
117
118

Conjunctions and prepositions
Although / though / even though In spite of / despite
In case
Unless As long as Provided/providing
As (As 1 walked along the street ... / As 1 was hungry ...)
Like and as
As if / as though / like

102
103
104

105
106
108
109
110

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ONV PAGE
326.


119 For, during and while
ToTo
the
student
120
By
and
until By the time ...
the
teacher
Thanks

Prepositions
This
book
is for students
who
want
help
English

grammar.
Itaisteacher
written
Additional
exercises
English
Grammar
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English
Grammar
in Use when
1 was
At/on/in
(time)
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At the
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Additional
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These
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124
In/at/on
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130
Adjective
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131 Adjective

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Verb
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134
Verb
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Phrasal
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137
Phrasal
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Phrasal
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Phrasal
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140
Phrasal
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Phrasal
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Phrasal
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Regular
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verbs
292
Present
and past
x
1
English.
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verbs
(can/could/will/would
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2 Grammar
in Use
Third

Edition
etc.)
296 Short
/ you’ve
Appendi
How
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book
This
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of forms
English(I’m
Grammar
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didn't
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297
Spelling
298
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3
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300
Appendi
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83-137
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Additional
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302
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numbers from the second edition.
It is suggested that you work in this way:
Study
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the
material
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or reorganised,
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□ Use
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Key to
Exercises 336
exercises.
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units you need to study, use the Study guide on page
Key to Additional
exercises
326.
□ The Additional exercises have been extended. The new exercises are 14-16,
368

□ Study the
explanations
and examples on the left-hand page of the unit you
25,Study
30-31,
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Key to
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372
have
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□ The
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□Index
There
373is a new CD Rom with further exercises to accompany the book.

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE
326.


English Grammar in Use


Unit 1

Exercises

1.1 Complete the sentences with the following verbs in the correct form:
Present continuous (I am doing)

\VI'I .
get happen look lose make start stay try
iT
UI
Study
situation:
‘You this examplehard
today.’ "'tes, 1 have a lot to do.'
I Sarah
.... is..........
where she is?
in herfor
car.Christine.
She is onDo
heryou
wayknow
to work.
is ............dark.
driving to work.
ItShe
.......
Shall I turn on the light?
This don’t
means:
sheanywhere
is driving to
now,
of speaking.
with friends
They

have
liveatatthe
thetime
moment.
They....
The action is not finished.
'.......................................................................................
Am/is/are
+ -ing is the present continuous:
. money.
until they find somewhere.
Things are not so good at work. The company. .!.....C............. " r /l- ?
Have you gotaan umbrella? It.... .....r......................C.
to
I m (= I’m)
driving
rain.
he/she/it is (= he’s
working
You........'.....:..f.................
adoing
lot of noise. Can you be
we/you/t
ar etc.)
(= we’re
quieter?
I.....
e correct
etc.) form. etc.
Put the verbhey

into the
Sometimes you need the negative (I’m not doing
etc.).
I1 am
doing
something
I’m innoise.
the middle
doing
it; I've started doing it and I
Please
don’t
make so =much
1
. of
. (try)
to work.
,
2 haven't
Let’s gofinished
out now.yet:
It........................(rain) any more.
□
Please
don’t
make
so
much
noise.
I’m

trying
to
work.
(not
I
3 You can turn off the radio. I ....:.......ILLLLI. l...c. . (listen) to it. try)
‘Where’s
having
shower.'
He has She.......................
a shower)
4 □Kate
phonedMark?’
me last‘He’s
night.
She'saon
holiday(not
in France.
□ (have)
Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more, (not It doesn’t rain)
□ a(at
a party)
Jane. Are
you
the party? (not Do you enjoy)
great
timeHello,
and doesn't
want
to enjoying

come back.
□
What’s
all
that
noise?
What’s
going
on?
(=
happening?)
5 I want to lose weight, so this week I...........i What’s....
(ear) lunch.
6 The
Andrew
has
just necessarily
started evening
classes.atHe........1....
.
(learn)
action
is not
happening
the time of.......
speaking.
For example:
German.
Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says:
Paul and Sally have had an argument. They.... ....................diUZLl .¿.

.......................................................................(speak)
other.
I’m reading a really good booktoateach
the moment
S I ..... .............................
(get)
tired.
I
need
a
rest.
It's about a man who ...
/
9 Tim........... ......................,..... (work) this week. He’s on holiday.
*v
Complete the conversations.
not reading the hook at the time of speaking.
1 A: I saw Brian a fewSteve
days is
ago.
hasdays?
started
it, but
has
not
B: Oh, did you? He means that
.. he
these
(what
/ he

/ do)
finished it yet.
A: He’s at university.
He .is................
in the middle
of /reading
it.
B: ..............................
? (what
he / study)
Some
more examples:
A: Psychology.
□ ...n-....»......
Kate wants .............................
to work in Italy, so it?
she’s
B:
(helearning
/enjoy) Italian, (but perhaps she
learning
Italian
at good
the time
of speaking)
A: isn’t
Yes, he
says it's
a very
course.

□ Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it
2 A: next
Hi. Liz.
How ....¿.1.1. ....................-:.L......in your new job? (you / get on)
summer.
B:
Not
bad.
It present
wasn't so
good at first,
but
You can use the
continuous
with
today...............................better
/ this week / this year etc.
now.
(things
/
get)
(periods around now):
about
Jonathan?
Is he OK?
□ A:
A:What
You’re
working
hard today,

(not You work hard today)
1.4 Complete
the
sentences
using
the
B: Yes, I have a lot to do.
□ following
The company
I work
isn’t doing
verbs:
beginfor
change
get so well this year.
-increase rise
We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening
1 The population of the world .................... very fast.
around now, especially with these verbs:
2 The world........................^............. Things never stay the same.
get
change is
become
fall grow improve
begin start
3 The
situation
alreadyincrease
bad andrise
it.............................

■’./!$.
worse.
□
Is
your
English
getting
better?
(not
Does
your
English
get
better)
4 The cost of living.............r........................ Every year things are more expensive.
The
population of
the world is increasing
veryThe
fast,
(nothas
increases)
5 □The
weather.....
........i...................to
improve.
rain
stopped, and the
as
strong.

□ At first I didn’t like my job, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now. (not I begin)
/

1.2

1.3

Present continuous and present simple —* Units 3-4 Present tenses for the future -» Unit 19


Exercises
2.1

2.2

Unit 2

Complete
sentences
Presentthe
simple
(I do)using the following verbs:
cause(s) connect(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) speak(s) take(s)
Study
this example situation:
1 Tanya......ÜBSSÉS
German very well.
2 I don't often
.......coffee.
Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in

3 The swimming pool. ....2.............at 7.30 every morning.
bed asleep.
4 Bad driving........................ many accidents.
He is not driving a bus. (He is asleep. 1
5 My parents...... .............. in a very small flat.
but He drives a bus.
|He
is years.
a bus
6 The Olympic Games......f?..£..k...place
every
four
driver.)
7 The Panama Canal ....' ................ the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Drive(s)/work(s)/do(esi etc. is the
8 Put the verb into the
present simple:
correct form. ........ (n0t
1 Julie.......yCruok
/ drink) tea very often.
2 What time.............".. . ...................(the banks / close) here?
usegot
thea present
simple
about things in general. We
use it
say that
3 We
I’ve
computer,

but 1to talk
.............r..........................(not
/ use)
it to
much.
4 something
'Where ............. .C..............S'L.l.. . .1.. .„¿'(Martin / come) from?’ 'He’s Scottish.’
happens
all the time
or repeatedly, or that something
is ‘I’m
true an
in general:
5 'What................
\.:.L............................L.C..
(you / do)?’
electrician.’
□
Nurses
look
after
patients
in
hospitals.
6 It .....(take) me an hour to get to work. How long
r
□ft ........
I usually
go away at weekends. / take) you?
'..L. .........................................(it

□ The
earth
goes
round the
sun.r.L....... ............‘1.......(this word / mean)?
Look
at this
sentence.
What
1
□
The
café
opens
at
7.30
in
the
morning.
9 David isn’t very fit. He..;.......r....
....L.:........................
(not / do) any sport.
Remember:
Use1thework
following
to complete
sentences.
Sometimes
you ...
need the negative:

... butverbs
He works
... Theythe
teach
... but Mv
sister teaches
eatsee
flow
go^ ^rew6. make rise tellII translate
For spelling believe
(-s or -es),
Appendix
The earth ...joes. .round the sun.
An interpreter.......'..£...^from one
and negative
sentences:
We
use do/does to makeBritain.
questions
and negative
sentences:
Rice......gr.?W............¡n
language
into another.
ÛU
work?
work
The
sun..............................in
the

east.
Liars
are
people
who .......
I/we/you/th don’t
do I/we/you/th
A
drive? honev.
drive
Bees..........1................
the truth.
ey doesn’
ey
docs
7do?
he/she/it
t
he/she/it
The River do
Amazon..... ......
Vegetarians
. .:......meat.
into
the
atheist
................
.......'..¿./in
God.
□ An

I come
from
Canada.
Where do
you come from?Atlantic Ocean.
□ You
I don’t
go away
veryabout
often.herself and her family. Write the questions.
ask Liz
questions
□
What
does
this
word
mean?
(not
What
means
this how
word?)
1 You know’ that L.iz plays
tennis.
You
want
to know
often. Ask her.
□ How

Riceoften.....................................................................................................................
doesn’t grow in cold climates.

2.4

?
Liz’s sister
plays tennis
know.
InPerhaps
the following
examples,
do is too.
alsoYou
the want
maintoverb
(doAsk
youLiz.
do / doesn't do
........hJziJL.....................your sister......................jUJtJ.LLi...................................... ?
etc.):
3 □ You
know
a newspaper
‘What
dothat
you Liz
do?’reads
‘1 work
in a shop.’ even- dav. You want to know which one.

her.
□ Ask
He’s
always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help.
V
¿7 Gv
,
We use the present simple to say how often we do things:
□ ........li.....:....:.........................................
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning. ,c.r............................c........L............ ........ . ?
4 □ You
know
that
w’orks.
Y’ou want to know what he does. Ask Liz.
How
often
doLiz’s
youbrother
go to the
dentist?
/'
■
;
c/
PC
'
’S'*
?
□ Julie doesn’t drink tea very often.

6 You don't know where Liz’s grandparents live. You w^nt to
□ know.
Robert
usually
Ask
Liz. goes away two or three times a year.
A. *
/*/-> V (■ < : ,, / /
■/ / ‘ y*
promise /1 apologise etc.
2.5
Complete we
using
following:
Sometimes
do the
things
by saying something. For example, when you promise
1 apologise
1 insist
I promise I recommend
toIt's
doasomething,
you
can
saywe
‘I promise
...’;a walk.
when you suggest something, you
nice day....L..5wggest

go out for
can
say ‘Itell
suggest
...’: w’hat you said......1LL..L.1........
I won’t
anybody
□ I promise I won’t be late, (not I’m promising)
r
3 (in ii restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal ...
□ ‘What do you suggest I do?’ ‘I suggest that you ...’
2

4
5

......for what I did. It won’t happen again.
/
The new restaurant in Hill Street is very good....................... .

Present simple and present continuous —» Units 3-4 Present tenses for the future -» Unit 19


3.1

3.3

Unit 3
Exercises
Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do)

Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
. ..Q&........
2 The water boils. Can you turn it off?
. ..V?5....bot2x»ng
Compare:
3 Look!
That man tries to open the door of your car. ................
continuous
(I am doing)
4 CanPresent
you hear
those people?
What do they talk
about?
.........
Present
simple
(Ido)
5 TheWe
moon
round the earth
in about 27 days. .................
use goes
the continuous
for things
We use..................
the simple for things in
6 I must
go now.at

It or
gets
late. the time of
happening
around
general
or things that happen
7 I usually
go to work by car.
..................
speaking.
repeatedly.
8 ‘Hurry
It's is
time
leave.' ‘OK, I come.'
..................
The up!
action
norto
complete.
9 I hear you’ve got a new job. How do you get on? ..................
10 Paul is never late.I Hej
always getting to work on time............
am doing
■*------------------I
do
11 Theypast
don’t get on well.
They're always arguing.

..................►
now
---------------------future
past
now
future
Put
the
verb
into
the
correct
form,
present
continuous
or
present
simple.
3.2
□ The water is boiling. Can you turn
1 Let’s go out. It.. .ifSn t
...(not / rain) now.
□ Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
it off?
2 Julia is very good at languages. She......... □
(speak)
four
languages
very well.
Excuse

me,
do you speak
English?
□ Listen to those people. What
3 Hurry up! Everybody..............................(wait) for you.
language are they speaking?
doesn’t
very
4
‘............................................(you
/ listen) to□theItradio?’
‘No, rain
you can
turnmuch
it off.’ in
□ Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now.
summer.
5
‘............................................(you
/ listen) to the radio every day?’ ‘No, just
□ ‘I’m busy.’ ‘What are you doing?’
□ What do you usually do at
occasionally.’
□ I’m getting hungry. Let’s go and
weekends?
6 The River Nile.................................(flow) into the
Mediterranean.
eat.
I today
always

getfaster
hungry
in the
7 The river.....................................(flow) very □
fast
- much
than usual.
□ Kate wants to work in Italy, so
afternoon.
8 We usually.................................(grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we
she’s learning Italian.
..........................................
(not / grow) any. □ Most pec>ple learn to swim
□ The population of the world is
when they are children.
9 A: How’s your English?
increasing very fast.
□ Every
day the population of the
B:We
Nor
bad.
I
think
it............................(improve)
slowly.
use the continuous for temporary
world
increases
by about

10 Rachel is in London at the moment. She...........................(stay)
at the
Park Hotel.
situations:
200,000
people.
She□always.............................(stay)
there
when
she’s
in
London.
I’m living with some friends until We use the simple for permanent
11 Can we stop walking sdon? I..............................(start)
situations:to feel tired.
1 find a place of my own.
12 A: Can you drive?
□ A: You’re working hard today.
B: I..................................(learn).
me.
□ My parents live in London.
They
B: Yes, I have a lot to do. My father.............................(teach)
13 Normally 1..................................(finish) work at five, but this week I
I..................................(work)
always do and I’m alwaysuntil
doing
six to earn a little more money.
14 MyI parents..................................(live)
in Manchester.

They were born there and
always do (something) = I do it every
time:
□ I always go to work by car. (not I’m always going)
have never
livedalways
anywhere
else.
Where...........................................(your
‘I’m
doing
something’
has a different meaning. For parents
example:/ live)?
15 Sonia...............*.....................(look) for a place to live. She...........................(stay)
________________________________N
with
^I've lost my pen .again. I'm always losing
her sister until she finds somewhere.
things. J
16 A: What......................................................(your brother / do)?
B: He's an architect, but he...................................(not / work) at the moment.
17 (at a party) I usually...................'..............(enjoy) parties, but I...................................
Finish B’s sentences. Use always -ing.
1 A: I’ve lost my pen again.
I’m always losing things = I lose things very
B: Not again! .You re fliwaujS losing gour pew
often,
2 A: The car has broken down again.
perhaps too often, or more often than normal.

B: That car is useless. It.............................
3
4

A:Two
Look!
You've
made the same mistake again.
more
examples:
B:
no, not
again!
I.................................
□ Oh
You’re
always
watching
television. You should do something more
A: Oh,active.
I've forgotten my glasses again.
B: Typical!
...................................................
(= You
watch television too often)

7
Present continuous and simple 2 -* Unit 4 Present tenses for the future -» Unit 19

Exercises
4.1

Unit 4

Present continuous
andorpresent
2 (I
am where
doing necessary.
and I do)
Are the underlined
verbs right
wrong?simple
Correct
them
1 Nicky
is thinking
of giving
job. .....Q£........................
We use
continuous
formsup
forher
actions
and happenings that have started hut not
2 Are
you believing
in God?
...................................

finished
(they are
eating / it is raining
etc.). Some verbs (for example, know
3 I'mand
feeling
hungry.
Is
rhere
anything
to
eat?
...........................
like) are nor normally used in this way.
We don’t say ‘I am knowing’ or
4 This
sauce
is
great.
It's
tasting
really
good...............................
‘they are liking’; we say ‘I know’, ‘they like'.
5 I'm thinking this is your key. Am I right? ................................
UseThe
thefollowing
words in verbs
brackets
make

sentences.
also
study Unit 3
areto
not
normally
used (You
in theshould
present
continuous:
before you do this exercise.)
like love hate want need prefer
know realise suppose
understand believe
mean
remember
(you / not / seem / very happy today)
/
11 \
belong fit contain consist seem
I’m hungry. I want
ng to eat. (not I’m wanting)
someth
Do you understand what mean?
□ Ann doesn’t seem very happy at the moment.
6

4.2

Think

When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’, we do not use the
continuous:
(who
/ this umbrella / belong to?)
□ I think Mary is Canadian, bur I’m not sure. (not I’m thinking)
□ What do you think about my plan? (= What is your opinion?)
When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible:
□ I’m thinking about what happened. I often think about it.
□ Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is considering it)
A
He is selfish and He is being selfish
He’s being = He's behaving / He’s acting. Compare:
□ I can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.
(being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment)
□ He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is being)
Put the verb into
theiscorrect
present
present simple.
(= He
selfishform,
generally,
notcontinuous
only at the or
.moment)
1 Are you hungry? . ....................... (you / want) something to eat?
We put
use the
am/is/are
being

to say
how somebody is behaving.
2 Don't
dictionary
away.
I...;.............................(use)
it. It is not
usually
possible
in
other
sentences:
3 Don't put the dictionary away. I..................................(need) it.
□ is
It’sthat
hotman?
today,What....................................(he
(not It is being hot)
4 Who
/ want)?
□
Sarah
is
very
tired,
(not is being tired)
5 Who is that man? Why.....................................(he
/ look) at us?
6 Alan says he's 80 years old, but nobody....................-........(believe) him.
See hear smell taste

7 She told me her name, but I..................................(not / remember) it now.
normally
use my
the car.
present
simple
continuous)
with these
8 I We
(think)
of selling
Would
you (not
be interested
in buying
it? verbs:
□
Do
you
see
that
man
over
there?
(not
Are
you
seeing)
9 I .......................(think) you should sell your car. You............................................
□ This

room
smells.
Let’s open a window.
(not
/ use)
it very
often.
We often(consist)
use can +mainly
see/hear/smell/taste:
10 Air............
of nitrogen and oxygen.
□ I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?
4.3
Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must
Look feel
use the simple (am/is/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable
You canbeing).
use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or
(am/is/are
feelsunderstand
now:
1 I can't
why ....b.&.5..being
so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.
□
You
look
well
today,

or
You’re
looking
well
2 Sarah........................................very nice to me at
thetoday.
moment. I wonder why.
□
How
do
you
feel
now?
or
Howare
you
feeling
3 You'll like Debbie when you meet her. She.............................. very nice.
now?usually
but very patient, so why...............................so unreasonable about
4 You're
□ I usually feel tired in the morning, (not I'm usually feeling)
waiting
ten more minutes?
Present continuous and simple 1 -* Unit 3 Have -» Unit 17 Present tenses for the future —
Unit 19


Exercises
Unit

5.1

Unit 5

Past simple
(I did)
Read
a typical
working day:
5 what Laura says about
Study this usually
example:
get up at 7 o'clock and have a big
breakfast.
I walk
to was an Austrian
Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart
work,
which
takes
me about half an hour. I
musician
and
composer.
start
work
at 8.45.1He lived from 1756 to
1791. He
started

at the
ageatof5five
never
havecomposing
lunch. I finish
work
o'clock.
and wrote
more
than
600
pieces
of
music.
I'm always tired when
Laura
He was only 35 years old when he died.
Yesterday
was a typical working day
Lived/started/wrote/was/died
arefor
allLaura.
past Write what she did or didn’t do
yesterday.
simple.
1 She got up ai 7...o'clock:
............................. 7 ......................................................at 5 o’clock.

She.........-.............................a
big ends

breakfast.
...................tired
when
Very often the past simple
in -ed8(regular
verbs):
home.
□ I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department
3 She....................................................„......
9 ..............................a meal yesterday
store.
evening.
□ We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.
4 It to □getThe
to work.
.........out
evening.
police10stopped
meyesterday
on my way
home last night.
5
at □8.45.
11
................................at
11
o’clock.
Laura passed her examination because she studied very hard.
6
lunch.

12 ......................................well
last
night.
teach
buy
catch
cost fall
hurt sell
spend etc.),
For spelling
(stopped,
studied
see
Appendix
6. throw write
1 Mozart .....V.rSs£... more than 600 pieces of music.
But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed.
2 ‘How did you learn to drive?’ ‘My father.................me.’
For example: write -* wrote
□
3 We couldn’t afford to keep our car, so we •.............it.
Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of
music,
4 Dave........................... down the stairs this morning and
leg.
see —» saw
□ We saw Rose in town a few......his
days ago.
go —» went
□ 1 went to the cinema three atimes last

week,
dress
5 Jim........................... the ball to Sue, who...................it.
shut—» shut
□ It was cold, so I shut the window.
which
6 Ann........ ............... a lot of money yesterday. She...........
For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.
...............£100.
5.3 You ask James about his holiday. Write your questions.
I
I
Hi.enjoyed
How are things?
you
she
enjoy?
thanks. I’ve just had adidn't
great holiday.
she Fine,
did
saw
1 Where.....44 ii°9 go. ?
enjoy
she
they
see?U.S. We went on a trip
To the
see from San Francisco to
went

□ Did you go out last night?
they
Denver.
they
B: Yes, I went to
the cinema, but I didn’t enjoy the film much.
go?
2 How..................,....................................... ? By car?go
□ ‘When did Mr Thomas die?’ ‘About ten years ago.’
Yes, we hired a car in San Francisco.
□ They didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t go.
3 It’s a long way to drive. How long................................................... ?
□ ‘Did you have time to write the letter?’ ‘No, I didn’t.’
•
Two weeks.
In the following examples, do is the?main
verb in the sentence (did ...
4 Where........................................................
In hotels?
do / didn’t do): Yes, small hotels or motels.
What did you do at the weekend?
(not What did you at the
5
....□........................................................
?
weekend?) Yes, but it was very hot - sometimes too hot.
The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were:
6 .. —....................................................
the Grand Canyon? .
Of course. It was was

wonderful.
1/he/she/it
I/he/she/it?
was/wasn’t
werethe correct form, positive or
Complete we/you/they
the sentences. Put the verb into
we/you/they?
negative. were/weren’t
Note
that
we
do
not
use
did
in
negatives
1 It was warm, so 1. .took..... off my coat, (take) and questions
was/were:
2 The with
film wasn't
very good. I . .44nt..ei3jpy
¡t very much, (enjoy)
□ Sarah
I was was
angry
because
were late.
3 I knew

very
busy, they
so I............................her.
(disturb)
Was
the weather
good when you were
holiday?
4 I was□very
tired,
so I................................the
partyonearly,
(leave)
□
They
weren’t
able
to
come
because
they
were
so
busy.(sleep)
5 The bed was very uncomfortable. I...........................very well,
□ Did you
outand
last anight
or were you too tired?
6 The window

wasgo
open
bird..........................into
the room, (fly)
7 The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It...........................very much, (cost)
8 1 was in a hurry, so I ...............................time to phone you. (have)
2

5.4

10

Past simple and past continuous -» Unit 6 Past simple and present perfect — Units 12-14


Past continuous (I was doing)
Study this example situation:
Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They
began at
10 o'clock and finished at 11.30.
So, at were
10.30playing
they were
playing
They
= they
weretennis.
in the middle
of
playing. They had not finished playing.

Was/were -ing is the
past continuous:
playing
1/he/she/it was
doing
we/you/they working
were
etc.
I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain
time. The action or situation had already started before this time, but had nor
finished:
J^was doing^
I started
I finished
doing
doing
now
past
past
□ This time last year I was living in Brazil.
□ What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
□ I waved to Helen, but she wasn’t looking.
Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (1 did):
Past continuous (in the middle of an action)
Past simple (complete action)
□ I was walking home when I met Dave. □ 1 walked home after the party
last night, (in the middle of an action) (= all the way, completely)
□ Kate was watching television when .
□ Kate watched television a lot
when she

we arrived.
was ill last year.
We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that
something happened in the middle of something else:
□ Matt phoned while we were having dinner.
□ It was raining when I got up.
□ I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a
book.
□ I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
□ I was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped, and we had a
chat.
Compare:
□ When Karen arrived, we were having □ When Karen arrived, we had
dinner,
dinner. (= we had already started before (= Karen arrived, and then we
Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the
continuous (see Unit 4A):
□ We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing)
□ I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)


Exercises
6.1

1
2
3
4
5

6

Unit 6

What were you doing at these times? Write sentences as in the examples. The
past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example).
(at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) .................................................................................
(at 5 o'clock last Monday) . L WM..M.........................................................................
(at 10.15 yesterday morning) ......................................................................................
(at 4.30 this morning) ............................................................................................. .. .
(at 7.45 yesterday evening) ..........................................................................................
(half an hour ago) ........................................................................................................

6.2 Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.
1
2
3
4
5

6.3

Matt phoned while we werejha...................................................................................
The doorbell rang while I..-..........................................................................................
We saw an accident while we.....................................................................................
Ann fell asleep while she.............................................................................................
The television was on, but nobody.............................................................................
Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

I ..sow. (see) Sue in

town
yesterday, but she...........
.................... (not / see)
me.
She............. ...........(look)

6.4

1.....................(cycle)
I.......................(meet)
home
Tom
and Jane at the airport a yesterday when a man
...........................(step)
few
weeks ago. They............. out
................(go) to Paris into the road in front of
me. I
and I
quite
................................(go) to ...................(go)
Rome.
We fast,
Put the verb into'the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1 Jenny. ......................(wait) for me when 1
.ftUHSiL» . (arrive).
2 ‘What.........................................(you / do) at this time yesterday?’ ‘I was asleep.’
3 ‘ (you / go) out last night?’ ‘No, 1 was too tired.’
4 How fast.........................................(you / drive) when the accident............
(happen)?

5 Sam .............................. (take) a photograph of me while I...............'.........
(not / look).
6 We were in a very difficult position. We.............................(not / know) what to
do.
7 I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last.....................(see) him, he
.......................................(try) to find a job.
8 I (walk) along the street when suddenly I........................................................
(hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody...........................(follow) me. I was
scared
and I............-............ .(start) to run.
9 When I was young, 1.......................... (want) to be a pilot.
10 Last night 1....................................(drop)
a
plate
when
I
Additional exercise 1 (page 302)

13


Exercises

Unit 7

Read the situations and write sentences. Use the verbs:
Irvfp
following
1U3C
Present perfect 1 (I have done)

He has lost his keq.
break
fall go up grow improve
Study thisarrive
example
situation:
She
1 Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it.
...................................
Tom
is looking for
his key. He can’t find it.
2 Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in
plaster.
He
has
lost
his
key.
The
bus
fare
3 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is
...................................
He has lost his key = He lost it recently,
90.
English still
andNow it is Her he
4 Maria's English wasn’t very good.
...................................

doesn’t have it.
better.
5 Dan didn't have a beard before. Now
he has
a is He
Have/has
lost
the present perfect simple:
Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet.
I/we/thev/ ha (= I’ve
A
finished
you ve etc.)
T\__________________ ______________________________ill
lost
Would you like something to
f No. thanks. ..L'.y.e.j.wst..h^...Lu.ndo.,
.
1
done
he’s
earr\ he/she/it
\
has / (=
(I / just / have
lunch)
etc.)
been
etc.
1

Do you know where Julia is?
Yes,............................................................
(I / +just
/ see
/ her) The past participle
The present perfect simple is have/has
past
participle.
often
ends
in
-ed
(finished/decided
etc.),
but
many
important verbs are
3
What time is David leaving?
............................................................................
irregular (lost/done/written etc.).
(he / already / leave)
of irregular
verbs, see Appendix
4 For a list
What's
in the newspaper
1 don't1.know'. .........................................
today?
(I / not

/ read / it yet)
When we say that ‘something has
happened’,
this is usually new
5 information:
Is Sue coming to the cinema
No,............................................................
with us?
□ Ow! I’ve cut my finger.
(she / already / see / the film)
□ The
road
is
closed.
There’s
been
(there
has been) an accident.
Are
your
friends
here
yet?
Yes.............................................................
6
□ (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the
(they / just / arrive)
robbery.
What does Tim think about
7

When we use the present
perfect, there is a connection with now. The action
vour plan?
V (we / not / tell / him yet) )
in the past has a result now: ^ )
□ ‘Where’s your key?’ ‘I don't know. I’ve lost it.’ (= I don’t have it now)
Read the□ situations
andhis
write
sentences
just, already
yet.remember it now)
He told me
name,
but I’vewith
forgotten
it. (= 1 or
can’t
1 After
lunch
you
go
to
see
a
friend
at
her
house.
She

says, ‘Would you like
□ ‘Is Sally here?’ ‘No, she’s gone out.’ ( = she is out now)
something
to
eat?'
□ I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now?)
You say: No thank you. .! Y.£... jwst hod.......
(have lunch)
canout.
use Five
the present
perfect
just, already
2 JoeYou
goes
minutes
later, with
the phone
rings and
and yet.
the caller says, ‘Can I
speak
to
Joe?’
Just = a short time ago:
You
say:you
I’m hungry?’
afraid..........................................................................................
(go

□ ‘Are
‘No, I’ve just had lunch.’
out)
□ Hello. Have you just arrived?
3 You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to
We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected:
take your
□ ‘Don’t forget to send the letter.' ‘I’ve already sent it.’
plate away. You say: Wait a minute! .....................................................
(not /
□ ‘What time is Mark leaving?' ‘He’s already gone.’
finish)
until to
now.
Yet shows
that the
is expecting
something
to
4 YouYet
are=going
a restaurant
tonight.
Youspeaker
phone to
reserve a table.
Later your
happen.
Use
yet

only
in
questions
and
negative
sentences:
friend says,
□ Has
it stopped
raining
yet? You say: No,................ .......................... (do it)
‘Shall
I phone
to reserve
a table.'
□ know
I’ve written
letter,
but I haven’t
sentfor
it yet.
5 You
that a the
friend
of yours
is looking
a place to live. Perhaps she has
been successful.
Noteher.
theYou

difference
between gone (to) and been (to):
Ask
say: ............................................................................................
?
□
Jim
is
on
holiday.
He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way
(find)
there)
6 You are
still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where
are you going
for your holiday?' You say: ....................................................................
(not
/decide)
Present perfect -» Units 8, 11 Been to — Units 8A, 126B Present perfect
continuous -» Units 9-10
Present perfect and past -* Units 12-14 Yet and already -* Unit 111
7.1

7.2

7.3

15

UnitExercises
8

Unit 8

Present perfect 2 (I have done)
You are asking people questions about things they have done. Make questions
Study
example
conversation:
with
everthis
using
the words
in brackets.
1 (rideDAVE:
/ horse?)
...Have
gou ever aridden
a. horse?.........................
Have
you travelled
lot, Jane?
2 (be /JANE:
California?)
Have....................................................................................................
Yes, I’ve
been to lots of places.
3 (runDAVE:

/ marathon?)
.......................
Really?...................................................................................
Have you ever been to China? Jane’s life
4 (speak
/
famous
person?)
...............................................................................................
JANE:
Yes, I’ve been to
5 (most
beautiful
China
twice.place / visit?) What’s............................................................................
(a period until
now)
now Use the
6 Complete
answers.
and some negative.
DAVE:B's
What
aboutSome
India?sentences are positive
__________________
following verbs:
ffieet- play read
see see
try

When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now,
we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc.). Here,
^ Dave and
Mark's
sisrer
likeTN
/I've
her.(which is a period
1 Whar's
Jane are
talking
about
the places
Jane hasno
visitedidea
in her..life
.........................
that continues
untildays?
now).
is Diane these
I don’t know. I ...........
her
2 How
Some more examples:
recently.
3 □ Have Are
I ...........................
much
youyou

everhungry?
eaten caviar? Yes.
(in your
life)
today.
hadchess?
a car.
4 □ We’ve
Can never
you play
Yes, but........................
....for
ages.
'Have
you
read Hamlet?’
I haven’t read any of Shakespeare’s
plays.'
5 □ Are
you
enjoying
your 'No,Yes,
it's it the
best
□ Susan really loves
that
film.
She’s
seen
eight

times!
holiday?
holidav .... for a long
□ What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
that book like?
Itime.
don’t know. .............
..............
6 BeenWhat's
(to) = visited:
it.
7 □Is Brussels
interesting
I'veyou
no been
idea.................
........
I’ve neveranbeen
to China. Have
there?
place?
there.
the following
examples
the speakers
are talking about a...........
period that
He...................
8 In Mike
was late for

work too, Again?
late breakfast
continues until
now
(recently
/
in
the
last
few
days
/
so
far
/
since
every
day
this
week.
again today.
9 etc.): Do you like caviar?
..............
1 don't know. .............
□ Have you heard from Brian recently?
it.
it's days.
the second ----------recently------►
1 □ I’ve
1 hear

broke in theYes,
metyour
a lot car
of people
last
few
time..............................
0 □ Everything
down againisyesterday.
going well. Wethis
haven’t
had any problems
¡n
week.
tjje |ast
few_____________________________________^
Who's
that
woman by the
\^I don'r know,............
...
her
1
door?y
before^
1
so ^ar‘
□ I’m hungry. I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast.
si me rea fast ______
8.3 Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term etc.

(= from breakfast until now)
past
1 I saw Tom yesterday, but)...............................................................................................
now
3 1
read
a
newspaper
yesterday,
but
I
B today
We use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when
these
periods
are
not
4 Last
year the company made
a profit, but this year...................................................
finished
at the
time
of speaking
(see but................................................................
also Unit I4B):
4 Tracy
worked
hard
at school

last term,
□ I’ve a
drunk
four
cups but......................................................................................
of coffee today.
________today
5 It snowed
lot last
winter,
6 Our football team won a lot of games last season, but we........................................
Have andyou
had
holiday
this
year
(yet)?
8.4 Read the□situations
write sentences
asa shown
in the example.
1 Jack is driving a car, but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do.
We ask:
say: ..Hove
It’s theqou
(first)
time&something
happened.
You
driven

car before.?has
...........................................
This is the
He
..No, this is the -first time. I've dr'wtn x car...............................................
Forsays:
example:
first time
2 Ben□ is Don
playing
tennis.aHe’s
not good
it and
he doesn’t
the rules.
is having
driving
lesson.atIt’s
his first
one. know Ve
driven a
You ask:
Have..............................................................................................................
It’s the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)
He
says:
No,
thisdriven
is the first........................................................................................
or He

has
never
a car before.
3 Sue is riding
a has
horse.
look
veryThis
confident
or comfortable.
□ Sarah
lostShe
herdoesn't
passport
again.
is the second
You ask:
........................................................................................................................
time
this has happened. (not happens)
She □says:
Bill....................-.................................................................................................
is phoning his girlfriend again. That’s the third
4 Maria is time
in London.
She has
and it’s very new for her.
he’s phoned
herjust
thisarrived

evening.
You ask: ........................................................................................................................
She says: .......................................................................................................................
Present perfect 1 -» Unit 7 Present perfect +
17
16
for/since -* Units 11-12
Present perfect and past -* Units 12-14
>

8.1


Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
It has been raining
Study this example situation:

Unit
9

Is it raining?
No, but the ground is wet.
It has been raining.
Have/has been -ing is the present perfect
I/we/thev/ ha
continuous:
vou ve = I ve etc. .
doing
,
,

been
waiting
he/she/it has (= hes etc.)
playing
etc.
We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently
stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now:
□ You’re out of breath. Have you been running? (= you're out of breath now)
□ Paul is very tired. He’s been working very hard. (= he’s tired now)
O Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
□ I’ve been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me.
□ Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you everywhere.
B

c

It has been raining for two
hours. Study this example
situation:

It began raining two hours ago and it is still
raining. How long has it been raining?
It has been raining for two hours.
We use the present perfect continuous in this
way with how long, for ... and since ... . The
activity is still happening (as in this
example) or has just stopped.
□ How long have you been learning English? (= you’re still learning
English)
□ Tim is still watching television. He’s been watching television all

day.
□ Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half
hour.
□ Chris hasn’t been feeling well recently.
You can use the present prefect continuous for actions repeated over a
Compare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I have been doing:
I
am doing
present continuous
*
now
Don’t disturb me now. I’m
working.

We need an umbrella. It’s
raining.
Hurry up! We’re waiting.

I

have been doing
present perfect continuous

now
Z I’ve been working hard. Now
I’m going to have a break.
The ground is wet. It’s been
raining.
We’ve been waiting for an hour.

18Present perfect continuous and simple -» Units 10-11 Present perfect + for/since -» Units 1112


Exercises
9.1

9.2

9.3

Unit 9

What have these people been doing or what has been happening?

Write a question for each situation.
1 You meet Paul as he is leaving the swimming pool.
You ask: (you / swim?) ................................................................................
2 You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you.
You ask: (you / wait / long?) . .....................................................................
3 You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty.
You ask: (what / you / do?) .......................................................................
4 A friend of yours is now working in a shop. You want to know how long.
You ask: (how long / you / work / there?) ................................................
5 A friend tells you about his job - he sells computers. You want to know how
long.
You ask: (how long / you / sell / computers?) .........................................
Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1 It's raining. The rain started two hours ago.
It ....A... for two hours.
2 We are waiting for the bus. We started waiting 20 minutes ago.

We ............'.......................................................................for 20 minutes.
3 I'm learning Spanish. I started classes in December.
I
......................since December.
4 Mary is working in London. She started working there on 18 January.
........................................... .........................................since 18 January.
5 Our friends always spend their holidays in Italy. They started going there
years ago.
........................
9.4 Put
the verb into............................................................for
the present continuous (I am -mg) or years.
present
perfect continuous
(I have been -ing).
1 ..... (Maria / learn) English for two years.
2 Hello. Tom..............................................(I / look) for you. Where have you
been?
3 Why............................................(you / look) at me like that? Stop it!
4 Linda is a teacher. ..........................................(she / teach) for ten years.
5
(I / think) about what you said and I’ve decided to take your
advice.
........................(he
/
6 ‘Is
Paul on holiday this ‘No,
work).’
week?' Sarah is very
(she / work) very hard

tired...................................

19


UnitExercisesPresent perfect continuous and simple

Unit 10

10

have been
doing
I have using
done)the words in brackets.
each(Isituation,
write
twoand
sentences
Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on
page 53.
(read
/
tor
two
hours)
....................................He Hois been reading for two Hours.....................................
(read /53 pages so far) ................................................so..........................................
2 Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She
began her trip three months ago.

(travel / for three months) She....................................................................................
(visit / six countries so far) ......................................................................................
3 Patrick
a tennis
Heinbegan playing
when
was Now
ten years
Kate’s is
clothes
areplayer.
covered
Thetennis
ceiling
was he
white.
it old.
This
year
he
is
national
champion
again
for
rhe
fourth
rime.
paint. She has been painting
is red. She has painted the

(win
/
the
national
championships
/
four
times) ..................................................
the
ceiling.
Has painted is the present perfect simple.
Hasceiling.
painting
the ten)
present
(play
/been
tennis
since heis was
...............................................................................
perfect
4 When
they left college. Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still
continuous.
We
are interested in the activity. It
Here, the important thing is that
make
films.
does

not
matter
whether
something
has been finished. Has
(make / five films since they left college) something
They.....................................................
has
been
finished
or
not.
In
this
painted
is
a
completed action. We are
(make / films since they left college) ......................................................................
example, the activity (painting the
interested in the result of the activity
10.2 For eachceiling)
situation,
question
using the words
inpainted
brackets.
hasask
notabeen
finished.

(the
ceiling), nor the activity
1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:
itself.
(how
long
/
learn
/
Arabic?)
Compare
these examples:
...............................................How
Long Have gou been learning Arabic?.........
2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting
forisyou.
You ask:
□ The car
OK again
now. I’ve
(wait /long?) Have . ...................................................................................................
repaired it.
□ My
hands are
very by
dirty.
3 You see
somebody
fishing
theI’ve

river. You ask:
□ Somebody has eaten all my
been
repairing
the
car.
(catch / any fish?) ....................................................................................................
chocolates. The box is empty. .
Joe hasofbeen
eating
too much
4 Some □friends
yours
are having
a party next□week.
Youthe
ask:
Where's
book I gave you?
recently.
He
should
eat
less.
(how many people / invite?) ...................................................................................
What have you done with it?
□ It’s
toissee
you again.
5 A friend

of nice
yours
a teacher.
YouWhat
ask:
Have you ever played tennis?
have
you
been
doing
since
we
(how long / teach?) ..................................................................................................
last
met?
6 You meet
somebody
who is a writer. You ask:
(how many books / write?) ........................................................................................
We use
the/ write
continuous
to say
how
We use the simple to say how much,
B (how
long
/ books?)
........................................................................................
(forof yours is saving money to go how

Along
friend
on holiday.
ask:
many
or howYou
many
times (for
an activity
is still
happening):
(how
long / that
save?)
..........
.......................................................................................
completed
actions):
□ How
longthe
have
yousuitable
been form, present perfect simple (I have
10.3 Put the
verb into
more
□ How much of that book have you
done) orreading
continuous
that

book? (I have been doing). read?
1 Where
you
been?
H&ye...ygu...been..pUujiay^
(you
play) tennis?
□ have
Lisa is
still
writing
letters. She’s □ Lisa has written
ten /letters
today.
been
2 Look! ...................................................(somebody
/ break) that window.
writing letters all day.
3 You look
tired...................................................(you
/ work)
hard?tennis three times
□ They’ve
been playing tennis
□ They’ve
played
4 * (you since
/2 ever
/
work)

in
a
factory?’
‘No,
never.'
this
week.
o’clock.
5 ‘Liz is□away
on holiday.’
is she?
/ go)?
I’m learning
Spanish,
butWhere...........................................(she
I
□ I’m learning Spanish, but I haven’t
haven’t
been
6 My brother
is
an
actor.
..............................................(he
/
appear)
in
several
films.
learning it very long.

learnt very much yet.
7 ‘Sorry I"m late.' ‘That’s all right........................................................(I / not / wait)
long.’
C
Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in
8 ‘Is it still raining?’ ‘No.................................................(it / stop).’
continuous:
9
(I /the
lose)
(you
/ see)my
it? address book
□
I’ve
about
it
for
a long
time,
(notnote
I’ve been
For
a listknown
of book
these
verbs,
see
Unit
4A. But

that knowing)
you can use want and
10
(I / read)
the
you
lent
me,
but.......................................................................
mean in the
present
perfect
continuous:
................
..........(I
/ not
/ finish)
it yet. It’s very interesting.
I’ve been
meaning
to phone
keepitforgetting.
11
(I /□read)
the book
you lent
me, soJane,
you but
can Ihave
back now.

10.1 For
1

Present perfect simple —* Units 7-8 Present perfect
continuous -» Unit 9 20
Present perfect + for/since -» Units 11-12

21


Exercises

Unit 11

you (been)
? where necessary.
long have
the How
underlined
verbs right or wrong?
Correct...them
1 Bob
is a friend
of mine. I know him very well. .....QK...............................................
Study
this example
2 Bob
is a friend of mine. 1 know him for a long time
situation:
Dan and Jenny are married. They got married

.l..y.^....(!iJ29W.?5...!?.ii5....................................
3 Sue and Alan are married sinceexactly
July.
..........................................................
20again.
years ago, so..........................................................
today is their 20th wedding
4 The weather is awful. It's raining
anniversary.
5 The weather is awful. It's raining
all day.
..........................................................
have been
married
for 20 years.
6 I like your house. How long areThey
you living
there?
.....................................................
are married. (presentI
Gary is working in a shop forWe
thesay:
last They
few months.................................................
but
How
long
have they been married? tpresent
8 I don’t know Tim well. We’ve only met a few times...................................................
perfect)

9 1 gave up drinking coffee. 1 don't drink it for a year. ................................................
(notit?
How
long are they married?)
10 That's a very old bike. How long do vou have
......................................................
They
have
been
married
for 20 years.
11.2 Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets.
(not
They
are
married
for
1 John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him: 20 years)
(how long / be / in hospital?) ..How tong Has ymr mother been m Hospttftl?...
2 't’ou
woman
who
tells to
you
that
she something
teaches English.
You ask
her:past and
Wemeet

use athe
present
perfect
talk
about
that began
in the
(how
long
/
teach
/
English?)
.
...................................................................................
still continues
3 You
know
that Jane
a good and
friend
Caroline's.
You ask Jane:
now.
Compare
theispresent
theofpresent
perfect:
(how
long

/
know
/
Caroline?)
.............................................................
.....................
O Bill is in hospital.
4 Your
friend's
brother
went
to
Australia
some
time
ago
and
he's
still
there.
You ask
but He has been in hospital since Monday.
your friend:
(not Bill is in hospital since Monday)
(how long / be / in Australia?) ......’...................................................................-......
present
□ always
Do you
knowthe
each

other
well?
5 Tim
wears
same
jacket.
It's a very old jacket. You ask him:
but Have
known
other
for a long time?
(how
long you
/ have
/ thateach
jacket?)
.................................................................................
Do to
you
know) about Joe. Joe now works
present
perfect
6 You are (not
talking
a friend
at the
airport. You ask your
friend:
□ She’s waiting for somebody.
nuw

(how
longbeen
/ work
/ at the
but She’s
waiting
allairport?)
morning.............................................................................
A
of yours
learning to drive. You ask him:
□ friend
Do they
have is
a car?
but How
have
had.....................................................................................
their car?
(how
longlong
/ learn
/ tothey
drive?)
8 You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask her:
I have
11.3 Complete
B'sknown/had/lived
answers to etc.
A'sis the present perfect simple.

I have been learning / been waiting / been doing etc. is the present perfect
questions.
continuous. A
ill
J\ say
Bill is we
in hospital,
isn't
heT\
he....HAS is more
in usual
hospital
When
ask or
'how
long’, ites,
the continuous
(see Unitsince
10):
been
........
Monday. '"'X
□
I’ve
been
learning
English
for
six
months.

Do you see Ann very
2
\'n 1 Ha.ven’t ... her for three months.
rainingmarried?
since
lunchtime.
often?
seenshe................. ..........married for ten
Margaret
Yes,
• □ It’sIsbeen
□
Richard
has
been
doing
the
same
for 20 years.
years. for the last half
%
4
Are you waiting for me?
Yes, Ijob
....................
..........
□
'How
long
have

you
been
driving?'
'Since
I
was
17.’
hour.
5
You know Linda, don't
Yes, we................. ........each
other a long
you?
time.
Do verbs
you still
play
tennis?
No,
I
....................
6 Some
(for example, know/like/bclieve) are not normally used in the
Is Jim watching TV?
Yes, he.................. ...................TV
all
continuous:
evening.
7
No, I (not have you .......................TV

for
8 □ Do
you
watch
a lot?
How
long
haveTV
you
known Jane?
been knowing)
ages.having)
9 □Have
a headache?
Yes,
...................
.......a
headache
all
I’veyou
hadgot
a pain
in my stomach
all1day.
(not I've been
morning.
is
never
ill.
is

he?
No,
he...................
......ill
since
I’ve
known
1 SeeGeorge
also Units 4A and 10C. For have, see Unit 17.
0
Are you feeling ill?
Yes, I .................... him.
1
use
either
the
present
perfect
continuous..........................in
or simple with live and
11 You can
Sue lives in London,
Yes,
she................
doesn't she?
2 w'ork:
for the last few London
□ Julia has been living / has lived
Paris for a long
time. the cinema for

years.
1 Do you go to the cinema a
No,in1.....................
........to
long
have
you
been
working
/
have
you
worked
here?go to New
31 □ How
lot?
ages.
Would you like to go to
Yes, 1 .................... .............to
4 But we use the simple
New
York.
/ want)
(I’veday?
lived\(tise
/ I’vealways
done etc.)
with
always:
York one

□ I’ve always lived in the country, (not always been living)
11.1 Are

I haven't ... since/for -» Unit 8A Present perfect continuous —► Units 9-10 For and since —»
Unit 12A


ExercisesFor and since

Unit 12

When ... ? and How long ... ?

12.1 Write for or since.
1 It's been raining. .$wice
lunchtime.
Wehas
uselived
for and
since to say how1995.
long something has been happening.
2 Sarah
in Paris..................
3 PaulWe
hasuse
lived
for in
+ aLondon
period ..............ten
of time (twoyears.We use since + the start of a

4 I'm hours,
tired ofsix
waiting.
We’ve
weeks etc.): been sitting here..........an
period (8 hour.
o’clock, Monday,
5 Kevin has been looking for a job.............. he1999
left school.
etc.):
6 I haven't
a party.................ages.
□ I'vebeen
beentowaiting
for two hours,
7 I wonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him..........last
□ I'veweek.
been waiting since 8
8 Jane is away. She's
been
away.............Friday.
for two hours
9 The weather
is ago------------dry. It hasn't rained..............a
few
weeks.o’clock, since 8► now
two hours
► now
8 o’clock------------------12.2 Write

questions with how long and when.
It's raining.
for
since
(how
long?)
a long
a
April
lunchti
8
two hours
How long
HAS 11 been
raining?o'clock
...........................................................
time
wee
me
six
Monda
we
20
ages
1985
months
y
arrived
minutes
five

days
50 years
year ........................................................................
12 May
Christ
I got up
(when?)
When cUdL
ut start rawing?
s
mas
2 Kate is learning Japanese.
□ long
Sally/has
been......................................................................................................
working here
H Sally has been working here
(how
learn?)
for
six
months,
(not
since
six
since April.
(when / start?) .................................... .........................................................................
months)
(= from April until now)
..............................................................

I Simon.
haven’t seen Tom for three
□ I haven’t seen Tom since
3 I know
days.
Monday.
(how
long / you / know?) ...........................................................................................
It
is
possible
to
leave
out
for
(but
not
usually
in
(when / you / first / meet?) ............... . ........................................................................
negative
sentences):
4 Rebecca and David are married.
□ They’ve
been married (for) ten years, (with or
(how
long?) ...................................................................................................................
without
for)
(when?)

.........................................................................................................................
□ They haven’t had a holiday for ten years, (you must
12.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
use for)
1
It's raining. It's been raining since lunchtime. It started....rauiusg.....at
Compare when ... ? (+ past simple) and how long ... ? (+ present perfect):
lunchtime.
2 Ann and Sue are friends. They first met years ago. They’ve years.
A:
When did'it
raining?
3
Joe
is
ill.
He
ill starton
Sunday.
has
B:became
It started raining
an hour
ago / at 1 He
................................................................................................................................
o'clock.
Sunday.
A: How long has it been raining?
4 Joe is ill. He became ill a few days
ago.

He raining
has..........................................a
few
B: It’s
been
for an hour / since 1
days.
o’clock.
5 Liz is married. She's been married for a year. She got................................................
A:
When
Joe up.
and Carol
6 You have a headache. It started first
when
youdid
woke
meet?
B: They
first met
I've...................................................
.............I
woke
up.
a long
time
ago.
when
they
were at school.

7 Sue has been in Italy for the last three weeks.
A: How long have they known each other?
She went........................................................................................................................
.
. . for a long time.
8 You're working in a hotel. You started
B: I hevsix
vemonths
known ago.
each other .
, .
since they were at school.
I've..................................................................................................................................
12.4 Write B’s sentences using the words in brackets.
1 A: We
Do say
youit’s
often
go ontime
holiday?
(a long
/ two years etc.) since something happened’:
B:
(no
/
five
vears)
□
It’s
two

years
since
I
last sawhod
Joe.a.(=Holiday
I haven’t-for
seen
Joe for two years)
...............................No. I h&ven’t
-five-gears..........................
we went to the cinema. (= We haven’t been to the
2 A: □
Do It’s
youages
oftensince
see Sarah?
cinema
fora ages)
B: (no
/ about
month) No..........................................................................................
3 A: You
Do you
go tolong
the cinema?
can often
ask ‘How
is it since ... ?’:
B:
/ a long

........you
...........................................................................................
□ (no
How
longtime)
is it since
last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?)
4 A: □
Do you
restaurants?
Howoften
longeat
is itinsince
Mrs Hill died? (= When did Mrs Hill die?)
B:
(nocan
/ ages)
I........................................................................................................
You
also No.
say it’s
been (= It has been) ... since ... ’:
□ write
It’s been
two yearsagain.
sinceThis
I lasttime
sawuse
Joe.It’s ... since ....
Now

B's answers
How long have you (been) ... ? -» Unit 11
1

25


Present perfect and past 1
(I have done and I did)
Study this example situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't
find it.
He has lost his key. (present perfect)
This means that he doesn't have his key now.

Ten minutes later:
Now Tom has found his key. He has
it now.
Has he los't his key? No, he has
found it.
Did he lose his key? Yes, he did.
The present perfect (something has happened) is a present tense. It always
tells us about the situation now. ‘Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn’t have his
key now (see Unit 7).
The past simple (something happened) tells us only about the past. If
somebody says ‘Tom lost his key’, this doesn’t tell us whether he has the key
now or not. It tells us only that he lost his key at some time in the past.
Do not use the present perfect if the situation now is different. Compare:
□ They’ve gone away. They’ll be back on Friday, (they are away now)
They went away, but I think they’re back at home now. (not They’ve

gone)
□ It has stopped raining now, so we don’t need the umbrella, (it isn’t raining
You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings:
□ ‘I’ve repaired the TV. It’s working OK now.’ ‘Oh, that’s good.’
□ Have you heard the news? Sally has won the lottery!
Use the past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are not recent or
new: O Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
(not has been ... has written)
□ My mother grew up in Scotland, (not has grown)
Compare:
□ Did you know that somebody has invented a new type of washing
machine?
□ Who invented the telephone? (not has invented)
We use the present perfect to give new information (see Unit 7). But if we
continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple:
□ A: Ow! I’ve burnt myself.
B: How did you do that? (not have you done)
A: I picked up a hot dish. (not have picked)
□ A: Look! Somebody has spilt something on the sofa.
B: Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. (not hasn’t been ... haven't done)
Past simple -* Unit 5 Present perfect -* Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 2 -*
Unit 14 American English -* Appendix 7


Exercises

Unit 13

13.1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Use the present perfect
where possible.

The office is
Otherwise use the past simple.
empty now.
Everybody (go)
home.

Yes
,
(have) a headache,
but I feel fine now.
13.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
1 It stopped, raining for a while, hut now it's raining again, (stop)
2 The town is very different now. It charged a lot. (change)
3 1 did German at school, but I
........................ most of it now. (forget)
4 The police.............................. three people, but later they let them go. (arrest)
5 What do you think of my English? Do you think it .......................... ? (improve)
6 A: Are you still reading the paper?
B: No, I
.................... with it. You can have it. (finish)
I
'
for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn’t successful, (apply)
8 Where's my bike? It ......................... outside the house, but it’s not there now.
(be)
9 Look! There's an ambulance over there. There ............................an accident, (be)
10 A: Have you heard about Ben? He
his arm. (break)
B: Really? How.......... that
........? (happen)

A: He................................. off a ladder, (fall)
13.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where
necessary.
1 Do you know about Sue? She's given up her job. QfS.....................................
2 My mother has grown up in Scotland.
...........................................
3 How many plays has Shakespeare written? ....................................................
4 Ow! I've cut my finger. It's bleeding.
....................................................
5 Drugs have become a big problem everywhere...............................................
6 The Chinese have invented paper.
....................................................
Where have you been born?
....................................................
8 Mary isn't at home. She's gone shopping.
....................................................
9 Albert Einstein has been the scientist who ...................................................
has developed the theory of relativity.
....................................................

27


Unit
14

Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I

Unit 14
Exercises

did)
Do not use rhe present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished
14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where
rime (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago / in 1999 / when I was a child).
necessary.
Use a past tense:
1 I've lost my key. I can't find it anywhere.
. .Qk....................................
□ It was very cold yesterday. (not has been)
2 Have vou eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child? ................................
□ Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arrived)
3 I've bought a new car. You must come and see it. ...........................................
□ Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (not have you eaten)
4 I've bought a new car last week.
...........................................
□ 1 got home late last night. 1 was very tired and went straight to bed.
5 Where have vou been yesterday evening?
...........................................
6 Use
Lucy
lefttoschool
in 1999.
thehas
past
ask When
... ? or What time ... ?: ...........................................
7 □ I'm
When
looking
didfor

your
Mike.
friends
Have
arrive?
vou seen
(not him?
have ... arrived)
...........................................
8 □ 'Have
vou
been
Paris?'
'Yes,
many times.'
...........................................
What
time
didtoyou
finish
work?
9 I'm very hungry. I haven't eaten much today.
...........................................

Compare:
10 When has this book been published?
...........................................
Present perfect
Past simple
14.2 Make sentences

from
in can't
brackets. Use□the
present
or past simple.
□ Tom has
lostthe
hiswords
key. He
Tom
lost hisperfect
key yesterday.
He
|
1 lit / not
rainthe
/ this
week) lL..b.Mh..t....L ^.^.....^.k§....w.^..t
...........................
get /into
house.
couldn’t get into the house.
2 □ (the
/ be
coldshe
/ recently
Is weather
Carla here
or/has
left? i The weather..............................................

Z When did Carla leave?
3 lit / cold / last week) It..............._........................................................................
4 ( 1 / not / read / a newspaper yesterday) I.....................................................
B Compare:
5 (I / not / read / a newspaper today) ...................................................................
done)
Past
simple (did)
6 Present
(Emily /perfect
earn /(have
a lot of
money / this year)
.........................................................
□ I’ve
a lot
work/ today.
□ I did a lot of work yesterday.
7 (she
/ notdone
/ earn
/ soofmuch
last year) ...............................................................
the present
perfect
for a .....'................................................................
We use the past simple for a finished
8 We
(youuse
/ have

/ a holiday
recently?)
period of time that continues until
time in
14.3 Put the
verb
the correct
form,
or past simple.
now.
Forinto
example:
today
/ thispresent
week perfect
the past. For example:
1 /Isince
don't1985.
know where Lisa is bMe.. iKM...
(you
/ see)
her?
yesterday
/ last
week / from 1995 to
2 When I................ .........................(get) home
last
night,
I..................................(be)
2001.

r unfinished-.
very
tired and I....................................(go) straight to bed.
r— finished 3 A: .........................................(you / finish) painting the
bedroom?
yesterday
pastB: Not yet. I'll finish it
now
tomorrow.
past
now
It hasn’t rained this week.
4 □ George..........................................(nor
/ be) very well last week.
It didn’t
rain
last Then
week.he gave it up.
you seen Anna this in aZbank
5 □ MrHave
Clark.......................................(work)
for 15
years.
morning?
Z
Did
you
see
Anna
thislife.

6 Molly lives in Dublin. She.................................... (live) there all her
morning?
(it
is
still
morning)
A: ..................................... (you / go) to the cinema last night?
(it isThe
nowfilm..........................(be)
afternoon or evening) awful.
□ Have
Tim recently?
B: Yes,you
butseen
it.............................(be)
a mistake.
Z Did you
see
TimIon Sunday?
□ grandfather....................................(die)
I don’t know where Lisa is. I
8 My
before
I was
born.
haven’t seen her. (= I haven’t
......................................(never
/ meet) him.Z A: Was Lisa at the party on
seen
her recently)

9 1 don't
know
Carol's husband. I..................................(never
/ meet) him.
Sunday?
□
We’ve
been
waiting
for
an
hour,
10 A: Is Martin here? B: No, he....................................(go)
out. so. I didn’t see
B: I don't think
her.out? B: About ten minutes ago.
areexactly...................................(he
still waiting now)
A:(we
When
/ go)
Z We waited (or were waiting) for
Ian lives
London.
has
11 A:□Where
do in
you
live? B:He
In Boston.

for seven years.
A:lived
Howthere
long.....................................(you
/ live) there? B: an
Five years.
□ 1 have never played golf, (in my
hour,
(we
are
no
waiting)
A: Where..................................(you / live) before that? B: Inlonger
Chicago.
life)
Z
Ian
lived
in
Scotland
for ten
A: And how long.................................(you / live) in Chicago?
years. B: Two years.
□ It's the last day of your holiday.
14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets.
Now he lives in London.
You say: It’s been a really good
Z I didn’t play golf last summer.
1 (something you haven't done today)
holiday.

2 (something you haven't done today) ..............................................
3 (something you didn't do yesterday) ..............................................
4 (something you did yesterday evening) .........................................
5 (something you haven't done recently) ..........................................
6 (something you've done a lot recently) ...........................................
28

Past simple —» Unit 5 Present perfect -» Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 1 -» Unit 13
Additional exercises 2-4 (pages 303-04), 14-15 (pages 310-11)
29


Unit

Exercises

Unit 15

had done)
and write sentences
from the words in brackets.
1 You went to Sue’s house, but she wasn’t there.
Study
this/ go
example
(she
/ out) She.....h.£ut....£J.on&...out:...............................................................
situation:
..............................................................................................................
Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to

2 You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn’t the same as
the
before.
party too, bur they didn't see each other.
(it / change / a lot) .......................................................................................................
the come.
3 I invited Rachel to the party, butPaul
she left
couldn’t
party
at ......................................................................
10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock.
(she / arrange / to do something
else)
So:
4 You went to the cinema last night.
You
gotistothe
thepast
cinema
late.
Had
gone
perfect
(simpleI:
(the film / already / begin) .........................................................................................
gone
5 It was nice to see Dan again afterI/we/they/
such a long ha
time.(= I’d

seen
etc.) (=
you d
(I / not I see I him for five years) .................................................
..............................
finished
he’d
etc.)
...................................................
etc.
6 I offered
Sue something
PAUL
SARAHto eat. but she wasn’t hungry.
(she / just / have / breakfast) ......................................................................................
past
perfect simple
had + pastending
participle
(gone/seen/finished
etc). the verb in
15.2 ForThe
each
situation,
write ais sentence
with
never ... before. Use
brackets.
Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
1 The man sitting next to you on the plane was very nervous. It was his first

□ Sarah arrived at the party.
flight.
This(fly)
is theHe'd,
starting
point
of the
story. Then, if we want to talk about things that
never
-flown
be-fore.................................................................................
before
this into
time,the
weroom.
use the
past
(had ...):
2 happened
A woman
walked
She
wasperfect
a complete
stranger to me.
D(see)
When
I . . Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
.............before.
Some

more examples:
3 Sam played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good at it because it was his first
15.3
Use
the sentences
on the
to complete
thethat
paragraphs
on the
These
□ When
we got home
lastleft
night,
we found
somebody
hadright.
broken
into
sentences
are
in
the flat.
orderdidn’t
in which
happened
- so (1)with
happened
beforeshe’d

(2), (2)
beforeseen
(3) etc.
□ the
Karen
wantthey
to go
to the cinema
us because
already
But
your
the
film.
l Somebody broke into the office
We arrived at work in the
□ during
At first I thought I’d done the right thing,
but I soon realised that I’d made
morning
a big
me onfound
the planethat
was very
nervous.
themistake.
night. O The man sitting next to
and
somebody
B Compare

the
present
perfect
(have
seen
etc.)
and
the
past
perfect
(had
seen
etc.):
2> We arrived at work in the
.........................................
morning.
.........................................
Present
perfect
Past
perfect
<3t We called the police.
into the office during the night. So
have
had seen
we.......................................................
2 iii Laura wentseen
out this
morning. i2i I tried to
I tried to phone Laura this morning,

past
now
past
now
but
phone her.
noGanswer.
There
waswoman?
no answer.
O131
Who
is that
I’ve never
I didn't know who she was.
She...............................................
i Jimseen
came
from holiday a few
I’d never seen her before. (=
herback
before.
out.
We days
aren’t
ago.
hungry. We’ve just had
before that time)
- G We weren't hungry. We’d just
2' I met him the same dav.

lunch.
Jimlunch.
a fewG
days
□ 131
The
He
house
looked
is dirty.
very well.
They haven’t I met
had
Theago.......................
house was dirty.
just..........................................
They
hadn’t
cleaned
it for holiday.
weeks.
cleaned
it
for
weeks.
i> Kevin sent Sally lots of emails.
.............................................very
21 Shethe
never
to them.

Compare
past replied
simple (left,
was etc.) andwell.
the past perfect (had left, had been etc.):
15.4 Put the□verb
intoTom
the correct
form,you
past perfect_(IA:
had
done)
pastwhen
simple
(I did).
Was
Tomor
there
you
A: Was
there when
1 ‘Was
Paul
at
the
parry
when
you
arrived?’
‘No,

he
(go)
home.’
arrived?
arrived? B: Yes, but he left
B: No, he
had
already
2 I felt
veryafterwards.
tired when I got home, so I......................
(go)
straight
to left.
bed.
soon
had just got home to
when
3 The house was very quiet when I got home.Kate
Everybody.............(go)
bed.I
□ Kate wasn’t at home when I
phoned
She
had
been
at her
4 Sorry I'm late. The car........................... (break)
down
on

my
way
here.
phoned. She was at her
5
We were driving along the road when we................... (see) a car which
............................ (break) down, so we ..................... (stop) to help.
Past
(I
15.1 Read
theperfect
situations

30

Additional
exercises
5-8 (pages
Past perfect
continuous
-» Unit 304-07)
16 Irregular verbs (gone/seen etc.) -► Appendix 1

31


Unit
16

Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)

Unit 16

Exercises
16.1 Read
the this
situations
and make sentences from
Study
example
1 I was very tired when 1 arrived home.

the words in brackets.

situation:
yesterday
up and looked
(I / work
/ hard all day) Yesterday morning 1 got................................................
of the
window.
sun and
wasthey
shining,
2 morning
The rwo boys came into theout
house.
They
had a The
football
were both very

but
the
ground
was
very
wet.
tired.
It had been raining.
(they / play / football) .................................................................................................
It was not raining when I looked out of the
3 I was disappointed when I had to cancel my holiday.
window; the sun was shining. But it had
(1 / look / forward to it) ...............................................................................................
been raining before.
4 Ann woke up in the middle
of been
the night.
and didn’t know
Had
-ing isShe
thewas
past frightened
perfect continuous:
where she was.
doing
I/we/you/t
(= I’d
(she/dream) .................................................................................................................
ha etc.)
hey

been
5 When I got home, Tom was sitting in front
TV. He had justworking
turned it off.
he/she/it d of the
(= he’d
playing
(he / watch / a film) .....................................................................................................
etc.)
etc.
16.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences.
examples:
1Some
We more
played
tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to
rain.
□ When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair
We
Hod,
beenand
pUOjtng
hal-f
hour when
It started,
rain
was
untidy
one of -for
them

hadan
a black
eye. They’d
beentofighting.
2
I
had
arranged
to
meet
Tom
in
a
restaurant.
I
arrived
and
waited
□ I was very tired when I got home. I’d been working hard all day. for him.
20I minutes
I suddenly
realised
in the
wrong
restaurant.
□After
When
went to Madrid
a few
years that

ago, II was
stayed
with
a friend
of mine.
I
.....for
20
minutes
when
I................
She’d been living there only a short time but knew the city very well.
......................................................the wrong restaurant.
3You
Sarah
got that
a jobsomething
in factory. had
Fivebeen
yearshappening
later the factory
closedofdown.
can say
for a period
time before
At the else
timehappened:
the factory........................................... ......, Sarah.................................
something
□ We’d

been playing tennis for about
an hour when it started to rain
.................................................there
for half
five years.
heavily.
4 I went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten
minuteswent
a man
in the
audience
suddenly
shouting.
□ George
to the
doctor
last Friday.
He started
hadn’t been
feeling well for some
This
time make your own sentence:
time.
I began walking along the road. I..................................................................................
Compare
been -ing (present perfect continuous) and had been -ing (past
when.have
...........................................................................................................................
I have been -ing
I had been -ing

16.3 Put the verb into the most suitable form, past continuous (I was doing), past perfect
(I had done) or past perfect
past
past
now
nowcontinuous (I had been doing).
1 It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours..............
(have) a party.
C At last the bus(know)
came. I’d
been
□ 1were
hopegood
the bus
comesWe...................b.^...kMw.T!
soon. I’ve
2 We
friends.
each
other for
waiting
for
20
minutes,
(before
the
been
waiting
for
20

minutes,
years.
bus
came)
C
James
was
out
of
(before
now)
3 John and I went for a walk. 1 had difficulty keeping up with him because he
breath. He had been running.
□ James
of. breath. He has
(walk)issoour
fast.
been
running.
4 Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She.....................(run).
Compare
-ing (past
continuous)
hadround
been -ing:
5 Whenwas
I arrived,
everybody
wasand
sitting

the table with their mouths full.
□They
It wasn’t
raining when(eat).
we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been
...........................raining,
so the ground
waswas
wet. sitting round the table and talking. Their
6 When
I arrived,
everybody
□ Cathy
wasempty,
sitting in an armchair resting. She was tired because
mouths
were
she’d
been
working
very
hard.
but
their
stomachs
were
full.
They...........................(eat).
7 Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He............................(look) for his
Somecontact

verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in the
continuous: lens.
8 □ When
I arrived,
for me.
was
annoyed
with
We were
good Kate...................................(wait)
friends. We had known each other
for She
years,
(not
had been
knowing)
me
I wasverbs,
late and
(wait) for a long time.
For abecause
list of these
see she..............................
Unit 4A.
9 I was sad when I sold my car. I...............................(have) it for a very long time.
5

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Present perfect continuous -» Units 9-10 Past perfect simple -» Unit 15

Additional exercises 5-8 (pages 304-07)

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