Relative Clauses
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Outline
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Grammar:
Relative Clauses
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Vocabulary: 70 Jobs
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Pronunciation: /θ/ & /ð/
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Speaking: Talk about Your Dreamy Jobs
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Listening: Oah - Alexdander Rybak
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Grammar
Relative Clauses
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Relative Pronouns
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A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a relative pronoun because it relates to the word
that its relative clause modifies.
Example:
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The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
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Relative Pronouns <= Đại Từ Quan Hệ
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A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a relative pronoun because it relates to the word
that its relative clause modifies. Đại khái là những đại từ nào liên quan tới chủ điểm này thì được gọi là đại từ quan hệ.
Example:
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The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
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Relative Pronouns
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There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*
who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people.
whose is for possession.
which is for things.
that can be used for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add
extra information).
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Relative Pronouns
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There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that* Chỉ cần nhớ who/ which và that là được.
who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people.
whose is for possession. Các bạn cứ nhớ Whose car is it? là xong. Trường hợp này khá đặc biệt. Ngoài việc gắn với Danh Từ, còn lại chả dùng
được cho việc gì.
which is for things.
that can be used for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add
extra information). Cái này không quan trọng lắm! Văn nói dùng tất.
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Relative Pronouns
who
subject or object pronoun for people
I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which
referring to a whole sentence
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose
possession for people animals and things
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
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Relative Pronouns
who
subject or object pronoun for people
I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which
whose
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referring to a whole sentence Do đây là bài ở trình độ Sơ Cấp nên mình
không giải thích rõ phần này. Hiểu là X which… đi.
possession for people animals and things Các bạn chỉ cần nhớ từ này đi
kèm với Danh Từ. Rất dễ nhận ra khi làm bài TOEIC.
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
Relative Pronouns
whom
that
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object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses
(in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining
relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.
Relative Pronouns
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses
whom
(in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) Vì là bài cơ bản
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
nên chỗ này mình không giải thích kỹ. Sẽ nói trong phần ghi chú riêng.
that
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subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining
relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.
Tables
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S = Subject
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O = Object
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P = Possessive
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Defining là xác định, không bỏ được. Nếu có 3 bà chị thì khi nói về 1 bà ở Mỹ Đình không thể bỏ cụm My sister who lives in… đi.
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Non-defining là không xác định, bỏ vô tư vì là thông tin thừa. Giống như trong tiếng Việt mình dùng (…), tiếng Anh dùng (,…,).
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Defining Relative Clauses
The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.
that is preferable
S
The car which hit me was yellow.
The car that hit me was yellow.
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that is preferable
Defining Relative Clauses
The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.
The people who I phoned last night are my teachers.
whom is correct but formal
O
The person that I phoned last night is my teacher.
The person (X) I phoned last night is my teacher.
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relative pronoun is optional
Defining Relative Clauses
The car which I drive is old.
O
The car that I drive is old.
that is preferable to which
The car (X) I drive is old.
relative pronoun is optional
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Defining Relative Clauses
The student whose phone just rang should stand up.
P
Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
The police are looking for the car whose driver was masked.
P
The police are looking for the car of which the driver was masked.
whose can be used with things
of which is also possible
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Non-defining Relative Clauses
Mrs. Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.
S
The car, which was a taxi, exploded.
The cars, which were taxis, exploded.
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Non-defining Relative Clauses
Mrs. Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher.
whom is correct but formal
O
Mrs. Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.
who is common in spoken English and informal written
English
O
The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.
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Non-defining Relative Clauses
The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely
destroyed.
P
The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely
destroyed.
P
My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.
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whose can be used with things
of which is also possible
Notes
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Not all grammar sources count that as a relative pronoun.
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Some people claim that we should not use that for people but must use who/ whom. There is no good reason for such a claim; there is a long
history of that for people in defining relative clauses from Chaucer, Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of The Bible to Fowler's and
Churchill.
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Subject/ Object Pronouns
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If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
Examples:
The apple which is lying on the table.
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Subject/ Object Pronouns
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If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
Examples:
The apple which is lying on the table.
Ở đây which thay thế Subject trong một câu có dạng SVA.
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Subject/ Object Pronouns
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If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can
be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
Examples:
The apple (which) George lay on the table.
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Subject/ Object Pronouns
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If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can
be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
Examples:
The apple (which) George lay on the table.
Khi which thay thế cho Object trong câu SVOA thì which hoàn toàn có thể bị lược bỏ. Các bạn chỉ nhớ là có O hay S là được. Đã có S (George) thì
đương nhiên which là O trong câu này.
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