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E DITOR IN C HIEF
J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen
James I. McCord Professor
of Theology and Science,
Princeton Theological Seminary

E DITORS
Nancy R. Howell
Associate Professor of Theology
and Philosophy of Religion,
Saint Paul School of Theology
Niels Henrik Gregersen
Research Professor
in Theology & Science,
University of Aarhus
Wesley J. Wildman
Associate Professor of Theology
and Ethics,
Boston University
Ian Barbour
Consulting Editor
Carleton College
Ryan Valentine
Editorial Assistant
Princeton Theological Seminary


Encyclopedia of Science and Religion
J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen

© 2003 by Macmillan Reference USA.
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Encyclopedia of science and religion / J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen,
editor in chief. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865704-7 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865705-5 (v. 1 : alk. paper)
— ISBN 0-02-865706-3 (v. 2 : alk. paper)

1. Religion and science—Encyclopedias. I. Van Huyssteen, Wentzel.
BL240.3 .E43 2003
291.1’75—dc21
2002152471

Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


C ONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Synoptic Outline of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii

E N C Y C L O P E D I A OF S C I E N C E A N D R E L I G I O N

Annotated Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943

—v—


E DITORIAL

AND

P RODUCTION S TAFF

Ray Abruzzi and Michael J. McGandy
Project Editors
Deirdre Graves and Christine Slovey
Contributing Editors
Judith Culligan
Copy Editor
Elizabeth Merrick
Proofreader
Cynthia Crippen
AEIOU, Inc.
Indexer
Jennifer Wahi
Art Director
Argosy
Compositor
GGS Information Services
Line Art
Mary Beth Trimper
Composition Management
Evi Seoud
Assistant Production Manager
Rhonda Williams
Buyer

MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA
Frank Menchacca
Vice President
Hélène Potter
Director, New Product Development

P REFACE

The dialogue between science and religion is one of the most prominent and
visible discourses of our time. The complex but enduring relationship between
the sciences and diverse world religions has now transformed itself into what
some are calling a new scholarly field of science and religion. This multifaceted
conversation has developed into a sustained and dynamic discourse with direct
implications for contemporary culture. This discourse affects all religions, in
both their intellectual and social dimensions. It also analyzes, supports, and
constrains the global impact of the sciences of our times.
The Encyclopedia of Science and Religion reflects the breathtaking scope and
pluralistic character of this ongoing dialogue. It is the most comprehensive work
of its kind, and it is designed to be accessible to a wide readership from high
school students to independent researchers and academics. Anyone fascinated by
the ever-evolving impact of the sciences on religious belief in a global context
will find the Encyclopedia a rich resource, for the historical relationship between
science and religion certainly ranges from harmony and mutual support to stormy
periods of intense conflict.
In the last two decades public awareness of and interest in this complex and
often contentious relationship between science and religion has reached an
unprecedented level. Courses in science and religion are now taught worldwide
at a great number of educational institutions. Centers for the study of science and
religion are actively pursuing the challenges and complexities of this dialogue;
local and international societies for science and religion have been, and are
being, established. There is also an exploding number of publications, journals,
newsletters, and papers. Most recently, the science and religion dialogue has
established an impressive new presence on the Internet.
All of these issues, interests, and constituencies are reflected in the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. The challenging conversation between the sciences
and religions is highlighted with entries focusing on issues that bear on topics such

as behavioral studies and the human sciences; cognitive science and the neurosciences; computer science and information technology; physical sciences and
cosmology; ecology; ethics and value theory; evolution; genetics; feminist and
womanist issues; mathematics; methodology; medicine; philosophy; biology; paleontology and the anthropological sciences; and technology. World religions as

—vii—


P REFACE

varied as Baháhí, Buddhism, Chinese religions, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam,
Judaism, and Shinto are represented with individual entries or clusters of entries.
There are more than four hundred entries in the Encyclopedia of Science and
Religion, all arranged in alphabetical order for easy reference. The entries range
in length from several thousand words on broad topics, to a hundred words or
so for key terms in the various sciences and religions. The editors see this work
primarily as a reflection on the most important issues in the contemporary dialogue between the sciences and religions. A glance over the list of entries, however, indicates that the Encyclopedia also covers the critical history of the
relationship between science and religion and offers historical biographies of a
select number of important figures. All entries guide readers to further sources of
information and exhaustive cross-references quickly and easily lead to related
topics. The authority of the Encyclopedia is assured by the experts who have written the entries. The authors have written so as to make this Encyclopedia accessible for students in general, for the public at large, and for scholars in a variety
of disciplines. In this way we have created a rich reference resource that is well
suited to diverse library environments.
The frontmatter features a Synoptic Outline, covering the complete scope and
every entry of the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. The purpose of this Outline is to make the Encyclopedia even more accessible by grouping all entries into
broad, topical categories. Teachers and readers are offered an organized map of
the whole field of science and religion. In addition, a comprehensive Index provides readers with yet another means of access to the wealth of information contained in these two volumes, while an Annotated Bibliography of selected works
introduces readers to those published works currently regarded as indispensable
in the field of science and religion.
The editors would like to thank Ian Barbour, one of the most prominent
scholars in the field, for graciously agreeing to act as a consultant at the initial

planning phase of the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. His advice was
invaluable to us. We also thank the expert staff at Macmillan Reference USA for
their outstanding support throughout this project. We extend our appreciation to
the following persons at Macmillan: Elly Dickason, former publisher of Macmillan, for her initiative and encouragement at the beginning of this project; Michael
McGandy, who was a pleasure to work with, and who guided us with unfailing
professionalism and expertise; Hélène Potter, who oversaw the project with great
vision, and was responsible in the end for pulling everything together; and Judy
Culligan for all her hard work and a very professional level of copy editing. Here
at the Princeton Theological Seminary my assistant Ryan Valentine did an outstanding job. He devoted a great deal of time developing the database that was
critical to the beginning phase of this project and later assisted in the editing process. He was also responsible for preparing the Synoptic Outline and checking all
cross-references. Taede Smedes did a first rate job of helping us put together the
Annotated Bibliography.
The editors, finally, would like to express our deep gratitude to family members and loved ones who so consistently acknowledged and supported our work
on this project.
J. WENTZEL VREDE VAN HUYSSTEEN

—viii—


I NTRODUCTION

The publication of the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion is a significant milestone marking the maturation of the contemporary dialogue between the sciences
and religions. Not only does this Encyclopedia offer a massive amount of interdisciplinary and interreligious information, but it mirrors one of the most fascinating stories of our time: the emergence of an extensive international discussion
among scientists of various specializations, philosophers of nearly all persuasions,
and religious thinkers from all the major world religions. Spectacular advances in
the sciences no longer easily threaten religions around the world because the
risks and devastating consequences of new technologies have problematized the
formerly unquestioned ideal of scientific progress. Scientific advances still challenge basic religious convictions, however, and the intellectual representatives of
the world’s religious traditions grapple with scientific knowledge more effectively
and pervasively than ever before, thanks to the science-religion dialogue. Today

sciences as varied as the neurosciences, ecology, and biotechnology raise questions about human beings and the future of our planetary home, perhaps especially for those who possess a sense of the divine. Similarly, chaos theory,
quantum mechanics, and the ever-deepening understanding of the role of chance
in biological systems conspire to challenge the notions of ultimate reality and
divine action espoused by religious traditions and sacred texts.
At the same time, partly because of the unwanted side effects of sciencedriven technologies, there is a growing conviction that science in itself may never
yield an ultimately satisfying explanation of human life and the world we inhabit.
And yet the information about reality produced by the sciences is invaluable. Perhaps we have two domains of meaning here, with science and religion each ruler
of its own domain. Or perhaps the structures and patterns of nature disclosed by
the sciences connect with the more elusive yet existentially more immediate
meaning typical of religious faith. Even as the religions of the world grow more
accepting of the sciences, at least some intellectuals are noting how scientific
methods and aims can enhance and perhaps support religious faith. Therefore,
contrary to popular misconceptions, the relationship between the sciences and the
various religions at the beginning of the twenty-first century is not about conflict
or confrontation only. Those who participate actively in this dialogue are often
deeply committed, not only to a specific science, but also to specific religious
beliefs. Even scholars who are agnostic or atheistic are taking the interaction

—ix—


I NTRODUCTION

among sciences and the religions seriously because this relationship involves two
of the dominant cultural forces of our time. Complicated and multilayered, the
relationships among the various sciences and diverse world religions are not
merely adversarial, nor simply a matter of neatly separable domains of discourse.
In the West the success and prestige of science has had a fundamental influence on the way that the voices of popular culture describe our world. As a
result, relationships among the religions and the sciences have often suffered
from what some intellectuals have called the modernist dilemma, where the

objective and universally true claims of science are often unfairly contrasted with
subjective and irrational religious beliefs. This has led to sharp distinctions
between objective descriptions and subjective experiences, between scientific
and symbolic uses of language, and between empirically justified scientific truths
and privately held religious opinions. The appeal of such stark oppositions, however, has waned. Scientism is the term of approbation used for the attitude that
takes for granted the alleged rational superiority of science and exclusive value
of the scientific method for gaining knowledge. The reductionist views that define
scientism are now being attacked relentlessly by scholars who point out that both
scientific and religious beliefs, in spite of important differences, are historically
and culturally embedded and shaped by comprehensive worldviews. The polarization between inappropriately reified and ahistorical notions of science and religion is collapsing and in its place is arising an appreciation for the integrity of
diverse discourses and social activities, including those usually called the religions
and the sciences. At least as importantly, scholars are attempting to uncover the
profound rational and historical linkages that connect, as well as individuate, the
religions and the sciences. These historical and philosophical exertions have
shown not only that the great discoveries about the nature and history of the
physical world have affected religious discourses in nearly all their manifestations,
but also that the claims of the various world religions about our capacity to
know, the ultimate meaning of the cosmos, and the place of human beings in an
evolving universe often impact the way scientific inquiry is conducted.
In the contemporary discussion among the religions and the sciences, particularly as it has transpired in the West, the most influential attempt at representing
the complex relationship between these two cultural forces has been Ian Barbour’s fourfold typology. Barbour describes the different ways that the sciences
have actually related and might possibly relate to the religions as conflict, dialogue, independence, and integration. Many subsequent models for relating religion and science have built on the legacy of this pioneering analysis. Even as
contemporary factors from cultural pluralism to postmodern philosophy suggest
other ways of relating the sciences to religion, Barbour’s typology remains applicable and instructive. The literature today expresses an increasing awareness that
the relations between science and religion can only be properly understood if the
specific cultural, historical, and intellectual contexts have been taken into
account. The vast amount of information collected in this Encyclopedia of Science
and Religion illustrates the richness and complexity of this interpretative task.
The growing conversation between science and religion that emerged with
new vigor in the late twentieth century has a number of striking features. First,

though once considered an esoteric field, the study of the relationship between
science and religion is no longer a highly specialized discourse, open only to the

—x—


I NTRODUCTION

few intellectuals who are privy to the complexity of the issues involved. The science and religion debate has become a public affair. The active presence of the
debate on the Internet, as well as an explosion of published newsletters, papers,
books, and conferences, further enhances this high public profile. Second,
whereas there are new debates and ideas within science and religion, in many
ways the dialogue extends familiar and longstanding debates known by different
names: “faith and reason” or “faith and culture” (in the West) and “pramana theory” (in South Asian debates on valid sources of knowledge). Third, not only is
the science and religion conversation alive and well in many cultures all over the
world but, as this Encyclopedia clearly shows, a number of academic centers and
scholarly associations now concentrate their considerable intellectual and financial resources on issues at the interface of science and religion. The discussion
among the sciences and the religions has also found a permanent place in
schools, colleges, seminaries, and universities. Courses in religion and science are
now taught on all academic levels throughout the world, complemented by a
number of high-profile endowed chairs in the field. Finally, one of the most
important milestones in this ever-growing field was the founding of the International Society of Science and Religion in August 2002 in Granada, Spain.
The Encyclopedia of Science and Religion is directed mainly at students and
their teachers. They will find all of the most important issues in this field
addressed in an accessible and inclusive manner. Outstanding experts from
around the world have contributed to the Encyclopedia. The comprehensive list
of entries focuses on the principal sciences and the major scientific discoveries of
our time and on all the challenging and controversial topics that have emerged
from this context and have affected the world religions in different ways. Both
historical and contemporary issues in science and religion are treated under the

headings of the major world religions. The religions represented here include
Buddhism, Baháhí, Chinese religions (Confucianism and Daoism), Christianity
(Anglican, Evangelical, Lutheran, Orthodox, Pentecostalism, Radical Reformed,
Reformed, Roman Catholic), Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Shinto. The various
sciences represented in the entries of this Encyclopedia cover a wide spectrum of
disciplines, such as behavioral studies and the human sciences; cognitive science
and neuroscience; computer science and information technology; cosmology;
ecology; evolutionary sciences; genetics; primatology; mathematics; medicine;
the physical sciences (including chemistry and physics); and the life sciences
(including biology, paleontology, and the anthropological sciences). There is also
a series of entries on relevant disciplines within the humanities, including ethics
and value theory; feminism; philosophy (including methodology, epistemology,
philosophy of science, philosophy of religion); theology and religious thought;
and technology.
There are interesting, if controversial, reasons why Christian theologians have
often taken the lead in discussing the relationship of the sciences to the religions.
An unfortunate side effect of this leadership is that, at certain times and places in
recent decades, the dialogue has seemed limited by the caricature that only Christianity fostered modern science. But this version of events is historically inaccurate
and deeply misleading. The evidence is that all religious traditions and all forms
of scientific work have something to gain as well as lose in the process of mutual
interaction, and the historical record demonstrates profound and longstanding
engagement between science and religion in all literate cultures. Selecting entries

—xi—


I NTRODUCTION

and authors to express this guiding conviction and to represent the truly global
character of the dialogue has been one of the main goals of this Encyclopedia.

The Encyclopedia of Science and Religion highlights for our readers the
dynamic and ongoing discussion among the religions and the sciences, and
demonstrates that it is both possible and fruitful to bring together the spectacular
success of science and the wisdom of religion in a constructive interchange. In
doing this, the difficult but exciting interdisciplinary conversation between science and religion moves forward to a more challenging phase of interreligious
dialogue where religions could be in conversation with each other through their
relationship to the sciences. This may go beyond regular interfaith dialogue. If
this can be achieved successfully, the multileveled and comprehensive scope of
this work will serve well the future of the science and religion interchange.
J. WENTZEL VREDE VAN HUYSSTEEN
NIELS HENRIK GREGERSEN
NANCY R. HOWELL
WESLEY J. WILDMAN

—xii—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Abortion
Ann Pederson
William J. Watson

Astronomy
George F. R. Ellis

Astrophysics

Adaptation
Volker Loeschke

George F. R. Ellis

Atheism

Aesthetics
George Allan

John Haught

Atomism

Age of the Universe
William R. Stoeger

Dirk Evers

Attractor

Aggression
Boje Katzenelson

Wolfgang Achtner

Augustine

Algorithm
William A. Dembski

Mathijs Lamberigts

Automata, Cellular

Algorithmic Complexity
William A. Dembski

Thiemo Krink

Autopoiesis

Altruism
Colin Grant

Günter Thomas

Averröes

Animal Rights
Andrew Linzey

Muzaffar Iqbal

Avicenna

Anthropic Principle
Michael A. Corey

Muzaffar Iqbal

Axiology

Anthropocentrism
Roald E. Kristiansen

George Allan

Baháhí

Anthropology
Paul K. Wason

Stephen R. Friberg

Beauty

Anthropology of Religion
Paul K. Wason

George Allan

Behavioral Genetics

Apologetics

V. Elving Anderson
Audrey R. Chapman

Paul Allen

Aristotle

Behaviorism

Edward Grant

Art, Origins of

Hans Schwarz

Biblical Cosmology

Paul K. Wason

Artificial Intelligence

Norriss Hetherington

Big Bang Theory

Noreen L. Herzfeld

Artificial Life

Mark Worthing

Big Crunch Theory

Claus Emmeche

Mark Worthing

—xiii—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Biological Diversity

Christianity

Holmes Rolston, III

Biology

Keith Ward

Christianity, Anglican, Issues in Science and Religion

Celia Deane-Drummond

Biosemiotics
Claus Emmeche

Stephen Sykes

Christianity, Evangelical, Issues in Science and
Religion
Alan G. Padgett

Biotechnology

Ronald Cole-Turner

Christianity, History of Science and Religion

Black Hole
Mark Worthing

Edward B. Davis

Christianity, Lutheran, Issues in Science and Religion

Bohr, Niels
Henry J. Folse, Jr.

Boundary Conditions

Niels Henrik Gregersen

Christianity, Orthodox, Issues in Science and
Religion

William A. Dembski

Buddhism
Jensine Andresen

Alexei Nesteruk

Christianity, Pentacostalism, Issues in Science and
Religion

Buddhism, Contemporary Issues in Science and
Religion
Ronald Y. Nakasone

Buddhism, History of Science and Religion

Amos Yong
Paul Elbert

Christianity, Radical Reformed, Issues in Science and
Religion
Christian Early
Nancey Murphy

Naoki Nabeshima

Butterfly Effect
Wolfgang Achtner

Calvinism

Christianity, Reformed, Issues in Science and
Religion
E. David Willis

E. David Willis

Cartesianism
Anne A. Davenport

Christianity, Roman Catholic, Issues in Science and
Religion
George Coyne

Catastrophism
Arn O. Gyldenholm

Christology
Hans Schwarz

Causality, Primary and Secondary
Mariano Artigas

Clockwork Universe
Howard J. Van Till

Causation
Theo C. Meyering

Cloning
Ronald Cole-Turner

Chance
Keith Ward

Closed Universe

Chaos, Quantum
Wolfgang Achtner

Jens Noeckel

Chaos, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Denis Edwards

Chaos Theory
Wolfgang Achtner
Taede A. Smedes

Chemistry
David M. Knight

Chinese Religions and Science
Hing Kau Yeung

Chinese Religions, Confucianism and Science in
China
Hing Kau Yeung

Mark Worthing

Cognitive Fluidity
Steven Mithen

Coherentism
F. LeRon Shults

Competition
Arn O. Gyldenholm

Complementarity
K. Helmut Reich

Complexity
Niels Henrik Gregersen

Consciousness Studies
Joseph A. Goguen

Constructivism
Günter Thomas

Chinese Religions, Daoism and Science in China
Jiang Sheng

Chinese Religions, History of Science and Religion
in China

Contextualism
Mikael Stenmark

Contingency

Hing Kau Yeung

Keith Ward

—xiv—

L IST OF A RTICLES

Convergence

Disorder

Simon Conway Morris

Copenhagen Interpretation

Dirk Evers

Dissipative Structure

John D. Barrow

Cosmological Argument

William A. Dembski

Divine Action

David Manley

Cosmology

Thomas F. Tracy

DNA

Norriss Hetherington

Cosmology, Physical Aspects

R. David Cole

Double Agency

Robert John Russell

Cosmology, Religious and Philosophical Aspects

Thomas F. Tracy

Downward Causation

Norriss Hetherington

Created Co-Creator
Hubert Meisinger

Creatio Continua
Keith Ward

Creatio Ex Nihilo
Keith Ward

Creation
Keith Ward

Creationism
Howard J. Van Till

Creation Science
Howard J. Van Till

Critical Realism
Kees van Kooten Niekerk

Culture, Origins of
Paul K. Wason

Cybernetics
Marion Grau

Cyborg
Anne Foerst

Cyclical Universe
Mark Worthing

Theo C. Meyering

Dualism
Charles Taliaferro

Ecofeminism
Anne Primavesi

Ecology

Holmes Rolston, III

Ecology, Ethics of
James A. Nash

Ecology, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Jay McDaniel

Ecology, Science of
Stephanie Kaza

Economics
Max L. Stackhouse

Ecotheology
H. Paul Santmire

Einstein, Albert
Max Jammer

Embodiment
Catherine Keller

Emergence
Philip Clayton

Dao
James Miller

Empiricism

Jerome A. Stone

Darwin, Charles
John Hedley Brooke

Death

End of the World, Religious & Philosophical Aspects
of
Richard Landes

Duane H. Larson

Deep Ecology

Entropy
Lawrence W. Fagg

Roald E. Kristiansen

Deism

Epistemology
Paul D. Murray

Philip Clayton

Descartes, René

EPR Paradox

John D. Barrow

Anne A. Davenport

Design

Eschatology
William R. Stoeger

Anna Case-Winters

Design Argument

Eternity
Luco J. van den Brom

Anna Case-Winters

Determinism

Ethnicity
Barbara A. Holmes

Taede A. Smedes

Dharma

Eugenics
Abigail Rian Evans

Harold Coward

—xv—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Evil and Suffering

Foundationalism

Keith Ward

Evolution

F. LeRon Shults

Freedom

Michael Ruse

Evolutionary Algorithms

Ted Peters

Free Process Defense

Gregory R. Peterson

Evolutionary Epistemology

Thomas Jay Oord

Free Will Defense

Tomas Hancil

Thomas Jay Oord
Matthew Henry

Evolutionary Ethics
Jeffrey P. Schloss

Freud, Sigmund
William W. Meissner, S.J.

Evolutionary Psychology
John A. Teske

Functionalism

Evolution, Biocultural
Michael Ruse

Hubert Meisinger

Fundamentalism

Evolution, Biological
Francisco J. Ayala

Martin E. Marty

Gaia Hypothesis

Evolution, Human

John Cobb

Kenneth Mowbray
Ian Tattersall

Galileo Galilei

Evolution, Theology of

Gene Patenting

John Haught

Exobiology
Steven J. Dick

Experience, Religious: Cognitive and
Neurophysiological Aspects
Andrew B. Newberg

Experience, Religious: Philosophical Aspects
Matthew C. Bagger

Explanation

William R. Shea
Karen Lebacqz

Genesis
Christopher B. Kaiser

Gene Therapy
Brent Waters

Genetically Modified Organisms
Donna M. McKenzie

Genetic Defect
Brent Waters

Eberhard Herrmann

Extraterrestrial Life

Genetic Determinism
Ted Peters

Steven J. Dick

Faith

Genetic Engineering
Ronald Cole-Turner

Eric O. Springsted

Genetics

Fall

Ted Peters

Raymund Schwager

Fallibilism

Genetic Testing
Brent Waters

Mikael Stenmark

Falsifiability

Geocentrism
Denis Edwards

Mikael Stenmark

Feminisms and Science

Geometry, Modern: Theological Aspects
Michael Heller

Lisa L. Stenmark

Feminist Cosmology

Geometry: Philosophical Aspects
John C. Puddefoot

Ann Pederson

Feminist Theology

Global Warming
Richard O. Randolph

Ann Pederson

Field

God
Philip Clayton

William R. Stoeger

Field Theories

Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem
W. M. Priestley

William R. Stoeger

Fitness

God, Existence of
Philip L. Quinn

Volker Loeschke

Forces of Nature

God of the Gaps
Ernest Simmons

Howard J. Van Till

—xvi—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Gould, Stephen Jay

Incarnation

Michael Ruse

John Haught

Indeterminism

Gradualism

John D. Barrow

Volker Loeschke

Infinity

Grand Unified Theory

Anne A. Davenport

William R. Stoeger

Inflationary Universe Theory

Gravitation

George F. R. Ellis

George F. R. Ellis

Information

Greenhouse Effect

John C. Puddefoot

Richard O. Randolph

Information Technology

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

John C. Puddefoot

John D. Barrow

Information Theory

Hermeneutics in Science and Religion

John C. Puddefoot

William J. Grassie

Intelligent Design

Hierarchy

Howard J. Van Till

Gregory R. Peterson

Islam

Hinduism

Osman Bakar

Harold Coward

Islam, Contemporary Issues in Science and Religion

Hinduism, Contemporary Issues in Science and
Religion

Bruno Guiderdoni

Islam, History of Science and Religion

Harold Coward

Alnoor R. Dhanani

Hinduism, History of Science and Religion

Judaism

Klaus K. Klostermaier

Hava Tirosh-Samuelson

Historical Criticism

Judaism, Contemporary Issues in Science and
Religion

Claude Welch

Holism

Laurie Zoloth

Christopher Southgate

Judaism, History of Science and Religion, Medieval
Period

Holy Spirit

Gad Freudenthal

Hans Schwarz

Judaism, History of Science and Religion, Modern
Period

Hope
George Newlands

Norbert M. Samuelson

Human Ecology

Kant, Immanuel

Susan Powers Bratton

Frederick Gregory

Human Genome Project

Karma

Ted Peters

Harold Coward

Humanism

Kenosis

Brad Allenby

John Haught

Human Nature, Physical Aspects

Lamarckism

Michael L. Spezio

Human Nature, Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Jan-Olav Henriksen

Hume, David
David Raynor

Hypothetical Realism
Tomas Hancil

Idealism

Peter M. J. Hess

Language
Terrence W. Deacon

Laws of Nature
Yuri V. Balashov

Level Theory
Gregory R. Peterson

Liberation

Arne Grøn

Imagination

John J. Thatamanil

Liberation Theology

Robert Cummings Neville

Imago Dei

John W. de Gruchy

Life after Death

Gregory R. Peterson

Immanence

Jan Bremmer

Life, Biological Aspects
Holmes Rolston, III

Gregory R. Peterson

—xvii—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Life, Origins of

Mutation

Kai Finster

Life, Religious and Philosophical Aspects

R. David Cole

Mystical Experience
Jensine Andresen

Holmes Rolston, III

Life Sciences

Mysticism
Jensine Andresen

Celia Deane-Drummond

Locality

Mystics
Jensine Andresen

John D. Barrow

Maimonides

Myth
Marcelo Gleiser

David B. Burrell

Many-worlds Hypothesis

Naturalism
Willem B. Drees

W. Michael Dickson

Materialism

Naturalistic Fallacy
Ulrik B. Nissen

Max Jammer

Mathematics

Naturalized Epistemology
Andy F. Sanders

W. M. Priestley

Medical Ethics

Natural Law Theory
Ulrik B. Nissen

Alfred I. Tauber

Medicine
Harold G. Koenig

Meditation
Ernest Simmons

Memes
Mary Midgley

Mendel, Gregor
Richard C. Weikart

Metaphor
Mary Gerhart
Allan M. Russell

Metaphysics
Jitse M. van der Meer

Millenialism
Richard Landes

Mind-body Theories
Stephen Priest

Mind-brain Interaction
Stephen Priest

Miracle
William Lane Craig

Missing Link
Ian Tattersall

Mitochondrial Eve

Natural Theology
Keith Ward

Nature
Ulrik B. Nissen

Nature versus Nurture
Holmes Rolston, III

Neo-Darwinism
Volker Loeschke

Neural Darwinism
John A. Teske

Neurophysiology
Warren S. Brown

Neuropsychology
Warren S. Brown

Neurosciences
Warren S. Brown

Neurotheology
Palmyre M. F. Oomen

New Physics
William R. Stoeger

Newton, Isaac
Stephen D. Snobelen

Nonfoundationalism
F. LeRon Shults

Nuclear Energy

Michael Ruse

Models

Richard O. Randolph

Omega Point Theory

Lou Ann G. Trost

Modernity

Mark Worthing

Omnipotence

Michael Welker

Monism

Luco J. van den Brom

Omnipresence

Dennis Bielfeldt

Monotheism

Luco J. van den Brom

Omniscience

Philip Clayton

Morality

Luco J. van den Brom

Ontological Argument

Rodney L. Petersen

David Manley

—xviii—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Ontology

Postmodernism

Dennis Bielfeldt

Open Universe

Graham Ward

Postmodern Science
F. LeRon Shults

Mark Worthing

Order

Pragmatism
Eberhard Herrmann

Jitse M. van der Meer

Paleoanthropology

Prayer and Meditation
Fraser Watts

Ian Tattersall

Paleontology
Ian Tattersall
Kenneth Mowbray

Primatology
Gregory R. Peterson

Process Thought
Thomas Jay Oord

Panentheism
David H. Nikkel

Progress
Michael Ruse

Pantheism
Nancy Frankenberry

Providence
Thomas F. Tracy

Paradigms
Antje Jackelén

Psychology
Fraser Watts

Paradox
James E. Loder

Phase Space
W. Michael Dickson

Philosophy of Religion
Anders Jeffner

Philosophy of Science
Alisa Bokulich

Philosophy of Science, History of
Alisa Bokulich

Physicalism, Reductive and Nonreductive
Dennis Bielfeldt

Physics
Howard J. Van Till

Physics, Classical
Howard J. Van Till

Physics, Particle
John Polkinghorne

Physics, Quantum
W. Michael Dickson

Placebo Effect
Howard Brody

Planck Time
John D. Barrow

Plato

Psychology of Religion
K. Helmut Reich

Punctuated Equilibrium
Arn O. Gyldenholm

Quantum Cosmologies
John D. Barrow

Quantum Field Theory
John D. Barrow

Quantum Vacuum State
Niu Shi-wei

Realism
Roger Trigg

Reductionism
Dennis Bielfeldt

Reincarnation
Harold Coward

Relativity, General Theory of
George F. R. Ellis

Relativity, Special Theory of
Howard J. Van Till

Religion and Values, Origins of
Holmes Rolston, III

Religion, Theories of
Matthew C. Bagger

Reproductive Technology

George H. Rudebusch

Playing God

Suzanne Holland

Revelation

Ted Peters

Pluralism

Christopher C. Knight

Ritual

Dennis Bielfeldt

Pneumatology

Hans J. L. Jensen

Robotics

Sigurd Bergmann

Positivism, Logical

Anne Foerst

Sacramental Universe

Roger Trigg

Postfoundationalism

Matthew Fox

Sacraments

F. LeRon Shults

Duane H. Larson

—xix—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Schrödinger’s Cat

Sociology

John D. Barrow

Science and Religion
Robert John Russell
Kirk Wegter-McNelly

Science and Religion, History of Field
John Hedley Brooke

Science and Religion in Public Communication
Stacey A. Ake
Adrian M. Wyard

Science and Religion, Methodologies
Gregory R. Peterson

William H. Swatos, Jr.

Soul
Charles Taliaferro

Space and Time
Jennifer L. Trusted

Special Divine Action
Thomas F. Tracy

Special Providence
Charles Taliaferro

Spirit
John A. Teske

Science and Religion, Models and Relations
Ian Barbour

Spirituality
Claire E. Wolfteich

Science and Religion, Periodical Literature
Karl Giberson

Spirituality and Faith Healing
Jensine Andresen

Science and Religion, Research in
Christopher Southgate

Spirituality and Health

Science Fiction
Noreen L. Herzfeld

Jensine Andresen

Spirituality and the Practice of Science

Science, Origins of
Peter Harrison

Science Wars
Niels Viggo Hansen

Scientism
Mikael Stenmark

Scopes Trial
George E. Webb

Scriptural Interpretation

Peter Van Ness

Steady State Theory
Mark Worthing

Stem Cell Research
Suzanne Holland

String Theory
William R. Stoeger

Supernaturalism
Graham Ward

Kurt Anders Richardson

Selection, Levels of

Superstrings
William R. Stoeger

Michael Ruse

Supervenience

Self
Léon Turner
Fraser Watts

Theo C. Meyering

Symbiosis

Selfish Gene
Mary Midgley

Jeffrey P. Schloss

Symmetry

Self-organization
Palmyre M. F. Oomen

Self-reference
James E. Loder

Self-transcendence
Brian L. Lancaster

Semiotics
Michael L. Raposa

Shinto

Yuri V. Balashov

Systems Theory
Kathia Castro Laszlo

T=0
Mark Worthing

Tacit Knowledge
Andy F. Sanders

Technology
Frederick Ferré

Masakazu Hara

Technology and Ethics

Sin

Frederick Ferré

Ted Peters

Singularity

Technology and Religion
Frederick Ferré

George F. R. Ellis

Skyhooks

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
Ludovico Galleni

Holmes Rolston, III

Sociobiology

Teleological Argument

Michael Ruse

William A. Dembski

—xx—


L IST OF A RTICLES

Teleology

Two Books

Keith Ward

Theism

Peter M. J. Hess

UFO

Philip Clayton

Theodicy
Ulf Görman

Theological Anthropology
Jan-Olav Henriksen

Theology
Robert Cummings Neville

Theology, Theories of
Robert Cummings Neville

Ted Peters

Unpredictability
Dirk Evers

Upward Causation
Theo C. Meyering

Value
George Allan

Value, Religious
Robert Cummings Neville

Thermodynamics, Second Law of
William R. Stoeger

Value, Scientific

Thinking Machines

Frederick Ferré

Thiemo Krink

Value, Value Theory

Thomas Aquinas
Edward Grant

Time: Physical and Biological Aspects
Dirk Evers

Time: Religious and Philosophical Aspects
Peter Øhrstrøm

Transcendence

George Allan

Virtual Reality
Anne Foerst

Wave-particle Duality
John D. Barrow

Whitehead, Alfred North
Thomas Jay Oord

Ernest Simmons

Transmigration

Womanist Theology
Barbara A. Holmes

Ernest Simmons

Truth, Theories of

Worldview
Mikael Stenmark

Arne Grøn

Turing Test

Xenotransplantation
Donna M. McKenzie

Thiemo Krink

—xxi—