O c 10 01 nguyen tu bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc

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3

11
13
14
17
18

1.

s


Li

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

K

Ba

[Rn]7s2

Franxi
[Rn]7s1

[226]

Ra

88

Fr

[223]

[227]

Ac

Ca

Actini
[Ar]6d17s2

89

Lantan
[Ar]5d16s2

138,9

Bari
[Xe]6s2

57

Xezi
[Xe]6s1

137,31

La

56

Ba

132,9

Cs

87

55

Yttri

[Kr]4d15s2

Stronti
[Kr]5s2

88,91

[Kr]5s1

39

Y

87,62

Sr

38

91,22

Zr

178,5

180,9

Na

[Ar]5f146d27s2

Vonfram

Mg

Al

54,94

Mn

Tc

[99]

75
Rheni

Re

186,2

Tecneti
[Kr]4d55s2

43

Mangan
[Ar]3d54s2

25

[264]

Bh

Cr

[Ar]5f146d57s2

Bhori

107

[Ar]4f145d56s2

Mn

[Ar]5f146d57s1

Seabogi

[Ar]5f146d37s2

Dubni

[226]

Sg

106

[Ar]4f145d56s1

W

74 183,85

Db

105

[262]

Rf

[261]

104

Tantal

Ta

[Ar]4f145d36s2

73

[Kr]4d55s1

95,94

Niobi
[Kr]4d35s2

42

Mo

92,91

52,00

Cr
Crom
[Ar]3d54s1

24

Nb

41

Hafni

Hf

50,94

V

[Ar]3d34s2

23

[Ar]4f145d26s2

72

Zirconi
[Kr]4d25s2

40

Titan
[Ar]3d24s2

47,87

[Ar]3d14s2

22

1s1

H

1,008

Ti

44,96

1

Sc

21

Tên

Rb

85,47

Canxi
[Ar]4s2

Kali
[Ar]4s1

40,08

Ca

39,10

K

20

24,31

Magie
[Ne]3s2

12

Natri
[Ne]3s1

22,99

Beri
1s22s2

Liti
1s22s1

9,01

Be

4

Li

6,94

1s1

Mg

19

37

1,008

H

Na

11

3

1

55,85

Fe

190,2
Osmi

Os

[264]

Hs

Zn

[Ar]5f146d67s2

Hassi

108

[Ar]4f145d66s2

76

Rhuteni
[Kr]4d65s2

Ru

44 101,07

[Ar]3d64s2

26

58,93

Co

192,2

Ir

[268]

Mt

Cr

[Ar]5f146d77s2

Meitneri

109

[Ar]4f145d76s2

77

[Kr]4d75s2

Rh

45 102,91

Coban
[Ar]3d74s2

27

58,69

Ni
106,40

Pd

Vàng

Fe

[Ar]5f146d87s2

Ununnili

Uun

110 [271]

Ni

65,39

Zn

[277]

Pb

[Ar]5f146d107s2

Ununbi

Uub

112

[Ar]4f145d106s2

Hg

80 200,59

Cadimi
[Kr]4d105s2

Cd

48 112,41

[Ar]3d104s2

30

Sn

[Ar]5f146d107s1

Unununi

[272]

Uuu

111

[Ar]4f145d106s1

Plantin

79 196,97

[Kr]4d105s1

Ag

47 107,87

Au

195,09

63,55

Cu
[Ar]3d104s1

29

Pt

[Ar]4f145d86s2

78

[Kr]4d85s2

46

Niken
[Ar]3d84s2

28

10,81

B

69,72
Galli

Ga

114,8

In

204,4

Tl

113

H2

phá

Tali
[A]5d106s2p1

81

[Kr]4d105s2p1

49

[Ar]3d104s2p1

31

72,61

Ge

118,7

Sn

207,2

Pb

[289]

Cu

Uuq

114

Chì
[A]5d106s2p2

82

[Kr]4d105s2p2

50

[Ar]3d104s2p2

Germani

32

Silic
[Ne]2s22p2

28,09

Nhôm

[Ne]2s22p1

14

16,00

209,0

Bi

phá

Hg

115

Bismut
[A]5d106s2p3

83

[Kr]4d105s2p3

phá

Ag

116

Pt

117
phá

Au

118
phá

[A]5d106s2p6

[222]
Astali
[A]5d106s2p5

86
Poloni
[A]5d106s2p4

[210]

Xenon
[Kr]4d105s2p6

Rn

85

131,3

Xe

At

[209]

[Kr]4d105s2p5

54

[Ar]3d104s2p6

Po

84

[Kr]4d105s2p4

Iot

126,9

Telluri

53
Antimon

127,6

I

52

[Ar]3d104s2p5

Te

121,8

[Ar]3d104s2p4

Ab

51

[Ar]3d104s2p3

Krypton

83,80
Brom

36
Seleni

79,90
Arsenic

35

Kr

78,96

Br

34

39,95

Ar
Argon
[Ne]2s22p6

18

Se

74,92

35,45

Cl
Clo
[Ne]2s22p5

17

Neon
1s22s22p6

20,18
Flo
1s22s22p5

10

Ne

19,00

Heli
1s2

F

9

1,008

He

As

33

[Ne]2s22p4

32,07
Photpho

[Ne]2s22p3

16

Oxi
1s22s22p4

O

S

30,97

8

P

15

1s22s22p3

14,01

Cacbon
1s22s22p2

7

N

12,01

C

Si

26,98

6

Al

13

Bo
1s22s22p1

5

2


s

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Proton (p)

Nguyên

–

Electron (e)
0

P = E = Z.

A=Z+N

= P +N+E = 2Z +N = A + Z

A
Z

electron

X

Obitan (AO)

electron

electron

n có n
(K, L, …, Q)

n2
2n2

s
1
2

p
3
6

d
5
10

f
7
14


s

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Nguyên lí Pau–li:
VD:
Sai
–
–

–

VD: C (Z = 6)

1s2

2s2

N (Z = 7):

2p2

1s2

2s2

2p3

2,

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p …

o

electron và
i n tr c 3d
4s

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

4p

p6, …


s

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VD:
Z = 6:

1s22s22p2.

Z = 20:

1s22s22p63s23p64s2.

Z = 22:

1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2.

VD:

16
14
18
8 A, 7 B, 8D.

16
8A

vµ

18
8D.

–

*
(*

A1

A2

…

An

x1

x2

…

xn

1

+ x2 + … + xn = 100 %)

A1 x1 A 2 x2 ... An xn
x1 x 2 ... xn

AX

1
(A) proton và electron.
(C) electron.

(B
(D) proton, nơtron, electron.

2
(A) A = Z + P.

(C) A = Z + N.

(B) A = Z + E.

(D) A = 2E.

3
(A)

12
6

X.

(B)

18
6

X.

(C)

18
12

X.

(D)

14
7

X.

s

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4
(A) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s …
(C) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d …

(B) 1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 3d …
(D) 1s 2s 3s 4s 2p 3p 3d …

5
(A) 1s22s22p63s23p3.

(B) 1s22s22p63s23p1.

(C) 1s22s22p63s13p2.

(D) 1s22s22p63s23p2.

6
(A
(B
(C
(D

7
(A) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1.

(B) 1s22s22p63s23p63d94s2.

(C) 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s3.

(D) 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1.
4ns2

(n-1)d5ns1
8
(A
(B
(C
(D

9ns2

10ns1.

26
55
13 X, 26Y

vµ

26
12 Z ?


s

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chu kì.
.

Ô nguyên

Chu kì

Nhóm
VD: Na (Z = 11): [Ne] 3s1; Ca (Z = 20): [Ar]4s2.

*).

VD:
– Al (Z = 13): 1s22s22p63s23p1
cùng


s

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KL).

R).
I).

Bz).
Tính phi kim (PK).

E).

Ax).

– Tính phi kim.
– Tính axit.

><

R), (KL), (Bz
R), (KL), (Bz

R, KL,
Bz

I), (E), (PK), (Ax
I), (E), (PK), (Ax

I, E,
PK, Ax
R, KL, Bz

I, E, PK, Ax
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
CK1

H

He

R, KL, Bz

CK2

Li

I, E, PK, Ax

CK3

Na Mg Al Si P

CK4

K

Be B

C

N

O F

Ne

S Cl Ar

Ca

x thì
x
8–x
VD:
Nhóm

IA

IIA

IIIA

IVA

VA

VIA

VIIA

1
Na2O

2
MgO

3
Al2O3

4
SiO2

5
P2O5

6
SO3

7
Cl2O7

4

3

2

1

SiH4

PH3

H2S

HCl


s

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9
(A
(B
(C
(D
A
(A) 5.

(B) 7.

(C) 9.

(D) 16.

B
(A
(B
(C
(D
C
(A) 2.

(B) 3.

D
(A
(C

(C) 4.

(B
(D

E

Tính phi kim

F
A

B) F, C, O, Li.

C)

D) F, O, C, Li.

(D) 1.


s

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G
(A) I, Br, Cl, F.
(C) F, Cl, Br, I.
H

(A) Magie.

(B) I, Br, F, Cl.
(D) Br, I, Cl, F.
2

(B) Nitơ.

(C) Cacbon.

I
(A) RH5.

(D) Photpho.
2O5

(B) RH3.

(C) RH.

(D) RH2.

J
(A
(B
(C
(D
K
(A) M < X < Y < R.
(C) R < M < X < Y.

L
(A) NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3.
(C) Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, NaOH.

(B) Y < M < X < R.
(D) M < X < R < Y.

(B) Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, NaOH.
(D) NaOH, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2.


s

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2Z N

–

A

Z.

–
–
N
Z

1

VD1:

2Z N

82

Z
N

2Z - N=22

26
30

56
26 X

VD2:
trong X.
)
Vì ZX < 82 nên ta có

Thay (

1

N
Z

1,52

Z

N

2Z + N
3,52Z
18
3,52Z
5,11
Vì Z nguyên nên Z = 6.
Z=6

1,52Z

Z

6

1,52


s

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M

N

O

P

Q

2


s

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VD3:

– Mg (Z = 12): 1s22s22p63s2
– Cl (Z = 17): 1s22s22p63s23p5
– Ca (Z = 20): 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

ansb

a+b
3–7
8 – 10
11, 12
VD4:
– Fe (Z = 56): 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

Nhóm
IIIB – VIIB

VIIIB
IB và IIB


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R
K (Z = 19), Cr (Z = 24).

S

T

U

V
A

+ ZB

s


s

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A1 x1 A 2 x 2 ... An xn
x1 x 2 ... xn

AX

– Chú ý: x1 + x2 + … + xn = 100
x1, x2, …, xn

VD5:

35
17 Cl

vµ

37
17 Cl.

35
17 Cl

37
17 Cl

ACl

35.75, 77 37.24, 23
100
35,48.

35, 48.

63

63

Cu là

(A) 27 %.

(B) 50 %.

(C) 54 %.
63
65

A Cu

63.x

65.(100
100

x)

Cu.

Cu là 100 – x.

63,54
Đáp án D

(D) 73 %.

Cu vµ

65

Cu.


s

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W
12
6C

13
6C
40
18 Ar

36
18 Ar

(0,31 %) vµ

38
18 Ar

(99, 63 %);

(0, 06 %).
7
3Li

X

vµ 63Li.

6
3Li.

Y
nX : nX

là X1 và X2

1

1

1 : 3.

1

2

2

2

và X2

37
17 Cl

Z
35
17 Cl.

(A) 8,43 %.

37
17 Cl

(B) 8,79 %.
37
17 Cl

(C) 8,92 %.

trong 1 mol HClO4.

37
17 Cl

.
4
37
17 Cl

a

10

B vµ

11

: MHClO4

trong HClO4.

B.
11

16

O vµ 1H).

B trong H3BO3

trong HClO4
(D) 8,56 %.


s

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x thì
x
8–x

VD7:

2O5

(A
(C

(B) cacbon.
(D) photpho.
2O5

3.

%mR

MR
.100 %
MR 3
R

82, 35 %

= 14 (đvC)

R là nitơ

b

c

d

Đáp án C

3.

Trong oxit mà

3

2np4.


s

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Câu

Câu
1

D

B

B

2

C

C

B

3

A

D

D

4

C

E

5

B

F

D

6

A

G

A

7

A

H

C

8

A

I

B

9

C

J

A

A

B

K

C

L

B

E

Tính phi kim

M
a. P = N = E = 12
b. 24

X

12

16

O 8

O

N

27

Al

b. 13

P ZA = 12; ZB = 8


s

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Q

A,

ZB

2(Z A +NA )+2ZB NB
2.2Z A
ZA

2ZB

140

2.NA NB

44

ZB 11
A=19,

ZB = 8

R
a.

Na (Z = 11): 1s22s22p63s1
S (Z = 16): 1s22s22p63s23p4
K (Z = 19): 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
Cr (Z = 24): 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1
A).
A).
A).
B).

S
A).

T
A).

U
22s22p5

V
ZA = 15, A là photpho (P); ZB

W
a.
AC = 12,011
b. AAr = 39,9864
X

6
3

Li = 7 %.


s

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Y

1 và

X2

Z C
37

17

Cl

4

37
17

Cl = 0,2423.37 = 8,9651
4

1.MHClO4 = 1 + 35,5 + 16.4 = 100,5
Cl=

35,5
8,9651

Cl trong HClO4 = 100,5 .100% = 8,92 %

37
17

a

11B
11B

trong 1 mol H3BO3 (0,81mol)
11B

(8,91 gam)
3BO3 (61,81 gam)
11B

b
2O5

c
b. X là S
d

c. %mX(XO

3

)

40%

trong H3BO3 (14,42 %)

(81 %)