Cẩm nang luyện thi đại học ngữ văn (1)

DAM NANG LUYEN THI DAI HOC

Chuyen
Chuyen
Chuyen
Chuyen

de
de
de
de

1: CAC DANG DE THI CAU 5 DIEM
2 : DANG DE SO SANH VA CAU TRUC BAI LAM
3 : CAU H6| 2 DIEM TRONG KY THI DAI HQC - CAO DANG
4: NGH! LUAN XA HOI

Bien soan theo cau true de thi nncfi nhat cua Bo GD& DT
Danh cho hpc sinh khol 1 2 on tap thi vao cac tracing DH-CD
Danh cho glao vien day luyen thi Tot Nghiep & DH-CD

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MHA XIJAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI


LOINOIDAU
^

' P E L A M D l / O C M Q T B A I T H I D A I H O C - C D D A T D I E M 7, 8, 9

Cdc em hqc sinh than men!

I. D 6 I L O I T A M H U Y f i T

Cuon sach nay duQC bien soan theo cau triic de thi D H - CD moi nha't cua
Bp Giao dye va Dao tao.
Sach gom 4 chuyen de (Tuong ling voi 3 cau hoi):
*

Chuyen d e l : C a c dang de thi cau 5 diem

"

Chuyen de 2: Dang de so sanh va cau true bai lam

Cac em hpc sinh than men!
Hpc van la hpc ca tam hon nghia la mo rpng tarn hon minh de don nhan
thong diep cua nha van. Nguoi hpc van la nguoi vua don nhan vua phat d i
thong diep ay. V i vay, hpc van doi hoi phai co tam hon.
Viec hpc tap mon Ngit van thuc ra khong kho. Tren lop chii y nghe giang,

Chuyen de 3: Cau hoi 2 diem trong ky thi Dai hpc - Cao dang
Chuyen de 4: Nghi luan xa hpi

ghi chep npi dung quan trpng cua bai giang ma thay co giao da truyen dat. Tho

Chuyen de cau 2 diem (cac cau hoi giao khoa ve van hqc sit va cac cau hoi
lien quan den bai hpc. Chuyen de cau 3 diem (la cac dang de va each lam bai

Nghj luan xa hoi). Chuyen de cau 5 diem, chuyen de So sanh (la cac dang de
phong phii t u Van hthuat trong tac pham, phan tich hinh tugng nhan vat, phan tich chung minh
mQt nhan djnh, dac b i ft la dang de so sanh dang lam kho hoc sinh nhu hi^n
nay). Tat ca duoc bien soan theo hinh thuc "Huong dan viet chi tiet mpt bai
van" rat don gian, khoa hoc, va de hieu.
Cau true cua sach du^c trinh bay theo timg don vj bai hQC (doi voi cau 2
diem v a cau 5 diem). Nguoi bien soan da bam sat chuong trinh va sach giao
khoa moi va tinh than doi moi each ra de thi D H - CD. Nam bat dugc dieu do,
nguoi viet da thiet ke h? thong cau hoi va huong dan giai mot each doi moi
khae voi cac cuon sach dang c6 mat tren thi truong. Thyc t e d i thi D H - CD thi
de thi cua Bp Giao Due cCing khong ra ngoai chuong trinh sach giao khoa. Va
vi vay, neu ehiing ta nam chae va on tap that ky nhirng npi dung trong cuon i
sach nay hpc sinh eung co the lam dupe 7 den 8 diem mon Van.

thi can nam npi dung va nghe thuat. Van xuoi thi can nSm dan chung, cac chi
tiet nghe thuat, tinh huong truyen, hinh tupng nhan vat, but phap ngh^ thuat
ciia tac gia... Nam vCrng dupe cai cot loi ciia tac pham roi thi bat dau tap viet
cam nhan, phan tich. Mot bai van do minh viet ra la mot dua con tinh than.
Moi mot nguoi hpc sinh la mot nha tieu phe binh van hpc. Vi vay can co t u duy
ve van chuong va nang lue cam nhan. Mot bai van tot la dap ung dung va du
yeu cau ciia de bai; ket cau ro rang, hop ly, co tinh he thong; phan tich thuye't
phue, hap dan, co tinh van chuong va tinh than sang tao. Sang tao 6 day la tim
toi va kham pha ra nhung chieu sau chua noi het ciia tac pham. Muon vay,
phai van dung nhiing kien thuc ve ly luan van hpc mot each thich hpp (so sanh
tac pham nay voi tac pham kia, nhan vat nay nhan vat np de tao nen chieu sau
cua bai viet; tim dpc mpt nhan dinh sac sao, nhiing y kien ve tac pham ciia
nhiing nha van, nha tho, nha phe binh van hpc). T u do ket hpp voi cam xiic
chu quan cua minh thi se nhao nan ra dupe mpt bai van thuye't phuc.
Nghj luan xa hpi thi can co von song, kinh nghi^m song, phai dpc nhieu bao

chi, sach v6 de co t u lieu thuc te. Bai van nghj luan xa hpi hay la bai van co von

H i vpng cuon sach nay se la nguoi ban tot, co the cimg cac em di tren con
duong hpc tap, va t y tin den voi giang duong Dai hpc - Cao dSng.

song, CO su hieu biet xa hpi, biet phan bift diing sai, phai trai, biet rut ra cho

Tran trpng cam on quy dong nghi^p va cac em hpc sinh d a gop y cho toi
trong qua trinh bien soan.

vi ciia minh cho phii hpp voi hoan canh.

Tac gia

Nha sach Khang Vi?t xin tran trqitg giai thi$u tai Quy dgc gia va xin
idng nghe rtiQi y kien dong gop, decudh sach ngdy cdng hay hon, botch hem.
ThuxingtHve:
Cty T N H H Mpt Thanh Vien - Dich Vy Van Hoa Khang Vi?t
71, Dinh Tien Hoang, P. Dakao, Quan 1, TP. H C M
Tel: (08) 39115694 - 39111969 - 39111968 - 39105797 - Fax: (08) 39110880
Ho^c Email:

minh bai hpc. Cung thong qua bai van nghj luan xa hpi ay ma dieu chinh hanh
Cuoi cung la vi^c hpc van suy cho ciing eung la hoan thien nhan each va mo
rpng long nhan. Nguoi hpc van phai co nhi>ng rung cam truoc cupe doi, rung
cam truoc moi cau tho, cau van. Khi viet ciing nhu khi dpc can de chp tam hon
minh rung len nhu spi day dan. Tam hon ma nhu canh dieu no gio se viet van
hay hon, bay bong hon, loi van d?p hon, mupt hon. V i vay, hpc van la hpc
Nhan Van. Can phat huy cai Nhan Van ciia minh khong chi trong bai lam ma
con la suy nghl, ung xu, hanh dpng d^p voi mpi nguoi xung quanh.

j , i

II. P H l / O N G P H A P O N T A P

, iMf'

1. Chia cac tac pham theo timg giai do^n de on tap - t (, ; JIL O
- C h i a r a V a n l l , Vanl2theotunggiaidoannhusau:
• v ' . i i 'J '


a. Van hpc lop 11 thi c6:
- Van hpc Lang man gom: Truy^n lang man: Chu nguoi tu tu - Nguyen
Tuan, Hai dua tre - Thach Lam); Tho lang man c6: Voi vang - Xuan Di^u, Day
thon V I Da - Han Mac Tit, Trang giang - Huy Can, Tuong tu - Nguyen Binh
(nang cao)

-

Tham khao thuong xuyen qua cac nam con giiip ta nhan ra dupe huong

ra de ciia Bp de t u do biet huong on tap cho hi?u qua. Tranh 161 hpc tran lan,
tham kien thuc.
-fcaifr**

5. Tv giai de thi

-

T u tim de thi tren cac trang web uy tin hoac xin de thi t u cac giao vien

- Van hpc hi^n thyc phe phan c6: Chi Pheo - Nam Cao, Hanh phiic aia
mot tang gia (trich So Do - Vu Trong Phung). Doi thira - Nam Cao (Nang cao)
- Kjch: VTnh biet ciru triing dai.

Ngii van roi t y lam bai. Lam cang nhieu thi cang len tay. Dung nan. Lam xong

- Van hpc Cach mang gpm: Chieu toi, Lai Tan cua Ho Chi Minh; Tu ay
ciia To H u u .

an. Sau do tap dien dat cho troi chay. Sau khi thanh cong cac khau do roi thi

b. Van hpc lop 12 gom:
- Van hpc chong Phap 1945 - 1954: Tuyen ngon dpc lap - Ho Chi Minh,
Tay Tien - Quang Dung, Vi^t Bhc - To Huai, Vp chong A Phu - To Hoai, Vp
nhat-KimLan.
- Van hpc xay dtmg C N X H 1955 - 1960: Tieng hat con tau - Che Lan Vien
(nang cao), Nguoi lai do Song Da - Nguyen Tuan.
- Van hpc chong My 1961 - 1975: Dat Nuoc - Nguyen Khoa Diem, Rung
xa nu - Nguyen Trung Thanh, Nhiing diia con trong gia dinh - Nguyen Thi,
Song - Xuan Quynh.
- Tho van sau 1975: Kjch "Hon Truong Ba da hang thjt" - Luu Quang Vu,
Mot nguoi Ha Noi - Nguyen Khai (nang cao), Chie'c thuyen ngoai xa - Nguyen
Minh Chau, A i da dat ten cho dong song - Hoang Phu Ngoc Tuong, Dan ghita
cua Lorca - Thanh Thao.
2. Dpc ky tac pham, nam dirpc phong each tac gia.

nho thay c6 chain bai.
-

Co gang khi viet bai dung co viet cho hay ma co vie't cho diing, d i i dap

tap viet 16i van cho mupt, cho bong bay, trau ehuot.
-

Mpt bai thi D H dat diem cao khong hSn la viet hay ma can viet dung,

dien dat troi chay, co npi dung la da diem cao.

in. cAcH

L A M TCTNG

C A U

1. Phan bo thoi gian hpp ly.
-

Lap dan y: 10 phut.

-

Caul:10phut.

-

Cau 2: 60 phiit.

-

Cau 3:100 phiit.

*

Ngay thi nho mang dong ho de can thoi gian ma lam bai cho hpp ly.

*

Khong ra khoi phong thi som ma co gSng ngoi cho trpn thoi gian. Co khi

*

2. Cau true de thi thuong co hai phan la:

- Tho thi thupc long. Hpc va co nho dupe nhiing cau tho hay. Thupc them
mpt so cau tho ngoai tac pham nhung c6 ciing npi dung de lam dan chiing
minh hpa them cho bai lam.

a. Thuong co cac dang de sau:

-

Van xuoi nam dupe dac diem eua tung nhan vat hoac gia tri tac pham.
Thupc long dan ehiVng.

4. Tham khao de thi va dap an ciia Bp Giao D\ic tu nam 2009 den nay.
^ - Mue dich la tim hieu cac dang de thi, cau true de thi. Dpc ky tung dap
an, soi tung Barem diem, t u do hpc each l^p dan y, each xac l^p lugn diem.

: n

It nhat phai viet dupe 2 to giay doi tro len.

Phan I . Phan bit bupc
1. Cau 1 (2.0 diem): Dang de va each lam.

3.
thong cac y chinh trong bai hpc theo so do tu duy.
- Tho thi nam npi dung tung doan.

,^

chinh liic do chung ta se sua dupe nhiing sai sot cua minh.

- Tac gia thi can nam dupe: phong each nghe thuat, tac pham do trich tu
tap nao, ra doi trong hoan canh ra sao?

"<'-i^ Van xuoi thi dpc ky, n§m npi dung, tom tat dupe cau ehuy^n, nam dupe
cac chi tiet nghe thuat.

*

-

'*

Van hpc su: Lop 11: t u dau the ky XX den nam 1945; Lop 12: T u 1945 den

het the ky XX.

- Cac tac gia: Xuan Dieu, Nam Cao, Ho Chi Minh, To HCru, Nguyen Tuan.
-

Hoan canh ra doi tac pham; y nghia nhan de; cau de tir.

-

N p i dung va nghe thuat.
Cac chi tiet ngh^ thuat trong tac pham (hay ra nhat)

if '

•
V•

b. Cach lam bai:
De dat diem trpn ven cau 2 diem, truoc het nam viing kien thuc bai hpc.
Tho thi nam dupe npi dung ngh| thuat. Van xuoi thi nam dupe cac chi tiet
trong tac pham. Khi lam bai can ngan gpn, sue tich, du y (hoi gi dap nay.


k h o n g Ian man dai dong). Xem t h u cau hoi c6 may y. N e u cau h o i nhieu y t h i
nen chia y (a) y ( b ) . . . K h o n g d u g c gach dau d o n g k h i l a m bai. Co the viet
thanh m p t bai v a n c6 m a bai, than bai, ket bai.
V i dv 1: Cau n o i ciia cu M e t : "Chung no da cam sung, minh phdi cam gido"
duQC n o i t r o n g hoan canh nao ? Y nghia cua cau n o i ay ?
Tra

16i:

Phan i n d a m la k h o n g the thie'u.

a. Cau noi cua cii Met: "Chung no da cam sung, minh phdi cam gido" dupe
noi trong hoan canh: T n i i ve t h a m lang, cu M e t ke chuy^n cuoc d o i anh. N g a y
ay, giac k h i i n g bo gat gao, b o n giac bat vqi con ciia T n i i ra de u y hiep T n i i va

Cach so sanh, v i v o n ay cung da g i i i p the hien t i n h cam gin ho dac bi^t ciia
nha van d o i v a i con song Da. T i n h yeu thien nhien va con n g u a i Tay Bac da
m a n g den cho N g u y e n T u a n n h i i n g trang viet tai hoa.
Day la each v i v o n doc dao day chat tao h i n h , xuat phat t u m p t nang luc
lien t u o n g p h o n g t i i n g , gop phan tao nen sue hap d a n ciia trang viet. T u do
n g u o i dpc t h e m hieu va t h e m yeu trang v a n N g u y e n

T u a n va d o n g song Da

h u n g bao trO t i n h .
2. Cau 2 (3.0

d i e m ) : D a n g de N g h i l u a n xa h p i (dpc k y c h u y e n de N L X H 6

chuyen de 4 t r o n g sach nay)

i

•'

dan lang. T n i i tay k h o n g ra c i i u vg- con n h u n g k h o n g k i p . T n i i b i giac bat. Bi

a. Can n a m d u p e d a n g b a i n g h i l u a n xa h p i :

dot m u a i dau n g o n tay. C u M e t va thanh nien lang xong ra tieu di?t bpn giac

T r o n g n h i i n g n a m gan day. Bp Giao due va Dao tao l u o n ra de t h i tot

ac o n c i i u T n i i .

nghiep m o n Ngi> v a n theo h u d n g m o .nham d a n h gia d u p e nang luc va phan

b. Y nghia ciia cau noi do:

loai t r i n h d p ciia hoc sinh, nhat la a m a n g cau hoi n g h i l u a n xa h p i . D i e u nay

Cau n o i ciia gia lang M e t la cau n o i dupe diic r i i t t u cupc d a i b i trang ciia
T n i i va t u t h u c te d a u tranh ciia d o n g bao X6 M a n n o i rieng va d a n tpc Tay
Jsfguyen n o i chung. Giac da d i i n g bao luc phan each m a n g de dan ap nhan dan
ta t h i ta p h a i d u n g bao luc each m a n g de dap tan bao luc p h a n each mang. Con
d u a n g cam v u k h i de dap tra ke t h u la con d u a n g d i den t u do, con d u o n g giai
p h o n g d a n tpc. Qua cau chuyen cupc d o i T n i i nha van N g u y e n T r u n g Thanh
da l a m sang to chan l y each m a n g

...^i-^'.-'oW^f^'if'''^ -

ay.

T h u c te, k h i chua cam v u k h i danh giac, dan lang X6 M a n c h i u n h i e u m a t

cung g i i i p hpc sinh c6 kha nang v a n d u n g dupe nhijTig hieu biet thuc te vao
bai viet ciia m i n h . T u y nhien, nhieu n a m qua, van c6 hien t u a n g t h i sinh lam
xa de, lac de, Ian m a n , . . . V i vay, vi^c xac d i n h kieu d a n g de t h i n g h i luan la rat
can thiet, t r a n h cho t h i sinh d i lac h u d n g va l a m sai de. M u o n vay, m o i t h i sinh

phai dpc ky de bai, chii y n h u n g t u n g i i de nhan kieu, dang bai van. Thong
t h u o n g , ta de h\t gap 2 kieu, dang de do la: nghj luan ve m p t t u t u a n g dao ly
va n g h i luan ve m p t hi?n t u p n g d o i song xa h p i . Can phan b i f t n h u sau:
-

H i ^ n t u p n g d o i song: day la dang de m a n g tinh t h a i su, ban ve m p t van

mat: anh X i i t b i giac treo c6, ba N h a n b i chat dau, m? con M a i b i giet bang tran

de, m p t hien t u a n g c6 tinh xa h p i (hoac tot, hoac xau) dang dien ra x u n g

m u a r o i sat, T n i i b i dot cyt m u a i dau ngon tay... B6i vay, con d u a n g cam v u

quanh cupc song ciia c h i i n g ta. Chang han n h u : tai nan giao thong, bao luc hpc

k h i de dap tra ke t h u la tat yeu.

d u o n g , nan khoe than tren m a n g ciia n u sinh, tao scandal de n o i tieng ciia g i a i

Vi

2: Trong tuy but Nguai Idi do Song Dd (NgU van 12, Tap mot, NXB
Gido due Vi$t Nam, 2013),Nguyen Tuan tung nhin "Song Dd nhu mot c6
nhan". Nguoi "c6 nhan"
c6 tinh net nhu the nao? Cach vi von nay c6 y
nghia gi?
Irk

dv

16i:

Phan i n d a m la k h o n g the thie'u.

a, Trong tuy but Nguai Idi do Song Dd, Nguyen Tuan timg nhin "Song Dd
nhu mot conhdn".
Nguoi "co nhan" ay c6 tinh net: Co n h u n g t i n h net that
t h u o n g : l a m c h i i n g l a m b f n h , choc d i u dang day, r o i choc lai hkn t i n h va gat
gong thac l u ngay day.

b, Cach vi von nay c6 y nghia:
Cach so sanh, v i v o n ay l a m cho h i n h tu(?ng song Da h i f n len n h u m p t con
n g u a i , cu the n h u m o t c6 gai c6 ca tinh m a n h ; qua do nha van n h a m l a m noi
bat ve d?p g p i cam ciia song Da.

6

tre hi^n nay... Phan m a bai, can g i a i thi^u h i f n t u a n g d a i song can n g h i luan.
Phan than bai, can trien k h a i cac d i e m sau: neu thuc trang ciia hi?n t u p n g d o i
song: h$ qua tac d o n g (rich cue, tieu eye) ciia hi?n t u p n g , thai dp ciia con
n g u o i va xa h p i d o i v a i hien t u p n g , l y giai nguyen nhan dan den hien t u p n g
do (nguyen nhan chii quan, khach quan), dua ra giai phap de giai quyet hi^n
tijong

dai song. Phan ket bai can khai quat lai v a n de dang nghj luan dong

thod bay to thai d p ciia ban than ve hien t u p n g d o i song can n g h i luan.
-

T u t u o n g d^o l y : t h u o n g ban ve m p t quan d i e m , m p t t u t u a n g (nhan

v a n hoac phan n h a n van) n h u : l o n g d i i n g cam, l o n g khoan d u n g , thoi v 6 cam,
v 6 h-ach n h i ^ m . . . D a u hi^u de nhan biet kieu de nay t h u o n g la n h u n g cau n o i
true tiep de t r o n g ngoac kep ciia cac nha t u t u a n g , cac danh nhan n o i tieng
hay la m p t cau tho, m p t y kien trich dan t r o n g tac p h a m v a n hpc, ...
Chang han n h u : "Su cau tha trong bai cu nghe gi cung la mot su bai luang"
(Doi t h u a - N a m Cao). Hoac "Neu thay mot gia dinh hqnh phuc ban hay tin rang
trong ngdi nha do co mot nguai dan ba biet hi sinh" (Rene Bazin)


b. C a n n i m dvtgc bo eye c h u n g cua t u n g d a n g de:

2. N p i d u n g can p h a n t i c h , cam n h a n .

-

-

Yl

.
-

Y2
Y3

Dpc k y c h u y e n de 4 t r o n g sach nay de nSm d u g c bo'cue chung.

c. Lvru y k h i l a m b a i :
-

T h u o n g d a n g de n g h i l u ^ n xa hoi chi gioi han 400 tu cho t h i to't nghi^p

i

..V

va 600 t u cho t h i D a i Hoc. V i vay, bai lam phai that c6 diic, ngan gon, c6 lap
luan chat che, k h i i c chiet, ro rang. D a n c h u n g d u a ra phai that t h u y e t phuc, c6
sue hap dan v o i n g u a i cha'm. Tuy^t d o i k h o n g lay n h i r n g d a n c h u n g chung
c h u n g n h u anh A, chi B, bac C...
- Phan giai thich phai thuyet phuc; phan ban l u a n phai h g p t i n h h g p ly,
khen che ro rang.

3. D a n h gia ngh# t h u a t : nhij'ng yeu to nghe t h u a t nao da l a m nen thanh
cong cua tac p h a m n o i c h u n g va nhan vat, doan tho, doan van, chi tie't... noi
rieng.
III. K e t b a i : D a n h gia chung ve npi d u n g va nghe thuat.

d . C h i i y ve t h a i g i a n :

3. M p t so v a n de can l u u y k h i v i e t cau 5 d i e m .

M p t bai nghj l u a n xa hpi t h u o n g c6 yeu cau ve so l u g n g cau c h u nen t h i

a. Yeu cau
- Can n a m v u n g npi d u n g kie'n thue tac p h a m .

sinh can p h a n p h o i l u p n g t h o i gian l a m bai sao cho p h u hgp, t r a n h viet dai
dong, sa vao ke le, giai thich van de k h o n g can thiet. Tren ca so dan y, c h i i n g ta

can l u y e n each vie't va t r i n h bay sao cho ngan gon, mach lac, de hieu va c6 tinh
thuyet phuc cao.

-

*

Dpc ky de, gach chan d u a l n h u n g t u ngCr q u a n t r p n g t r o n g de. Phai hieu

de t h i dang hoi ta dieu gi?
-

Xac d i n h de t h i thupe dang de t h i nao? C h u n g m i n h m p t n h a n d i n h hay

Phan I I . Tyt c h p n

phan tich m p t h i n h t u p n g , m p t doan tho, m p t bai t h o . . . hay so sanh d o i chieu

Cau 3a. ( C h u o n g t r i n h co ban)

giira cac tac p h a m v o i nhau?

^

j

C a u 3b. ( C h u a n g t r i n h nang cao)

h. Cac b u o c l a m b a i g i o n g n h u a p h a n da lap d a n y n h i m g can c h t i y :

*

I. M a b a i : neu d u p e yeu cau cua de bai. NghTa la de t h i y e u cau n h u the

K h i lam bai, de nao m i n h c6 the lam to't t h i c i i lam, c h u khong ke cau 3a hay

3b. Trong t r u o n g h g p ca hai cau deu lam dugc n h u nhau t h i nen chpn cau 3a.
*

T u a n t h u cac b u o c l a m cau 5 d i e m n h u sau:

nao t h i p h a i d a n vao van de n h u the. Tranh l o i viet m o bai ma k h o n g lam n o i
bat dupe yeu cau cua de.

1. Doc k y de

II. T h a n b a i

D Q C k y de t h i la m p t khau v 6 ciing quan t r p n g v i no g i i i p c h i i n g ta hieu de,

1. K h a i q u a t ve tac gia, tac p h a m , xuat x u (Phan nay rat quan t r p n g v i

n ^ m bat d u g c yeu cau cua de. T u do xac lap n o i d u n g cho bai l a m .
K h i dpc de t h i can l u u y: gach chan d u a l n h i i n g tir ngu q u a n trong, tuc la
d i e m nha'n cua yeu cau de. N h u n g t u ngir quan t r o n g do k h i l a m bai t h i n h o
phai CO t r o n g l u a n d i e m m i n h d u a ra.
2. Lap d a n y cho de b a i
Lap d a n y c u n g la m p t k h a u rat quan t r p n g v i n h o lap d a n y ma ta k i e m

trong dap an eiia Bp, hpc sinh l a m tot n h i i n g yeu cau nay se dgt 0,50 d i e m )

2. N p i d u n g p h a n t i c h , cam n h ^ n :
-

T r o n g p h a n n p i d u n g cua bai lam, hpc sinh p h a i xac lap d u p e cac l u a n

diem chinh roi t u do d u a vao cac thao tac: c h u n g m i n h , b i n h luan, phan tich,
cam n h a n . . . de l a m ro luan diem.
-

N e n viet doan van theo 161 dien djch de y dupe ro rang, g i a m khao cham

soSt dupe bai l a m cua m i n h . Tranh dupe l o i viet Ian man, dai dong, lac de va

cung de cho diem. D a u m o i l u a n diem, l i i i b u t vao 2 6 giay de g i a m khao de

nha't la de viet k h o n g sot y.

n h i n bo cue cua m i n h h o n .

D a n y c6 the l a p theo cau t n i c sau: (Sau do viei hai cung phai du cac bu&c nay
thi m&i dung cau true bai lam)

d u n g (Nha't la p h a n tich tho).

I. M o b a i : xac lap yeu cau cua de bai.
II. T h a n b a i
1. K h a i q u a t tac gia va tac p h a m :
N e u cho d u p e p h o n g each cua tac gia, hoan canh ra d o i tac p h a m , xuat xCt.

-

,,

D o i v o i t h o hay t r u y ^ n t h i phai lay n g h f t h u a t de p h a n t i c h p h a n n p i
K h i h a n h van, can t r a n h n h i r n g cau t u sao rong. Can viet that c6 dpng,

giong van phai ket h o p dupe chat ly l u a n va suy t u cam xiie.
-

Tranh gach bo qua n h i e u t r o n g bai lam, lam ban bai l a m se gay phan

cam cho n g u a i chain.

.,,1.


- De tang chieu sau cho bai viet, can c6 su so sanh, doi chieu giQ-a nhan vat
nay, nhan vat kia, tac pham nay, tac pham no. Can dua mpt so' ioi phe binh,
nhan dinh van hoc vao trong bai lam. Can c6 dan chung them ngoai tac pham.
Nhirng yeu to vua noi tren day se lam cho bai van ciia cac em them phong phu
va CO chieu sau, chac chan se dugc giam khao can nhac ma cho diem cao.
3. Phan tong ket ngh^ thuat: theo dap an, truac khi ket bai se c6 phan tong
ket ngh| thuat. Hoc sinh can c6 danh gia, nhan xet chung ve nghe thuat cua tac
pham (phan nay dap an cho t u 1,00 diem den 1,50 diem)
III. Ket bai: danh gia chung ve van de.

^,

I V . T H A M K H A O D E T H I D H - C D & D A P A N M(3l N H A T C U A B O

D E T H I T U Y E N SINH DAI H O C N A M
Mon:

NGCT

Cau 3.b. Theo chuong trinh Nang cao (5,0 diem)
Ve nhan vat Phung trong truy^n ngan Chie'c thuyen ngoai xa cua Nguyen
Minh Chau, co y kien cho rSng : net nor bat a ngu&i nghe sy nay Id mot tarn hon nhay
cam va say me cdi dep tha mgng ciia canh vat. Y kien khdc thi nhan mqnh: ve dep sau xa
ciia nghe st Phiing chinh Id mot torn long day tran tm, lo an vethdn phan con ngu&i.
Tu cam nhan ciia minh ve nhan v^t Phung, anh/chi hay binh luan nhung y
kien tren.
Het

^

2013

V A N ; Khoi: D

Thai gian lam bai: 180 phiit, khong ke thai gian phat de

Cau

Y

1

1

2.

Di doc da't nuac vai tam nguyen tim hieu nguon coi bang trai nghif m ciia
chinh minh, chang trai Viet kieu Tran Hung John co mot nhan xet:

Tinh net cua nguoi "eonhdn" (0,5 diem)

0,50

day.
Y nghia ciia each vi von (1,5 diem)
- Lam cho hinh tugng song Da hien len nhu mpt con

0,50

nguoi, eu the nhu mot co gai eo ea tinh manh; nham lam
noi bat ve dep ggi cam eiia song Da.

Phan nhieu nguai Vi^t Nam co tinh each thu dong, la nhung nguoi di theo
chu khong phai nguoi tien phong. Neu co ai do di truae va thu truoe, toi se
theo sau chu khong bao gio la nguoi dan duong. Ap lue xa hoi khien ban phai
di theo con duong da duoe ve san.

- The hien tinh cam gan bo dac bi^t eiia nha van doi vai
eon song Da.
- Day la each vi von dgc dao day chat tao hinh, xuat phat

(John di tim Hung, NXB Kim Dong, 2013, tr.US)

0,50

0,50

tu mot nang lue lien tuong phong tung, gop phan tao
nen sue hap dan eiia trang viet.
Trao doi vai Tran Hung John va bay to quan diem

2

3,0

song ciia minh

II. PHAN R I E N G (5,0 diem)

in

2,0

dm dang day, roi choc lai ban tinh va gat gong thdc in ngay

Cau 2: (3,0 diem)

Tir earn nhan eiia minh ve niem khat khao do, anh/ehi hay binh luan nhimg
y kien tren.

Tinh net cua nguoi "eonhdn" ma Nguyen Tuan nhac

Co nhCrng tinh net that thuang: Idm chimg lam benh, choc

Nguoi "co nhan" ay c6 tinh net nhu the nao? Cach vi von nay c6 y nghia gi?

Nhan dinh ve niem khat khao tan huang su song trong bai tha Vpi Vang
eiia Xuan Dieu, timg eo y kien cho rang: do la tieng noi cua cdi toi vi ki tieu cue.
Lai COxjkien khSng dinh: do la tieng noi ciia cdi toi cd nhan tich cue.

Diem

den trong tuy but Nguai Idi dd Song Dd; y nghia ciia

Trong tiiy but Nguoi lai do Song Da (Ngir van 12, Tap mot, NXB Giao due
Viet Nam, 2013), Nguyen Tuan timg nhin "Song Da nhu mot co nhan".

Cau 3.a. Theo chuang trinh Chuan (5,0 diem)

Npi dung

each vi von do

Cau 1: (2,0 diem)

Thi sinh chi dugc lam mpt trong hai cau (cau 3.a hoae eau 3.b)

;

DAP AN - THANG DIEM

I. PHAN C H U N G C H O T A T CA THI SINH (5,0 diem):

Anh/ehi co dong tinh vai y kien tren khong? Hay trao doi vai Tran Hung
John va bay to quan diem song ciia chinh minh (bai viet khoang 600 tu).

'TfV>

Thi sinh khong duoe si( dung tdi lieu. Can bo coi thi khong gidi thich gt them.

1

Trao doi vai Tran Hung John (2,0 diem)
a. Giai thich y kien (0,5 diem)
- Thu dong la chiu su chi phoi, chi biet lam theo, nghe
theo nguoi khac ma thieu chu dgng sang tao.

0,5

- Y kien nay muon de cap den tinh each thy dpng, dugc
xem la tinh each eiia phan nhieu nguoi Vi?t Nam, truoc
11


he't la thu dpng trong vi|c lua chpn, dan than, mo 16'i cho

3

cuoc song cua minh; dong thoi neu ra mot vai bieu hi|n
cung n h u nguyen nhan dan tai tinh each nay.
1,5

dong tinh phan nao voi y kien cua Tran H u n g John. D i i

- C a i toi nhan thiic dupe su troi chay ciia thoi gian va s u

thien chi.

1,0

tinh v a triet luan, hinh anh tho dpc dao, moi la; ngon
ngu tho

nhung can phai c6 thai dp chan thanh, nghiem hie, cau

- Bac bo y k i e n cho r i n g do Id tiengnoi cua cdi toi vi ki
tieu cue (0,5 diem)

V a i net ve tac gia va tac pham (0,5 diem)

+ Y kien xuat phat tu quan diem cu, qua coi trpng cai ta
0,5

tho luon khat khao giao cam voi dai va tan huong s u

tieu cue, dong nhat s u huong thu ehinh dang ciia eon
nguoi voi loi song ea nhan ehii nghia.

tao, chiu anh huang sau sac ciia van hoc hi^n dai

+ The hien djnh kien hep hoi doi voi y thiic tran qui ban

phuang Tay.

than ciia eon nguoi, dong nhat viec tan huong s u song

- Voi vdng la mpt tac pham dac sac, rat tieu bieu cho

lanh manh, tich cue voi 161 song gap ciia ehii nghia

phong each tha Xuan D i f u truoc Cach mang thang T a m ;

huong lac.

the hi^n sau sic niem khat khao tan huang s u song ciia

- K h a n g dinh s u diing dan cua y kien: do Id tieng noi

cai toi tac gia.

cua cdi toi cd nhan tich cue (1,0 diem)

G i a i thich y kien (0,5 diem)

+ Y kien xuat phat tu quan diem diing dan coi trpng

khi eon nguoi eo nhu cau dupe la ehinh minh.
- Cdi toi vi ki tieu cue la cai toi nhat nhat chi vi minh, de
cao minh mpt each c\fc doan, bat chap tat ca. Cdi toi cd
nhan tick cue la cai toi vai nhihig khat vpng nhan ban
ehinh dang, huong tai nhung gia tri song tot d?p, lanh
manh.

0,5

0,5

ma coi nhe cai toi, xem mpi tieng noi cua cai toi deu la

song; phong each tho moi me, dpc dao, giau sue sang

- Cdi toi la bieu hien cao dp ciia y thue ea nhan, xuat hien

12

nhien, sinh dpng; the tho tu do; cau triic cau

3.b. B i n h luan ve cac y kien (1,5 diem)
5,0

bai tho Voi vdng va b i n h luan ve cac y kien ...

2

0,5

tho linh hoat; gipng dieu gap gap, soi noi, ...

tien.

- Xuan Dieu la nha tha Ion ciia phong trao T h a mdi; hon

song vpi vang, cuong quyt.
- C a i toi dupe the hien bai s u ket hop giira cam xiic irxx

- T h i sinh dupe tu do bay to quan diem song ciia minh,

1

1,0

tran trpng tung giay pKiit ciia cupe doi bang tam the

huong hanh dpng de thyc hien quan diem song ay.

C a m nhan ve niem khat khao tan hudng sv song trong

1,0

ngan ngiii ciia kiep nguoi; do do phai song eo y nghla,

Q u a n diem song ciia ban than (1,0 diem)
quan diem song cho ban than minh; de ra dupe phuong

3a

- C a i toi bam riet, say sua tan huang ve dep ciia s u song
xuan, tuoi tre va tinh yeu.

le, CO can cu xac dang va c6 thai dp ban luan nghiem tuc,

- Tir vi^c trao doi voi y kieh cua John, thi sinh tu de ra

(2,5 diem)
tran the; the hif n quan ni?m mai me ve cai d^p, mua

theo khuynh hirong nao thi khi trao doi cung phai c6 h'

2

VQI vdng va b i n h luan ve hai y kien ... (4,0 diem)
3.a. C a m nhan niem khat khao tan huong sv song

b. Trao doi voi Tran H u n g John (1,5 diem)
Thi sinh c6 the dong tinh, khong dong tinh, hoac chi

C a m nhan niem khat khao tan h u 6 n g s u song trong

0,5

quyen song ehinh dang ciia eon nguoi ea nhan, vi the da
nhan ra tinh nhan ban trong niem khat khao tan huong
s u song ciia cai toi 6 bai tho Voi vdng, xem do la bieu
hien manh liet ciia cai toi ea nhan tich cue.
+ 6 thoi dai Tho moi, khat khao tan huong s u song ciia
cai toi ay da eo anh huong tich cue sau sac den y thiie ca
nhan, long yeu doi, yeu cupe song ciia con nguoi, dac
bi^t la tang lop thanh nien.

0,5


3b

C a m nh|n ve nhan vat Phung trong Chiec thuyen ngodi

5,0

xa va b i n h luan cac y kien ...

n g u o i (1,0 d i e m )
+ Thai d o k h i c h u n g kien canh bao l y c ciia gia d i n h hang

V a i net ve tac gia va tac pham (0,5 diem)
- N g u y e n M i n h Chau la nha van tieu bieu ciia van hoc

0,5

Viet N a m t h o i chong MT, d o n g t h o i la n g u o i m a d u a n g
xua't sac cho cong cuoc d o i m a i van hoc t u sau 1975.

- M p t t a m l o n g day tran t r a , l o au ve than p h a n con

chai: bat ngo, sung sot, buc xiic; h a n h d p n g : xong vao
can thiep de bao ve n g u o i dan ba, ...
+ L a n g nghe, day d u t v o i cau chuyen cuoc d o i ciia

6

n g u o i dan ba hang chai 6 toa an huyen; am anh b o i h i n h

giai doan truoc, ngoi b u t ciia ong theo k h u y n h h u o n g s u

thanh pho; lo au cho t u o n g lai ciia n h i r n g n g u o i t r o n g

van de ve dao due va trie't l i nhan sinh; d o i m o i ve n g h ^

cuoc; thay d o i han nhan thuc ciia ban than ve cuoc d o i

t h u a t viet t r u y e n .

va nghe thuat.

- Chiec thuyen ngodi xa la truyen ngan xua't sSc ciia

- N g h e t h u a t the h i e n (0,5 d i e m )

N g u y e n M i n h Chau trong thoi k i sau. Tac p h a m ke ve

+ P h u n g v u a la m o t nhan vat trong t r u y ? n , v u a la n g u o i

chuyen d i thuc te'ciia nghe sT nhiep anh P h u n g , qua d o

ke chuyen tao nen ti'nh da dang ve d i e m n h i n ; d u p e

the hien each n h i n sau sac ciia tac gia ve cuoc song va su

k h i e hoa v o i d o i song npi tam sau sac.

ban khoan ve than phan con n g u o i .

+ N h a n vat d u p e dat trong hoan canh dac biet: lien tiep

G i a i thich y kien (0,5 diem)

d o i mat v o i hai canh d o i trai nguoc, qua do, l a m noi bat
0,5

len cac b i n h d i ^ n nhan each ciia kieu nhan vat ngh# sT.

pha, phat hien t i n h te va c6 n h u n g r u n g d o n g m a n h l i ^ t

3.b. B i n h l u a n ve h a i y k i e n (1,5 d i e m )

truoc n h i r n g ve dep p h o n g p h i i trong cuoc song.

- H a i y kien tren de cap den n h i r n g ve dep khae n h a u

- Tarn Idng tran tra, lo du ve than phan con nguoi la m o i

t r o n g p h a m chat ciia nghe sT Phiing. Y kien t h u nhat

q u a n tam t h u o n g true va sau nang d a n h cho n h i r n g

nhan m a n h p h a m chat hang dau ciia m p t n g u o i nghe sT

canh d o i kho dau, than phan bat hanh; la p h a n u n g

la tdm Hon nhay cam va say me cdi dep. Y kien t h u hai

t r u o c n h u n g nhieu n h u o n g , ngang trai.

khSng d j n h p h a m chat sau xa nhat ciia n g u o i nghe sT

C a m nhan ve nhan vat Phung va b i n h luan ve hai y

chan c h i n h la tam Idng tran tra, lo du ve thdn phan con
- H a i y kien t u y khae nhau n h u n g k h o n g d o i lap ma bo

3.a. C a m nhan ve nhan vat Phung (2,5 diem)

sung cho nhau; h o p thanh su n h i n nhan toan d i e n va

- Mpt tam hon nhay cam va say me cai d?p tho mpng

dpc nhan thuc sau sac h o n ve ve d?p toan v?n ciia nhan
0,5

iift* y chung: Thi sinh cd the lam bdi theo nhung cdch khdc nhau, chdp nhan cd

minh.
t a m hon k h i c h i m d 3 m trong nhCrng suy t u o n g ve s u
t h o n g nhat giOa cai dep va cai t h i ^ n , ve sy tan thien tan

vat nay, c i i n g n h u tham thia h o n y t u o n g nghe thuat ciia
nha van.

v a p n a m bat, hao hue g h i vao o n g k i n h d i e u l u y ^ n ciia
+ N i e m han hoan ciia kham pha va sang tao tran ngap

0,5

t h o n g nhat ve p h a m chat nghe sT ciia P h i i n g ; g i i i p n g u o i

ciia canh vat (1,0 diem)

canh vat tren d a m pha lang chai; m a i me t h u o n g lam, v 6

1,0

ngii'di.

kien (4,0 diem)

+ N h a y ben v o i ve dep " t r o i cho" het sue t h o m o n g ciia

0,5

anh va than phan n g u o i dan ba hang chai k h i t r o lai

thi, t h o i k i sau chuyen sang cam h u n g the su v o i n h i r n g

- Tarn hon nhqy cam va say me cdi dep la kha nang k h a m

0,5

nhifng cdch khdc voi ddp an, nhung phdi ddm bao nhung yeu cau vekien thuc. Tren
0,5


cdu can

dua vao bdn huong dan chd'm kem theo.

m i ciia nghg thuat va cuoc song.

15


BO G I A O D U C VA D A O T A O
D E C H I N H THLfC
D E T H I T U Y E N SINH DAI H O C N A M 2012
Mon: N G C V A N ; Khoi: C
Then gian lam bai: 180 p h u t khong ke thoi gian phat de

D A P A N - T H A N G DifiM

Cau

Npi dung

Diem

6 phan noi ve thupng nguon, song Huang dupe vi v6i

2,0

Y

1

hinh knh hai nguoi phy nu nao? Y nghia cua nhung
hinh anh ay?

I. PHAN C H U N G C H O T A T C A THI SINH (5,0 diem)
Cau 1 (2,0 diem)

1.

Hinh knh hai nguoi phv nir (0,5 diem)
. - Co gai Di-gan phong khoang va man dai.

Trong tac pham Ai da dat ten cho ddng song? (Ngu van 12, Tap mot, NXB
Giao due Vi?t Nam, 2011), a phan noi ve thug-ng nguon song Huong, Hoang
Phu Ngoc Tuang da vi ve dep cua dong song nay vai hinh anh hai nguai phu
nu, do la nhung hinh anh nao? Y nghla ciia nhiing hinh anh ay?
Cau 2 (3,0 diem)

- Nguoi mp phu sa ciia mpt viing van hoa xu so.
2.

Y nghia ciia nhimg hinh anh ay (1,5 diem)
- Ve npi dung:
+ Hinh anh c6 gai Di-gan the hien ve dep vua huyen
long Truong Son - mpt ve dep con day tinh ban nang.

Hay viet mot bai van ngan (khoang 600 tir) trinh bay suy nghi ciia anh/chi
ve y kien tren.

+ Hinh anh nguoi me phii sa to dam ve dep dju dang va

II. PHAN R I E N G (5,0 diem)

eiia su truong thanh mang cot each van hoa.

Thi sinh chi dug-c lam mpt trong hai cau ciia phan rieng (cau 3.a hoac cau 3.b)

Cau 3.a. Theo chuong trinh Chuan (5,0 diem)

- Ve nghe thuat:

Cam nhan ve ve dep su thi cua hinh tuong nhan vat Tnu trong tac pham
Rung xa nu aia Nguyen Trung Thanh (Ngii- van 12, Tap hai, NXB Giao due
Viet Nam, 2011).
Cau 3.b. Theo chuomg trinh Nang cao (5,0 diem)
Cam nhan ve hai doan tho sau;
Sao anh khong ve choi thon VT?
Nhin nang hang cau nang moi len
i
Vuan ai muot qua xanh nhu ngpc
; ^'
La true che ngang mat chij- dien.

mpt sinh the eo hon cot va lam noi bat dupe nhung net

;:
!

*j

Cau thon Doai nho giau khong thon nao?
(Tuong tu - Nguyen Binh, N g u van 11 Nang cao.
Tap hai, NXB Giao due Vipt Nam, 2011, tr.56)
Het
Thi sinh khong duoc su dung tai lieu. Can b6 coi thi khong gidi thich gi them.

0,5

bi, di> dpi vua t y do, trong sang ciia song Huong giiia

"Ke CO hoi thi non nong tao ra thanh tfch, nguoi chan chinh thi kien nhan
lap nen thanh t u u " .

(Day thon V7 Da - Han Mac Tu, Ngu van 11 Nang cao)
Tap hai, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, 2011, tr.46)
Nha em c6 mot gian giau,
Nha anh eo mpt hang cau lien phong.
Thon Doai thi nho thon Dong,

0,5

tri tue ciia song Huong khi ra khoi rung - mpt ve dep

Hinh anh v i von dac sac khien song Huong hien ra nhu

0,5

0,5

doi eye trong tinh each ciia song Huong; gia tang chat
tru tinh, chat tho cho loi van tuy but.
Trinh bay suy nghi ve y kien: Ke co hoi thi non nong

2

tao ra thanh tich, nguoi chan chinh thi kien nhan lap

3,0

nen thanh tm
1.

Giai thich y kien (0,5 diem)
- Ke CO hoi la nguoi Ipi dung thai co de muu cau Ipi ich
truoc mat, bat ke vipe lam diing hay sai; nguoi chan
chinh la nguoi luon biet song diing vdi thuc chat va
phu hpp voi nhuTig gia tri xa hpi; thanh tich la nhung
ket qua dupe danh gia tot; thanh tuu la nhung thanh
qua CO y nghia Ion, dat dupe sau mpt qua trinh ben bi
phan dau.
- Ve npi dung, y kien nay chi ra su doi lap ve 161 song
va each hanh xu tron^cong vipc giiia loai nguoi ca hpi
va nguoi chan chirift^ji; y j ^ ^ j jj^-u

p^|^!u

0,5


2.

Bkn Iu|n ve y kien (2,0 diem)

chien, gan bo mat thiet v o l m a n h dat Tay N g u y e n .

- Ke CO hoi thi non nong tqo ra thanh tich (1,0 diem)

- Rieng xa nu dupe viet n a m 1965, la m p t thien t r u y e n ket

+ Do t h o i v u I p i , bat chap d u n g sai nen t r o n g cong

tinh n h i i n g ve d?p co ban ciia k h u y n h h u a n g su t h i v a

vi^c, ke CO h p i k h o n g cau " k e t qua t o t " m a chi cau
"duQc d a n h gia tojt". Ke cang v y I p i t h i cang n o n n o n g

cam h u n g lang m a n t r o n g van x u o i k h a n g chien.

0,5
2.

CO dugc thanh tich. Boi the^ loai n g u a i nay t h u o n g chi

t u a n g cua t h o i dai, so phan gan v a i n h u n g su k i ^ n Ian

+ Ve thuc chat, each hanh x u ay la l o i song gia d o i , la
t h o i an gian l a m do'i khien cho that gia bat phan, l a m
bang hoai cac gia t r j t r o n g xa h p i ; do c h i n h la s u suy

cua cpng dong, ket tinh n h i m g p h a m chat tieu bieu nhat
ciia cpng d o n g va lap nen n h u n g chien cong hien haeh.

0,5

b o i canh k h o n g gian k i vT, each tran thuat trang t r p n g ,

tich Ian tran n h u h i ^ n nay.

g i p n g d i ? u thiet tha h u n g trang.

- Nguai Chan chinh thi kien nhan lap nen thanh tuu (1,0 diem)

3.

rinh

ciia n g u a i chan chinh. Bai the hp t h u o n g kien n h a n
t r o n g m p i cong v i f c de l a m nen n h i i n g ket qua thuc su,

0,5

lang X6 M a n .
+ K h i ke t h u giay xeo que h u a n g , T n i i phai chiu n h i e u
0,5

+ K h i dupe giae ngp each mang va v i i n g len quat k h a i ,

h p i rien len.

eon d u a n g den v a i each mang ciia n g u a i dan Tay Nguyen.

- Can nhan thuc ro day la hai kieu n g u o i doi lap nhau

- Nhan vat mang tam voc cua nguai anh hiing (1,5 diem)

ve nhan each: m o t loai n g u a i rieu cue thap hen can phe

+ T m i CO n i e m tin t r o n g sang va sk da vao chan l i ciia

phan, m p t m a u n g u a i rich cue cao ea can tran t r p n g .

+ T n i i CO m p t k h i phach p h i t h u o n g , m p t tinh than chien

hpc Viet N a m h i f n dai, t r u o n g thanh tit hai cupc khang

0,5
0,5

d a u qua cam v 6 song.

C a m nhan ve ve d?p s u thi ciia hinh tugng nhan vat T n i i

- N g u y e n T r u n g Thanh la m p t nha van rieu bieu ciia van

+ T n i i CO m p t tinh yeu Ion lao, sau sac v a i gia d i n h ,
que h u a n g x i i so va m p t long cam t h u giae m a n h liet.

song CO h p i , non nong chay theo thanh tich gia.

V a i net ve tac gia, tac pham (0,5 diem)

0,5

each mang.
0,5

d a u de lap nen n h u n g thanh ri^u; d o n g t h a i len an l o i

1.

0,5

qua trinh horong thanh ciia T n i i cung rat dien h i n h cho

Bai hpc nhan thiic va hanh dpng (0,5 diem)

trong tac pham Rimgxd nu ciia Nguyen Trung Thanh

0,5

dau t h u o n g mat mat, tieu bieu cho n o i dau t h u o n g mat
m a t I a n ciia dan toe.

dich thuc cho m i n h va cpng dong, gop phan thuc day xa

l u o n coi t r p n g n h u n g ket qua that va kien n h i n phah

0,5

c u u m a n g d u m bpc va t r o thanh n g u a i con u u h i ciia

+ Ve thuc chat, each hanh x u ay thupe ve loi song chan

- Can n o i theo l o i song cua n h u n g n g u a i chan chinh,

(1,5 diem)

+ K h i con nho, T n i i la d i i a tre m o coi dupe b u o n lang

n g u a i , d i i co k h i phai tra gia dat.

q u y ; g i i i p tao nen n h u n g thanh qua thuc, n h u n g gia t r i

- Nhan vat co so phan gan bo vai nhimg hien colon cua lang
XoMan

n h i m g t h a n h qua thuc m o i tao nen gia t r i thuc cua con

thuc, t r u n g thuc, bieu h i f n cua n h u n g p h a m chat cao

V e d?p sit thi ctia h i n h tugng nhan v?it T n i i (4,0 diem)
a. Noi dung hinh tuang (3,0 diem)

n h u n g thanh qua co y nghia Ian. D o i v a i hp, chi co

3.a

0,5

- N h a n vat sir t h i t h u o n g dupe khae hpa t r o n g n h i i n g

d o i ve dao due; loi song co h p i nay da k h i e n b^nh thanh

3.

V e d?p s u thi cua nhan vat van hpc (0,5 diem)
- N h a n vat su t h i la m a u nhan vat anh h i i n g m a n g l i

tao ra thanh rich gia.

+ C o i t r o n g chat l u p n g that, ket qua that la due

0,5

5,0

h NQM thuat khac hoa hinh tuang (1,0 diem)
- K h o n g k h i t r u y e n dupe d u n g n h u cac cupc ke khan

0,5

t r u y e n t h o n g ciia cac gia lang t h u o truae; 161 viet t r u y ? n
ngan hi?n dai pha t r p n nhieu yeu to sir t h i dan gian
k h i e n m p t nhan vat cua t h a i dai chong M i , lai p h a n g
19


phS't h i n h b o n g n h u n g anh h i i n g six t h i c6 dai.

- H i n h anh giau t i n h tgo h i n h , cha't hpa q u y e n v o i chat

- B u t phap ngh# thuat c6 sy ke't h g p giua ta t h y c va

nhac, ta thue ke't hap v o i each d i f u ; t u ngir t i n h te dpe

bieu t u g n g : nhan vat T n i i gan lien v o i m o t bieu tu(?ng
n u ; h i n h anh d o i ban tay T n i i dugc

dao gay an t u o n g manh.

0,5

ve sue song bat di?t ciia n g u o i Tay N g u y e n do la cay xa

3.

m i e u ta n h u m p t

- T a m trang t u o n g t u a i a cai toi t r u t i n h m a n g n h u n g

vat; g i p n g d i f u trang trong, hao h u n g ; n g o n n g i i day

h o i v u a " v o vao". K h o n g gian tho la lang canh quen

C a m nhan ve hai doan the trong bai Day than Vt Da va
Tuomgtu

thupc ciia x u Bac v o i n h u n g hang eau, gian giau, thon

5,0

khao khat h o n nhan nong nan ma y v i .
- Sac d i ^ u t i n h cam ciia cai toi T h o m o i t h a m d u p m n o i

0,5

p h o n g trao T h o m o i v o l sue sang tao m a n h liet va da

l o n g eiia m p t chang trai que

dang; Day thon VT Da i n trong tap Dau thuomg, la t h i

d a m ve d^p chan que.

p h a m xuat sac ciia t h a V i ^ t N a m hi$n dai.

b. Venghe thuat (1,0 diem)

- N g u y e n B i n h la nha tho "chan que" ciia p h o n g trao

- The tho luc bat kieu ca dao; gipng di?u "que", 161 n o i

T h o m o i v o i p h o n g v i dan gian d a m da; Tuang tu i n

"que" d a m da; l a i tho dang d o i t r u n g diep u y e n chuyen.

t r o n g tap La budc sang ngang, la m p t bai t h a tieu bieu

- T a m trang bpc bach theo l o i m u p n canh to t i n h ; h i n h

cho p h o n g each t h a dpc dao ciia ong.

anh t h o c6 n h i e u cap d o i hmi t i n h an chua n i e m khao

V e doan tho trong bai Day thon Vi Da (2,0 diem)

khat nhan d u y e n : Nhd em - nha anh, gian giau - hang cau,

a. Venoi dung (1,0 diem)

thon Doai - thon Dong, khien cho d u y e n que q u y ^ n chat

- Canh v u o n thon VT b u o i ban m a i toat len ve d?p t i n h

4.

v a i sac xanh m u a t nhu ngoc a i a cay la, v a i ducmg net
duyen

dang

thanh

nha ciia la true eke ngang.

khien m o i t u a n g t u m a n g

t i n h yeu d o n p h u o n g , chat chua nhieu khao khat va
p h a p p h o n g , kha tieu bieu cho cai toi T h o m o i . B u t

m a t ch\x dien thap thoang sau hang la triie; canh va

p h a p lang m a n t r u t i n h c6 s u hoa dieu giua ta thuc

n g u o i hoa h p p l a m nen m p t bue tranh b i n h dj ma cao

v o i t u p n g t r u n g , each d i f u ;

sang, t h o m p n g .

k h u n g canh quen thupc a i a lang que dat V i ^ t .

- N h a n vat t r u t i n h h i f n len qua n o i hoai n i e m chon cu

- Khdc biet: 6 Day thon Vi Da, tinh l u a d o i an sau t i n h x i i
0,5

k h o n g gian t h o deu la
0,5

so; h i n h anh nghieng ve ta thuc kieu lang man; n g o n ngix

g i u a t i n h l u a d o i va t i n h yeu sy song, v u a thiet tha v u a

t r y c ta d a m cam xiic ca the... 6 Tuang tu, t i n h cam l u a d o i

p h a n g phat u hoai.

tua vao t i n h cam thon lang; h i n h ai\ tho nghieng ve t i n h

b. Venghe thuat (1,0 diem)

each dieu dan gian; ngon n g i j chan que than thupc...
Luu y chung: Thi sinh c6 the lam bai theo nhimg each khdc nhau, nhung phai dam

- Cau h o i t u t u da sac thai: v u a h o i han, m a i mpc v u a
xang v u a ban khoan.

0,5

- Tuang dong: T a m trang t h o deu la n h u n g n o i n i e m a i a

Con

nhae nho, h o n trach; g i p n g t h o giau sac d i ^ u : v u a x o n

0,5

V e sv tuong dong va khac bi?t (0,5 diem)

n g u a i m a n g ve d?p chan thyc, p h i i c hgu v o i k h u o n

canh xua; t i n h yeu danh cho t h o n VT c6 sv chan hoa

0,5

v o i canh que.

0,5

k h o i , thanh tan v o i h i n h anh ndng hang cau nang moi len,

on

Doai, thon Dong. Ca t i n h Ian canh deu the h i ^ n n i e m

V a i net ve tac gia, tac pham (0,5 diem)

- H a n M ^ c T u dugc xem la hi?n t u p n g la nhat ciia

2.

0,5

sac thai cu the: vira n h o m o n g v u a khao khat, v u a u a m

chat tao h i n h va chat tha.

1.

V e doan tho trong b^i Tucmg tu (2,0 diem)
a. Vengi dung (1,0 diem)

bieu tuQ^ng dpc dao cho cupc d o i va so phan cvia nhan

3.b

0,5

0,5

bdo nhimg yeu cau vekien thuc. Tren day chi la nhimg y ca ban thi sinh can dap
img; vice eho diem cu the timg can can dua vdo ban hu&ng dan cham kern theo.
21


Chuyen de 1

fioai tarn su: "Nhung dieu ky dieu la dau trong ciing cue den the moi the luc cua toi
dc ciing khong giei duac sue song con nguai. Lay lat doi kho, nhuc nha, Mi van song,
tham, tiem tang, manh Hit." Tim hieu vao tac pham ta se thay ro dieu do.

CAC DANG Dt THI CAU 5 DI^M
I . D A N G Dfi T H I C H I ? N G M I N H M O T N H A N D I N H . M O T t

KIEN

De thi nay khong phai la moi nhung da lau roi Bo khong ra. Nam 2013, Bp
Giao Due lai ra lai dang de nay. Vai the he hoc sinh sau nam 2008 thi dang de
nay qua la rat kho v i no doi hoi kien thuc tong hop va trinh do nhan thuc cao.
Ne'u hoc sinh chi muc Trung binh thi rat kho an diem. Tuy nhien, t u day cac
em khong con phai lo lang niia v i cau true sau se giiip cac em t u biet phai lam
1. Cau true de thi dugc cu the hoa theo khung sau.
Npi dung

Diem

I. Mobai

Neu van de (dan y kieh, nhan dinh vao)

I I . Than bai

1. Vai net ve tac gia tac pham

0,5

2. Giai thich y kien, nhan dinh

0,5

3. Phan tich, cam nhan (4,0 diem)

III. Ketbai

3a. Phan tich, cam nhan ve van de dugc dat ra:
noi dung va ngh| thuat.

2,5

3b. Binh luan ve cac y kien (dong y hay bac bo)

1,5

Danh gia chung

2. H u a n g dan giai mpt so de t h i
l.Trong bai Cam nghi ve truyfn " V g chong A Phu", To Hoai viet:
"Nhung dim ky dim Id dm trong cting cue dm the, moi theluc cua toi dc
cUng khong giei duac sue song eon ngucri. Lay lat doi kho, nhue nhd, Mi van
song, dm thdm. Hem tdng, mdnh Hit." (Tac pham van hpc 1930 - 1975, Tap
hai, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hoi, 1990. tr.71)
Phan tich nhan v|t M y trong t r u y f n ngan V p chong A Phu (doan trich
dupe hpc) cua To Hoai de lam sang to nhgn xet tren.
Hl/ONG DAN
I. M O BAI
" V g chong A Phu" la mot truyen ngan rat thanh cong cua To Hoai viet ve
eon nguoi vung niii cao Tay Bac. Trong tac pham nay, nha van da xay dung

thanh cong hinh tuong nhan vat M y - nguoi no 1§ da dung len go bo gong
cum, xieng xich de den voi anh sang cua t u do. Viet ve nhan vat cua minh. To

II. T H A N BAI
1. Khai quat: To Hoai la mpt trong so' rat it nha van Viet Nam viet thanh
cong ve dong bao dan toe a mien mii. Voi truy?n ngan " V p chong A Phu" (riit
trong tap truyen Tay Bac, 1953, giai nhat cua H p i Van nghe Vi?t Nam 19541955) Ian dau tien To Hoai da lam cho nguai doc xiic dong truoc eupe song no
le day tui nhuc cua dong bao dan toe Tay Bac dudi ach thong tri ciia thuc dan
phong kien va cho thay sue song tiem tang manh liet ciing n h u eon duang ma
hp da den voi each mang.
"
2. Giai thich nhan xet: Dung nhu tac gia To Hoai da noi "Nhung dieu ky
dieu la dau trong ciing cue den the moi theluc cua toi dc cUng khong giei duac sue
song eon nguai. Lay lat doi kho, nhuc nha, Mj van song, dm tham, tiem tang, manh
liet". Dieu "ky dieu" la dieu ma nhirng su to't d^p den vai minh n h u mpt
phep mau. "Sue song tiem tang" la sue song npi tai, an chua ben trong. No se
bung chay khi gap dieu kien, hoan canh thuan Ipi. Day von la mpt pham chat
cao quy cua con nguoi Vi^t Nam. N h u vay, npi dung ma To Hoai muon noi
den do la ngpi ca sue song eua con nguoi Tay Bac thong qua nhan vat trung
tam la nhan vat M y .
3. Phan tich nhan vat M i :

' '

a. H i n h tupng nhan vat M i "Lay lit doi kho, nhuc nha": ngay t u dau
truyen. M i xuat hien trong khong gian nha giau "nha nhieu nuang, nhieu bac,
nhieu thuo'c phien nhat lang" nhung M i lai la con nguai chiu nhieu dau
thuang tiii nhuc "mpt c6 gai ngoi quay spi ben tang da truoc cua, canh tau
ngua. Luc nao eung vay, dii quay spi, thai c6 ngua, det vai, che cui hay di cong
nuoc dual khe suoi len, c6 ay cung ciii mat, mat buon ruoi r u p i " . Co gai ay

chinh la M j , con dau nha Thong Ly Pa Tra. Nhung chu "eon dau" von rat
thieng lieng ay lai gan lien vai hai chu "gat np". Nen cai thieng lieng tra thanh
cai re rung mat roi.
M i da tung la eo gai tre dep, so'ng soi noi, thoi sao hay, thoi la gioi dupe biet
bao nhieu trai lang me, theo duoi "trai den dung nhan ca chan vach dau buong
M i " . M i da tung khao khat yeu thuang va ciing eo nguoi yeu hen ho cho dpi.
Ngay ay M i eon la mpt c6 gai eo nhan each vai long t u trong dang qui, san
sang lao dong gian kho de dupe song t u do chu nhat quye't khong chiu ban cho
nha giau: "eon nay da biet cuoe nuang lam ngo, eon phai lam nuong ngo gia
np thay cho bo. Bo dung ban con cho nha giau". Cau noi ay da bpc 16 mpt tain
long hieu thao, mpt long t u trpng cao dp. The nhung. M i b6ng dung bi bat, cat
T3


dijrt khoi moi truong song quen thupc dua vao x6 nha tam toi day doa ciia nha
Thong Ly Pa Tra.
Thoi gian dau M i c6 phan khang "c6 den hang may thang dem nao M i cung
khoc". M i da tung nghl den cai che't, an nam la ngon t y t u de thoat khoi cupc
song tui nhyc dau don ay. Nhung v i thuong cha gia. M i da nem nam la ngon
xuong da't n h u nem di tuoi tre, hanh phiic cua minh de quay lai nha thong ly
song kiep trau ngua de ven tron chu hieu. Va cung t u do M i da cung liic bi
nhieu lop day thong Ipng riet chat vao c6. Mon no la sgi day thu nhat bien M i
thanh sue no trong nha Thong Ly. M i c6 cuoc song thong kho con hon ca trau
ngua, b} boc Ipt sue lao dpng tan nhan voi ngay thang d i qua chi biet "tet xong
thi len niii hai thuoc phien, giua nam thi giat day, xe day, cuoi miia thi di
nuong be b i p . . . suot nam suot doi nhu the". Than quyen la spi dSy troi thu hai
da lam M j bi te li^t ve mat tinh than, mat het y thiic phan khang. Trong can
buong nhu dia ngyc, anh sang cua 6 cua bang ban tay cang lam cho M i mat het
y niem ve thoi gian, khong gian. De roi "6 lau trong cai kho. M i quen kho roi",
Mj tuong minh n h u con trau con ngua. Long M i chai san, v6 cam, chi ciii mat.

Cupc song dau tat mat toi da chon vui mpi cam xuc, suy nghi, y thuc noi con
nguoi M i , bien M i thanh mot cai bong vat v6, lang le "moi ngay M i cang
khong noi, liii liai nhu con rua nuoi trong x6 cua".
Dai M j chim trong tam toi, cam lang. R6 rang, cuong quyen va than quyen
de len vai nguoi con gai bi ciing ma nha nguoi cho bpn nha giau c6 quyen
trong che dp phong kien da lam cho M i song am tham, dau kho. Dung la "Lay
lit doi kho, nhvic nha"
b. Nhrnig dieu ky di^u la dau trong cung c\rc dan dau. Mi van an chiia
mpt sue song tiem tang manh li^t: Giua canh miia xuan niii rung Tay Bac, M i
nhd va song lai nhung mua xuan qua khu. Tieng sao da danh thiic trong M i c6
gai aia ngay nao. No da den ben M i , nhe nhang ru bo nhung tro tan bam lay
Mj va dua M i deh trang thai hoi sinh. Tieng sao ay khieh cho M i "thiet tha b6\
hoi" va bat len trong M i may cau ca quen thupc ngay nao:
May CO con trai con gai roi
May di lam nuong
Ta chua c6 con trai con gai
Ta di tim nguoi yeu
Tieng sao ay lam M i bao dan hon de di den "noi loan": " M i len lay hu rupu
cu uohg vc tung bat". Cach uong ay c6 phan giong voi "nguoi say" trong tho
hp Ho :
Chen rupu huong dua say lai tinh
Vang trang bong xe khuyet chua tron

Say nhung ma van tinh. Ho Xuan Huong nhan ra tinh duyen 16 do "vang
trang bong xe khuyet chua tron" con M i nhan ra " M i tre lam. M i van con tre,
}4} muon di choi". Chi tiet ay da the hi^n khat vpng song manh me, manh liet
trong M i . Khat vpng vupt nguc c6 ai ngo lai xuat hi^n trong mpt con nguoi
tuong chung nhu da nguoi lanh. No choan lay tam tri ciia M j de tro thanh sue
jrianh phuc sinh. Do la liic ma khat vpng song Ion hon mpi noi sp hai khien M i
hanh dpng gap gap: " M i cuon lai toe. M i lay cai vay hoa giat 6 phia trong

vach... M i riit them cai ao". Thua biet A Su - bong dem ciia cuong quyen 6 do,
nhung M i khong sp v i M i da khong con la con ngua con trau nua. M i la mot
con nguoi nen c6 quyen dupe lam nguoi. The nhung, su dpc ac cua A Su da
chan dung cai quyen dupe lam nguoi vua nhom len trong M i , han vui dap
chang tiec thuong voi mpt thiing spi day troi nghien M j vao cot nha.
Dung nhu To Hoai da tam su: "dieu ky di^u la dau trong cung cue den the
mpi the luc ciia tpi ac cung khong giet dupe sue song con nguoi". Boi trong liic
bi troi ma M i "van khong biet minh dang bi troi" boi A Su chi troi bupc dupe
the xac ciia M i nhung khong the nao troi bupc dupe tam hon ciia con nguoi
yeu tv do. Den ca cai chi tiet M i giat minh tinh giac va nho lai cau chuyen
nguoi dan ba bi troi che't trong nha ngay truoc. M i thay sp - sp che't. ma "sp
che't" la bieu hi^n cao dp nhat ciia long ham song. Do chinh la sue song tiem
tang manh li§t.
Miia xuan ay troi qua. M i dii khong thoat ra khoi nha Thong Ly nhung no
giong nhu tia liia nho bao hieu dam chay ngay mai. Khat vpng a'y trong M i la
nhimg dpt song ngam nhung no se troi day ngay mai de tro thanh song than
de cuon di bao tiii nhuc ciia hom nay.
Khi mau thuan giiia thuc tai phu phang va khat vpng song t u do len dinh
diem, thi tac gia da coi niit bang each dua nhan vat A Phii vao truy^n. A Phii la
chang trai mo coi, v6 tpi, chi v i dung cam lieu sp'ng che't de bao ve le phai ma
da thanh ke toi doi trong nha Thong L i Pa Tra, roi cung bj troi dung vao cpt
thay mang cho con bo nha Thong L i Pa Tra, cho che't.
Nhung dem dau dau thay A Phii bi troi M i van than nhien, duong nhu M j
da tro thanh ke cam chiu voi noi sp co huu da an sau vao tam hon M i . Hon
nua, canh troi nguoi d cpt trong buong toi den che't trong nha Thong Li Pa Tra
da la chuy?n binh thuong roi, c6 gi la dau. The tai dau M i da lay dao cat troi
cho A Phii?
Truoc tien la M j thay thuong nguoi ciing canh ngp. Dong nuoc mat lap
lanh bo xuong hai hom ma da xam den lai ciia A Phii da hoi thiic M j phai hanh
idpng. Dong nude mat ciia nguoi no le ay da khoi day long thuong nguoi bi v u i

lap trong Mj. T u v6 cam den dong cam. M i thay thuong minh v i M i cung da


1 nuFi

uann

nteu

tung bi chiing no bat ve trinh ma nha nay, da tung bi troi trong mpt dem tinh
miia xuan day khat vpng. Vay nen. M i hieu chang trai v6 tpi kia, sao phai chet
nhu the? T u do. M i thay "chung no that dpc ac", nghia la M i rihan ra ban chat
dpc ac tan bao cua cha con Thong L i Pa Tra.
N h u vay, t u tam long ciia nguoi phu nvt c6 long thuong nguoi, cam thong
voi nguoi cung canh ngp den su uat han cam ghet ke thu dpc ac da thuc day
nguoi cam dao cit troi cho A Phu. Hanh dpng c6 fa'nh bpc phat ay thyc ra ciing
rat logic voi qua trinh dien bien tam ly aia M i , mpt c6 gai yeu doi khao khat
song t u do da bj don nen trong tu tiing dau kho cua chuoi ngay dai uat han.
Tuc nuoc vo bo.
Hanh dpng c^t day troi cho A Phu ciing giong nhu hanh dpng ciia chi Dgu
trong tac pham Tat den ciia Ngo Tat To, da danh lai bpn nguoi nha ly truong
nga chong queo. Hanh dpng ay the hien cai khat vpng song, ngpn lua yeu
thuong su song manh li^t da chay bung len trong con nguoi cua M i . Sau phut
hoang loan ciia hanh dpng lieu ITnh, don dpc, manh dpng M i da dua ra quyet
djnh chop nhoang: chay theo A Phii. B6i v i "a day thi chet mat". Sue song
tiem tang manh li^t, long khao khat cupc song t u do da chi duong cho hanh
dpng ciia M j .
3. Binh luan nhan xet: R6 rang hinh anh ciia M i chua dung mpt sue song
"tiem tang, manh liet" diing nhu loi nhan xet ciia tac gia. T u v6 cam, chai san,
tuong chung nhu da chet. M j da vung diing len phan khang chong lai kiep toi

doi de den voi anh sang ciia t u do. Qua nhan vat M j va A Phii, nha van da gop
mpt tiehg noi nhan van cao dep benh vuc quyen song cho con nguoi lao dpng
mien niii duoi ach do hp ciia chii no phong kie'n va lii Tay don. Do la cupc dau
tranh t u tu phat den t u giac de sau nay hp den voi each mang va giai phong
cupc doi minh.
III. K E T BAI
Tom lai, voi biit phap giau mau sac dan toe, loi van day chat tho, giau chat
tao hinh, dae biet la ngoi biit phan tieh tam ly nhan vat sac sao, tac gia da the
hi^n thanh eong cupc song no le "Lay lat doi kho, nhue nha ciia M j " noi rieng
va dong bao Tay Bae noi chung duoi thoi phong kien thuc dan 6 mien niii. Co
nhOng liic tuong chung ngpn lira khat khao su song bi ke thii dap tit, nhung
ngpn lira ay, khat vpng song ay khong bao gio tSt, khong gi c6 the dap tat
dupe! Xay dung hinh tuong nhan vat M j , mpt c6 gai dan tpc Meo xinh dep voi
sue song tiem tang, manh li^t, nha van To Hoai da k h i n g djnh voi ban dpc
dieu ay.

0S 2: Nhan dinh ve Nam Cao, sach Van hpc 11 viet: "Ong c6 sa truong
dien ta, phan tick tam ly con nguoi". (Van hpc 11, tap mpt, NXB Giao d\ic,
tai ban 2004, trang 201). Qua nhan vat Hp trong truy#n ngSn Doi thvra,
fiTih/chi hay chrnig minh nhan dinh tren. (Khoi C - 2005)
Bai Lam
Nha van Nam Cao (1915 - 1951) la cay biit hipn thuc xuat sac ciia nen van
hpc Vi?t Nam truoc each mang va ciing la nha van c6 nhieu dong gop cho nen
van hpc non tre nhirng ngay dau. Truoc each mang, ben canh viee viet ve bi
kich cua nguoi nong dan voi tac pham bat hii "Chi Pheo" nguoi dpc eon nho
mai bi kich cua nguoi tri thiic tieu t u san truoc each mang trong tac pham "Doi
thira" ma dupe the h i f n ro qua nhan vat Hp. Nha van Nam Cao voi tai nang
xuat chiing va mpt tam long yeu thuong nhan ai bao la da the hi^n ro dupe
tam ly ciia nguoi tri thiie tieu t u san trong canh ngp bi kich ay. Chinh vi vay
nhan dinh ve Nam Cao, sach Van hpc 11 viet: "Ong c6 so truong ve dien ta,

phan tieh tam ly eon nguoi".
Truy^n ngan "Doi thira" ra mat ban dpc Ian dau tien trong trang "Tieu
thuyet thii 7" so' ra ngay 4-3-1943. Tac pham ciing de tai nay c6 "Muc mai nuoc
mat" cua Lan Khai, "No van" ciia Lang Tir, "Doi thira" con gan giii ve de tai voi
mpt so' tac pham eiia Nam Cao nhu "Trang sang", "Nuoc mat" va tieu thuyet
"Song mon". Qua tac pham Nam Cao da mieu ta thanh eong tam trang eiia mpt
nguoi tri thire tieu t u san truoc each mang.
Nhan djnh ve Nam Cao, sach Van hpc 11 viet: "Ong c6 so truong ve dien ta,
phan tieh tam ly con nguoi". So truong c6 nghIa la the manh, kha nang uu vi^t
ciia nha van chuyen chii vao mpt linh vyc nao do. 6 day, y kie'n nay de cap
den kha nang "dien ta, phan tieh tam ly eon nguoi" cua nha van Nam Cao
trong nhiing sang tac ciia ong. Ma dae bi$t la dien ta tam ly nhan vat Hp trong
"Doi thira" - mpt truyen ngan rat thanh eong ciia Nam Cao truoc each mang.
Hp von la mpt nha van, mpt nha van mang trong minh hoai bao Ion ay la
viet dupe mpt tac pham "vupt qua mpi gioi han va bo c6i" ai do vpi cho do la
sir hao danh. Nhung khong phai vay. Do la uoc mo ciia mpt con nguoi c6 ly
^ong, CO hoai bao Ion, muo'n khang dinh dupe tai nang cua minh. Hp con la
mpt nha van chan chinh.
Dieu nay dupe the hien qua mpt loat quan n i f m ciia anh ve van chuong
van chuong khong can den nhirng nguoi thp kheo tay lam theo mpt vai kieu
Tiau

dua cho, van chuong chi dung nap nhirng nguoi biet dao sau tim toi khoi

nhirng nguon chua ai khoi va sang tao nhiing gi chua eo' voi y nghi ay Hp da
Vo ciing cam ghet sir eau tha trong van chuong "cau tha trong van chuong thi
that la de ti?n". N h u vay qua nhirng quan ni^m ciia Hp ve van chuong ta thay
•

^

-—^

.

27


day la rngt nha v a n c6 hoai bao, m p t nha v a n chan chinh, c6 l i r o n g t r i cua mot

thay m i n h kho, d a n g trach h o n la han coi T i r la n g u y e n n h a n k h i e n m i n h kho.

n g u o i cam b i i t chan c h i n h y thuc dup-c trach n h i ^ m cvia n g u o i n g h f si.

fit do han da t i m den r u o u , c6 liic han toan r u o n g bo v p con.

T h e n h u n g t r u a c k h i la m p t nha v a n H p con la m o t n g u o i chong, m p t n g u o i

fChi say hSn da c6 n h i m g hanh d p n g v i i p h u qua dang "han c h i tay vao mat

cha, h 5 n con c6 m p t ganh nang gia d i n h tren v a i . Cupc song v o l m p t gia dinh

TCr" d u o i m a y m ? con T u ra ngoai. N a m Cao da c6 m p t l o i bi?n hp ye'u a t ay la

d o n g con, m p t n g u o i v o that n g h i ^ p da cuop d i 6 han s u t h a n h t h a n s u thanh

cho han hanh d p n g t r o n g luc say. N h u n g tat ca deu d o nhao t r u o c n g u y e n tac:

than can thiet de m p t t a m h o n v a n c h u o n g thang hoa, k h i m a c u het thang lai

nguyen tac t i n h t h u o n g . H p that dang trach k h i coi v p con la n g u y e n nhan l a m

"tien nha, tien gao, tien nude mam".

rninh kho. The la m p i n g u y e n tac t i n h t h u o n g m a h a n dat ra t r u o c day "ke

H o a i bao v a n c h u o n g c6 the n u n g nau t r o n g choc lat n h u n g c h u y ^ n c o m ao
la c h u y ^ n p h a i d o i m a t hang ngay. Cha the ma X u a n D i ^ u da t u n g t h o t len:

G i a day d a u con la m p t nha v a n H p giau t a m huyet, g i a u l o n g nhan dao
nUa ma la m p t con n g u o i v u p h u qua dang. H p that dang trach n h u n g eo le

"Nor dm cay dang gia nanh vud't
Cam ao khong diia vai khdch tha"

in^nh la ke g i i i p d o n g u o i khac tren d o i v a i m i n h " da b i hSn d a p do.

•

The la H p d i e n len, p h a i xoay tien. N a m Cao da that t i m i k h i m i e u ta tam
trang cua H p t r o n g canh t u n g quan ay "dang n g o i han d u n g phat day m a t ham
h a m d i ra pho', v u a d i vira nuo't ngh^n". C h i m p t doan v a n ngan m a o n g da tai

dang thucmg h o n la d a n g trach. The n h u n g N a m Cao da de cho nhan vat cua
m i n h d u n g l a i tren con d u o n g bj tha hoa ay. Sau m o i Ian say. H p lai t i n h va
nhan ro dupe sai l a m cua m i n h x i n l o i va l a m l a n h v o i v p con.
Phai la m p t n g u o i day tai nang, gia tay ngh$ thuat va v i r n g t i n vao eon

h i f n l a i t a m trang cua H p : that buc bach. N a n h v u o t ciia hOa c o m ao dang c6

nguoi t h i N a m Cao m o i eo the dat nhan vat vao 16'e xo^y cupc d o i n h u n g cuo'i

n g u y CO n u o t c h u n g nha v a n H p day tam huyet ngay nao.

eimg tinh n g u o i v a n chie'n thang. H p da khoc " A n h chi la m p t thang kho'n nan".

Va the la de c6 tien t h i H p p h a i vie't. N a m Cao la m o t nha v a n h i e n thuc nen
o n g biet rang H p m u o n c6 tien t h i p h a i vie't, viet n h i i n g tac p h a m dap u n g

Gipt nuoc m a t an nan, h o i han. Cau ehuyen ve cupc d o i H p da khep lai bang
cau hat r u d a m n u o c m a t cua Tir:

dupe n h u cau ciia m p t d a m t h i dan liic bay g i o " n h i l n g tac p h a m l a m n g u o i ta

"Ai lam cho khoi len giai

quen ngay sau liic dpc". H p p h a i vie't n h i i n g tac p h a m ay, n h u n g gia d u c6 ai

Cho mm xuong dat cho nguoi biet li"

bao han vie't n h i i n g tac p h a m cao q u y han c u n g chang biet d u o n g nao ma viet
b o i t a m trang b u c bach a tren. T h e ' r o i H p b i v a n g vao q u y dao cua hi kich.
H a n thay xa'u h o k h i dpc n h i j n g tac p h a m ay "han d o m a t len". D o la su
xa'u h o cua m p t c h i i t l u o n g t r i i t n h i e u chua v o nat t r o n g H p . H p d a u d o n , t i i i
eye k h o n g p h a i v i k h o n g d u p e vie't, ma la anh da t u g i a m len n h u n g n g u y e n
tac d o m i n h dat ra, con g i d a u d o n h o n k h i m i n h lai p h a n b p i c h i n h m i n h .
N a m Cao to ra rat t i n h te va cam t h o n g t r u o c t a m t r a n g cua H o . Phai hieu,

N h u vay, qua tan b i k i c h cua nha v a n H p , N a m Cao da khac hpa m p t each
chan thuc va sau sac b i k i c h cua n g u o i t r i thuc tieu t u san t r u o c each mang.

Dong t h o i len an xa h p i bat cong k h o n g cho con n g u o i phat trien toan d i e n ve
tai nang va nhan each. Q u a day ta ciing thay dupe tai nang ngh? thuat ve dien
ta va phan tich t a m l y bac thay eiia nha v a n N a m Cao. N h u n g d u cupc d o i c6
cay nghiet, loe xoay c6 du d p i t h i nhan v | t ciia o n g v a n h u o n g ve chan t r o i ciia
cai chan, thien, m l .

arich Bdi

p h a i cam t h o n g the nao t h i o n g m o i c6 the vie't len n h u n g t r a n g v a n day

van dat diem 10 Khoi C nam 2005 cua Nguyen Thi Tam CO chinh st(a bo sung)

g i a n g xe n h u v a y .
The la t u k h o n g t h u c h i f n dupe giac m p n g v a n c h u o n g va H p da t r o thanh

3: ' T r a n g G i a n g cua Huy Can Id bdi tho mang ve d?p vita co dien vita

ke p h a n b p i c h i n h m i n h . N h u n g N a m Cao k h o n g d u n g l a i 6 do, o n g m u o n
n g u o i dpc d i den tan c i i n g su k h o cue, b i kich cua n g u o i t r i thuc. H p lai b i day
ra k h o i - t r u o c t u n g con song du cua cupc d o i . N o da quang anh vao b i kich
nghe n g h i ^ p n o l a i quat anh vao m p t b i kich khac, b i k i c h k h o n g thuc h i ^ n
d u p e t i n h n g u o i cho trpn.

hi^

dai".

A n h (chi) hay phan tich bai tho "Trang giang" de lam sang to nhan xet
tren.
Bai L a m

M p i ehuyen bat dau t u lue han lay T u . L a y T i r han da t h u c hi?n dupe

N h a t h a H u y Can ten that la C i i H u y Can, v a i g i p n g t h o rat r i e n g da k h a n g

n g u y e n tac t i n h t h u o n g cvia m i n h da euu dupe ba con n g u o i . N h u n g roi, t u do


b i kich da m o ra v o i han. Ganh nang gia d i n h da de nang len v a i k h i e n han

quan H u o n g Son, H a T i n h , sinh n a m 1919 va mat n a m 2005. T r u o c Cach m a n g

78


thang Tam, tho ong mang noi sau ve kiep nguoi va ca nggi canh d?p ciia thien
nhien, tao vat voi cac tac pham tieu bieu nhu: "Lua thieng", "Vu tru ca", Kinh
cau tu". Nhung sau Cach mang thang Tam, hon tho cua ong da tro nen lac
quan, dugc khoi nguon t u cupc song chien dau va xay dung da't nuoc cua nhan
dan lao dong: "Troi moi ngay lai sang", "Da't no hoa", "Bai tho cupc doi"... Ve
d^p thien nhien noi uu sau nhan the, mot net tho tieu bieu ciia Huy Can, dupc
the hien kha ro net qua bai tho "Trang Giang". Day la mot bai tho hay, tieu bieu
va noi tieng nha't cua Huy Can truoc Cach mang thang Tam. Nhan xet ve bai
tho nay, c6 y kien cho rang: "Trang Giang cm Huy Can la bai tho mang ve dep
viea CO dien vita hien dqi".
i A m fif irt% •
Bai tho dupe trich tir t^p "Lua thieng" (1940), dupe sang tac khi Huy Can
dung 6 bo Nam ben Chem song Hong, nhin canh menh mong song nuoc, long
voi voi buon, cam canh cho kiep nguoi nho be, noi troi giiia dong doi v6 dinh

Mang noi u buon hoai nhu the nen bai tho vua c6 net d^p c6 dien lai vua
dugm net hi^n dai, dem den su thich thii, yeu men cho nguoi doc.
Song goi trang giang buon diep diep
Khong khoi hoang hon cung nho nha.
'Co dien" c6 nghla la mau muc, khuon thudc - mot pham trii cua van hoc
CO. "Hien dai" c6 nghia la thoat khoi tinh quy pham ciia tho c6 de mang den
nhieu tang nghia moi. "Trang giang" la bai tho ket hop dugc ca hai yeu to nay.
Ngay t u thi de, nha tho da kheo goi len ve dep c6 dien lai hien dai cho bai
tho. "Tring giang" la mpt each noi ch?ch day sang tao ciia Huy Can. Hai am
"ang" di lien nhau da ggi len trong nguoi doc cam giac ve con song, khong chi
dai v6 cung ma con rong menh mong, bat ngat. Hai chu "trang giang" mang
sac thai c6 dien trang nha, goi lien tuong ve dong Truong giang trong tho
Duong thi, mpt dong song ciia muon thud vInh hang, dong song cua tam
tuong.
Tu tho "Trang giang" mang net c6 dien nhu tho xua: Nha tho thuong an
dang sau cai menh mong song nuoc, khong nhu cac nha tho moi thuong the
hi^n cai toi cua minh. Nhung neu cac thi nhan xua tim den thien nhien de
mong hoa nhap, giao cam, Huy can lai tim ve thien nhien de the hi?n noi uu
tu, buon ba ve kiep nguoi c6 don, nho be truoc vu tru bao la. Do cung la ve
d^p day sue quyen ru ciia tac pham, an chua mot tinh than hien dai.
Cau de t u gian dj, ngan gpn voi chi bay chir nhung da thau tom dupe cam
xiic chu dao cua ca bai: "Bang khuang troi rong nho song dai". Truoc canh "troi
rpng", "song dai" sao ma bat ngat, menh mong ciia thien nhien, long con nguoi
day len tinh cam "bang khuang" va nho. Tu lay "bang khuang" dupc su dung

rat dac dia, no noi len dupc tam trang cua chu the t r i i tinh, buon ba, u sau, c6
(Jon lac long. Va con "song dai", nghe mien man tit tap ay cu v6 song deu dan
jjiap cac kho tho, cu cupn song len mai trong long nha tho lam rung dong trai
tim nguoi dpc.
Va ngay t u kho tho dau, nguoi dpc da bat gap nhiing con song long day uu

tu, sau nao nhu the:
Song gon trang giang buon diep diep,
Con thuyen xudi mai nuoc song song.
Thuyeh venuoc lai sau tram nga
Cui mot canh kho lac may dong.
Ve d?p CO dien cua bai tho dupc the hi^n kha ro ngay t u bo'n cau dau tien
nay. Hai t u lay nguyen "diep diep", "song song" 6 cuoi hai cau tho mang dam
sic thai CO kinh cua Duong thi. Va khong chi mang net d?p ay, no con day sue
gpi hinh, goi lien tuong ve nhihig eon song eu loang ra, Ian xa, goi len nhau,
dong nuoc thi cu cuo'n di xa tan noi nao, mien man mien man. Tren dong song
gpi song "diep diep", nuoc "song song" ay la mpt "con thuyen xuoi mai", liSng
16 troi di. Trong canh c6 su chuyen dpng la the, nhung sao chi tha'y ve lang to,
menh mong cua thien nhien, mpt dong "trang giang" dai va rpng bao la khong
biet den nhuong nao.
Dong song thi bat ngat v6 ciing, v6 tan, noi buon ciia con nguoi cung day
am ap trong long:
Thuyen vemwc lai sou tram nga
Cui mot canh kho lac may dong.
Thuyen va nuoc von di lien nhau, thuyen troi di nho nuoc x6, nude v6 vao
thuyen. The ma Huy Can lai tha'y thuyen va nuoc dang chia lia, xa each
"thuyen ve nuoc lai", nghe sao day xot xa. Chinh le v i the ma gpi nen trong
long nguoi noi "sau tram nga". T u chi so' nhieu "tram" ho ung cung t u chi so
"may" da thoi vao cau tho noi buon v6 han.
Tam hon cua chii the trii tinh dupc bpe Ip day du nha't qua cau tho dac sic:
Cui mpt cang kho lac may dong". Huy Can da kheo diing phep dao ngii ket
hpp voi cac t u ngi> ehpn Ipe, the hi^n noi c6 don, lac long truoc v i i tru bao la.
gpi len su it 6i, nho be, "canh kho" gpi su kho heo, can ki^t nhua song,
lac" mang noi sau v6 dinh, troi noi, bap benh tren "may dong" nuoc thien
"hien rpng Ion menh mong. Canh cui kho do troi dac di noi nao, hinh anh gian
'^i khong to ve ma sao day rpn ngpp, khie'n long nguoi dpc cam tha'y trong

^^ng, don coi.
Net d^p CO dien "ta canh ngu tinh" that kheo leo, tai hoa cua tac gia, da gpi
^ 6 ve mpt noi buon, u sau nhu con song se eon v6 mai 6 cac kho tho con lai de


n g u o i dpc CO the cam t h o n g , tha'u hieu ve m p t net tam trang t h u o n g gap 6 cac

Khong can gai chiit niem than mat,

nha t h o m a i . N h u n g ben canh do ta cung n h i n ra m p t ve d?p h i f n dai rat t h i v i
cua kho tho. D o la 6 each n o i " C u i m p t canh k h o " t h | t dac bi^t, k h o n g chi thau
t o m cam xiic ciia toan kho, m a con he m o t a m t r a n g cua n h a n v g t t r u t i n h , m p t
n o i n i e m d o n coi, lac long.

Lang le ba xanh tiep bai vang.
H i n h anh canh beo t r o i b o n g benh tren song la h i n h anh thuofng d i i n g t r o n g
tho CO dien, no g p i len m p t cai g i bap benh, n o i t r o i cua kiep n g u o i v 6 d j n h
giua d o n g d o i . N h u n g t r o n g t h o H u y Can k h o n g chi c6 m p t hay h a i canh beo,

N o i l o n g ay d u p e g p i m a n h i e u hem qua h i n h anh q u a n h vSng cua k h o n g
gian lanh leo:

ma la "hang noi hang". Beo troi hang hang cang khieh l o n g n g u o i r p n ngpp
truac thien nhien, de t u do coi long cang dau d a n , c6 d o n . Ben canh hang noi

La tha con nho gio dm hiu

hang canh beo la "bo xanh tiep bai vang" n h u m a ra m p t k h o n g gian bao la v 6

Dau tieng lang xa van cha chieu.

ciing, v6 tan, thien nhien noi tiep thien nhien, d u o n g k h o n g c6 con n g u o i ,

H a i tir lay " l a t h a " va " d i u h i u " dupe tac gia kheo sap xep tren cung mpt

khong CO c h i i t sinh hoat ciia con n g u o i , k h o n g c6 s y giao hoa, n o i ket:

d o n g t h o da ve nen m p t quang canh vSng lang. " L a t h o " g p i s\ i t 6 i , be nho

Menh mong khong mot chuyen do ngang

" d i u h i u " lai g p i s u q u a n h que. Q u a k h u n g canh "con nho", gio t h i " d i u h i u " ,

Khong cau gai chiit niem than mat.

m p t k h u n g canh lanh leo, tieu dieu ay, con n g u o i t r o nen d o n coi, r p n ngpp

Tac gia d u a ra cau t r i i c p h i i d i n h . "...khong...khong" de p h i i d i n h hoan

den d p thot len "Dau tieng lang xa van chp chieu". C h i m p t cau t h a m a mang

toan n h i i n g ket n o i ciia con n g u o i . T r u d c m a t nha t h o g i a day k h o n g c6 c h i i t

nhieu she thai, v u a g p i "dau do", am thanh xa xoi, k h o n g ro ret, c6 the la cau

gi gpi n i e m than m a t de keo m i n h ra k h o i noi c6 d o n d a n g bao t r i i m , vay k i n ,

hoi " d a u " n h u m p t n o i n i e m khao khat, m o n g m o i cua nha t h a ve m p t chiit su

chi CO m p t t h i e n n h i e n m e n h m o n g , m e n h m o n g . Cau hay c h u y e n d o ngang,

hoat d p n g , a m t h a n h s y song ciia con n g u o i . D o cung c6 the la "dau c6", m p t su

p h u o n g t i ^ n giao ket ciia con n g u o i , d u o n g n h u da b} coi thien n h i e n nhan

p h u d j n h hoan toan, c h u n g q u a n h day chang he c6 chut g i song d p n g de xua

c h i m , t r o i d i n o i nao.
H u y Can lai kheo ve net dep c6 dien va h i ^ n dai cho bau t r o i tren cao:

bat cai tich lieu ciia thien nhien.

Lap lap may cao diin nui bac,

D o i mat nhan vat t r u t i n h n h i n theo nang, theo d o n g t r o i cua song:

Chim nghieng canh nho bong chieu sa.

"Nang xuong, troi len sdu chot v6t,

Biit phap chain pha v o i "may cao d i m n i i i bac" thanh " l o p l o p " da khien

Song dai, trai rong, ben c6 lieu."
" N a n g xuong, t r a i len" g p i s u chuyen d p n g , m a rpng ve k h o n g gian, va gpi
ca s u chia lia: b a i n a n g va t r o i m a l ^ i tach bach k h o i nhau. "sau chot v o t " la
canh dien dat m o i me, day sang tao ciia H u y Can, m a n g m p t net d?p hi?n dai.
D o i mat nha t h o k h o n g chi d u n g a ben ngoai cua t r a i , cua nang, ma n h u xuyen
tha'u va ca v u t r u , ca k h o n g gian bao la, v 6 t ^ n . Coi thien nhien ay qua la m e n h
m o n g v a i "song dai, t r a i rpng", con n h i r n g g i thupc ve con n g u a i t h i lai be nho,
CO d o n biet bao: "ben c6 lieu".

Ve d ^ p CO d i e n ciia k h o t h o h i ^ n ra qua cac t h i l i f u quen thupc t r o n g D u o n g
t h i n h u : song, t r a i , nSng, cupc song con n g u o i t h i b u o n te, chan c h u a n g v a i
"van chp chieu", m p i t h u da tan ra, chia lia.
N h a t h o lai n h i n ve d o n g song, n h i n canh x u n g q u a n h m o n g m o i c6 c h i i t gi
quen thupc m a n g lai h o i a m cho tam hon dang c h i m vao gia l a n h , ve c6 d a n .

n g u o i dpc t u o n g t u p n g ra n h u n g n i i i may trang dupe anh nang chieu vao n h u
dat bac. H i n h anh m a n g net d?p c6 dien that t r u t i n h va lai cang t h i v j h o n k h i
no dupe k h o i n g u o n cam h u n g t u m p t t u t h o D u o n g c6 ciia D o P h i i :
Mat dat may diin cm di xa.
H u y Can da van d y n g rat tai t i n h d p n g t u " d u n " , k h i e n m a y n h u chuyen
dpng, CO n p i luc t u ben t r o n g , t u n g l o p t u n g l o p may c u d u n ra m a i . Day ciing
la m p t net t h o day chat h i ^ n dai, bcri no da v a n d y n g sang tao t u t h a c6 dien
quen thupc.
Va net h i e n d a i cang bpc 16 ro h o n qua d a u h a i chain t h a n t i n h t r o n g cau
t h o sau. D a u hai cha'm nay g p i m o i q u a n h ^ g i i i a c h i m va b o n g chieu: C h i m
n g h i e n g canh n h o keo b o n g chieu, c i m g sa x u o n g m a t t r a n g giang, hay
c h i n h b o n g chieu sa, de nang len canh c h i m n h o l a m n g h i e n g I f c h ca d i .

N h u n g thien nhien da dap tra sy khao khat ay bang n h i i n g h i n h anh cang

Cau t h o ta k h o n g g i a n n h u n g g p i d u p e t h o i g i a n b a i n o s u d u n g "canh

q u a n h que, d i u h i u :

c h i m " va " b o n g chieu", v o n la nhij-ng h i n h t u p n g t h a m m y de ta hoang h o n
t r o n g Iho ca co d i e n .

Beo dat veddu, hang noi hang,
Menh mong khong mot chuyen do ngang.

32

^

' .C


N h u n g g i u a k h u n g canh c6 dien do, n g i r a i dpc Igi bSt gap net t a m t r a n g
hien d a i :

I I C A C T A C P H A M V A D A N G Dfi T H I C V T H M

PIjftR VftR IjQC L6P 11

Long que dan dan vai con nuac,
Khong khoi hoang hon cung nha nha.
" D p n d g n " la m o t t u lay nguyen sang tao ciia H u y Can, chua t i m g tha'y

HAI D U A T R £

truoc d o . T i r lay nay ho urng cung c y m tir " v a i con nuoc" cho tha'y m p t n o i

Thach L a m

n i e m bang k h u a n g , c6 d o n ciia " l o n g que". N o i n i e m d o la n o i n i e m n h o que
h u a n g k h i d a n g d i i n g giira que h u o n g , n h u n g que h u o n g da k h o n g con. D a y

* LCJI BINH V E NHA V A N T H A C H LAM

la net t a m trang c h u n g ciia nha t h a m a i liic bay gio, m o t noi long dau xot truoc

Nha van Nguyfin Tuan:

canh mat nuoc.

Lai van Thach Lam nhieu hinh dnh, nhieu tint toi, co mot each dim thanh than,

Ben canh t a m t r a n g hien d a i ay la t u t h o c6 di?n d u p e g p i t u cau t h o : "Tren
song k h o i song cho b u o n long ai" ciia Thoi H i e u . X u a T h o i H i ? u can v j n vao

b\nh di va sau sac... Van Thach Lam dong nhieu sui/ nghiem, no la cdi ket tinh cua

song de ma b u o n , ma n h o , con H u y Can t h i buon ma k h o n g can ngoai canh,

mot tam hon nhqy cam va titng trdi vesie dai. Thach Lam co nhung nhqn xet tinh tc

b o i t u n o i b u o n n o da sau sic ISm r o i . The m o i biet tarn long yeu que h u o n g

vecuoc song hang ngay. Xuc cam cua Thach Lam thuang bdt nguon vd nay no len tif
nhung chdn cdm doi vai tang lap dan ngheo thdnh thi vd thon que. Thach Lam la nha

tham thiet den n h u o n g nao ciia nha tho h o m nay.

van qui/ men cuoc song, trang trong truac cuoc song cua moi nguai chung quanh.

Ca bai t h o v u a m a n g net dep c6 dien, v u a m a n g net hien d a i . Ve dep c6

Ngdy nay doc Iqi Thach Lam, van tha'y day du cdc du vi vd cdi nha thu cua nhitng tdc

dien d u p e the hien qua l o i t h o bay c h i i mang d a m p h o n g v j D u o n g t h i , qua

pham CO cot each vd phd'm chat van hoc... (Bai viet ve Thach L a m , i n 6 cuon sach

each d u n g t u lay nguyen, q u a vi^c s i i d u n g cac t h i l i ^ u c6 d i e n quen thupc n h u :

Tuyen tap Thach Lam, tr. 323).

may, song, canh chim... Va tren het la each v a n d u n g cac t u t h o co dien, g p i cho
bai t h o k h o n g k h i co k i n h , t r a m mac ciia t h o D u o n g .

Nha phe binh V u Ngpc Phan:

Ve d?p hien d a i Ian toa qua cac cau chir sang tao, dpc dao ciia nha t h o n h u

Ngay trong tdc pham dau tay (Gio dau miia), nguai ta dd thay Thach Lam dung

"sau chot vot", dau hai cham than t i n h . N h u n g ve d?p ay d p n g lai cuoi cung la

vao mot phdi rieng... Ong co mot ngdi but Iqng le, diem tinh vd cung, ngdi but chuyen

t a m trang n h o que h u o n g ngay k h i d u n g giOa que h u o n g , net t a m trang h i ^ n

ta ty my nhung cdi rat nho vd rat dep... Phdi Id ngieai gidu tinh cdm lam mai viet dugc

d a i ciia cac nha t r i thuc m u o n d o n g gop sue m i n h cho dat nuoc m a danh bat

nhu vqy... ( N h a v a n h i ^ n dai [tap 2], tr. 1060)

luc, k h o n g l a m g i dupe.
Bai t h o se con m a i d i vao long n g u o i v o i p h o n g each tieu bieu rat " H u y

Can", v o i ve d?p c6 dien trang nha sau lang va ve dep h i f n dai m a n g nang m p t
t a m l o n g yeu nuoc, y e u que h u o n g .

GS. Pham Th€ Ngu:
^

Thach Lam la mot nha van co khuynh huang xd hoi... Dot vai ong, nhdn vat
thuang la nhung nguai tam thuang trong xd hoi: me Le trong xdm ngheo, co hdng xen

(Nguyen Hong Ngpc Lam - bai van 9,5 diem - ky thi D H 2007)

c phohuyen, cqu hoc tro di a tro, hai co gdi giang ho tra troi...Vd ong thuang dey
vqch ve cuoc dai, tinh cdm cung y nghi cua ho, cha khong ban tam Idm den viec tuyen

f

truyen tu tuomg cdch mqng xd hoi nhu trong cdc tdc pham cua Nhd't Linh hay

Hodng Dqo... Ta tha'y Thqch Lam, liion hoa dong trong cdi xd hoi nho be md ong

J^n
34

iuang xot vai tat cd tam hon da cdm cua ong... ( V i f t N a m v a n hpc s i i gian uoc tan
ien [quyen 3], tr. 490).

, % r,: t ^

G S . Phong Le:
Thqch Lam c6 quan niem dirt khodt ve thien chuc cua van chuang: "Dot vai toi, _

chuang khong phdi mot cdch dem dm cho ngu&i doc su thodt ly hay stf quen, trdi^


L-ant nang luyfftmt aai nonv^trvm

- man

uam

Hieu

2. G i a i t h i c h y ki6'n:
lai, vSn chucmg la mot thit khi gi&i thanh cao va dac lire ma chung ta c6, de vita tocdo
. Truy?n ngan trix tinh thuang c6 co't truyen don gian, giau s^c thai tru
vd thay doi mot cdi the gi&i gid dot vd tan dc, vita lam cho long nguai doc them tron^
sqch vd phong phu hon ".
rinh, khong khi, tam trang.
Co le ca hai phuang dien, vita tocdo, vita xdy dung, deu dugc Thach Lam chu y; va
, Lam nen sac thai trir tinh trong Hai diea tre chu ye'u la cam xiic buon
trong phan thanh cong cua no, cdc dak an Men thuc vd Idng man trong van Thach
thtfong va giong thii thi tram ISng, thie't tha qua mieu tk khung canh, tam trang.
Lam deu tim dugc su gan noi a chinh quan niem nay.
3. P h a n tich khung canh phd huyen v a tkm trang c u a n h a n vftt L i ^ n :
d tu each nhd van, Thach Lam doi hoi rat cao pham cha^ trung thuc cua ngu&i
nghe si Ong viel: "Su thanh thuc chua du cho nghe thuqt. Co the, nhung mot nha
van khong thanh thuc khong bao gia tra nen mot nhd van gid tri. Khong phdi cit thanh
thuc Id tra nen mot nghe sT. Nhung mot nghe sT khong thdnh thuc chi Id mot nguoi
thgkheo tay thoi" (Theo )
PGS. NguySn Ho^mh Khung:
"...Tinh cam cua Thach Lam chdn thdnh, tuy nhien, ong chi m&i ban khoan, thuang

cam doi vai sophqn nguoi ngheo qua nhitng cdu chuyen mang mot du vi ngqm ngiii,
tgi nghiep.,
Vebut phdp, cd the :idi Thach Lam Id nhd van ma dau cho mot gigng dieu rieng:
trit tinh huang noi trong truyen ngan. Ngdi but cua ong thuang khai sdu vdo the gi&i
ben trong cua cdi "toi", v&i su phan tich cam gidc tinh te.
j
Sang tdc cua Thach Lam gidu chat tha, vd doc ong, doi song ben trong cd phong
phu han, tenhi han; chiing "dem den cho nguai doc mot cdi gt nhe nhom, tham tho vd s
mat diu " (Nguyen Tudn).
Ong la cay biit cd bi^t tdi ve truyen ngan. Nhieu truyen ngdn cua ong duang nhu
khong CO cdi truyen, song van c6 site I6i cuon rieng. Truyen ddi "Ngdy mai" cua ong
khong CO gi dac sdc vetu tuang vd nghe thuqt (Tu dien Van hQC [bo moi], tr. 1621).

a. Chat trir tinh dugm buon toat ra tu khung canh pho huy^n
.

Khung canh pho huy?n khi chieu xuong, dem ve, liic c6 chuyen tau di

qua deu duoc loc qua cai nhin va tam trang, cam giac cua nhan v^t Lien, nen
cijng tham dupm cam xiic trir tinh.
+ Canh vat hien len c6 hon, em a, thi vi ma dugm buon.

f' ' • ' • W

+ Con nguoi hi^n len vai kie'p song mon moi, tam toi; tuy vay tam hon
ho van anh len ve d^p dang tran trpng: mpt tinh nguoi chan that, mpt mo uoc
nho nhoi, hay mpt hi vpng mong manh,...

i '

'

- Khung canh pho' huyen c6 su tuong phan dam net giira bong toi va anh
sang: Bong toi day dac, bao triim len tat ca; con anh sang thi leo let lui tan, hole
rue ra vut qua. Khung canh ay gan lien vdi nhiing cam giac xen Ian buon vui
kho ta, tao nen nhieu sSc thai trir tinh.
b. Chat trir tii\ dugm buon toat ra ttr dien bien tam trang ciia nhan vat Lien
- Tam trang man mac buon truac khung canh pho' huy?n liic chieu tan va
trong dem toi:
+ Cam giac man mac buon tir canh vat tham vao long nguai va noi
buon trong tam hon ngay tho Ian toa ra canh vat.
+ Niem xot xa, thuang cam voi nhiing kie'p nguai nho nhoi, lay lat
trong bong toi.

J;Phan tich khung canh pho huy?n va tarn trang cua nhan vat Lien
de lam sing to y kien: "Hai dua tre" ciia Thach Lam la mpt truyen ngin
tm tinh dugm buon"
D A N Y PHAN T I C H
1. V a i n6t

tac gia v a tac pham:

- Thach Lam la thanh vien cua Ty lire van doan; c6 tarn long don hau va
quan ni^m vSn chuong tien bp; c6 bi^t tai ve truyen ngan; chu ye'u khai thac
the gioi npi tam nhan vat vol nhung cam xuc mong manh, mo ho.
- Hai dua tre (in trong t^p Nang trong vuon) la mot truyen ngSn dac sac
cua Thach Lam, c6 su hoa quy^n cac ye'u to' hien thuc va lang man, tu su va
trir tinh.

- Cam xvic buon vui kho ta truoc, trong va sau khi chuyen tau dem di qua:

+ Tau chua den: khac khoai, hao hue cha mong.
+ Tau den: han hoan, ngay nga't ngam nhin.
+ Tau di: bang khuang, ngam ngui, nuo'i tiec.
4. D a n h gia c h u n g :

, «,,;

- Chat trir tinh dupm buon mang lai cho Hai dua tre mpt ve d?p rieng, the
hi?n phong each ngh§ thuat dac sMc ciia Thach Lam.
- Y kien nay da dua ra dupe mpt danh gia sau sac, thoa dang.
H l / O N G D A N CHI TIET
I. M O B A I

"

Thach Lam la cay but xua't sic cua nhom T u l\rc van doan. Cay but ay
thuang huang ve nhiing con nguai be nho trong xa hpi va so' phan bat hanh
37


cua hp. Tie do khoi d | y nhimg rung cam manh li?t ve long yeu thuong con
nguoi. Truy^n c i i a Thach Lam thuong khong c6 cot truyf n "moi truy^n tya
nhu m p t bai tho t m tinh day xot thuong". "Hai dua tre" la m p t truy^n ngSn
nhu the. Thong qua biic tranh chieu tan va tam trang cua nhan v|it Lien, nha
van da mang den cho nguoi d p c nhieu tran trIL T H A N BAI
1. K h a i quat: "Hai dua tre" la tac pham xuat sac ciia Thach Lam dupe ban
dpc biet den nhieu nha't. Tac pham d u p e in trong tap "Nang trong vudn"
(1938). Truyen gay ah tupng cho nguoi dpc bai van phong nhe nhang, giau
tinh nguoi tinh dai. Truyen ngan nay da the hi^n dupe tam hon Thach Lam

don hau giau yeu thuong.

CO tien ma cho chiing no". The day, nhan vat Thach Lam thuong it noi nhxmg
guy t u nhieu va mang den nhiing ve d^p ciia tinh nguoi dSng sau nhiing nghi
suy tha thiet ve c u p c song.
Trong cam nhan ciia Lien, bong toi that ghe gam "Toi het ca con duong
tham tham ra song, con duong qua c h p ve nha, cac ngo vao lang lai cang sam
den hon nita". Bong toi la hien than ciia su tii tiing n g p t ngat, be tac khong 161
thoat. Do la bong toi ciia su doi ngheo, lam lii. La hinh anh da't nuoc ta truac
nam 1945 day nuoc mat:
Cha ong ta tieng dam ndt ban tay truac canh cm cuoc did
Cm van dong ma dai im im khoa
Ca dan toe doi ngheo trong ram rq

2. K h u n g c a n h phd huyen v a tam trang n h a n vat L i e n .
a. Chat tru tinh dupm buon toat ra tit khung canh pho huy^n : Khung
canh pho huy^n khi chieu xuong, dem ve, liic c6 chuyen tau di qua deu dupe
Ipc qua cai nhin va tam trang, cam giac ciia nhan vat Lien, nen cung tham
dupm cam xuc t r u tinh. Lien la c6 be nhay cam, hay d p n g long trac an t r u p c
nhung bien thien cua c u p c doi. Tam trang ciia Lien ciJng dien tien theo thai
gian: t u chieu horn cho deh khi doan tau ngang qua pho huy^n.
Truyen mo dau bang am thanh ciia tieng trong thu khong vang xa de g p i
buoi chieu. Do am thanh bao hifu ngay tan va cung la am thanh cham het m p t
ngay day anh sang ma thay vao do la bong toi va noi buon. Thach Lam ma dau
truyfn rat hon hau, rat tho voi biic tranh que binh dj, man mac huong dong
gio npi voi "Chieu, chieu roi. Mpt chieu em a nhu ru, vang vang tieng e'ch nhai
keu ran ngoai dong rupng theo gio nh? dua vao". Do cung la thai khic mo ra
thegiai tam trang ciia Lien, la liic ma "Trong doi mat Lien bong toi ngap day
dan va cai buon ciia buoi chieu que tham thia vao tam hon ngay tho ciia chi.
Lien khong hieu sao nhung thay long buon man mac truoc cai gio khac ciia

ngay tan". Buon ma thay "khong hieu sao" c6 nghia la cai buon ghe gam ISm.
Buon ma khong biet minh buon v i cai gi thi that la dau kho khong gi hang.
Thach Lam da de nhan vat t v nhan thuc va t u bpc Ip tam trang chu khong can
ke le dai dong. Va bong toi da triim len pho nho, triim len dong rupng, triim
len ca noi buon ciia Lien.
Trong bong chieu nha nhem. Lien nhin ve bai chp noi nhung nguoi ban
hang ve m u p n . Lien d p n g long thuong nhung manh doi co cvc do chinh la
hinh anh ciia "nhung diia tre con nha ngheo di lai lang thang tren mat dat nhat
nhanh n h i i n g thanh niia thanh tre hay n h i i n g gi con sot lai ciia may nguoi ban
hang". Hinh anh do nhu xoay sau vao long trac an ciia c6 thieu nit giau long
nhan ai. Lien thay thuong n h i i T i g diia tre ngheo nhung "chinh chi cung khong
38

'* j'

Van chieu hon titng tham giot mm rai

'
^ '' ' '' '

(Che Lan Vien)
Thach Lam da sir dung thii phap nghe thuat doi lap de mieu ta bong toi
va anh sang. Neu nhu bong toi nuot chung tat ca pho huy^n vao trong cai da
day toi thui ciia no thi anh sang xuat hi?n voi tan so thap. Do chi la " h p t sang",
"khe anh sang", "dom sang", "vet sang"... ta't ca deu hien len that be nho tpi
nghiep "mat di roi lai hien ra trong dem toi". Va cung voi anh sang nho nhoi,
yeu at do la nhiing phan nguoi voi
loi nhu

ngpn

cupc

song bap benh, troi noi va lui tan, le

den truoc gio. Lien thuong het thay nhung con nguoi noi pho

huy^n nho be nay. Do chinh la chj Ty voi c u p c doi co eye "mo cua bat oc", toi
den ciing ganh hang ngheo xo xac chi voi bat nuoc che, dieu thuoc lao, thanh
k?o lac... tat ca gia tai m u u sinh ben

ngpn

den con chi chieu sang mpt vung dat

nho. Lien thuong bac pho Sieu voi ganh pho xa xi, e am nhung dem nao cung
thay bac dpn hang. Thuong bac xam voi manh chieu rach ta toi cimg chiec
thau trang trong tran chua

mpt

niem hi v p n g , thuong lam nhirng tieng dan bac

gop chuyen bat trong yen lang. Thuong ba cu Thi dien don chiec voi tieng cuoi
chim vao bong toi... Cupc song pho huyen la nhu v^y. Don di?u, te nhat. Dem
nao

C l i n g nhu

dem

nao,

cii lap

d i lap

lai:

,

Quanh quan mai voi vai ha dang dieu
Toi hay lui van chimg ay mat nguoi

...

Vi qua than nen qua doi buon cuoi,

, ^, ,,

Moi nhac Iqi chi co ngan ay chuyen.

,

. _, ^, , ,,

(Huy Can)
Dieu gi CO t h e lam chi em Lien quen di dugrc thuc t^ii nay ? May ra chi
CO vu tru la co hpi cuoi cimg de ru hai chi em vao nhirng mien co tich. Canh hai
chi e m ngang m^t len troi tim con vit theo sau ong than nong cho thay: tam

hon hai d i r a tre that hon nhien, v6 t u trong sang v a rat doi tre con. Nhung


buon thay, bau trai day sao tren kia cung khong the nao cvni vat dugc hai sinh
linh be nho, tpi nghi^p ay. Boi "vu try bao la va tham th5m nhu chua day bi
m | t va xa la vai hai dua tre". De roi cuoi cung chinh chung lai quay ve voi
quang canh pho' chung quanh ma d^c bift la ngpn den con cua chj Ty. Va cu
the trong dem toi nhimg con nguoi tpi nghi#p ngoi cho dgi mQt dieu gi do cho
sy song ngheo kho hang ngay cua hp.
r! n'c
b. Tarn t r ^ g cho tau cua Lien va An: Thach Lam duong nhu khong muon
de cho nhung cam giac bi kjch de nang len so phan nhimg con nguoi ngheo
kho, bang thai dp tran trpng, ong da nang do cho cac nhan vat cua minh, vyc
day nhimg khat khao doi doi ngay trong nhiing khoanh khac anh sang mong
manh nha't: "Chimg ay nguoi trong bong toi mong dgi mpt cai gi tuai sang cho
su song ngheo kho hang ngay ciia hp"...
"Mpt cai gi tuoi sang hon", ban than hp ciing khong he biet truoc, chi la
nhimg trong ngong mo ho. Nha van khong the chi ra "con duong sang" cho
nhijng con nguoi ngheo kho ay. Co le, ong ciing khong mo ho, ao tuong nhu
nhimg cay but T u lyc Van doan khac nhu Khai Hung, Nha't Linh, Hoang Dao
de mong cho mpt thay doi theo khuynh huong cai luong, mot tinh thuong bo
thi nira voi. 6ng ciing khong trong cho nhieu vao boat dpng ciia "Hpi Anh
sang" do cac anh em cua ong to chuc se cai thien cupc song dan ngheo. Bang
true giac va sy nhay cam ciia tam hon ngh? si giau yeu thuong, Thach Lam da
phat hi^n nhiing npi luc de vuon len ciia con nguoi tfr chinh nen cupc song
ngheo kho. Ong da dien giai sau sic bang hinh tupng chuye'n tau dem ngang
qua pho'huy^n.
Va doan tau t u Ha Npi ve da thyc sy la uoc mo va khat vpng ciia nguoi
dan pho huy^n. Hp thiic dpi chuye'n tau vi muu sinh hay v i li do nao khac nira.
Tat ca thao thiic, dpi cho nhu the dpi cho mpt phep mau se den. Hp mong ban

dupe chxit hang de go gac cho cupc song ngay mai. Con rieng hai dua tre,
chiing khong thiic dpi chuye'n tau de ban hang ma v i l i do khac. Chiing muon
dupe nhin thay doan tau qua pho huy^n v i doan tau nhu mang mpt the gioi
khac di qua d i i lam cho chiing rao rue va anh len niem v u i suong d i i chi la
trong choc lat. V i the dem nao ciing vay, dii buon ngii riu ca mat nhung ca hai
chi em van co thuc de dpi chuye'n tau. Dieu do cho thay doan tau la mpt hinh
anh da tro thanh quen thupc va an sau trong tam hon hai diia tre va cho tau da
tro thanh mpt khat vpng manh liet va la mpt mon an tinh than khong the thieu
trong cupc song ciia chiing.
Sy mong moi ciia chi em Lien voi doan tau qua that da lam nguoi dpc
xiic dpng manh li?t. Tuoi con it ma m? bat trong coi cira hang tap hoa da la
v i f c lam qua sue lai eon bat thuc cho toi khuya de cho ban hang thi qua la tpi
An

: sSt i ?

nghi?P- Nhung Lien va A n thuc toi khi doan tau di qua pho' huy^n khong phai
la ng^^
chiing dang hanh dpng theo tie'ng gpi ciia con tau. "Tau *
de'n chi danh thiic em day nhe!". Do la cau noi ciia A n khi m i m i t da sup
xuo'ng trong con buon ngii roi ma van con dan voi chi. Cau noi binh thuong
the ma sao moi nghe qua da thay xot thuong. No chua dyng trong do la tat ca
niem khat khao va hi vpng dupe nhin thay doan tau - ho^t dpng cuoi cung ciia
(jgm khuya. A n di vao giac ngii. Lien ngoi im lang, dau 6c chi bong dung cung
ygn tinh la thuong. Yen lang den noi c6 the nghe dupe "hoa bang ryng xuong
vai Lien timg dot mpt, c6 nhiing cam giac mo ho khong hieu". Duong nhu nha
van muon cho nhan vat eiia minh dupe nghi ngoi sau mpt ngay dai moi m^t.
The roi thoang trong tie'ng gio xa xoi la tie'ng doan tau vut den. Roi tie'ng reo
thang thot, mirng rd eiia bac Sieu "Den ghi da ra kia roi!". Lien ciing trong thay
ngpn lira xanh bie'c, sat mat dat, nhu ma troi. Roi tieng coi xe lira 6 dau vang

lai, trong dem khuya keo dai ra theo gio xa xoi. Do la liic ma Lien vpi va danh
thuc em "Day di A n , tau den roi!". Loi giue gia gap riit, hoi thiie nhu the ne'u
An khong day thi se khong bao gio con dupe nhin thay doan tau nira. Thach
Lam khong dimg tir ngir nao de mieu ta sy hao hue cua hai chi em ma cai hao
hire ay van cu hi?n len that song dpng va giau chat nhan van.
Hai chi em dung cho doan tau tir dang xa. Chiing c6 djp chiem nguong
cai ke da lam chiing dpi cho ay bang each dung gan hon nira. Va roi "Tau ram
rp di toi. Lien dat em dung day de nhin doan xe vut qua". Day la phiit giay
h ^ phiie nha't la luc ma Lien va An duong nhu quen he't thay nhiing noi buon
hi^n tai, quen ca nhiing doi ngheo lam lii, e che dang bao vay cupc doi hp.
Trong long hp gia day chi co doan tau. Doan tau mang thii anh sang manh me,
khac thuong ngang qua pho huyfn "eac toa den sang trung, chie'u anh ca
xuong duong... nhirng toa hang tren sang trong 16'nho'nhiing nguoi, dong va
ken lap lanh, va cac cira kinh sang". D6 la anh sang cua sy sang trpng, van
n^inh, thii anh sang khac xa voi nhiing anh sang yeu 6t, nh6 be noi ph6'huy?n.
Doan tau gio'ng nhu mpt tia chop, mpt ng6i sao bang rach ngang qua bau troi
pho huyf n roi mat hut vao dem toi nhung cai anh sang ciia no la uoc mo va
khat vpng ciia biet bao nhieu so phan con nguoi be nho dang mong ng6ng.
Doan tau mang mpt the giai khac di qua, chinh la khat vpng muon dupe doi
'Joi ciia hp. Hp giri theo ehuyen tau ca tam hon ciia minh, hp muon dupe den
voi nhirng chan troi mai, noi do co anh sang cua van minh ciia no du. Noi d6
^ khong con canh d6i ngheo lam lii, kh6ng co canh don dieu va buon te ma
niem vui. Hp xirng dang dupe nhan mpt cupc s6'ng nhu the^ tai sao
khong? Nhung u6e ma chi la uoc mo. Tat ea lai quay ve voi quang sang than
"^^t xung quanh ngpn den con chj Ty. Chain he't cho mpt dem dpi cho trong
'^hat vpng V a ke't thiic bang noi buon rung rung nuoe mat.
**^»»**


Lien va A n d u n g lang n g u o i trong bong toi d u chuyen tau da " d i vac dei^

to'i, de lai nhi>ng d o m than do bay t u n g tren d u o n g sht. H a i chj e m con nhij^

da sir d y n g t h a n h cong t h i i p h a p n g h f thuat d o i lap, t u o n g p h a n g i i i a cac v i i n g
thanh va anh sang. T h u phap d o i lap ma Thach L a m d u n g 6 day cung la

theo cai cham d o cua chie'c den xanh tren toa sau cung, xa xa m a i r o i khuat saij

thu phap nghe thuat quen thupc cua cac nha van lang m a n chu nghia. Thach

rang tre". Su nuo'i tie'c ciia hp d u o n g n h u da p h o i bay tat ca m p t cupc sorij,

Lam CO m p t p h o n g each, m p t g i p n g d i ^ u rat rieng. D o la l o i ke chuyen t h u t h i ,

ngheo nan, be t i c . N h a t la k h i hp t u nhan thuc rang " T a u d e m nay k h o n g don^

tam t i n h t h a m d u p m chat tho. N g u o i dpc thay an h i ^ n , k i n dao, lang le sau

va d u o n g n h u k e m sang h o n " . NghTa la doan tau ciSng chi xoa d i u m p t chu]

n h i m g h i n h anh, n h u n g d o n g chi>, mpt tam h o n Thach L a m d o n h^u, t i n h te;

n o i dau t r o n g t a m h o n hai d u a tre c h u k h o n g the nao pha v a biic t u o n g thanli

he't sue nhay cam v o i m p i bien thai ciia tao vat va l o n g n g u o i .

.,, ; .:,

m a n g ten " n o i b u o n " cua chung. Va Lien lang n g u o i d i t r o n g suy t u o n g , dSrig

III.KETBAI

sau anh sang cua doan tau va tieng d p n g co gam vang do la m p t t h e g i o i rat

V o l l o i vie't nhe nhang, m o i t r u y ^ n t y a n h u m p t bai t h o t r u t i n h day xot

iid^

rieng t u . D o c h i n h la noi n h o ve H a N o i n o i c6 anh sang cua nhi>ng ngpn den,

thuong, Thach L a m da m a n g den cho n g u o i dpc s u d o n g cam sau sSc ve

n o i v u i ve va h u y e n nao. N o i do la v i i n g sang t r o n g t a m t u o n g va c u n g la vang

n h i m g than phan cupc d o i t r o n g xa hpi eu. Qua k h u n g canh pho h u y ^ n va tam

sang t r o n g k y uc t u o i tho. N o i ma ngay xua chi em Lien d u p e d i choi b o Ho,

trang nhan vat L i e n nha v a n da l a m toat len n h i r n g gia t r i nhan v a n cao dep,

dupe u o n g n h i r n g coc nuoc lanh xanh do. K y uc t u o i d^p t h e n h u n g g i o hp lai

giup c h u n g ta tha'u hieu n o i b u o n dau ciia dan toe t r o n g t h e ' k y bao tan d u o i

bj cam t u giira biet bao nhieu la b u o n ba. C h i n h doan tau da m a n g lai cho Lien
lieu thuoc an than va k h o i day trong tiem thuc biet bao dieu t u o i dep. Cuoc
song ay thuc su khac xa v o i cupc song o n o i nay nhieu lam n h u n g biet lam sao
d u p e k h i k y uc k h o n g the t r o ve. Qua la " M p t qua k h u h u y hoang. M p t h i ^ n tai

ach do hp cua b p n thuc d a n va p h o n g kien. Trang van khep lai roi ma ta con
thay truoc mat m i n h h i n h anh hai d u a tre ngoi day g i i i a p h o h u y f n n h o ngheo

tam toi dang d p i cho chuyen tau d i qua t r o n g khat v p n g m o i m o n .

m o n g m a n h . M p t t u o n g lai m u m i t " . D a n g b u o n thay!
Cuo'i cung L i e n cGng d i vao giac n g i i , m p t gia'c n g u chap chon h i n h anh
n g p n den con cua chj Ty. M p t gia'c n g i i tich m i c h va day bong t o i . D o c h i n h la
m p t su am anh ve cupc song be tac, t u d p n g k h o n g loi thoat m a k h o n g biet den
bao g i o chj e m L i e n m o i c6 the d o i thay.

3. Danh gia chung ve n6i dung va nghe thuat:

2. Trong h i i y ? n ngan Hai dm

tre, Thach L a m viet: "Chitng ay nguoi

trong bong toi mong doi mot cdi gi tuoi sang cho su song ngheo kho hang
ngay cua ho". (Ngii van 11, tap mpt, N X B Giao dye, H , 2007, tr.94)
D u a vao cam nhan cua m i n h ve tac pham, anh (chi) hay h i n h luan y
kien tren.
DAN Y PHAN TICH

V e n p i d u n g : Q u a t a m trang ciia chi e m Lien, Thach L a m muo'n bpc 16
n h i j n g y n g h l k i n dao, n h ^ nhang n h u n g tham thia biet bao cho tam h o n n g u o i

1. Vai n6t ve tac gia va tac pham:

doc. D o la tac gia m u o n bay to n o i n i e m xot t h u o n g d o i v o i n h i i n g kiep n g u o i

-

n h o be v 6 danh, k h o n g bao gio biet den anh sang h a n h phiic. T r o n g xa hpi cij,

CO biet bao con n g u o i n h u the. H p phai song cupc d o i te nhat v 6 nghia, den
t r o n g m o ciing k h o n g biet m o gi hon m p t chuyen tau d e m v u t qua pho' h u y f n
tieu d i e u , l y i tat cua cupc d o i m i n h . Cupc song cua hp cung se "moc len, r i d i ,
m o n ra, m u c r u a " t r o n g t a m toi d o i ngheo, b u o n chan n o i pho' h u y ^ n va n o i
dat nuoc lam than no le. Qua do Thach L a m d o n g t h o i cung muo'n danh thuc,
lay t i n h n h i r n g t a m h o n dang ue oai, l u i tan ngpn lira cua long khat khao duqic
song m p t cupc song c6 y nghia hon, khao khat dupe thoat ra k h o i cupc song
t a m toi, t i l d p n g , m o n m o i dang muo'n chon v i i i hp.
V e n g h ^ t h u a t : Thach L a m chii t r p n g d i sau vao n p i t a m n h a n vat v o i
n h i r n g cam xiic, cam giac m o ho m o n g m a n h . N h i r n g trang vie't m i e u ta tam
trang eiia nhan vat (dae bi^t la nhan vat Lien) rat sau sic v a t i n h te. Thach L a m
42

L

11.

*

Thach L a m la thanh vien cua T u l y c van doan; co t a m l o n g d o n hau va

quan niem v a n c h u o n g tie'n bp; co biet tai ve t r u y e n ngMn; chu yeu khai thac
the giai n p i tam nhan vat v o i n h i r n g cam xxic m o n g m a n h , m o ho.
-

" H a i d i i a t r e " (in t r o n g tap N a n g t r o n g v u o n ) la m p t t r u y f n ngan dae

sac cua Thach L a m , co s y hoa q u y e n cac yeu to hien t h y c va lang m a n , t y sy
va trir t i n h .

2. N6i dung can phan tich:
a. G i o i thi^u phan dau ciia cau chuyen: Buc tranh que trong canh chieu
tan va bong toi vay biia.
-

N h a n vat c h i n h t r o n g " H a i dua t r e " la Lien, m p t co be chua t h y c s u

t r u o n g thanh, n h u n g ciing k h o n g hoan toan v 6 t u va v 6 tam n h u n h i r n g dua
khac. T h o n g qua cam nhan ciia nhan vat Lien, Thach L a m da m i e u ta k h o n g
43


gian pho' huy$n ngheo vai nhimg hinh anh, am thanh duom buon man mac
nhimg cung rat binh dj thon que.
- Chiem Iinh khong gian la bong toi: Bong toi Ian dan mpi thii anh sang.
Bong toi bao phu khong gian pho'huy^n lam ma chim mpi canh v^t tvr cai chg,
ga xep... den con duang vao lang, canh dong menh mang... Bong toi dugc nhSc
den nhieu Ian trong truyen ngan nay: "Toi het ca, con duong tham t h i m ra
song, con duong qua cho ve nha, cac ngo vao lang lai cang sam den han nxxa".
-

N h u n g canh doi be nho, tan 1^1 b i bong toi che phu:

+ NhiJTig con nguoi noi pho huy^n Ian lugt xuat hi^n qua cam nhan cua
Lien: Tii- nhiing dua tre con nha ngheo nhat nhanh vai thii con sot lai sau buoi
chg van vai dang di?u "lom khom" mif t mai kien nhan; m? con chi Ti, "thang
be xach dieu dom va khieng hai cai ghe tren lung", "me no, theo sau, dpi cai
chong tren dau va tay mang khong biet bao nhieu la do dac..."cung c6 mat noi
pho huyen cung cai cong viec, "chieu nao cung the", cu don hang ra roi lai dpn
ve, d i i "chang an thua gi"; them mpt ba cu Thi dien, uong ciit rupu xong, "lao

dao buoc ra ben ngoai va di Ian vao bong toi"; mpt bac Sieu cimg ganh hang
pho duoc xem la "xa xi" noi pho huy?n ngheo ciing chi de lai ah tuong ve mpt
su bat dpng, te nhat, vSng lang buon ba. "Bong bac menh mang nga xuong dat
mpt vung va keo dai den tan hang rao hai ben ngo"; vp chong bac xam xuat
hi?n voi muc dich muu sinh da gop mat them phan day du nhirng "cong dan
pho huyen" voi tieng dan ban bat, nhung cung that chong vanh roi ngay vao
im lang.
+ The gioi nhan vat hien len trong pho'huyen deu la nhung con nguoi
nho be dang tim kiem su song trong cupc muu sinh thuong nhat. Nhung
"chang an thua gi" v i ban hang ma khong c6 khach, di hat ma khong c6 nguoi
nghe. Nhung bong dang dang thu nho minh lai, voi vai cu chi dan d i | u gan
nhu bat dpng, vai vai ba cau doi dap roi rac, Ian nhung tieng tho dai ngao
ngan gan nhu yen lang. "Chung ay con nguoi" dang a "trong bong toi" la mpt
hi^n thuc ma nha van mo ta, thong qua sy cam nhan chinh xac cua Lien mpt
each tinh te.
^
+ Vi#c ta va ke nhung nguai xuat hif n trong bong toi noi pho huy^n
ngheo dupe Thach Lam su dung biit phap nghe thuat hi^n thuc, va mang y
nghla phan anh hif n thuc dang ton tai mpt each nham chan don d i f u, deu dan,
lap lai nhu mpt diep khiic. Dong thoi, anh sang va bong toi trong truyen ngan
nay da tra thanh mpt "tin hi^u ngh^ thuat", mang mpt sue am anh doi vai
nguai dpc, gpi len bao lien tuang cung suy nghT ve nhiing dieu c6 the khong
hoan toan moi, nhung thai dp ciia nha van la rat tran trpng, quan tam.

44

If, Binh lu?n cau van ciia Thach Lam:
"Chung ay nguoi trong bong toi mong dpi...". Co hoan canh nhu the
khong? Nguoi ke chuyen khong mieu ta ro r§t s\f mong dpi ay. Nhiing dua tre
con nha ngheo khong he c6 mpt cau noi nao, dong nghia vai vi#c chiing chSng

bpc IQ ro suy nghi gi ngoai muc dich tim kiem mpt cai gi do ehua han da con
lai o phien chp ngheo nan. Chi Ti chi vai cau doi dap roi rac voi Lien, voi bac
Sieu cung chi c6 y nghla "van va"; c6 chang la tieng tho dai, m f t moi va it
nhieu v6 vpng. Gia dinh xam thi sau vai tieng dan ban bat la su im lang roi vao
su lang quen. Co the noi chung ay nguoi khong c6 bieu hifn nao that su the
hi^n su "mong dpi" ca. Do la cam nhan ciia Lien? Hay do chi la mpt phan doan
cua nha van? Den cau noi cua chi Ti, thi tham chi la tho than chan ngan: "6i
chao, som vai mupn ma c6 an thua gi.". Lam sao eo the noi hp "mong dpi". Trai
lai, hp dang nghT ve mpt tuang lai "chSng an thua gi" thi do la mpt su khuoc tu
buon nan.
Co the noi tac gia khong the hi^n ro ret cu the. Co the hp dang c6 mat noi
pho huyen nay da la mpt su mong dpi chang?
>
- Chi em Lien thi mong dpi doan tau se den trong bong toi, do la mpt su
that. Cho tau, doi voi chi em Lien khong phai de ban hang, "Lien va em co thuc
la vi CO khac, v i muon dupe nhin chuyen tau do la su hoat dpng cuoi cung cua
dem khuya". Nha van da the hien tam trang dpi tau cua chi em Lien mpt each
rat thanh cong a phan con lai ciia tac pham nay. Cha dpi doan tau la mong moi
dupe chung kien mpt su hoat dpng cuoi ciing dien ra nai pho huyen. Mong
cho "mpt the gioi khac se den, khac hkn cai vang sang ngpn den ciia chi Ti va
anh sang lua ciia bac Sieu".
Doi dien voi hien thuc noi pho huyen bj phii day bong toi, chj em Lien cang
thao thuc voi niem hi vpng mong manh nhung c6 that: Do la chuyen tau se
den va se di qua noi ga xep nay.
- Tam trang dpi tau ciia chj em Lien chinh la khao khat ve mpt su doi thay,
la "mong dpi mpt cai gi tuai sang cho su song ngheo kho hang ngay ciia hp".
Sv mong dpi am tham nhung da diet, chay bong. Chj em Lien "eo thuc" hang
<*em, trong cho vai tat ea tam tri ciia minh. Tie'ng noi ay dupe nha van lang
nghe mpt each day tran trpng. Theo each noi ciia Nguyen Tuan, Thach Lam
dua ra van de mpt each nh? nhang nhung tham thia, khien nguoi dpc phai chii

y- Van de su song ciia moi ea nhan dang chim dan trong bong toi, can len tieng
canh bao: Hoan canh t i i dpng ciia mpt cupc song don dieu, nham chan dang
bao mon y nghla ciia cupc song 6 moi eon nguoi!
- Tuy nhien, khao khat ciia eh} em Lien van la khao khat ciia nhung con
f^gifoi nho be. "The gioi khac" ay da den va roi lai ra di, "chim vao bong toi".


M o t h i ^ n t h y c t r o ve v a i "chung ay con n g u o i " la m o t p h o h u y e n " t i n h m i c h va

" H a i dua tre" (in trong tap NSng trong v u o n ) la m o t truyen ngSn dac she

day bong toi". " C h u n g ay con n g u o i " l u o n la nhCrng ke bj dpng, k h o n g d u sue

Thach L a m , tac p h a m mang noi d u n g nhan dao sau sac, bieu 16 tam long

lam thay d o i hoan canh. H o chi t r o n g cho, ngay ca chi e m Lien n h i n chuye'n

^arn v 6 ben b o cua nha van v o i n h u n g canh d o i bat hanh t r o n g xa h o i cu.

tau dang den, ma k h o n g the nao len dug-c chuyen tau c6 anh sang ay, cung

2 K h a i n i e m g i a t r i n h a n d a o : La mot gia tri ca ban cua tac pham van hpc

n h u anh sang cua d o a n tau k h o n g d u n g lai n a i pho' h u y e n . Cai n h i n day tie'c

hart chinh dugc tao nen bai niem cam thong sau sac cua nha van vai noi dan cua

n u o i k h i doan tau lao nhanh vao d e m t o i , nhan thay doan tau ngay cang i i

^nhO^S

"S^^^' "himg canh dai bat hqnh trong cuoc song. Dong thai, nha van con

khach, ngay cang v a n g ve la m o t d u cam b u o n t h u o n g t r o n g l o n g chi em Lien.

the hien sie nang niu, tran trong vai nhung net dep trong tam hon va niem tin khd

L i ^ u chi em Lien c6 con d u k i e n nhan de t r o n g cho, m o n g d p i chuye'n tau dem?

nang vKO'n day cm con nguai du trong bat ky hoan canh nao cua cuoc dai.

Lieu CO con hap dan nua k h o n g n h i i n g chuye'n tau ngay m p t v a n g ve va se roi
vao i m lang?

3. N h u n g b i e u h i e n c i i a g i a t r i n h a n d a o t r o n g t r u y e n n g d n " H a i
d u a tre":

M o t s u cam t h u o n g , m o t noi b u o n la cam giac c6 that sau k h i doc xong tac

Gia t r i nhan dao ciia tac pham truoc he't la o n i e m xot t h u o n g , d o n g cam

p h a m nay. Pho h u y e n t r o lai, yen t i n h hon, vang lang h o n . Ket thiic tac phain

cua nha van v o i n h i r n g kie'p song, lay lat, tc nhat, v6 nghia. Dac biet, niem xot

nay, van la m o t h i n h anh triu nang: "tinh mjch va day b o n g toi".

thuong d o n g cam ciia nha van nghieng han ve cuoc song ciia chj em Lien.

-

N h u vay, "mong d p i m o t cai gi t u o i sang" la m o t hien thuc dupe Thach

Thong cam va lang nghe d u p e n h u n g khat v p n g nho be ciia n h u n g kie'p n g u o i

Lam the h i ^ n chan thuc va chan cam qua nhOng trang v a n m e m m a i , day nhac

nho be, dac biet la chj em Lien: Thach L a m da d i vao t r o n g tan cung n g d ngach

dieu, day chat tho. Va, m o t hien thuc khac cung d u p e nha v a n d u cam, "cai gi

sau k i n cua tam h o n tre tho. Trai t i m giau cam xuc ciia Thach L a m n h u lang

t u o i sang" ay that m o n g l u n g , that v o i xa, d u o n g n h u dang c h i m vao v6 vpng,

nghe dupe n h u n g cam xiie, cam giac m o ho, m o n g manh, t i n h te'ciia hai dira

vao b o n g t o i , vao s u i m lang. M p t tieng t h o dai nh? n h a n g n h u n g tha'm thia

tre. Nha van gan n h u t i m d u p e tieng noi d o n g cam v o i nhan vat ciia m i n h : Co

xam chie'm t a m h o n dpc gia.

khi nhap vao n o i b u o n menh mang v6 c6 ciia Lien: "doi mat chj b o n g t o i ngap

-

T u y nhien, tam l o n g ciia tac gia van nang t i n h v o i n h i r n g so p h a n nho be

dang am t h a m ton tai t r o n g "bong t o i " la rat dang tran t r p n g . Sy chia se v o i

nhOng khat khao n h o be n h u n g tha thie't ciia n h i i n g con n g u o i n a i p h o huyen
ngheo ay ciia nha v a n thuc su la tieng n o i cua m p t tam l o n g nhan ai t r o n g hoan
canh bay gio.
-

day dan va cai b u o n ciia b u o i chieu que tha'm thia vao tam hon ngay t h o ciia
chi; Lien k h o n g hieu sao, n h u n g chj thay l o n g b u o n m a n mac truoc cai g i o
khac ciia ngay tan". Co khi c6 ciing chung m p t cam nhan, cam giac v o i nhan
vat: "Mpt m i i i am am boc len, h o i nong ciia ban ngay Ian m u i cat b u i quen
thupc qua, khie'n chj em Lien t u o n g la m u i rieng ciia da't, ciia que huong". Co
khi cam thong, c i i n g xe chia v o i nhan vat: "Lien n h o lai k h i 6 H a N o i chj dupe

H a i d u a tre cua Thach L a m van de lai d u v i va d u am c h i n h v i t a m l o n g

huong nhi>ng thire qua ngon, la - bay g i o me Lien nhieu tien, d u p e d i choi ba

cua n g u o i cam b u t biet lang nghe va tran t r o n h u n g tieng l o n g tir n h i r n g so

ho uong n h u n g coc nuoe lanh xanh do. Ngoai ra, k i niem con n h o lai k h o n g ro

phan nho be, n h i i n g con n g u o i a quanh ta, hp c i i n g c6 n h i r n g t a m l o n g t h o m

ret gi, chi la m p t v i i n g sang rue va lap lanh" (chat trir tinh).

thao va n h i r n g khat v p n g tot d^p.

(Nguyen Quang Ninh -GV DHSPI

Ha Noi)

Gia t r i nhan dao con the hien 6 viee nha van da ngam len an va to cao tpi

3c cua xa hpi cu da day ca dan tpc ta vao con d u o n g ciing. Va con n g u o i phai
song trong d o i ngheo va be tac.

3.-Phan tich gia tri nhan dao ciia tac pham "Hai dua tre" ciia nha van

"

Bieu hien cuoi c i i n g ciia gia t r i nhan dao t r o n g " H a i d u a tre" do la: N h a
rat tran trpng, nang n i u n h i r n g khat vpng, n h i r n g h i v p n g ciia nhan vat

Thach L a m .

(cho m p t chuyen tau dem) cho d i i hi v p n g ciia hp chang I o n lao, ghe g a m ,
CAC Y CAN DAT

*ham chi chap chan va m o n g m a n h va rat p h i i d u ( d i vao giac ngii cua Lien)

1. G i d i t h i e u t a c g i a , t a c p h a m :

•ihung it nhat k h o n g c6 no, t h i cuoc song kia cung se t r o thanh v 6 nghla. Day

-

'^hi'nh la niem t i n m a n h liet cua nha van vao kha nang v u o n day ciia nhan vat.

Thach L a m la nha v a n c6 nhieu d o n g gop I o n cho nen v a n hpc hien dai

Vi#t N a m ; van ciia Thach L a m la tieng noi d o n hau, giau l o n g y e u t h u o n g con

n g u o i , dac bi?t la n g u o i dan lao d p n g ngheo...

N g h e t h u a t : b u t phap t u o n g phan, d o i lap giira b o n g toi va anh sang;
^•^iig van trir t i n h ; t r u y e n k h o n g c6 cot truyen; ngon ngO mpc mac, gian d i . . .
A'7


CHtir NGIldlTif TO
Nguyen Tuan
*

L6I BINH V E NGUYEN TUAN

Sinh thai Cao Ba Quat c6 hai cau tha sang ngoi nghia khi:

Nhd. van T h a c h Lam:
"Trong cdi voi vang, cai cau tha cm nhimg tdc phd'tn xud't ban gan day, nhung sdn
pham da hq thap van chucmg xuong muc gid tri cua mot su dua doi, ngu&i ta lay lain
sung su&ng khi thay mot nhd van kinh trong vd yeu men cdi d^, coi cong viec sdn<;
tqo Id cong viec quu oiiu vd thieng lieng".
*
Nha phe binh V u Ngpc Phan - tAc gid bO s&ch "Nha van hl$n d^l":
"Chi ngudn ua suy xet doc Nguyen Tudn m&i thay thii vi, vi van Nguyen Tuan
khong phdi thu van de nguai nong noi thuang thuc. Mot ngdy khong xa, khi ma van
chuong Viet Nam duoc nguai Viet Nam ham chuong hem bay gia, toi dam chac nhita,
van pham cua Nguyen Tudn se con c6 mot dia vi ximg ddng horn nua"
1: Phan tich hinh tugtig nhan vat Huan Cao trong tac pham "Chu
nguai tijr tu" ciia nha van Nguyen Tuan.
Hl/ONG D A NC H I TIET
I. M O B A I

La nha van "Duy My", suo't doi di tim cai dep, Nguyen Tuan da thoi hon
vao nhimg trang viet mang den cho nguai dgc bao hinh tupng van hpc sang
ngoi. Tap truy^n "Vang bong mpt thoi" c6 le la noi hpi tu nhirng net d?p cao
quy: thu uong tra dao, thu choi thu phap, tha tho, danh tha... Gan lien vcn
nhung thii chai tao nha ay la nhiing con nguai tai hoa bat dac chi. "Chvt nguo
tu tu" la tac pham dac sic cua Nguyen Tuan trich trong tap truyen ay va Huan
Cao la nhan vat dupe ong mieu ta dac sac nha't. Do la anh hung thoi loan hpi tii
nhijng pham chat tai nang: khi phach hien ngang - thien luong trong sang - tai
hoa uyen bac.
IL T H A N BAI

1. K h a i quat: Nguyen Tuan la cay but xuat sac cua nen van hpc Viet Nan
ca truoc va sau Cach mang. Truoc Cach mang, Nguyen Tuan noi tieng voi ca^
tac pham: "Vang bong mot thai", "Chiec lu dong mat cua", "Chua Dan"... sat
each mang nha van de lai dau ah sau sac qua mot so tuy but: "Ha Npi ta danl'
My gioi", "Song Da"... "Chu nguai tu tu" la tac pham dac sac nha't c u
Nguyen Tuan trich trong tap "Vang bong mot thoi".
48

lluah Cao la mpt nguyen mku Ijch su c6 that cua the ki X I X , la hi§n than
v6 tuong - nguai anh hung cua cupc khai nghia My Luang, mpt nha tha,
jjia thu phap Cao Ba Quat lij'ng lay mpt thoi. Qua ngoi but tai hoa cua
jvjguyen Tuan, nguyen mau lich su nay da tu nhien di vao trang van va hif n
len lung linh sang toa tren tung con chii.
Thap CO luan giao cau c6 kiem
Nha't sinh de thii bai mai hoa
(Muoi nam Ian Ipi tim guom bau
Chi biet ciii dau truoc canh hoa mai)
Khi tiet ngoi sang ay ciia mpt nha Nho, mpt nha thu phap, mpt v6 tuong lai

them mpt Ian nvta di vao trang viet cua Nguyen Tuan.
2. N6i d u n g c h i n h c 4 n lam ro:
a. Ve d?p khi phach hien ngang: Ngay tix dau tac pham, Hua'n Cao da
hi?n len nhu anh hao quang phu kin ca bau troi tinh Son. Qua lai tro chuyen
ciia quan nguc va tho lai ta thay tieng tam cua Huan Cao da noi nhu con. Dieu
lam cho bpn nguc quan phai kieng ne khong chi la tai viet chir d?p ma con la
"tai be khoa, vupt nguc" cua ong Huan. Tuy nhien, day khong phai la tro ciia
bpn tieu nhan v6 lai due tuong khoet vach tam thuang ma la hinh anh ciia mpt
nguoi anh hung ngang tang, mpt nam tu Han dai trupng phu "Dinh thien lap
dja" khong cam chiu canh tu day ap hue, muon but pha gong cum xieng xich
de thoat khoi vong no le. Huan Cao mang cot each ngao nghe, phi thuong ciia
mpt bac trupng phu. Nhirng ke theo hpc dao Nho thuong the hien long trung
quan mpt each mix quang. Nhung trung quan de roi "dan luong chiu lam than
muon phan" thi hoa ra la tpi do ciia dat nuoc. Ong Huan da lua chpn con
duong khac: con duong dau tranh gianh quyen song cho nguoi dan v6 tpi. Bj
trieu dinh phan xet la ke tu tu phan nghich, tpi xu chem, la "giac c6" nhung
trong long nhan dan lao dpng chan ehinh ong lai la mpt anh hung bat khuat,
mpt ke ngang tang "ehpe troi khuay nuoc" song ngoai vong cuong toa, lung
lay chSng khac gi 108 vj anh hiing Luang Son Bac 6 Trung Hoa nam xua. Tuy
chi Ian ciia ong khong thanh nhung ong van hien ngang bat khuat, lung linh
sang toa giiia cupc doi.
Truoc uy quyen ciia nha lao, eon nguoi ay cang sang toa. Tro tieu nhan
thj oai, dpa dam ciia bpn tieu lai giCr tu cang lam cho ong them phan khinh b^c.
•^ng van giii thai dp binh than, xem thuang, do gong, phiii rep, hom hinh dua
vui. Huan Cao "ciii dau thiic manh dau thang gong xuong dat danh thuynh
'^Pt cai" lam va tan di chon sue manh ciia chon ng\ie tu. Do la thai dp ngang
*ang, bat chap luat phap aia mpt xa hpi do ban.
*"
,
49