Cẩm nang luyện thi đại học ngữ văn (2)

Cuoi cung phai n o i den canh ong Phan oat n g u o i d i , khoc t h a m thiet roi nga
Cai chet ciia cy co to k h o n g chi l a m cho n g u o i t r o n g gia d i n h cu c6 H o r
v u i s u o n g ma con m a n g hanh phiic den cho n h u n g n g u o i ngoai gia d i n h . C a r ,
sat M i n d o va M i n Toa bong c6 vi^c l a m va c6 tien. Ban be cvia cy c6' c6 d i
khoe cac h u y c h u o n g "van tug-ng bpi t i n h " va d i i kieu rau ria n h u n g sun^
s u o n g nhat va cam d o n g nhat la d u g c n h i n thay Ian da trang thap tho tren I

Xuan. M i a m a i thay, d i i n g liic xot t h u o n g len den cao dp cung la liic ong
phan tranh t h i i thanh toan song phang so tien thue X u a n bang each " d i i i vao
tay no m o t cai giay bac n a m d o n g gap t u " .
e. G o p phan cho tieng cuoi day mia mai con phai ke den ngon n g u cua tac
ham: K h i ke chuyen, bao g i o V u T r p n g P h y n g cung c6 sy ket h o p n h u n g

canh tay va n g y c Tuyet. Gia d i n h , pho p h y a n g t u n g b i r n g h u y e n nao nhu

^gon t u trai n g u p c n h a u t r o n g m p t cau van de l a m bat len sy v 6 nghia ly ciia

ngay hoi. Bpn con chau v 6 tarn ai cGng sung suong thoa t h i c h . . . " N g u o i ta

cupc d o i . Chang han, tac gia gpi nha dam la "bay con chau chi hie'u chi nong

t u n g b u n g v u i ve d i d u a giay cao pho", goi p h u o n g ken, thue xe d a m m a . . .

rupt d e m chon cho chong cai xac chet ciia cy t o " . . . , hoac tac gia m i e y ta : "That

V o i n h u n g man thuan tren, dac bi^t la vi^c mieu ta t i m i n i e m hanh phiic cua

la mpt
m p i n g u o i truac cai chet ciia cy co'to, V i i Trong Phyng da lot bo mat that cua xa

cuai sung suong, neu k h o n g gat g i i cai dau...". V u T r p n g P h y n g qua d i i n g la

hpi lo lang, chupng h i n h thuc, khong chiit tinh n g u o i , vach chan t u o n g C L M

b?c thay cua ngon n g i i trao p h i i n g .

n h i i n g hang n g u o i mang danh t h u g n g l u u , t r i thiic, van m i n h n h u n g thuc chat

L u u T r p n g L u nhan xet ve con n g y o i VCi T r p n g Phyng; "Tren trang vie't V i i

la can ba, la dao due gia. D o la chua ke den viec Ipi d y n g d a m tang de giai q u ^ t

Trpng P h y n g s i c sao bao nhieu thi trong cupc d o i Via T r p n g P h y n g cang chan

viec hon nhan cho c6 Tuyet hong xoa d i tieng xau h u hong " m o t nua" ciia c6.
d. D e to d ^ m y n g h i a trao p h i i n g , n h a v a n da xay d y n g va chpn Ipc dugc
n h i e u c h i tiet an t u p n g :
D o la canh d a m ma d u p e to chiic rat d o n g rat to "c6 k i e u bat cong, I p n qua\
d i Ipng", CO d i i ca ker. ta, ken tay, ken tau, cQng c6 toi ba t r a m cau d o i . Nguoi
d y a tang den vai ba tram, c6 d i i ca giai thanh gai Hch. D i t a i dau l a m huyen
nao t o i do, n h u n g tat ca m p i n g u o i d i dua ma k h o n g he c6 ai quan tam deii
n g u o i chet. N g u o i t h i tro chuyen ve v p con, nha cua, ve m p t cai t i i m a i sam,
m o t cai ao m o i mua, n g u o i t h i tan d y n g ca h p i dua ma de choc gheo, c y o i tinh
hoac b i n h p h a m , che bai nhau. N h a van da phai dau l o n g m a b i n h l u a n : "Dam
ma to tat c6 the l a m cho n g u o i chet t r o n g quan tai c i i n g phai m i m c u o i sung
suong, neu k h o n g gat g i i cai dau". M i e u ta h i n h thuc d a m tang v o i m p i nghi
thuc l o n g trpng, tac gia l a m noi bat len cai can c6 ma lai k h o n g c6 ciia dam
tang nay la t i n h n g u o i . D i e u nay that khac v o i d a m tang ciia lao G o r i o tron;.;

thanh bay nhieu. C o n n g u o i ay k h o n g giet qua m p t con m u o i . N h u n g that k i

dieu, van c h u o n g ciia con n g u a i ay l a m cho ke trpc p h i i phai giat m i n h , ke
truong gia phai cau k i n h . " Dpc "So d o " nhieu nha nghien c i i u cung nhan xet
rSng: "Day la cai bi ciia n g u o i chet, cai hai ciia xa hpi, cai v 6 phiic ciia gia d i n h
giau sang lam tien nhieu ciia n h u n g thieu tinh n g u a i "
III. KET BAI

'

D a m tang cy co to da dupe mieu ta bang m p t n g h | t h y a t trao p h i i n g dieu
luy?n khien cho n g u o i ta phai m i m c u o i n h u n g la n y c u o i xot xa cho sy lira
doi. V o i " H a n h phuc ciia m p t tang gia", V u T r p n g P h y n g da phanh p h u i , boc
trail ca m p t xa hpi gia d o i "cho deu". V o i each vie't trao p h u n g , v o i n h i j n g chi
tiet day kich tinh, tac gia da khSc hpa mpt each sau sac n h i i n g chan d u n g bie'm
hpa trao p h i i n g . Qua tieng c u o i ay la noi dau xot cua nha van truoc xa hpi lira
Ipc, gia d o i , 16' lang, v 6 dao due. N g o i b i i t tai hoa ciia V i i T r p n g Phung da g i i i p
nguoi dpc n h i n tha'u va suy n g a m sau sic hon ve cupc d a i , ve con n g u o i .

trang van ciia Banzac. D i i Gorio b i con cai bo r o i n h u n g d u sao c y o i t r u y f n con
CO gipt n u o c mat ciia chang sinh vien Ratinhac rot x u o n g n h u m p t l a i tien biet

C H i PHEO
Nam Cao

con am len m p t chiit tinh n g u o i . Con o day, d a m con chau dai bat hie'u nha cu
c o ' H o n g chi la nhi>ng ke CO hpi.
6 m p t d i e m khac V u T r p n g P h y n g bat gap "Phai tre la 6", "cay T i i tan dien j

^ >

L 6 I B I N H VE N A M CAO

n g u o i " , ba V a n M i n h sot rypt, ong T y p n bye m i n h . . . M p i n g y a i dien len. H t "

" N a m Cao lanh ICing qua, keo mep len m o i n o dupe m p t n u c y o i kho nhpc

ra n g u o i ta sot r u p t k h o n g v i n g u o i chet ma v i cai xac chet ay sao k h o n g mm'

(•••) that ra m a t anh ta lanh n h u n g l o n g anh ta soi n o i " ( N h a n xet ciia nha van

chong d u p e chon de hp dupe h u o n g " H a n h phiic ciia m p t tang gia". M i a m a i

ToHoai)

thay cai gia d i n h ay.
M i a m a i thay n u a la canh cau T i i tan b i t m p i n g u o i p h a i d o n g kjch de chij
h i n h : n g u o i phai chong gay, gyc dau, n g u o i phai lau n u a c m a t . . . N e u coi doc?
trich la m p t tan b i hai kich thi m o i n g u o i la m p t vai he t r i n h dp.

"Con n g u o i N a m Cao m a n h khanh, t h u sinh, an n o i on ton nhieu k h i den
re, m o i liic lai do mat ma k i t h y c mang trong long m p t sy p h a n khang
•^anh l i ^ t " ( N g u y e n D i n h T h i )


" D u viet ve de tai nao, t r u y # n ciia N a m Cao cung

tlu- inen

m p t t u tuorig

chung: n o i ban khoan den dau d o n t m o c thuc trang con n g u o i b} h u y hoai

nhan p h a m do cupc song d o i ngheo day t6i"(?) " V i e t ve n g u o i t r i thuc tieu tt;
san ngheo, N a m Cao da m a n h dan phan tich va m o xe tat ca, k h o n g ne tranli
n h u Thach L a m ; k h o n g cue doan, phien d i f n n h u V u T r p n g Phung, ciing
k h o n g t h i v} hoa n h u N h a t L i n h , K h a i H u n g , n g o i b u t cua N a m Cao l u o n lu6n
t i n h tao d i i n g m u c " (Ha M i n h Diic)
"Tro n g cac trang truyen ciia N a m Cao, trang nao dang c6 n h u n g nhan \t
chinh hoac p h u dang doi dien v o l cai cho k i ^ t ciing v o l d o i song con n g u o i de r6j
t u do bat bupc n g u o i ta phai bpc Ip m i n h ra, t m o c het la tarn li, nhan each roi tiep
den sau ciing la cai noi dau khon nguoi cua con n g u o i " (Nguyen M i n h Chau)

cua nha van N a m Cao de lam sang to h i kich bi cu tuygt quyen lam nguoi.

^^^^ P*^^"

n g u o i ft nhieu nhan thuc dupe b i k i c h ciia chinh m i n h .

Chi pheo la m p t su i m lang den r p n n g u o i . Cay dSng h o n n i i a , dap lai tieng
chiii ciia C h i Pheo lai la " t i e n g cho cSn lao xao". C h i da b i d a n h bat ra k h o i cai
xa h p i loai n g u o i . Xa h p i m a d u song trong no C h i cung k h o n g con d u p e xem
la con n g u o i n i i a . Qua tieng c h u i ay, ta nhan ra b o n thai dp: Tha i d p ciia n g u o i
chi>i: han hpc, han t h i i ; thai d p n g u o i nghe: d u n g d u n g , k h i n h mi#t; thai d p
nha van: xot xa, t h u o n g cam; thai d p n g u o i dpc: to m o . . . Vay C h i Pheo la ai?
b . B i k i c h ciia m p t d u a con hoang b i bo r o i . Lat lai trang d o i ciia Chi, n g u o i
dpc khong sao cam dupe nuoc mat truoc m p t hoan canh dang t h u o n g . Ngay t u
inua dong suong trang. Roi C h i dupe dan lang nhat ve n u o i nahg. Tuoi tho ciia
anh song trong bat hanh, tiii cue "het lang thang d i 6 cho nha n g u o i nay lai d i 6
cho nha n g u o i khac, n a m hai tuoi thi lam canh dien cho nha Ba Kien". Day la

H l / d N G DAN CHI TIET

quang t h o i gian d?p nhat trong cupc d o i ciia Chi, b a i do la quang d o i l u o n g
thi?n, quang d o i tuoi tre nhieu m p n g d?p. C h i giau long t u trpng, biet ghet

I. M 6 B A I
la

cha de cua n h u n g tac p h a m ten tuoi : " C h i Pheo", "Lao H a c " , " D o i t h u a " .
t r o n g do " C h i Pheo" la kiet tac cua N a m Cao va cGng la kiet tac cua van hoc
hien thuc phe phan. T h o n g qua h i n h t u p n g nhan vat C h i Pheo va con duong
tha hoa cua n g u o i n o n g dan truoc Cach mang. N a m Cao da khac hpa thanh
cong tan b i k i c h b i c u tuyet quyen l a m n g u o i cua nhan vat C h i Pheo m a n g den
cho ban dpc bao n i e m xiic d p n g xot t h u o n g .
n. T H A N BAI
1 . Bi kich la g i ? Bi kich la su mau thuan giiia hien thuc d o i song va khat
v p n g ca nhan. H i ^ n thuc d o i song khong d i i dieu kien de ca nhan thuc hien
dupe khat v p n g cua m i n h dan den ca nhan r o i vao hoan canh b i dat (c6 the dan
den cai chet). Tr o ng van hpc Viet N a m ta da t u n g bat gap bi kich tinh yeu CIM
T h i i y Kieu, b i kjch nghe thuat ciia nha van H p , b i kich cua Wu N h u T o . . . nhunc
b i kich la l u n g nhat la b i kich " b i c u tuyet quyen lam n g u o i " cua C h i Pheo.

2. Nhung bieu hien cua bi kich:
a. B i kich ay ngay tu dau tac pham da h i ^ n len qua tieng chui ciia Ch'
Pheo. C h i Pheo xuat h i ^ n Ian dau tien truoc mat n g u o i dpc k h o n g phai banv;
x u o n g bang thit m a la bang tieng chui "han v u a d i v u a c h u i". D o la h i n h an'i
v u a quen v u a la. Q u e n v i do la tieng chui cua n h i r n g thang say r u p u . La v
han c h u i m a k h o n g c6 ai c h u i nhau v o i han, k h o n g ai lay l a m d i e u . C h i "chu'
troi, c h u i d o i , c h u i ca lang V u D a i , c h u i cha d u a nao k h o n g c h u i nhau v o i han
62

]ia

"ch^i Cling la m p t each de giao tiep n h u n g d o n dau thay da p lai tieng c h u i ciia

khi m o i ra d o i C h i da b i bo r o i ben canh chiec 16 gach cii giira m p t canh dong

J : P h a n tich h i n h tugng nhan v^t C h i Pheo trong tac pham ciing ten

N a m Cao la dai bieu u u t i i cua d o n g van hpc hien thuc phe phan. 6ng

d u a d i e t m ? nao da de ra than han". D o la m p t tieng c h u i vat va, dau d o n

nhung g i m a n g u o i ta cho la dang k h i n h . Bi con m y chii bat l a m dieu khong
chinh dang, C h i v u a lam vua r u n , thay nhvc h o n la thieh. C h i ciing n h u bao con
nguoi khac, anh cGng c6 uoc m o gian d j : "c6 m p t gia d i n h nho nho. Chong cuoe
muon cay thue, v p d?t vai. C h i i n g lai bo m p t con Ipn n u o i de l a m v o n liehg. Kha
gia thi mua d a m ba sao rapng lam". D o chinh la m p t uoc m o l u o n g t h i f n .
Nhung d o n dau thay, cai xa hpi bat l u o n g ay da bop chet cai uoc m o do ciia Chi
khi con t r u n g nuoc. M p t con ghen v u v o ciia lao cao gia Ba K i e n da day anh vao
canh tpi t i i . C h i n h nha t i i thuc dan da tiep tay cho lao cao gia bien C h i Pheo t u
mpt anh canh dien khoe m a nh thanh m p t ke l u u m a nh hoa, m p t ke tpi do.
c. B i k i c h tha hoa, l u u m a n h la con ducmg d a n d e n b i c\ t u y ^ t q u y e n l a m
ngttoi. N h a t i l thuc dan da v a m nat bp mat n g u o i ciia C h i , pha h i i y ca nhan
tmh d?p de. Sau bay tarn n a m ra t i i C h i k h o n g con la anh canh d i e n hien lanh
nhu dat n i i a . T r u o c mat n g u o i dpc la m p t ten l u u m a n h v o i m p t nhan h i n h
gorn ghiee "cai d a u t h i trpe 16c, cai mat t h i den ma lai rat cong cong, hai mat
guom g u o m t r o n g g o m chet... cai nguc phanh, day n h u n g net cham tro rong
Phupng v o i m p t o n g t u o n g cam chuy, ca hai canh tay c i i n g the". Ca cai nhan
tihh cung b i xa h p i tan hai. G i o day la C h i Pheo say, C h i Pheo v o i n h u n g tpi ac
^•"oi k h on g d u n g t h i i k h i h a n bong d u n g t r o thanh tay sai dac I v c cho lao cao
Ba Kien, quay ngupc lai Ipi ich ciia dan lang V i i D a i , d o i lap v o i nhan dan

0 dpng can lao. T u m p t n g u o i nong dan hien lanh l u o n g thi#n C h i t r o thanh
""^8 l u u m a n h "con q u y d i i ciia lang V u D a i " . D a n g b u o n thay, m o i ngay nao
63


c h i n h d a n lang V u D a i nuoi C h i I a n l e n trong v o n g tay yeu t h u o n g v$y m a nay
C h i da quay l u n g lai v o i c h i n h cai n o i ma han dupe yeu t h u o n g vk cho che. Tu
day C h i song b l n g ruQ'u v a m a u v a nuoc mat ciia biet bao n h i e u n g u d i dan
l u o n g t h i ^ n : "HSn da dap nat biet bao nhieu canh yen v u i , l a m chay m a u vg
nuoc m a t ciia biet bao nhieu n g u o i dan l u o n g t h i ^ n " . H a n l a m n h i i n g vi?c ay
t r o n g liic say " an t r o n g liic say, n g i i t r o n g liic say, t h i i c day van con say... dap
dau, rach mat, giet n g u o i t r o n g liic say de r o i say n u a say v 6 tan". C h u a bao
gio han t i n h de thay m i n h ton tai tren d o i b o i v i "nhiJTig con say ciia han tran
t u con nay sang can khac thanh n h i j n g con dai m e n h mang". N a m Cao da cho
n g u o i doc thay m o t thuc te dau long ve cuoc song ciia n h a n d a n ta t r u o c Cach
m a n g thang Tam. D o chinh la cupc song b i bop nghet uoc m o va khat VQng,
n g u o i n o n g dan ban cung hoa dan den l u u m a n h hoa. M p t cupc song t o i tam
k h o n g anh sang. N h a van xot t h u o n g cho nhan vat, cay dang va dau d o n cung
nhan vat. Day chinh la ve dep cua tam long nhan dao va yeu t h u o n g ciia nha
van d a n h cho n h u n g kie'p n g u o i n h u C h i Pheo.
d . Gap T h i N o va k h a o k h a t hoan l u o n g . N a m Cao k h o n g trach gian Chi
Pheo, ngoi b i i t ciia ong d a n h cho nhan vat van n o n g nan yeu t h u a n g . O n g phat
h i ^ n t r o n g chieu sau ciia n h a n vat la ban t i n h tot d^p, chi can c h i i t tinh thuong
cham khe vao la c6 the song day m a n h li?t, tha thie't. Sy xuat h i ^ n ciia nhan vat
Thj N o t r o n g tac p h a m c6 m p t y nghia that dac sac. Con n g u o i xau den "mn
che q u y h o n " , k y dieu thay, lai la n g u o n anh sang d u y nhat da r o i vao chon toi
tam ciia tam h o n C h i Pheo de thiic tinh, ggi day ban t i n h n g u o i n o i C h i Pheo,
ihhp sang m p t trai t i m da n g i i me qua bao ngay thang b i dap v u i , hat hui
C h i n h cupc t i n h ngan n g i i i v o i T h i N o trong m o t d e m trang da v6 t i n h thap len
ngon Ilia

CUQC

song trong Chi. Co nha phe b i n h da cho rang: T h i N o la m o t su

gia ma N a m Cao phai den de thiic tinh C h i Pheo. D o la sii gia ciia t i n h yeu
t h u a n g va tain long nhan d?o sau sac ciia nha van. N h u n g c6 le can phai nci
them, T h i N o k h o n g chi la vai tro sii gia ciia long nhan dao ma T h i con la mpt
" t h i e n s i i " ciia tinh yeu. Vj thien s i i nay khong c6 d o i canh thien than n h u n g co
d o i tay day ap t i n h n g u o i . Thien s i i ay n h u mpt n g p n gio, m p t ngpn l i i a thoi vao
tam hon ciia Chi. Ne'u la gio, gio se thoi bay lop tro tan dang vay quanh anh
Ne'u la Ilia, liia se dot chay l o p v6 quy dCf de tra ve cho anh m p t con n g u o i .
L a n dau tien t r o n g c u p c d o i C h i tinh day. Chat nhan ra n o i can leu aim thap
la anh nang ngoai kia rue r o biet bao, nghe dupe tieng c h i m hot ngoai kia vui
ve qua, tieng anh t h u y e n chai go m a i cheo d u o i ca tren song, tieng lao xao cu^
n g u o i d i chp ban v a i ve... N h i i n g am thanh ay ngay nao cha c6. N h u n g horn
nay C h i m a i nghe thay. Chao 6 i la b u o n ! A m thanh cupc song nay k h i e n ta lien
t u o n g den tieng sao ciia dem t i n h m i i a xuan t r o n g tac p h a m " V p chong A
64

^ h i i " - Tieng sao da lay d p n g tiem t h i i c xa xoi ciia M i , d a n h t h i i c t a m h o n M i ,
thu>c day ca m p t qua k h i i d?p t u o i . D o c h i n h la n h u n g chi tiet ngh# thuat dac
sac l a i " nen chat t h o cho tac p h a m . C h i n h cupc sorig da lay d p n g t r o n g tiem
thiic xa xoi ciia C h i . N o n h u con gio thoi t u n g d a m t r o tan n g u p i lanh, n h u
gipt n u o c n h o vao t a m h o n soi da, can kho l a m tan d i gia bang t a m h o n .
ficrn het, no l a m song day uac m o m p t t h o i trai tre: "c6 m p t gia d i n h nho nho.
Chong cuoc m u a n cay thue, v p d^t vai. C h i i n g lai bo m p t con I o n n u o i de l a m
vo'n lieng. K h a gia t h i m u a d a m ba sao r u p n g l a m " . Roi cung t r o n g cai p h i i t
giay t i n h tao ay, C h i Pheo da c6 d a n h o n bao gio het " N h i n phia t r u o c n g u o i
than chang c6/ N g o sau l u n g qua k h i i r p n ghe n g u o i " . H a n n h u da thay "tuoi

gia ciia han, d o i ret, 6'm dau va c6 dpc - cai nay con sp h o n d o i ret va 6'm dau".
phai chang C h i d a n g h o i han va an nan n h i i n g v i f c m a m i n h da lam? Chang
biet CO phai hay k h o n g ma C h i thay long b u o n m a n mac. Va neu n h u Thj N o
khong qua, chac la han da khoc d u p e mat.
Va r o i c h i n h ban tay an can ciia T h i N o ciing v o i t i n h yeu ciia t h i da k h o i
day trong C h i p h a n n g u a i . Bat chao hanh chinh la lieu thuo'c giai dpc gop phan
thiic t i n h p h a n n g u o i t r o n g con q u y d i i . Chao hanh da tay o d i m e n r u p u , gpt
riia n h i i n g t p i loi con n g u o i . Chao hanh c6 h u o n g v i dac biet qua, n h i i n g ke v6
nhan t i n h n h u cha con nha Ba Kien lam sao m a biet dupe. D o la h u o n g v i ciia
tinh n g u o i , h u o n g v i ciia t i n h yeu. K h i ma ca lang V u D a i k h o n g chap nhan
Chi la con n g u o i t h i T h i N o da giang r p n g v o n g tay de d o n lay anh. Va bat
chao hanh kia v 6 h i n h d u n g da suoi am cho trai t i m n g u p i lanh va m o dau cho
mpt m o i thien d u y e n . N h i n bat chao boc k h o i ma l o n g C h i Pheo xao xuyen
bang khuang. H a n an chao h a n h va lay l a m m a n n g u y e n v i v i n g o n ciia no. C h i
Pheo quen song v o i m p t k i e u d i n h nghia : M u o n c6 cai an han phai keu lang,
phai rach m a t an va, han phai thuc su hoa than vao con q u y d u . . . M o i mieng
an hang ngay ciia C h i deu c6 m a u va nuoc mat ciia n h u n g n g u o i dan l u o n g
thi^n lang V i i D a i . N h u n g horn nay cai triet ly song ay ciia C h i d u o n g n h u da
thay doi, n h i i n g gi han da t u n g c6 gio phan bpi lai han t r o n g h u o n g chao hanh
cua n g u o i dan ba xau n h u ma che quy h a n kia. H a n hieu rang n g u o i ta song
voi nhau k h o n g chi bang t p i ac ma con bang ca t i n h t h u o n g yeu n i i a . M a t han
lan dau tien u o n u 6 t . H o i chao hanh phang phat phuc sinh p h a n n g u o i trong
^ i - H a n c6 the song v o i n g u o i ta bang t i n h yeu, han nhen n h o m m p t m o uoc
cupc song b i n h di... H u o n g chao la h u o n g cupc d o i , h u o n g t i n h yeu ma t u
truoc den gio chua ai cho C h i ca... Bat chao hanh gian d i n h u n g bao nhan tinh
chiia, no g i i i chan C h i Pheo d u n g lai 6 bo ciia p h a n nguoi... N h i n T h i han
'^hw m u o n khoc, han cam d p n g va ngay t r o n g choc lat "Hin

cam thay long

*hanh tre con, han m u o n l a m n u n g v o i t h i n h u l a m nQng v o i mo...". D o la giay


phiit ma han nguoi nha't. Da hai Ian chi'nh Thi N o da phai tho't len: " O i sao ma
han hien!" roi " N h i i n g liic tinh tao han cuoi nghe that hien". Cam giac dugc
yeu thuong va cho che da lam Chi troi day mot tinh yeu cuoc song. Phan quy
tam thoi rii bo. Do la giay phiit Chi "them luong thi^n va khat khao lam hoa
vdi moi nguoi". Roi den khat vong hanh phuc vai Thi N o "Gia cu nhu the nay
mai thi thich nhi?... Hay la minh sang day 6 voi to mot nha cho vui". 6 i ! Phai
la loi ciia Chi Pheo do khong? Nghe sao ma hien lanh, c6 chiit gi ngo nghech,
hon nhien ma lai rat doi chan thanh. Loi cau hon khong tinh t i i nhu bao ko
khac nhung lai khien cho trai tim chung ta nghen ngao thuong cam. Tu mot
con qui du, nho Thi No, diing hon nho tinh thuong ciia Thi No, Chi thuc su
duoc tro lai lam nguoi, voi tat ca nhiing nang luc vo'n c6. Mot chiit tinh
thuong, du la tinh thuong ciia mot con nguoi do hoi, benh hoan, tho kech, xau
xi,... cijng du de lam song day ca mot ban tinh nguoi noi Chi Pheo. The moi
biet sue cam hoa ciia tinh thuong ky dieu biet nhuong nao!
e. Dinh diem ciia bi kich bi cu tuy^t quyen lam nguoi. Nhung, bi kich va
dau don thay, ro't cuoc thi ngay Thi No ciing khong the gan bo voi Chi Pheo.
Loi noi ciia ba c6 Thi No nhu mot gao nuoc lanh tat thSng vao mat Chi Pheo
lam tat ngiim ngon liia long vua duoc nhen len trong Chi. " A i lai dam dau di
lay mot thang khong cha khong me nhu cai thang Chi Pheo" da tro thanh djnh
kien khac nghiet lap mat loi ve ciia Chi. Canh ciia cuoc doi vua he mo thi ciing
ngay lap tuc dong sam lai truoc mat ciia anh. Do chinh la bi kich ciia mpt con
nguoi chet tren nguong cua tro ve voi cuoc song luong thien. Chiit hanh phuc
nho nhoi cuoi cung van khong den dugc voi Chi Pheo. Va that la khac nghiet,
khi ban tinh nguoi noi Chi Pheo trSi day, ciing la liic Chi Pheo hieu rang minh
khong con tro ve voi luong thien dugc niia. Canh ciia tro ve voi xa hoi luong
thi^n, xa hoi loai nguoi vua mo ra thi ciing la liic dong sam lai ngay truoc mat
Chi Pheo. Thi N o nhu tia sang loe len trong cuoc doi den toi ciia Chi Pheo vua

dii de soi len mot niem cam thong ciing la liic no tat ngam giua dem den cuoc
doi Chi. Noi xa hon, cai xa hgi thuc dan niia phong kien do da cuop di ciia Chi
quyen lam nguoi va vTnh vien khong tra lai. No da tieu hiiy va da be gay chiec
cau noi Chi voi cuoc doi.
Chi Pheo tim den rugu nhung rugu khong phai bao gio cung lam cho
nguoi ta say. Mot khi rugu khong con dii sue de lam lu mo l i t r i con nguoi thi
no se quay ngugc tro lai thuc tinh ly tri ay. Cang uong Chi cang tinh, cang tinh
cang nhan ra bi kich ciia cuoc doi minh. Chi dau don khi nghe "thoang thoang
miii chao hanh" roi Chi 6m mat khoc rung riic. Phan uat, Chi xach dao di, dinh
den nha Thj No. Trong y djnh, Chi djnh den nha dam chet con "khgm gia", con
"di N o " nhung su thiic tinh y thiic ve than phan va bi kjch da day chech huong

cii3

'^^^

thang nha Ba Kien. Hon ai het liic nay Chi hieu ra rang:

da l a i " cho minh phai mang lot quy, ke da lam minh ra nong noi kho'n ciing
xihy chinh la Ba Kien. Anh cang thain thia tgi ac ciia ke da cuop d i quyen lam
nguoi, cuop di ca nhan hinh va nhan tinh ciia minh. Chi Pheo den nha Ba Kien "
y/di W ^^'^^

"°

^^^'^

Tao mu on lam nguoi luong thien!
.

,s f '

quy^" lam nguoi:

, .j^nrr

A i cho tao luong thien!

£)o la nhiing cau hoi viit len day cay dang va khong loi giai dap. Cau hoi
chat chiia noi dau ciia mot con nguoi tharn thia dugc noi dau khon cung ciia bi
Icjch ca nhan. Cau hoi danh thang vao bg mat ciia xa hgi bat luong. Cau hoi
nhu ciia vao tam can nguoi dgc ve mot than phan con nguoi day dang cay
trong xa hgi cii. Luong thien c6 ngay trong moi con nguoi la di san tinh than
ciia moi nguoi. Tai sao phai di doi luong thien ? A, thi ra Chi da bj cai xa hgi
v6 nhan tinh ay cuop mat. Khon nan thay cho Chi, ngay ca cai quyen dugc lam
mgt con nguoi ciing bj xa hgi nguoi an thit nguoi ay bop nat. Va Chi Pheo
ciing da t u ket lieu cuoc doi minh sau khi ke't lieu cuoc doi ten cao gia Ba Kien.
Cai chet bi tham ciia Chi Pheo la loi ket tgi danh thep cai xa hgi v6 nhan dao, la
tieng keu ciiu ve quyen lam nguoi, cung la tieng ggi tham thie't cap bach ciia
nha van: Hay ciiu lay con nguoi! Hay yeu thuong con nguoi!

3. Danh gia chung ve noi dung va nghe thuat:
Ve npi dung, Tac pham Chi Pheo thong qua tan bi kjch bj cu tuy?t quyen
lam nguoi ciia nhan vat chinh, nha van da mang den nhiing gia trj nhan van
cao dep. Tac pham da len an, to cao tgi ac ciia che do thuc dan nua phong kien
da dan ap va boc lot nhan dan lao dong. Qua do nha van dong cam voi nhiing
noi kho dau, bj day doa va lang nhuc ciia nguoi nong dan. Dong thoi nha van
ciing kip thoi phat hien va tran trgng truoc ve dep tam hon ciia nhan vat va
Idiao khat thay doi thuc tai de mang den mgt cuoc song tot dep hon.
Ve ngh^ thu^t, Biit phap dien hinh hoa dat toi trinh do bac thay trong xay

dimg nhan vat. Nam Cao c6 bi^t tai trong vi^c mieu ta, phan tich tam ly nhan
Vat. Tac gia c6 kha nang trong vi^c mieu ta tam ly phiic tap ciia nhan vat, lam
cho nhan vat hien len truoc mat nguoi dgc rat song dong, c6 ca tinh dgc dao.
'^gh^ thuat tran thuat ke truyen linh hoat tu nhien phong tiing ma van nha't
Ruan, chat che, dao Ign trinh tir thoi gian, mach tu su c6 nhiing doan hoi tuong,
'ien tuong tat ngang, tuong nhu long leo ma thuc su rat t u nhien, hop ly, hap
dan. Ngon ngii ciia Nam Cao ciing dac bi^t t u nhien, sinh dong, sii dung khau
quan chiing mgt each triet de, mang hoi tho doi song, gigng van hoa doi
^ong. Ngon ngu ke chuyen vua la ngon ngii ciia tac gia, vua la ngon ngii ciia
•^han v£it, nhieu gigng di^u dan xen, tao nen mgt thii ngon ngii da thanh d^c sac.


L-wm imiij; myt^ii in

*'u d i n g sau n h u n g tam h o n t u 6 n g n h u u me, cSn coi ( C h i i n g m i n h bang ve

III. K E T B A I
" C h i Pheo" la rriQt k i f t tac bat h i i bod no chua d i m g t r o n g do la t u tucmg, tinh
cam Ion m a n g gia t r i nhan dao va hien thxfc sau sac ma n g u o i doc n i t ra dirge tu
nhiSng trang sach giau t i n h ngh§ thuat cua N a m Cao. Tac p h a m " C h i Pheo" maj
mai bat tvr, m a i m a i c6 kha nang danh thuc t r i tu? va k h o i day n h u n g t i n h earn
d?p de t r o n g tarn h o n n g u o i dQc m p i t h a i dai. Co m p t nha t h o da t u n g viet rang:
" N a m Cao m a t va C h i Pheo van song - Nao c6 dai chi m p t kiep n g u o i - N h a van
chet, nhan vat t u trang sach - V a n ngay ngay Ian 16c giira tran ai". Vang! Gan mgt
the k i qua, gia t r j n g h ^ thuat va y nghia t u t u o n g cua tac p h a m , v u p t qua gio bui
thoi gian, da c h u n g m i n h sue song m a n h me, bat h u a i a no.
2 . P h a n tich gia tri nhan dao ciia tac pham " C h i P h e o " ciia nha v a n
Nam Cao.

lpcuaChiPheo,ThiN6)

d Qua tan b i k i c h va so' phan b i t h a m a i a C h i Pheo, N a m Cao da eat len
tiehg 1^^"

'^^^

n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g t h i ^ n :

^^^^

Lam the nao de cho con n g u o i dupe song m p t cupe song xxing d a n g t r o n g cai
- h p i v u i dap nhan t i n h ay; hay tieu di?t hoan canh p h i n h a n tinh, hay l a m
cho hoan canh t r o nen nhan d^o h o n .
e Qua tan b i k i c h va so p h | n b i t h a m a i a C h i Pheo, N a m Cao da cat len
tiehg keu citu t h a m thiet va day phan uat cho n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g t h i ^ n :
Lam the nao de cho eon n g u o i dupe song m p t cupe song x u n g d a n g t r o n g cai
xa h p i v u i d a p nhan t i n h ay; hay tieu di?t hoan canh p h i n h a n t i n h , hay l a m
cho hoan canh t r o nen nhan dao h o n .
4. N g h e t h u a t : b i ^ t tai m i e u ta t a m l y nhan vat sac sao; n g o n n g u mpc
m^c, gian d i ; g i p n g v a n t i n h tao, sac lanh n h u n g t h a m d a m yeu t h u a n g . . .

CAC Y CAN DAT
1. T a c g i a , t a c p h a m :
-

LUYEN TAP

N a m Cao la dai bieu u u t u ciia d o n g van hoc hien thuc phe phan, mot

n g u o i n g h ^ sT suot cupc d o i tan t u y cho n h i i n g trang v a n sang n g a i chu nghta
nhan van. N h i e u tac p h a m cua o n g da t r o thanh d i n h cao sang gia ciia chu

nghTa nhan dao n h u : " C h i Pheo", " D o i t h u a " , "Lao H a c " . . .
-

" C h i Pheo" la m o t kiet tac ciia N a m Cao va ciing la kiet tac ciia trao l u u

De 1: Cam nhan ciia A n h / c h i ve nhan vat T h i N o trong tac p h a m " C h i Pheo"
ciia N a m Cao va nhan vat n g u o i v p nhat h-ong tac p h a m " V p nhat" ciia K i m Lan.
De 2: Phan tich dien bieh t a m trang nhan vat C h i Pheo ke h i ' k h i gap T h j N o
cho den ket thiic tac p h a m . Phat bieu gia t r i nhan dao a i a tac p h a m .

van hpc hien thuc phe phan.

Bin

2. K h a i n i e m : Gia t r i nhan dao la gia t r i co ban nhat ciia tac p h a m van hoc
chan chi'nh, d u o c tao nen bod n i e m cam thong sau sac d o i v o i n o i k h o dau ciia

Nam

THUA
Cao

con n g u o i , s u nang n i u , tran t r o n g n h i i n g net d?p t r o n g tam h o n con n g u o i ;
d o n g t h o i tac p h a m ciing da d i i n g ve phia cac nan n h a n m a len an n h u n g the
luc tan bao cha dap len hanh phiic, quyen song va p h a m gia ciia con n g u o i .
\. N h i m g b i e u h i e n c i k i g i a t r i n h a n dao t r o n g t a c

pha^

a. T u t u o n g nhan dao ciia N a m Cao 6 day truoc het d u o c bieu hien 6 cho

1 : Phan tich hai tan bi kich tinh than ciia Hp - nguoi tri thuc ngheo
trong xa hpi cu, tvr do chi ra tu tuong nhan dao sau s i c , moi

Hl/ONG DAN CHI TIET

da k h a m pha ra n o i k h o b i day doa, lang nhuc, bj c u t u y ^ t q u y e n l a m n g u o i
ciia n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g thien. N a m Cao bay to n i e m cam t h o n g sau sac v o i
noi kho va sy bat cong d o .
b. T u t u o n g n h a n dao ciia N a m Cao t r o n g tac p h a m "Chi Pheo" con the hien
qua thai d p len an gay gat n h u n g the l y c tan bao da gay nen tan b i k i c h dau
t h u a n g cho n g u o i lao d p n g (bpn thong t r i dpc ac; nha t u thuc dan; n h u n g
thanh kien, d i n h kien v6 nhan dao).
c. T u t u o n g nhan dao dac sic, dpc dao ciia N a m Cao 6 day con d u p e the
hi?n d thai d p t r a n t r p n g , nang n i u n h i r n g net d?p ciia n g u o i n o n g dan. Cao
h o n nua, nha v a n eon k h a m pha ra n h i i n g p h a m chat l u o n g t h i ^ n ciia hp an

cua

Nam Cao.

I.MOBAI
N a m Cao la m p t nha v a n h i f n t h y c I o n c6 t u t u o n g n h a n dgo sau sac, m a i
"^e va p h o n g p h i i . O n g a m hieu kha t u o n g tan cupe song a i a tang l a p t r i thuc
*ieu t u san ngheo. V i vay, viet ve tang l o p nay, o n g da k h a m pha ra n h i e u tan
^ ' i kjch tinh than c6 t a m ca t h a i dgi. M p t h'ong n h u n g b i k}ch do la n g u o i t r i
^hwc khao khat l a m m p t s u nghi?p tinh than cao ca de nang cao y nghia gia t r i
song eiia eon n g u o i n h u n g ket eye b i cupe song tan n h a n day vad kiep " D o i
**»^a". M u o n coi t r p n g va m u o n song theo n g u y e n tac tinh t h u a n g , n h u n g
- -

69


chinh m i n h lai v i p h a m le song cao d?p do. N h a n v$t H p t r o n g tac p h a m " D o i

.

pip xep hang d u d i d o i v i i ciia T u t h i H p khac hSn". V i p h a i k i e m dupe

t h u a " d u p e N a m Cao m i e u ta m o t each chan thuc, cam d o n g la h i ^ n than ciia

'"'hieu tien de n u o i song gia d i n h , thuoc thang cho v p con. H p k h o n g dupe viet

hai tan b i k i c h n o i tren. Qua do nha van da de lai gia t r i nhan dao sau sac.

^ 6t each than t r p n g , k h o n g the tuan theo yeu cau n g h i e m ngat ciia ngh^ thuat

II. T H A N BAI

han chinh ma p h a i viet m p t each v p i vang, cau tha, phai chay theo m p t t h u

1. G i a i t h i c h k h a i n i ^ m :

c h u o n g tam t h u o n g , v 6 v i , nhat nheo "quay loang t r o n g m p t t h u van

Bi kjch hieu theo nghia thong t h u o n g la noi dau kho trien m i e n ve t i n h than

huang bang p h ^ n g va qua u de d a i " . Q u a n d i e m ciia anh d i i n g dan l a m ! T u

k h o n g CO g i giai thoat duoc. N h u n g theo van hoc, b i k i c h chi xay ra k h i c6 s u

tudng

xung dpt giira khat vpng, hoai bao, ly tucmg chan chinh v o i thuc tai. Thuc t ^ chua

nhung gi ? A n h da ehp ra d o i n h i i n g sang tac n h u the nao ? D i e u d o chi co H p

d u dieu kien cho phep ca nhan thuc hi^n hoai bao, ly t u o n g ciia m i n h nen r o i vao

mdi hieu het dupe n o i dau ciia m i n h .

that bai, song trong dan vat, dau don, tham chi d i n den cai chet t h a m thuong.

'^"^ '

n h u n g , t r p n g sang tac ciia m i n h anh da viet
-

.

Chao 6i ! A n h da viet n h i i n g bai ma t h a m chi k h i dpc thay ten ciia m i n h

2. N6i d u n g bi k i c h tinh than c u a H6 the hien o- cac mat sau:

dudi bai viet, anh phai " d o m a t " xau ho. A n h gian Au wax c h i n h anh. A n h

a. La n g u o i yeu v a n c h u o t i g n h u n g H p l a i r o i vao b i k i c h t r o n g sir nghi^p.

khinh ghet nhiSng tac p h a m chi biet " g p i n h i i n g t i n h cam rat nhe rat n o n g bang

D o la s y tan v d giac m p n g van c h u o n g ma anh t u d n g n h u anh c6 tat ca t r o n g tay.
H p la m o t nha v a n c6 tai nang, c6 khat v p n g hoai bao I o n lao va l u o n g tarn
cao ca. A n h m u o n nang cao gia t r i d o i song ciia m i n h bang su sang tao nghe
thuat CO ich cho xa h p i . V o i H p , v a n c h u o n g la tren he't " d o i ret k h o n g c6 nghia
ly g i d o i v o i ga tre t u o i say me l y t u o n g . . . H a n m u o n v u n x o i tai nang cho
ngay cang nay n o " . T h a m chi H p q u y d o i van ciia m i n h h o n ca tien vang bac
van tren d o i . H p da n o i v o i T u se k h o n g bao gio chiu danh d o i cai dia v i cao

mpt t h i i van qua u bMng phang de d a i " ciia chinh m i n h . D u o n g n h u anh hoang
hot, anh ngae n h i e n trude n h i i n g bai viet ciia m i n h m d i ra d o i . A n h dan vat
ghe g d m . A n h t u thay xau h d va t u len an m i n h n h u m p t thang k h d h nan "Su
cau tha t r o n g bat e i i nghe g i c i i n g la m p t s u bat l u o n g , con s u cau tha t r o n g van
chuong t h i that la de t i e n " . HSn chinh la m p t ke bat l u o n g . . . la de t i $ n . . . la m p t
ke v d ich, m o t n g u o i t h u a . . . " . N h u n g van k h d n g the nao khac d u p e . . . H p tv
day d i i t dau kho m a i . ( H p cam thay m i n h p h a i sdhg cupc " D o i t h u a " ) . Va do
chinh la cai b i k i c h ciia anh - b i kich ciia m p t d d i viet v a n - b i k i c h ciia n g u d i

q u y ay. Ca d o i m i n h . H p phan dau cho m o t su nghi^p van c h u o n g chan chinh

hieu m i n h biet m i n h phai l a m g i va danh l u a b i i t thep n h i i n g dieu m i n h chang

CO ich cho m p i n g u o i b o i n h i r n g tac p h a m giau t i n h sang tao "biet dao sau,

he m u d h . Ta cam thay cai dau d o n k h i i n g khie'p t u chdh sau t h a m ciia t a m hon

k h a m pha, k h o i n h i i n g n g u o n chua ai k h o i va sang tao n h i i n g g i chua c6"...

va

anh. M p t cai g i d o b d n g choc sup do t r o n g anh. Day c h i n h la su sup do ciia m p t

H p cho rang, m p t nha v a n nhan dao la nha van biet m a n g vao tac p h a m ciia

khat v p n g d?p va chan chinh. Day la m p t nhan thiic d i i n g dan ciia n g u d i ngh?

m i n h m p t n o i d u n g nhan dao t h a m thia "Tac p h a m p h a i n g p i ca t i n h t h u o n g ,

sT chan chinh, khac v d i kien triic s u tai ba V i i N h u To t r o n g " V i n h b i f t C u u

long bac ai, su cong bang. N o lam cho n g u o i gan n g u o i h o n " . K h o n g n h i i n g

Triing D a i " . V u N h u To cd hoai bao I d n lao, cd khat v p n g hien dang cao ca

the^ H p con h i v p n g tac p h a m ciia m i n h se dat t o i d i n h cao v i n h quang "an giai

nhung lai k h d n g l i giai noi md'i quan h^ giiia n g h f thuat va cupc d d i . C o n H p ,

N o b e l va d j c h ra m p i t h i i tieng tren toan cau". N h u n g n h i r n g y n g h i ay k h o n g

ngudi n g h f sT ay dang t u nhan t h i i c dupe ve m i n h ve b i k i c h ciia m i n h n h u n g

c h i i n g to H p la con n g u o i hao danh ma da c h i i n g to anh la n g h ^ sT c6 hoai bao

khong CO each g i c i i u v a n . D a n h bat lue sdhg cupc " d d i t h u a " .

I o n lao, CO l y t u o n g cao dep. H p m u o n k h i n g d m h ca n h a n m i n h truoc cupc

b. Bi k i c h thii nhat con chat chua kho dau trong tam hon Hp thi Hp lai bi

d o i , mup'n cong hien tai nang tan d p cho xa h p i . D o la thai d p song k h o n g bang

•lay vao bi kich thu hai: bi kich t\ minh cha dap len le song tinh thucfng,

long v o i cupc sp'ng t a m t h u o n g v 6 danh, v 6 nghia "Tha m p t p h i i t h u y hoang

nhan each lam ngudi.

roi v u t tat/Con h o n b u o n le l o i suot t r a m n a m " .
N h u n g cupc song t r o n g cai xa h p i tan nhan m p t each "cho d e u " ay v o i
n h u n g lo toan vat v a n h hang ngay: " N o i d o i co cue d a n g g i o vuot/ C o m ao

H p CO trai t i m nhan ai bao la, anh da " c i i i x u d h g n o i dau ciia T u " , nhan T u
la v p ciia m i n h , nhan d u a con t r o n g b y n g Tir la con ciia m i n h , nhan m? ciia T u
la

ciia m i n h . A n h sdhg het m i n h v i v p cpn, v i gia d i n h . H p yeu Tir, m p t t i n h

k h o n g d i i a v o i khach t h o " (Xuan D i f u ) da pha v d giac m p n g d?p ciia H p .

g i n lien v d i t i n h t h u o n g v d ben b d v i H p nhan ra " T u rat yeu dud'i can cd

N h u n g d u a con ciia H p da ra d o i " d i i a nay chua k i p Ion len t h i d i i a khac da

chd che". V d i cac eon. H p la n g u d i cha tot. M d i liic d i xa ve anh chay nhao

v p i chui ra, ma d i i a nao cCing nhieu d^n nhieu sai, quay rue suot ngay va
q u a n h n a m uo'ng t h u o c " . N o i n h u nha phe b i n h Le D a t " T u k h i n h i j n g d u a con
70

6 m lay cac con, h d n h i t ehiing, " m a t ang ang n u d e " . N h u n g giac m p n g van
^huong da sup d d tan tanh keo theo su syp do ciia m p t nhan each.
71


Hp coi trpng va muoh song theo nguyen tic tinh thucng. Neu khong c6 tinh
thuang, con nguoi chi la con vat bi sai khien bai long t y ai. Trong ccm khunj^
khoang, be tSc muoh dupe giai thoat. Hp da nghi den cau noi ciia mpt nha triet
hpc sac m u i phat xit: 'Thai biet ac, biet tan nhan de song cho manh me" nhung
roi Hp da phan doi lai triet ly, sue manh do de di theo triet ly song tinh thuorig
day nhan ban ciia minh: "Ke manh khong phai la ke dam len vai ke khae de
thoa man long ich ki. Ke manh chinh la ke giiip do ke khae tren doi vai minh"
N h u vay doi voi Hp (cung la vai Nam Cao), tinh thuong yeu, long nhan ai la
tieu ehuan cao nhat quyet dinh t u each lam nguai.
Nhung oai am thay. Hp lai vi pham le song cao d?p ay. Ruau da lam Hp thay
doi tinh net. Sau moi con say la hanh ha vp eon, doi vai Hp dua nao cung dang
"v^t mpt nhat cho chet ea". De roi sau moi Ian tinh lai. Hp an nan, sam hoi, tu
dau dan, tv dan vat minh nhu mpt thang khon nan. Cao diem do la ket thuc
truy^n. Bao nhieu dau dan, bao nhieu hoi han don nen lai a Hp de roi bat len
thanh tieng khoc. Tieng khoe nuc no, tieng khoc bat ra nhu qua ehanh nguoi tn
bop manh eua Hp cho ta thay su hoi han va dau kho len den tpt cung ciia nguoi
tri thuc tieu t u san ngheo eo nhan each. Gipt nude mat ay da nang da Hp, thanh
Ipe tam hon anh, giiip anh dung viing tren ba vue thkm ciia sy tha hoa. Hp noi
trong nude mat " A n h . . . anh chi la mpt thang khon nan" nhung ta thua hieu
rang chang eo mpt thang khon nan nao lai c6 the rod nuoe mat dupe nhu anh.
c. Qua hai tan bi kich tinh than day dau don ciia Hp, Nam Cao da mang
den tu tuong nhan dao sau sic:
Nha van da phat hi^n va phan tich sau sac tan bi kich tinh than ciia Ho,
Nam Cao da to' cao cai xa hpi day dpa con nguai trong su ngheo doi, v u i dap
nhiing uae ma lam chet mon doi song tinh than, le song, nhan each cao d?p

ciia con nguai. Vai " D o i thua". Nam Cao da dong tinh vai khat vpng duac
cong hien dupe sang tao ciia nguoi nghf sT chan chinh. Qua tan bi kjch tinh
than ciia nhan vat Hp, Nam Cao the hif n khat vpng ciia con nguai vuon toi
mpt cupe song c6 ich, eo y nghia, dupe phat huy cao dp kha nang tiem tang
chiia dung trong moi eon nguoi. Nam Cao benh vyc con nguoi, dat niem tin
vao eon nguai va len an hoan canh xa hpi tan nhan da day con nguoi vao
nhirng bi kich vo mpng ("Dai thua", "Song mon") hoac vao nhimg trang thai
phi nhan tinh ("Chi Pheo"), t u do viit len tieng keu khan thiet: "Hay tieu diet
hoan canh xa hpi den toi, bat cong, phi nhan tinh duang thai" thi mai cham
diit dupe nhCmg bi kich dau ddn noi tren.
3. Nghe thuat x^y d u n g n h a n v&t:
Khae hpa nhan vat day ah tupng bang nghf thuat mieu ta, phan tich tarn h
nhan vat sau sac, khi nha van mieu ta trye tiep, khi de cho nhan vat dpc thoai
npi tam.
72

^g't cau truy?n khong theo trinh t y thoi gian, khong c6 tinh huong gay can
' loi
''^"^ nhirng mach npi tam cua nhan vat, liic la nhiing y
h" ciia nhan vat Tu, liic la dong tam tuong ciia Hp... Do do, truyfn vua hi^n
vua tm tinh, triet l i , nhan vat Hp vua la nhan vat ciia cupe song, vita
van tinh tao, sac lanh nhung van triu nang cam xiic va suy tuong, tieu
bieu cho phong each van chuong Nam Cao.
III. K E T

BAI

o^''^' •

Tom

tac pham " D d i thira" thong qua bi kich nha van Hp da mang den
tu tudng nhan dao tham duom trong sang tac ciia Nam Cao. 6 day, mpt mat
nha van ke thua t u tuong nhan dao truyen thong, mat khae lai eo them nhimg
net sau sac, mdi me. Nam Cao xiing dang la nha van hi^n thuc xuat sac, nha
nhan dao chii nghia Ion.
^ 1 2. Phan tich gia tri nhan dao ciia tac pham "Doi thua" (Nam Cao).
(Sdch gido khoa Ngit van 11- Nang cao, NXB Gido due 2012)
I. M 6 B A I

Nam Cao la mpt nha nhan dao Idn, mpt cay biit xuat sac ciia van hpc hien
thyc phe phan trude nam 1945. Nha nhan dao ay da de lai cho ddi nhiing tac
pham that su cd "tam long Idn" nhu "Ddi thua", "Chi Pheo". Trong do, "Ddi thua"
thuc su da de lai dau ah ciia Nam Cao ve gia tri nhan dao sau sac va mdi me.
II. T H A N B A I

1. K h a i quat: Gia tri nhan dao la gia tri ca ban ciia mpt tac pham van hpc
dua tren niem cam thuong sau sac ciia nha van doi vdi so phan nhan vat. Nha
van tu long thuong ngudi ma len an to cao nhirng the lue da eha dap len
quyen song ciia eon ngudi. Cung t u long nhan dao, nha van cung phat hien va
"goi ca nhiing pham chat tot dep ciia con ngudi va keu gpi giai phdng ca nhan
ra khoi nhiing khd dau va bat hanh. Truy?n ngan "Ddi thira" ra ddi nam 1943,
la tac pham phan anh sau sac va ro net ve cupe song ciia nhirng ngudi tri thiic
tieu t u san ngheo d nude ta trong boi canh dat nude bi ngoai bang giay xeo.
Tac pham da gay tieng vang Idn va thuc su trd thanh "tieng keu dau khd kia
thoat ra t u nhiing kiep lam than". Nam Cao da phan anh mpt each ro net va
chan thuc nhung bi kich Idn ciia ngudi tri thuc duong thdi va eat tieng keu euu
tliam thiet ddi quyen song cho hp.
2. T r o n g tac p h & n "Doi thua", Nam Cao da xay d u n g t h a n h cdng
tri P i : " ; n dao s^u s^c ay.

, , ,,


a. Bieu hi#n t h u nhat cua gia tri nhan dao la nha van xot xa thuang carii
truac nhtmg noi k h d dau ciia nha van Hp k h i syp do giac mpng van chuong
va bi kich tinh thuong.

vu phU'
^^^^
^9
"^^^ '^"^
C h i n h anh
k h o n g hieu tai sao anh ve d u p c den nha. A n h chi biet anh da t i n h d^y
"^""rfgiu-ang nha m i n h k h i tay chan ra r a i . M e n r u p u "chet t i e t " ay c h i n h la cai

N a m Cao da xot t h u a n g va d o n g cam truac bi kich t i n h than cua nhan vat

"^^c tiep l a i "
^^^^
^^^^
'^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ '^^P
"8"'^'
lanh tan t u y ciia m i n h k h o n g biet bao nhieu Ian n i i a ma ke. A n h chi mat

H p , m o t nha van - m o t t r i thuc gii>a " c o n dau be" ciia cuoc d o i , giua m o t xa
h o i "cho d e u " (Via T r p n g Phung) - N h a van ay g i i i d u a c p h a m gia cua m i n h , y
thuc d u o c " t h i e n chuc" cao ca cua m i n h vay ma danh bo tay bat luc. Co the
n o i , b i k i c h d a u tien t r o n g tan bi kich t i n h than ciia cuoc d a i H p la b i kich v{.
n h i r n g giac m p n g van chuang. A n h m o uoc den m o t ngay anh se viet dupc
m o t tac p h a m Ion chung cho ca loai n g u a i . N o de cap den nhCrng van de buc

xiic ciia ca xa h p i cua ca nhan loai. N o noi dupe n h i j n g cai Ion lao, m a n h me
v u a dau d o n vira phah k h o i , no ca t u n g long t h u a n g t i n h bac ai, s u cong binh.
N o l a m cho n g u a i gan n g u a i h o n " . Va nhat d j n h anh se giat giai N o b e l !
The n h u n g , t r o n g sang tac ciia m i n h anh da viet n h i i n g gi? A n h da cho ra doi
n h u n g sang tac n h u the'nao ? Chao 6i! A n h da viet n h i i n g bai ma t h a m chi khi
dpc thay ten ciia m i n h d u a l bai viet, anh phai " d o m a t " xau ho. A n h gian du voi
chinh anh. A n h k h i n h ghet n h i i n g tac pham chi biet " g p i n h i i n g t i n h cam rat nhe
rat nong bang m o t t h u van qua u bang phMng de d a i " ciia chinh m i n h . A n h dan
vat ghe g o m , anh len an chinh m i n h "Su cau tha trong bat c u nghe g i d i n g la mot
su bat l u o n g , con su cau tha trong van chuong thi that la de tien".

ma quat m i n g : "Ca con m? m a y niia cung dang vat chet". A n h da l a m tat
, ^-'j ca t r o n g say. Sao ma tai hai qua ! A n h da v i p h a m le song ciia m i n h , v i
ugrn cai tot dep - cai phan " n g u o i " v 6 ciing cao d ? p t u o n g con d u p c an l i i b a i
anh da g i i i t r o n g le song t i n h t h u o n g ciia m i n h . A i ngo, cupc song van k h o n g
cho phep anh thuc hien dieu do. The ma nay, chinh cai le song ay anh c i i n g cha
dap not- Le song t i n h t h u a n g la cai dupc anh de cao nhat ma anh con v i p h a m
thi chang con g i n i i a ca. Bi k i c h nay ciia anh, Ian h o n gap b p i b i k i c h kia b o i le
song t i n h t h u o n g , cho d u a ciia bao gia t r i nhan p h a m khac sup do. Viet ve noi
dau nay. N a m Cao d u o n g n h u cung dang t h o n t h i i c c i i n g n h a n vat.
b. Bieu h i ? n t h u hai ciia gia tri nhan dao trong tac pham " D o i thvra' la
tieng noi ciia nha van len an to cao the l ^ c da gay ra noi dau cho nha van Hp,
day Hp den bo vuc ciia s u tha hoa, ciia bi kich k h u n g khiep. Bi k j c h ay c6
nguyen n h a n sau xa c h i n h tir xa h p i d u o n g t h o i . C h i n h xa h p i ay da day anh
phai lo " c o m ao gao t i e n " . N6i lo sinh ke da khien anh phai tir bo giac m p n g
van chuang. Va c h i n h n h i i n g that v p n g ay da khien anh cha dap len le song
tinh t h u o n g cua m i n h . N g u y e n n h a n ay c6 le anh k h o n g hieu d u p c - nguyen

C h i n h n o i lo ve tien bac da bupc anh phai viet n h i i n g bai trai v o i l u a n g tarn

nhan ciia xa h p i thuc d a n niea p h o n g kien - n g u y e n n h a n ma ngay ay n g u o i ta

va trach n h i e m . T r o n g dau anh l u o n quay cuong v o i nhiJng t i n h toan ve gia ca

da nhan ra. A n h chua t i m d u p c l o i thoat cho s u be tac. D o la cai be tac ciia t h o i

sinh hoat, ve b i i a an hang hang... t h i dau con cho cho van c h u a n g n i i a . A n h

dai ma anh d a n g song.

phai viet that n h a n h , that nhieu de n g u a i vp, dan con va c h i n h anh k h o i chet
d o i . Gia n h u anh c i i bo d i i t cai m p n g van c h u o n g t h i chac d o i anh chang khon
d o n den the ! N h v m g anh can n g h l t o i tac p h a m ciia anh - cac tac p h a m cho
toan n h a n loai nen anh lai cang dau d a n , cang kho dau. Chao 6i ! " D a u don
thay cho n h u n g kie'p song m u o n cat canh bay cao n h u n g lai b i ao cam g h i sat
da't" (Song m o n ) . D o chinh la bi kjch ciia cuoc d a i viet v a n ciia anh - b i kich
ciia n h i i n g giac m p n g van c h u o n g chinh la 6 cho do !

c. Bieu h i ? n thii ba ciia gia tri nhan dao trong tac pham " D o i thira' do
chinh la nha van phat h i ? n va tran trpng nang n i u ve d?p tarn hon ciia nha
van Hp.
H p la nha van chan chinh. A n h la nha van rat c6 y t h i i c ve nghe nghiep.
A n h me van, say v a n va c6 giac m p n g d ? p , m p t ngay nao do, anh se viet dupc
nipt tac p h a m m a se " l a m m o het tat ca cac tac p h a m ra c i i n g t h o i " . D o la tac
pham "ca n g p i t i n h t h u a n g , l o n g bac ai, s u cong b i n h . N o l a m n g u o i gan n g u o i

Bi kich dau tien ciia cupc d o i nha van H p va do cung la n g u y e n n h a n cho bi

hon". Tac p h a m do phai dat giai Nobel. D o la cuon tieu thuyet v i dai t r o n g d a i

kich t h i i hai - b i k i c h ciia m p t con n g u o i . Giac m p n g v a n c h u o n g syp do qua

Viet van ciia anh. N o se l a m rang danh cho anh, cho nen v a n h p c n u a c nha. D o

n h u n g bai viet au. The n h u n g H p van con chiit an l i i . D o c h i n h la cupc song, su

qua la uoc m o c h i n h dang ! K h o n g phai n g u o i ngh? si nao c i i n g khao khat n h u

t o n tai ciia v p con anh. Qua la m p t sai lam k h i anh ket luan: n g u y e n n h a n tritx

k h i b u o c vao con d u o n g van c h u o n g day k h o ai. N h a v a n phai biet xay

tiep cho s u sup do cac giac m p n g van c h u o n g chinh la v p anh va d a n con nheo

^oc m o dep, va khat v p n g ciia H p la khat v p n g m a n h me nhat va dep nhat. H p

nhoc kia. That v p n g t r o n g van chuang, b u o n chan t r o n g k h o n g k h i gia d i n h da

^ac d i n h d i i n g con d u o n g cho m i n h - xac d i n h t u t u o n g cho m i n h .

k h i e n anh t i m n i e m v u i t r o n g m e n r u p u . Va r u p u - ke " l a m do mat va den
danh d u " da d u a H p thanh ke v i p h a m n g u y e n tac t i n h t h u a n g . A n h t r o thanh
74

H p len an t h i i v a n c h u o n g re tien, h a i hpt, de dai. T h i i v a n c h u a n g "cau
"bat l u a n g " . H p yeu cau v a n c h u o n g phai sang tao, b a i "van c h u o n g chi
75


dung n?p nhung nguoi biet dao sau, biet tim toi, khai nhung nguon chua

khoi va sang tao nhung gi chua c6". Ho day hoai bao ve gia'c ma chinh phuc
dinh cao. Anh la nha van chan chinh.
Khong chi vay. Nam Cao con phat hien ra Ho la con nguoi giau long nhan
ai. Chinh trong Idi khang dinh ve tac pham trong tuong lai ciia minh, anh da
noi: tac pham c6 gia tri la tac pham "ca tung long tuong, tinh bac ai, sy cong
binh". Trong van chuong, anh muon ca ngpi tinh thuong va trong cupc doi
thuc, tinh thuang la tat ca. Chinh vi le song tinh thuong aia minh, anh da don
Tu, giiip T u thoat khoi nhimg tiii nhuc khi mot minh tra troi voi dua con
khong cha. Nhirng giot nuoc mat ciia T u va ciia ba m? gia ciia T u da khieh anh
xiic dpng. Ho muon khoc cho den khi "bao nhieu xuong thit cu tan ra thanh
nuoc mat" nhung gap anh, tinh thuong cua anh da toa rang den giup hp thoat
khoi nhung dan dau. Mpt nguoi dam bo cai doi bay nhay ciia tuoi xanh de
nuoi nang vp con chang la nguai diing cam lam sao ! Chinh tinh thuong - le
song tinh thuang da khien anh lam vi^c ay. Anh cao dep biet duang nao!
d. Bieu h i | n cuoi cung ciia gia tri nhan dao la niem tin ciia Nam Cao vao
kha nang \vtan day ciia nhan vat. Cuoi tac pham la hinh anh Hp 6m t u vao
long. Bao nhieu dau don, bao nhieu hoi han don nen lai a Hp de roi bat len
thanh tieng khoc. Tieng "khoc nuc nb, tieng khoc bat ra nhu qua chanh nguai ta bop
mqnh" cua Hp cho ta thay su hoi han va dau kho len den tot cung ciia nguai tri
thuc tieu t u san ngheo c6 nhan each. Gipt nuoc mat ay da nang do Hp, thanli
Ipc tam hon anh, giiip anh dung vimg tren bo vuc thSm ciia su tha hoa. Chac
chan dang sau nhCrng gipt nuoc mat ay la su "tro ve" cua nha van Hp.
3. D a n h gia chung: T u tuong nhan dao moi me ciia Nam Cao the hien d
viec nha van biet de cao nhirng khat vpng dep ciia nguoi t r i thiic, da biet thong
cam vai nhirng noi kho ciia hp. Nhirng " t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao"
ay da la dang quy, dang tran trpng bie't bao ! Dpc dao, moi me chinh la a long
thuang nguoi - tinh nguai nong dupm bao la dang sau lo'i viet van tuong nhu
dung dung lanh dam. Duong nhu nhung day dirt trong cupc doi ong - cupc
dai van sT kho ai - da nhap vao nhijug suy t u ciia Hp, da nhap vao tan bi kich
tinh than ciia Hp. Co nguoi noi. Hp chinh la hinh anh ciia nha van Nam Cao

thoi ki truac Cach mang.
Co the t u tin ma noi rang vdi "Doi thira". Nam Cao da bpc 16 dupe t u tuong
nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia minh khi vie't nhung dong bi kich ve Hp. Kinh
nghi^m va von s6ng da cho ong viet nhirng dieu c6 sue rung dpng, lay chuyen
long nguoi den thel Do chinh la nha t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia
nha van Nam Cao. Nhan dao 6 sir ca ngpi khat vpng d?p de ciia Hp, nhan dao
a su cam th6ng sau sac voi nguoi tri thuc... Va viet len dupe nhirng dong nhu
the Cling la nho cai nhan dao "moi me" dpc dao ciia Nam Cao.

Qua bi kich nay ciia Hp, Nam Cao da boc 16 duoc su cam thong, tran trpng
o kiep ng^^'i
trong cupc doi nay. Va phai chang t u tuong ay da ke
^^'^ dveQC ciia cha 6ng long nhan dao truyen thong. Nha van khong "phan anh
phan anh" ma sau nhirng cau chir tuong nhu lanh dam, tho a chinh la mpt
^ i i tim nhiet thanh, s6i noi - mpt trai tim ciia tinh nghia.
=j
III. K E T B A I
Tom lai, t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia Nam Cao da khieh cho nhan
vat du qua bao thang tram van dung virng voi tu each mpt con nguoi chan chinh.
LUYEN TAP:
E)e ra: Cam nhan ciia anh/chi ve gipt nuoc mat ciia Chi Pheo va ciia nha
van Hp.

ViNH BIET C U U TRUNG DAI
Nguyen Huy Tuo-ng

'su.

Loi binh ve Nguyen Huy Tuong va vd kich "Vii Nhu To".
Nha phe binh Pham Xuan Nguyen danh gia y thuc lich su ciia Nguyen Huy

Tuong va nhan dinh: "Thanh tuu Ion nhat va cao nhat ciia Nguyen Huy Tuong
6 v6 kich lich su "VQ N h u T6" da khang dinh y thiic lich sii ciia 6ng de cho
nguoi tiep nhan lich su van con mai thao thirc". Tu mpt su kien lich sii xay ra 6
the ky XVI, duoi thoi vua Le Tuong Due, Nguyen Huy Tuong da sang tao nen
va kich "Via N h u To". Lay de tai lich su nhung kh6ng nham muc dich lam sii
ma qua do, nha van xay dung dupe bi kich ciia mpt nguoi ngh§ si giiia khat
vong va hien thuc xa hoi. Via N h u To la mpt kien triic su thien tai, khao khat
muon xay dung mpt cong trinh kien true vi dai, tuyet m l cho non song. De c6 the
hien thuc hoa khat vpng ciia minh. Via N h u To nghe theo lai khuyen ciia Dan
Thiem - mpt cung n i i cung mang nhiong khat vpng nghe thuat Ion lao nhu Via muon uy quyen va tien bac ciia hon quan Le Tuong Due de xay dung "Ciiu
Trung dai". Chinh dieu do da day Vu N h u To - nguoi von luon tran tro ve cupc
song ciia nguoi dan - vao bi kich di ngupc lai quyen Ipi ciia nhan dan, bi hp coi
"con yeu con quy hai dan hai nuoc". Cuoi cung, Ciiu Trung dai bi d6't va Via
^ h u To t u dpng di ra phap truong nhan cai chet tren bi kich ciia chinh minh.
Theo Pham Xuan Nguyen, cau hoi ma Nguyen Huy Tuong nhac lai den hai
^an cuoi vo kich "Vu N h u T6": "Chang biet Via N h u T6 phai hay nhirng ke giet
Nhu T6 phai" cho den nay van chua mat tinh thoi dai. Do van con la mpt
hoi can nhirng cau tra loi ciia nhieu the'he tiep no'i.
(Hoi thao nhan 100 nam ngay sink cm Nguyen Huy Tuang (1912 -2012)
77


1: Phan t i c h tan b i k i c h cua V u N h u T o t r o n g doan t r i c h " V i n h b i ^ t
C m i T r u n g D a i " - N g u y e n H u y Tucmg.
Hl/ONG DAN
I.M6BAI

'T-^g

k h o n g nghe v i t u t i n m i n h " q u a n g m i n h chinh d a i " , " k h o n g l a m g i nen

va hi v g n g 6 chu t u o n g A n Hoa H a u .
T i n h h i n h cang liic cang n g u y kich. Le T u o n g D u e b i giet; d a i than, hoang
ji^u cung nix cua y ciang va lay; D a n T h i e m bj bat, . K i n h thanh dien dao.

in

" V u N h u T o " la v 6 k i c h Hch s u c6 q u i m o hoanh t r a n g xuat sSc cua Nguyen

j^hi quan k h o i loan d o t C u u Triang D a i thanh tro. Via N h u To m o i t i n h ngg.
Chang trc* ^''9''

^'"^

T r i i n g D a i roi b i n h than ra p h a p t r u o n g .

H u y T u o n g va ciia nen kich noi V i ^ t N a m h i ^ n dai. Tac p h a m duQC sang tac

2, N p i d u n g p h a n t i c h

vao n a m 1941, d u a tren m o t s u k i ^ n Uch s u xay ra 6 k i n h t h a n h T h a n g Long

a. B i k i c h la g i ? Theo tir d i e n van hgc, b i kjch la m a u t h u a n giira khat v g n g ,

vao thai hau Le. Tac p h a m g o m V h o i . Doan trich " V i n h biet C u u T r u n g Dai"

hoai bao, l i t u o n g cua ca nhan v o i thuc tai. Thuc tai chua d i i dieu kien cho ca

la h o i V, h o i cuoi ciia v 6 kich. T r o n g doan trich d u o c hpc, gay an t u g n g sau sac

nhan thuc hien khat v g n g , ly t u o n g ciia m i n h nen r o i vao that bai, t h a m chi

nha't t r o n g l o n g n g u o i dpc la nhan vat V u N h u To c i m g b i kich cua n g u o i nghe

dan den cai chet t h a m t h u o n g . H i e u theo nghla t h o n g t h u o n g la n o i dau k h o

sTthientai.

..

v6 xe dai dSng k h o n g eo each nao giai thoat. T r o n g "VTnh b i ^ t ciru T r i i n g D a i " ,

n.THANBAI

Vil N h u To la n g u o i nghe sT thien tai c6 l y t u o n g cao dep n h u n g lam vao canh

1. K h a i q u a t : V u N h u To la m o t nhan vat c6 that da t u n g d u o c " D a i Viet

ngp khong giai quyet dugc m o t each d u n g dan van de sang tao nghe thuat cho

su k y toan t h u " g h i chep rat ti m i : "Truoc day. Via N h u To m o t n g u o i tho 6

ai va de lam gi nghla la k h o n g giai quyet duge mo'i quan he phue tap giira

C a m Giang, xep n h u n g thanh nua l a m thanh kieu m a u cung d i e n I o n t r a m noc,

nghe thuat va d o i song cuoi eiing r o i vao bi kjch dau d o n .

dang len nha vua; nha vua bang long phong cho N h u To l a m do doc d u n g

b . T r o n g v 6 k i c h V i i N h u T o h i ^ n l e n la m o t k i e n true s u t h i e n t a i , la h i f n

t r o n g n o m viec d u n g h o n t r a m noc cung dien Ion c6 gac, lai k h o i cong lam

than ciia n i e m k h a o k h a t say me sang tao cai d?p: "la n g u o i ngan nam de c6

C u u triang dai. " ( K h a m D j n h Viet Su Thong G i a m C u o n g M u c C h i n h Bien,

mot.... CO the sai khien gaeh da n h u vien t u o n g cam quan, c6 the xay lau dai

q u y e n 26). T u y nhien, C u u T r i i n g D a i da l a m "Dan c h i i n g dau k h o , b i n h linh

cao ca, noc v o n may ma k h o n g he t i n h sai m o t vien gaeh n h o . . . chi vay b u t la

met nhoc. Q u a n n a m p h i i dap thanh chua xong dug-c, den day lai c6 l ^ n h bat

chim hoa da hien tren m a n h lua than t i n h bien hoa n h u canh hoa cong". D a n

cac nha m o n a t r o n g ngoai k i n h thanh phai lam, tap h o p n h a u lay ho, khieng

Thiem ciang da tirng n o i : "Tai kia k h o n g nen de uong. O n g ma eo menh he nao

da't. Vua hang ngay bat than n g u choi cac noi, cho nao v u a y t h i t h u o n g cho

thi nuoc ta k h o n g con ai de to d i e m nua",

bai vang, bai bac. Co cho da lam xong lai phai lam lai, sua d o i xay dap lai, he't

ciia tac gia ta thay Via N h u To la m g t nghe sT Ian m a n g t r o n g m i n h nhan each

nam nay qua nam khac, lien mien k h o n g d u t . Quan l i n h dap thanh mac chung

cao dep, m g t nghe sT eo hoai bao Ion lao, eo ly t u o n g n g h ^ thuat cao ca. Khat

djch le den m o t phan m u 6 i . " ( D a i Viet su ky toan t h u . Ban ky thuc luc, Quyen

vong nghe thuat ciia ong I o n lao h o n bao gio he't, ong m u o n xay d u n g m g t toa

XV, K y N h a Le, T u o n g D u e De). Sau do, T r j n h D u y San p h a n nghjch, day

lau dai vT dai "ben n h u trang sao" de cho " d a n ta n g h i n thu con hanh d i e n " .

" d i r n g de p h i tai t r o i " . Qua vai lai

b i n h , V i j N h u To bj t h g t h u y e n giet chet, xac quang ngoai cho, bj m o i nguoi

^•6 la mgt cong t r i n h kien true vT dai, tuyet m l , to d i e m cho non song da't nuoc:

k h i n h k h i n h o n u o c bot. T u y nhien, bi kich do cua h g V i l la s u oan khuat bai


ong chi la n g u o i thua l ^ n h ciia vua lam C u u T r u n g D a i v i the nhan dan lam

Ciru T r i i n g D a i hoan thanh, cao ca h u y hoang, giiaa coi tran lao luc c6 m g t

t u o n g ong chi biet p h u n g su cho hon quan bao chiia. N a m 1941, N g u y e n H u y

canh Bong Lai.... D o i ta k h o n g q u y bang C i a i T r i i n g D a i " . T a m H o n ciia V u

T u o n g da m i n h oan cho hg V i j bang v 6 kich nam hoi nay.

danh he't cho Ciru t r i i n g dai. Day la m g t khat v g n g cao dep n h u n g lai d o i lap

H a n h d g n g , s u k i ^ n c h i n h cua h o i nay c6 the torn tit n h u sau:
' ' L g i d u n g t i n h h i n h roi ren va m a u thuan giua nhan dan, t h g xay dai v o i ViJ
N h u To va bao chiia Le T u o n g Due, T r j n h D u y San cam dau m o t phe canh doi
nghjch t r o n g trieu d i n h da day b i n h noi loan, loi keo t h g t h u y e n l a m phan.
Biet t i n eo b i n h bien, bao loan t r o n g p h i i chiia, n g u y h i e m den t i n h mang
Via N h u To, D a n T h i e m he't l o i k h u y e n va giue chang di t r o h ; N h u n g Via khang
•7Q

^oan toan v o i nhan dan.
c. V i l N h u T o la m g t k i e n t r i i c s u tai ba. N h u n g V u N h u T o v i q u a k h a o
'^hat d a m me c h i m d a m t r o n g cai d?p ma t r o nen m o m p n g , ao v p n g :
Gia'c m p n g ay bat dau tir k h i ong quyet d j n h xay C i r u T r i i n g Dai cho Le
^^ong

Due, m u o n tay bao chiia de xay d u n g m o t cong t r i n h to d i e m cho d a i .

T r i i n g D a i - n h u cai ten cua no - la m p t cong t r i n h kien triic ma tam voc
79


k h o n g the chi t i n h d e m bang lu
gioi, troc na, h a n h ha n h u n g n g u o i chohg d o i . D a n cam p h a n v u a l a m cho

nghe qua cung da du k i n h hoang ("hai t r a m van cay gS chat d o n g cao n h u nu;

cung n u o c ki?t; t h p oan V u v i nhieu n g u o i chet v i tai n ^ n , v i o n g cho chem
bo t r o n . V i the cho nen nhan dan cam gian bao chiia, d o n g t h o i cung

toan n h u n g go q u y v 6 n g a n " , " h a i m u o i van phien da I o n , bo'n m u o i v a n phie'n
da nho, t u Chan Lap tai r a " ) . Tarn voc cua no, phai h i n h d u n g bang c h i n h taVn

'

trach, n g u y e n r i i a , t h a m chi la oan han k i e n t n i c s u day tai nang V u N h u

voc y t u d n g , khat v p n g day ngao nghe ciia n g u o i se tao ra no: m p t cong trin^,

" ' ' v a cuoi c u n g da giet chet ca ten h o n quan bao chiia Le T u o n g D y e Ian Via

dpc nhat v 6 n h j , v u g t xa tat ca n h u n g ky quan 6 T r u n g Quoc, A n D p , Chierr,

jsjhu To, d o t chay ca C u u T r i i n g D a i .

T h a n h , . . . va n h u n g cong t r i n h ma n g u o i d o i t u n g biet den, t u n g t r u y e n turig

d Trong thoi khac bien loan d u dpi, V u N h u To van k h o n g tinh, van say

L a i la m p t ky q u a n ben vij-ng, bat diet. Xay cong t r i n h , hp V u k h o n g thern

stfa vdi giac mpng C u u T r u n g D a i . M a u t h u a n d i n h d i e m d u p e giai quyet

" t r a n h t i n h xao" v o i n g u o i , chi " t r a n h t i n h xao v o i hoa cong"! D o la hi$n than

b i n g v u lyc. T r i n h D u y San cam dau b p n p h a n n g h i c h da nao loan k i n h thanh.

ciia cai D^p, k h o n g phai cai D ? p n o i chung ma la cai Dep "sieu dSng".

Chung t i m Le T u o n g D u e va giet chet ten h o n quan ay. C h u n g do't pha C u u

T u y n h i e n , cang sang suot t r o n g sang tao, thiet ke^ t h i cong C u u T r u n g Dai

triing dai, c h i i n g t i m V u N h u To de rira han. N h u n g V u d i i n g la m p t n h a n vat

ong cang xa r o i thuc te^ cang ao vpng. D a i C u u T r u n g lai la h i ^ n t h a n cho cai

bi kich. O n g k h o n g the nao tra l a i eau h o i "xay d u n g C i r u T r i i n g D a i la d i i n g

D^p xa hoa. Xay nen k y quan ay, tat nhien cue ky t o n k e m , m p t s u ton kein

hay sai, la c6 cong hay c6 tpi?. That dau d a n thay, b i k i c h thay cho den k h i

k h o n g chi t i n h bang tien cua ngan kho quoc gia, ma con phai t i n h bang ca m6

cupc n o i loan n o ra, D a n T h i e m mat cat k h o n g con hot m a u , h o t hoang den bao

h o i , n u o c mat va m a u nvea. M a D a i chi xay cho ke an c h o i sa dpa la vua d a m Le

cho V i i N h u To, neu k h o n g chay t r o n t h i ong se b i giet, n h u n g V i i N h u To van

T u a n g Due. C o n n h o d a i Tay C h u ben T r u n g Hoa, U v u a n g v i Bao T y ma bat

khong chju d i va v a n day d u t m p t eau hoi: " T o i eo t p i gi? T o i l a m g i nen tpi?

dan xay Giao D a i de an choi h u o n g lac, khien cho l o n g dan t r o n g nuoc oan han

Lam gi phai t r o n ? " . D a n T h i e m da chi ra: " A i ai eiing cho o n g la t h u pham.

roi cuoi c u n g d o i Tay C h u cCing di?t vong. Cai m a m m o n g b i kjch ciia ViJ Nhu

Vua xa xi la v i ong, cong kho hao h y t la v i ong, dan ehiing l a m than la v i

To 6 day la uac m o khat v p n g to Ion n h u vay n h u n g ban than t h i k h o n g thuc

ong...". O n g van cho la " h p hieu n h a m " . T h a m chi V i i N h u To con khang d i n h

h i ^ n d u p e v i k h o n g c6 tai chinh. Con p h u n g su cho h o n q u a n bao ehiia Lc

"Ba khong nen lo cho t o i . T o i k h o n g tron dau. N g u o i quan tir k h o n g bao gio sp

T u o n g D y e t h i o n g k h o n g bao g i o h p p tae. N h u n g roX D a n T h i e m xuat hien:

chet. M a v a n nha't eo che't, t h i cung de cho m p i n g u o i biet rang cong vi#e m i n h

sac d?p, l o i n g o n tieng ngpt va s u ton k i n h ciia D a n T h i e m da l a m cho V u xieu

lam chinh dai quang m i n h . Toi song v a i Ciru T r i i n g D a i , chet d i n g v o i Ciru

l o n g va bang l o n g xay C u u D a i . Cai oai oam la 6 do, va m a m m o n g b i kjeh cua

Triing Dai. T o i k h o n g the xa Ciru T r i i n g D a i m p t buoc. H o n t o i de ca day!". K h i

V u N h u To c i j n g la 6 do.

dupe D a n T h i e m giue gia chay t r o n b a i n g u y h i e m can ke, V i i N h u To con

Theo do, y nghia bieu t u p n g tham t r a m cua C u u T r u n g D a i d u p e xae lap tren
nhieu m o i quan he. V o i V u N h u To, C u u T r u n g Dai hien than cho " m o n g Ian
V o i D a n Thiem, C u u T r u n g D a i h i ^ n than cho n i e m kieu hanh nuac nha. V a i Le
T u o n g Due, C u u T r i i n g D a i la quyen luc va an choi. V o i dan ehiing, C u u Trung
D a i la m o n n o m o hoi, x u o n g m a u , . . . t u do bi kich da den v o i VCi N h u To.
V i qua d a m me t h i tho tai nang V u N h u To nao c6 hieu d u p e sau xa, tren
thuc te^ C u u T r u n g D a i da xay d u n g bSng mo h o i x u o n g m a u ciia n h a n dan \
neu d u p e hoan t h a n h t h i no eiing chi la n o i an choi xa x i , sa doa ciia v u a chU'i
g i o n g n h u cong t r i n h k i e n true " V a n N i e n " eiia t r i e u d i n h N g u y e n sau nay :
" V a n nien la v a n n i e n nao? T h a n h xay x u o n g l i n h , hao dao m a u d a n " . N h i '
vay, V i i N h u To da sai l a m k h i I p i d u n g quyen luc eua bao ehua de t h y e hien

"Ngay t h o " : " H p t i m t o i n h u n g c6 l y g i hp giet t o i . T o i eo gay oan gay t h i i gi v o i
ai". Cau n o i the h i ^ n sy bao t h u va c6 phan me m u p i . N g a y ca k h i b i bat V i i van
khong t i n la sy that, van vTnh bi$t D a n T h i e m " d o i ta ehua tan, m ? n h ta chua
cung. Ta se xay m p t dai vT dai de ta l o n g t r i k y " . K h i b i quan sT va vao m i ? n g V u
van khong n g i m g n o i ve C i r u T r i i n g Dai: " . . . v a i n a m niia, D a i ciru t r i i n g se hoan
thanh, cao ca, b u y hoang giira coi tran lao lyc, c6 m p t canh Bong L a i " . Tan mat
chung kien canh d o t pha, nghe tieng quan reo t i m m i n h p h a n h thay, ong van
cho la dieu " v 6 l y " . D e n chet van h i v p n g se thuyet p h y c dupe A n H o a H a u , m p t
cam dau m p t phe n o i loan, song sy thyc da dien ra m p t each p h u phang tan
•^an, k h o n g n h u ao t u o n g cua V i i N h u To. A n H o a H a u da cho quan d o t pha
'^nh thanh, d o t pha ca C i r u T r i i n g D a i . Ciru T r i i n g dai tan thanh tro b y i .

khat v p n g n g h f thuat ciia m i n h . C h i d u n g tren lap t r u o n g ngh? si t h u a n tuv

e. C h i den k h i C u u T r i i n g D a i b i chay, V i i N h u To m o i n h a n ra s y thyc ve

nen da v 6 h i n h chung, t r o thanh ke d o i nghich v o i nhan dan, gay dau k h o ch^'

6ia^c mpng Ion da tan tanh. V i i N h u To " r u l e n " k i n h hoang va h i y e t v p n g

n h a n dan. De xay d u n g C u u dai, trieu d i n h da ra l | n h tang s u u thue^ bat them

" ^ o t t h y c r o i ! D o t t h y c roi!... 6 i m p n g Ian, D a n T h i e m , C i r u T r i i n g D a i ! " N o i

fin

81


Cty TNHHMTVDWlI

dau vo mpng hoa thanh tieng keu bi thiet, nao nung, khac khoai - V i i N h u To
"da chet" truoc khi ra phap truang. Tat ca chi la ao vpng. Dan Thiem va Via bj
bat, Ctru Trung Dai bi thieu huy thi Vu mdi bung tinh, ngvra mat len trdi ma
cat len tieng than ai oan tuy?t vpng "Dot thyc roi! Oi dang ac! Troi oi! Phii cho
ta cai tai de lam gi. 6i mpng ion! 6i Dan Thiem! 6i Ctm Trung Dai! Thoi the la
het! Dan ta den phap truang". Trong tieng keu than ay, tieng "Dan Thiem,
mpng Ion Cuu Trung Dai" don d^p vang len hoa nhap vao nhau thanh khiic ca
bi trang, ai oan, day tiec thucmg. Do chinh la am huong chu dgo ciia doan trich
"VTnh bi?t Cuu Trimg Dai". Vay la cuoi cimg Vu N h u To cung da phai tra gia
cho chinh hanh dpng ciia minh. Cai chet ciia nguai nghf si vua dang thuong
l?i vua dang gi^n.
3. D a n h gia c h u n g

hi marig cai d?p thuan tuy, no phai c6 muc dich chan chinh la ph\ic vy nhan
^ . „(, vv cupc doi. "Van chuong khong chi la van chuong ma thyc chat la
doi, cupc doi la noi xuat phat va la noi di toi ciia van chuong". Nguai ngh?
'^'^ai CO hoai bao Ian, c6 khat vpng sang tao nhiing cong trinh v i dai cho muon

nhung cung biet xu ly diing dan moi quan h? giiia khat vpng dp voi dieu
te cupc song vai doi hoi ciia muon dan". Mpt van de dat ra nua la "Xa
^ " p h a i biet tao dieu ki^n sang tao cho cac tai nang, vun dip tai nang, quy trpng
niu nhung gia tri nghe thuat dich thuc".

n6i dung v a ngh^ thu&t:

- Npi dung: Bi kjch Vu N h u To da thiic tinh y thuc cua chiing ta ve vari de
muon thud : M o i quan h$ giiia nghf thuat va cupc song - NGHE T H U A T PHAI
VI N H A N SINK thi nghf thuat moi ton tai va dupe nhan dan ton tho, nang
niu, bao v^. La mpt ngh^ sT day tai nang va giau sang tao, Vu N h u To muon
khang dinh tai nang ciia minh, muon to diem cho dat nuac, muon lam d?p cho
doi, nhung khat vpng ngh? thuat va dam me sang tao ciia ong da dat lam nai
lac chon, lac di^u vai thai the, xa roi thuc te; nen da phai tra gia bSng chinh
sinh m^nh ciia ban than va ciia ca cong trinh tham dam mo hoi tam nao ciia
minh. Nguai doc, nguai xem thuong nguoi ngh^ si c6 tai c6 tam, dam me nghe
thuat, khao khat sang tao, san sang hi sinh tat ca cho cai d?p nhung xa roi thyc
te^ ma phai tra gia dat bang ca sinh m f n h va ca cong trinh nghf thuat day tam
huyet sang tao ciia minh. Qua tan bi kich ciia nguai ngh^ si thien tai Vu N h u
To, N g u y i n Huy Tuang gpi nhiing suy nghi sau sac ve moi quan h^ giiia
nguoi ngh^ si voi boat dpng sang tao ngh§ thuat va thuc te doi song nhan dan.
Vi vay van de tac gia dat ra ngay ay, gio day buoc sang thien nien k i mai, no
van con nguyen gia tri.
- Ngh^ thuat: Doan trich da the hi|n mpt ngon ngu kich dieu liiy?n, c6
tinh tong hpp cao. Cach dan dat cac xung dot kich the hi^n h'nh each, tam trang
nhan vat thong qua ngon ngu va hanh dpng rat thanh cong. Cac lap kich ngan,
thay doi lien tyc, loi thoai gap gap, cac tieng reo, tieng thet...tao mpt khong
gian bao luc kinh hoang den chong mat. Vifc dat nhan vat trong khong gian
cung cain vai cac ten dat, ten nguai cy the it nhieu c6 yeu to' su sach lam cho
v6 kich hoanh trang, c6 khong khi lich sii.

Xuan Dieu
.

82

L 6 I BINH V E XUAN D I E U

1. "Xuan D i f u la mpt nha tho Ion, dac sac, doc dao ciia nen tho hien dai
Vi^t Nam... cho toi nay va nhiing nam thang truoc mat li^u c6 ai vupt dupe
Xuan Di^u trong linh vyc tho tinh? Va khong ai c6 the thay the dupe Xuan
Di?u"(T6Hmx)
2. Nha tha nu limg danh, ba Bra-gri-a-ma d chan niii Vi-to-sa (Bungari)
khi tuyen tha tinh tren the giai, ba da khoe vai cac
Vif t Nam: "Toi ma
dau tuyen tap hang tram tac gia nay hang nha tho Nga Puskin va ket thiic
bang nha tho Xuan Di^u - Vi?t Nam, Xuan D i f u la nha tha tinh Ian ciia
phuong Dong vay!"
3. "Xuan Di^u la ca mpt vi?n nghien cuu van hpc trong anh" (Che Lan Vien)
4. "Nha tho Xuan Di^u mat di, thay eo mang theo mpt mang doi van toi"
(Nguyen Tuan)
5- "Xuan Di^u la mpt nguoi eiia dai, mpt nguai a giira loai nguoi. Lau tho
ciia ong xay dung tren da't ciia mpt tam long tran gian" (The Lir - Lod tua cho
t^P "Tho tha")
6. Hoai Thanh la nguai dau tien cho rSng "Xuan Di^u moi nhat trong cac
nha tho mai". Tho Xuan Di^u con la mpt ngu on song dat dao chua tung thay a
^hon nuac non lang le nay. Xuan D i f u say dam tinh yeu, say dam canh troi,
^^rig vpi vang, song cuon quyt muon tan huang cupc doi ngan ngiii ciia minh.
vui ciang nhu khi buon, nguai deu nong nan, tha thiet...
(Hoai Thanh - Hoai Chan, Thi nhan Viet Nam, NXB Van hpc, tai ban. Ha

III. K E T BAI
Doan trich noi rieng va va kjch noi chung da de lai gia tri nhan vSn sau sac
rang: "Khong c6 cai d?p tach roi cai chan cai thien. Tac pham ngh^ thuat khong

Khang Vi^t

1998)
_^

Ne'u bay gio chi can gpi ten mpt nha tho trong tho mai thoi, thi gan nhu
ca se gpi Xuan Di^u"

" ' i "I '

'


Cam nangluyen thi dai hoc Ngu Van - Phan

DanhHieu

8. N g u y i n D a n g M a n h : "Xuan D i ^ u k h o n g quan ni%m t m h yeu chi la sij
giao cam xac thjt m a con la s u giao cam ciia n h u n g l i n h h o n m a day m a i la caj
khat v p n g cao nhat, cai d i c h cao nhat t r o n g t i n h y e u "

I , , Cai t o i t r u t i n h
Cai t o i tiit t i n h X u a n D i # u la cai toi c6 y thuc ca nhan m a n h me, day long
liam song:
+

l ; P h a n tich d o ^ tho sau day trong bai tho " V p i v a n g " cua Xuan
Di?u:

.

C h o huong dung bay di

3.

psf^y (Jay hoa cua dong npi xanh ri
Nay day la cua canh to pho phat

Cai t o i t r u t i n h dupe the h i f n bang g i p n g di?u say me; n h i p d i ^ u gap

gap; chuyen d o i the t h o l i n h hoat; t u ngir tao bao.

Ciia ong buom nay day tuan thang m|t
'

T i n h cam v u a thiet tha, rao rue, d a m say (bpc Ip h a m m u o n khae

chong ciia t h o i gian.

T o i muon bupc gi6 l^i

' •

+

jnpi giac quan) vira v p i vang, q u y e n l u y e h d o cam nhan d u p e buoc d i nhanh

Cho mau dung nhat mat

! is

nha t h o lay l a m chuan m u c cho cai d?p cua t u nhien.

thtfcmg; each g i a i t h i ^ u say sua, v 6 vap; cam nhan the g i o i ehung q u a n h bang

" T o i muon tat nang di

1V

^xXQC

Cach n h i n d a i tre t r u n g qua lang k i n h t i n h yeu. Ve d^p ciia con n g u o i

v

C u a yen anh nay day khtic tinh si

Danhgiachung

-

Thien n h i e n t r a n day sue song va xuan t i n h ; l o i the h i ^ n rat h i ^ n d a i .

-

Cai t o i thiet tha gan bo v o i tran the va khat khao t h u h u o n g n h i i n g

huong sac t r a n gian; bieu h i ^ n ciia m p t quan n i ? m song tich cue.

V a nay day anh sang chop hang m i
M o i buoi som, than V u i h i n g go cua
T h a n g gieng ngon n h u mgt cap moi gan
T o i sung suong. N h u n g vpi vang mpt niia
T o i khong cho n i n g ha moi hoai xuan."

CAC Y CAN DAT
t,

1. V a i n 6 t v e t a c g i a v a t a c
-

pham

X u a n D i | u la nha t h o " m o i nha't t r o n g cac nha t h o m a i " , da d e m den cho

t h o ca d u o n g t h a i m p t n g u o n cam xiic m o i , the h i ^ n m o t quan n i e m song moi

H I / 6 N G DAN CHI TIET

I.

M 6 BAI

Xuan D i e u la nha t h o ciia t i n h yeu va t u o i tre. O n g dupe m e n h d a n h la " o n g
hoang ciia t h i ca t i n h y e u " . Truac each mang, v o i hai t^p " T h a T h a " va " G u i

huong cho g i o " , X u a n D i f u da c h i n h thiic t r o thanh " n h a t h o m a i nhat t r o n g
cac nha t h o m o i " ( H o a i Thanh). Bai t h a " V p i V a n g " n a m t r o n g tap " T h o T h o "
la bai tha rat tieu bieu cho p h o n g each t h o t i n h yeu ciia X u a n D i f u viet ve m u a
xuan, t u o i tre. Tac p h a m de l ^ i dau ah ve n p i d u n g va n g h ^ t h u a t d^c sac m a
tieu bieu la doan t h a sau day:

-

V o i v a n g la m o t t r o n g n h u n g bai t h o tieu bieu ciia X u a n D i ^ u truac 1945.

each cam n h a n thien nhien, su song.
2. P h a n t i c h n d i d u n g
a. H i n h anh thien nhien
-

Ve dep a i a thien nhien:
+

Gan g u i , than quen (nang gio, hoa la, anh sang, thanh am...)

+

T u o i d?p, tran day sue song, n i e m v u i (dong n p i xanh r i , canh t o phc

phat, than V u i go cua...)
+

f(
-

T m h t u , q u y e h r u (ong b u o m , tuan thang mat, ngon n h u cap m o i gan...)

Thien n h i e n d u p e d i e n ta bang n h i r n g h i n h anh mod la; n g o n t u g p i cava,

t i n h te v o i n h i e u bi?n phap t u t u dac sac (nhan hoa, so sanh...); cii phap tan k i .

f f;,

' " T o i m u o n tat nang d i

me cung v a i n h u n g each tan nghe thuat tao bao.
Bai tho the h i ^ n tap t r u n g so t r u o n g ciia X u a n D i f u t r o n g vi^c bpc Ip cai t o i va

'

ri

T o i k h o n g cho nang ha m o i hoai x u a n "
n. T H A N B A I
1. K h a i q u a t : Bai tha " V p i V a n g " n a m trong tap " T h a T h o " , xuat ban n a m
^^38 la bai t h a tieu bieu ciia tap tho n o i rieng, ciia hon tho X u a n D i ^ u noi chung.
"Vpi
v a n g " la m p t trong n h u n g bai t h o tieu bieu ciia Xuan D i ^ u . Bai t h o the hien
trung so t r u o n g ciia Xuan D i ^ u trong vi$e bpc Ip cai t o i va each cam nhan
*hien nhien, s u song. Ca bai t h o the h i ^ n m p t nhan sinh quan m a n g y nghia nhan
sau sac. Thien d u o n g la 6 ngay tren mat dat. V i vay hay yeu men, hay gan
va song het m i n h v a i cupe song thuc tai day t u o i v u i nay. N o bpc Ip n i e m
song, khat song, tan h u o n g den v 6 bien va tuy^t dich ciia t h i nhan:

85

"Ta 6 m bo canh tay ta l ^ m r l n

^day chinh la phep t u o n g giao giua cac giac quan m a X u a n D i # u hgc dupe 6

L a m day da qua'n q u y t ca m i n h xuan

the ca p h u a n g Tay). Canh vat hi?n len deu c6 doi, c6 cap: " O n g b u o m - tuan

K h o n g muo'n d i m a i mai a v u o n tran

that's m ^ t " ; " H o a - d o n g n p i xanh r i " ; " la- canh t o " ; " y e n anh- k h i i c t i n h s i " ; . . .

Chan hoa re de h u t m i i a d u o i d a t "

£)i?p ngOt "nay d a y " dupe nhac lai nam Ian dien ta s u so'ng ngon ngpn p h o i

2. N 6 i d u n g p h a n t i c h

bay/

a. D o ^ n t h o m 6 d a u bkng b o n cau t h a n g u n g o n chua d\mg n h i m g khat

Xuan D i ? "

v p n g m a n h l i ^ t va tao bao ciia t h i n h a n :
" Jfi''

^ Cho m a u d u n g nhat ma't

ta c i i phai
Bong Lai Tien Canh 6 m a i chon m o n g l u n g hao huyen

nao? N o o "S^y 8^"'^

quanh ta". Thien nhien n h u m p t bira tiec tran

gian day n h i m g thyc d o n quyen rii: 6 do c6 canh ong d u a va b u o m l u p n , tinh

'^"^

tit ngpt ngao n h u " t u a n thang m a t " . M a u hoa t r o nen t h a m sac ngat h u o n g hon

Cho h u o n g d u n g bay d i "
Bon cau d a u c6 le la doc dao nhat trong bai t h a v i chi rieng no la the ngu
ngon.

dang d u n g truoc biic tranh va l i f t ke cho ta tha'y ve dep t u o i

jion, non na ciia m u a xuan. T h i sT n h u m u o n n o i v o i chiing ta rang: "Sao n g u a i

"Toi muon t i t n l n g di
Toi muo'n bupc gio lai

nhien h i n i t i n h x i n h d?p that dang yeu. Tir "nay d a y " lai la tvr chi tro.

N o la the t h o p h i i h ^ p cho v i f c the hien nhii'ng cam xiic v 6 vap cua

X u a n D i f u b a i cau t h a ngan lai giau n h i p d i f u . D i $ p n g u " t o i m u o ' n " duoc

"giiia dong n p i xanh r i " . Cay coi nay Ipc d a m choi tao nen n h i i n g "canh t o " v a i
nhiing chie'c la t u o i non pha't p h o tinh t u . Diem vao phong canh ay la tie'ng hot
dam say ciia loai c h i m yen anh da tao nen " k h i i c t i n h s i " say d a m long n g u o i .

nhac lai hai Ian c i i n g v a i do la hai dpng t u m a n h "tat, b u p c " da l a m n o i bat

Cap mat " x a n h n o n bie'c r a n " ciia Xuan D i f u con m a n g den cho n g u a i dpc

khao khat ciia nha tho. D o la khao khat " t a t nang, buoc g i o " de g i i i lai m a u hoa

mpt nguon nang l u p n g m a i t u m i i a xuan: "Va nay day anh sang chop hang m i /

"Cho m a u d u n g nhat m a t " de g i u lai sac h u o n g " cho h u a n g d u n g bay d i " . Do

Moi buoi som, than V u i hang go ciia". A n h sang buoi som m a i n h u phat ra t u

la khat v p n g chiem doat quyen nang ciia tao hoa de

h u a n g hoa t u o i tham

cap mat d?p v6 c i m g ciia nang cong chiia c6 ten la Binh M i n h . N a n g v u a tinh

m a i ben d a i . N g o n g cuong h o n ca la nha t h o muo'n v u t r y n g i m g quay, thoi

giac nong suo't m p t d e m qua, mat chop chop hang m i roi b u n g n o ra m u o n van

gian d i m g lai de t h i nhan tan h u o n g duac nhCing p h i i t giay t u o i tre ciia doi

hao quang. C h i n h anh sang a'y da t u o i len canh vat cang l a m cho biic tranh thien

m i n h . Bai nha t h a sg " t u o i tre chSng hai Ian tham l a i " , sp- " d a i t r o i chay, long

nhien gio'ng n h u m p t nguon n h y a song chay dao dat x u n g quanh cupc song ciia

ta k h o n g v i n h v i e n " . Suy cho c i m g khat v o n g ay ciia X u a n D i f u that ngong

con nguai. The m a i hieu n h i i n g khao khat ciia Xuan D i f u la d i i n g :

buQC

cuong n h u n g c u n g rat h g p l i .
b. Bay cau t h a t i e p theo, v o l tarn h o n k h a t song, k h a t y e u , tan h i e n , tan
h u o n g va k h a t k h a o giao cam m a n h l i f t , X u a n D i f u da k h a m p h a ra ve d?p

Chan hoa re de h i i t m u a d u a l d a t "

o i 1.

Hoac CO k h i ong khao khat den chay bong:
" T o i ke d u a rang ba'u m a t t r a i

q u a n h ta:

Ke d u n g trai t i m t r i u m a u dat
" C i i a ong b u o m nay day tuan thang m a t
,,.

N a y day hoa ciia dong n p i xanh r i

,

i,.

x u a n t u o i p h o i p h o i , day t i n h t u o n h u n g canh vat t h i e n n h i e n q u e n thuQC
.

,

" K h o n g muo'n d i m a i m a i 6 v u o n t r a n

>n fAfll T"^>l i l
mo '

H a i tay chin m o n g b a m vao d a i "
'

Xuan D i e u da ke't lai biic tranh m u a xuan bang m p t cau t h a day gpi cam

Nay day la a i a canh to p h a pha't

Thang gieng n g o n n h u m p t cap m o i gan". Day la m p t each so sanh day gpi

Ciia yen anh nay day khiic t i n h si

cam, CO m p t c h i i t nhuc cam. Thang gieng t h a n h tan, d i e m le, day anh sang,

'•

Va nay day anh sang chop hang m i

"^au sSc, a m t h a n h va h u a n g thorn t r o thanh "cap m o i g a n " rat " n g o n , n g p t "

^

M o i b u o i som, than V u i hang go ciia

cua n g u a i t i n h n h a n . M u a xuan la m u a d^p nhat t r o n g n a m . T u o i tre la tuoi

•'

Thang gieng ngon n h u m p t cap m o i g a n "

'^^P nhat ciia d a i n g u o i . Va chac chan ve ngpt ngao ciia n g u a i thieu n i i la ba

Bay cau t h a tren la m p t buoc t r a n h thien nhien m u a xuan d u o c ve nen bang

•^oi chin m p n g kia.

m p t h o n t h o c6 " C a p mat xanh n o n bie'c r o n " . Canh vat dang vao dp thanh tan,

O day, t r o n g su so sanh giiia thien nhien va con n g u a i , Xuan D i f u da mang

d i e m 1?. Buc t r a n h h p i t u day d i i h u o n g t h a m , anh sang va m a u sac, a m thanh

"^^n cho n g u a i dpc m p t quan n i f m n g h f thuat ve con n g u o i rat m a i me. Tho ca
87

try phdi dem so sanh voi cai d?p ciia thien nhien. B6i v|y khi mieu
net dep
aia Thiiy Van, Nguyen D u da long vao biet bao nhieu cai dep cua thien nhien:

•^^^^2: Cam nhan cua Anh/ chi ve quan ni|m thoi gian cua Xuan Di^u
-uado^nthosau:

"Van xem trang trpng khac vai/Khuon trang day d|in net ngai no nang/Hoa
cuoi ngQC tho't doan trang/ May thua nuoc toe tuyet nhuong mau da". C6n
Xuan Di^u dua ra mpt tieu chuan khac: con nguoi moi la chuan myc ciia cai
d?p trong via try nay. Boi con nguoi la tac pham k i di?u nhat ciia tao hoa. Nen
mpi ve d?p trong v u tru phai dem so sanh vol ve d?p ciia con nguoi. Quan
ni^m ngh^ thuat nay la mpt dong gop moi me oia Xuan D i f u vao tho ca
duong dai Vi^t Nam.

^

Xuan dang toi, nghia la xuan dang qua,
Xuan con non, nghia la xuan se gia.
Ma xuan het nghia la toi cung mat.
Long toi rpng, nhimg lugng troi cijr chat,
Khong cho dai thoi tre cua nhan gian;
Noi lam chi rang xuan van tuan hoan,
Neu tuoi tr^ chang hai Ian tham l?i

c. Hai cau tho cuoi la tarn trang cua nhan vat trtr tinh:

Con trod dat, nhimg chang con toi mai,

"Toi sung suong. Nhung vpi vang mgt nua

Nen bang khuang toi tiec ca dat troi;

Toi khong cho nang ha mod hoai xuan"

Mui thang nam deu rom vi chia phoi,

Trong mpt cau tho ma thi si c6 hai tam trang "Toi sung suong" - "Nhung

Khap song niii van than tham tien bi?t....

vpi vang mpt niia". Da'u cham 6 giiia cau da phan tach nha tho thanh hai niia:

Con gio xinh thi thao trong la biec,

niia sung suong va niia vpi vang. Tam trang "sung suong" la tam trang: "hanh

Phai chang htm vi noi phai bay di ?

phiic, lac quan, yeu doi, tuoi vui don nhan cupc song bang tinh cam triu men,
thiet tha gan bo. Con "vpi vang" la tam trang tiec nuoi boi nha tho sp tuoi tre

Chim rpn rang bong dut tieng reo thi,

qua d i , tuoi gia mau toi. V i the d i i dang song trong mua xuan nhung thi nhan

Phai chang

da cam thay tiec nuoi mua xuan ngay khi dang 6 trong mua xuan "Toi khong

Chang bao gia, 6i! Chang bao gia ntra.

cho nang ha moi hoai xuan".

Mau di thoi! Miia chua nga chieu hom,

3. T 6 n g ket ngh6 thu&t: Doan tho de lai da'u ah ngh? thuat sau sac. The
tho tvr do, su dyng nhieu di^p ngU, d i f p tu, so sanh ain d u . . . Cai toi t r u tinh
dupe the hi?n b^ng gipng d i f u say me; nhip di^u gap gap; chuyen doi the tho
linh hoat; tir ngu tao bao... Tat ca da tao nen mpt doan tho hay mang dam
phong each tho Xuan Di^u.
III. K E T BAI
Tom l^i, doan tho ta vira phan tich 6 tren la doan tho hay nha't trong bai tho
"Vpi vang". Bang ngon ngii rat d6i Tay phuong, nhung tinh cam ciia nhan vat
trii tinh lai rat gan giii, than quen. Xuan Di^u da mang den cho nguoi dpc mot
gipng tho 1?, mpt each cam nh^n ve miia xuan rat doi nong nan. Qua do thay

C A N D A T C A C Y SAU
1 . G i 6 i thi^u c h u n g
-

Xuan D i f u la nha tho noi tieng ciia phong trao Tho moi truoc Cach mang

thang Tam. Tho Xuan Di^u la tieng noi ciia mpt tam hon khat khao giao cam
voi thien nhien, con nguoi va cupc doi.
-

"Vpi vang" la bai tho ciia long yeu doi, yeu cupc song, dong thoi the

hi?n ro net phong each nghf thuat tho Xuan D i f u truoc Cach mang Thang
Tam. Doan trich la niem khao khat dupe song manh lift, song c6 y nghia, song
het minh voi mua xuan tuoi tre, thoi gian cupc doi...

dupe long yeu doi va khat vpng song manh li?t ciia thi nhan. Diing nhu nha

2. C a m n h a n ve doan t h e :

phe binh The Lu da nhan xet " N h u mpt tam long s i n sang an ai, Xuan Dieu

a) Ve d?p n p i dung

dang tay chao don nhyta song rao r?t ciia cupc d o i " .

dp phai tan sap sua ?

-

Doan tho the hien each nhin nhan ve thoi gian het sue dpc dao: Thoi

gian nhu dong chay khong ngung nghi. Cai ta dang c6 cung la cai ta dang
"^at, trong h i f n t^i da c6 qua k h i i va he mo tuong lai. V i v|y can phai song
the nao de moi phiit troi qua deu khong uong phi...
- Nuoi tiec thoi gian, tuoi tre cung chinh la quy trpng thoi gian cupc doi.
^Vr nuoi tiec do khoi nguon t u tinh yeu cupc song cuong nhif t, la niem khao
89


khat song - song va y nghia 6 moi phiit giay troi qua. Day la mpt quan niet^
nhan sinh moi me, dang tran trong ciia Xuan Di^u.

b)
d?p hinh thiic nghf thuat
-

Su dung phep di?p t u ngu, d i f p cau true

+ Di?p til "xuan" 5 Ian 6 3 cau tha dau tao nen su don dap, soi noi. Dg^
t u "xuan" 6 nhieu v i tri khac nhau voi nhieu lop nghia, cung voi su ket hngCr chi tinh chat (non, gia, het) nhan manh su chuyen dpng lien hoan khorig
Ingimg ciia thoi gian.
+ Di?p ngu "nghia la" 3 Ian cung voi di#p cau triic c6 y khac hpa ta^
trang hot hoang, lo lang truoc buoc di khac nghi^t ciia thoi gian.
- H$ thong t u ngu, hinh anh dugc dat trong the tuong phan doi lap cao
do (toi - qua, non - gia, rong - chat, xuan tuan hoan, - tuoi tre chang hai Ian,
con - chSng con) de lam noi bat tarn trang nuoi tiec thoi gian, cupc doi. Vu try
CO the vTnh vien, miia xuan roi cung tuan hoan nhung tuoi xuan ciia con nguoi
chi CO mpt Ian, da qua la qua mai.
J

- Giong di$u tho soi noi nhung khong tao dugc niem vui v i khong che

giau su nuoi tiec, xot xa, hon doi (noi lam chi, neu, tiec...)
3. D a n h gia c h u n g
-

Doan tho the hi^n tarn trang nuoi tiec thoi gian va cuoc doi cua mpt nha
tha von khao khat song, song manh liet het minh.
- Nguoi doc them tran trpng quan nif m nhan sinh moi me, tich cvrc, cam
xiic chan thanh cua mot tam hon nghe sT luon chay bong niem yeu cuoc song.
;

'

Hl/ONG D A N CHI TIET

1. M 6 B A I

Xuan Dieu la nha tho cua tinh yeu va tuoi tre. Ong dugc m f nh danh la "ong
hoang cua thi ca tinh yeu". Truoc each mang, voi hai tap "Tho Tho" va "Gui
huong cho gio", Xuan D i | u da chinh thuc tro thanh "nha tho moi nhat trong
cac nha tho m o i " (Hoai Thanh). Bai tho "Voi Vang" nam trong tap "Tho Tho"
la bai tho rat tieu bieu cho phong each tho tinh yeu cua Xuan Dieu viet ve mua
xuan, tuoi tre. Doan tho ta sap phan tich sau day la doan tho the hien quan
niem nhan sinh cua Xuan Dieu ve thoi gian va hioi tre va niem khao khat dugc
song manh liet, song c6 y nghia, song het minh voi mua xuan tuoi tre, thai gian
cupc doi:
> urirt
t

"Xuan dang toi, nghia la xuan dang qua
Mau d i thoi! miia chua nga chieu hom"

90

II. T H A N B A I

1 K h a i quat: Bai tha "Vpi vang" nam trong tap "Tho Tho", xuat ban
. 1938 la bai tho tieu bieu cua tap tho noi rieng, cua hon tha Xuan Di^u noi
^
g "Vpi vang" la mpt trong nhung bai tho tieu bieu cua Xuan Di^u. Bai tho

^ " hi?ri tap trung so truong ciia Xuan Di?u trong vi^c bpc Ip cai toi va each
- nhan thien nhien, sy song. Ca bai tho the h i | n mpt nhan sir\ quan mang
^' nghia nhan ban sau sac. Doan tha ta phan tich nam 6 phan giua ciia bai tho
^Vpi vang". 6 doan nay thi si tap trung the hi?n quan ni?m ve thai gian.
Thai gian trong thi ca trung dai la "thai gian tuan hoan", nghia la thai gian
(jugc hinh dung nhu mpt vong tron lien tue tai dien, het mpt vong lai quay ve
diem xuat phat, cu tro di roi tro lai mai mai. Ma da la vong tuan hoan thi thai
Ich^c, thai doan c6 ra d i thi cQng quay tro ve. Quan ni?m "thai gian tuan hoan"
xua't phat t u eai nhin tinh c6 phan sieu hinh, lay sinh m^nh v i i tru de lam
thuoc do thai gian.
Cach thuc trinh bay ciia Xuan Di^u la "chong doi", "tranh cai" lai quan
ni?m xua; dong thai bpc bach quan niem ciia minh bang mpt cam xiic soi noi
cuong nhi?t, nghia la mpt dang y thuc triet hpc da tham nhuan cam xiic. Doan
tho (tu cau 14 den cau 24, c6 the den cau 28) vai giong tranh luan, bien bac,
nhip di?u soi noi, khan truong va nhiing cau tho day m l cam ve canh sac thien
nhien da chua dung cam nhan ve thoi gian ciia thi si. Xuan Dieu da phii dinh
true tie'p quan ni$m "thoi gian tuan hoan" bang mpt cau that dut khoat: "Noi
lam chi rang xuan van tuan hoan".
r
Nhu vay, Xuan Dieu lua chpn cho minh mpt quan niem khac "thai gian
tuyen tinh". Nghia la thoi gian dugc hinh dung nhu mot dong chay xuoi chieu,
mpt di khong tro lai. V i the moi khoanh khac troi qua la mat di vinh vien. Cho
nen tam trang nhan vat tru tinh moi c6 thoang noi buon va noi hoai nghi.
2. Noi dung c a n p h a n tich, c a m nhan:
a. Quan nif m "thai gian tuyen tinh" ciia Xuan Dif u xuat phat tir cai nhin
dgng:
,. ui,^
"Xuan duong tai nghia la xuan duong qua
ru;., •
Xuan con non nghia la xuan se gia"

Xuan Dieu nhin cuoc dai bang con mat "xanh non biec ron" nhung ciing
^ o n g tranh khoi nhirng hoai nghi, mat mat. Dieu thi si sg nhat la tuoi tre qua
tuoi gia mau toi bai thoi gian la tuyen tinh nen thoi gian nhu mpt dong
^hay ma moi mpt khoanh khac qua la mat di vInh vien. Cach dimg cap t u doi
•^P trong hai cau tho "Toi - qua", "non - gia" da cho nguoi dpc thay ditgc six
nhan rat doi tinh te'ciia thi nhan ve buoc d i ciia thai gian. Thai gian nhu
^^»^g chay khong ngung nghi. Cai ta dang c6 cung la cai ta dang mat, trong
^i?n tai da CO qua k h u va he mo tuong lai.
'
91


b. Xuan Di?u lay sinh m#nh ca the ciia minh lam thuac do thdi gian. Tij^
la lay quy then gian h m i han ctia cupc din m i n h (sinh m#nh ca the) ra de (J^
dem thoi gian trong v u try. Tham chi t h i si lay quang ngSn nhat, giau y
nghia nhat trong sinh m fnh ciia con ngutri la tuoi tre de lam thu6c do:
"Ma xuan het nghia la toi cung mat
Long toi rpng nhung lupng troi cu chat
Khong cho dai tuoi tre ciia nhan gian

'

Noi lam chi rang xuan van tuan hoan
Neu tuoi tre chang hai Ian tham lai
Con troi dat nhung chang con toi mai
Nen bang khuang toi tiec ca dat troi "
Chu "Xuan" dup-c di$p d i di$p lai ca nam den sau Ian (trong ba cau dau da
CO toi nam Ian). "Xuan" ay vua la xuan cua dat troi vua la "xuan" ciia cupc doi
ciia tuoi tre. M o i Ian nhac lai la moi Ian ta bat gap cai ngam ngiii ciia thi

nhan

Xuan ciia thien nhien thi con mai ma "xuan" ciia doi nguoi da "het" thi "toi
cung mat". D i i long yeu c6 "rpng" den bao nhieu thi "lupng t r o i " v i n cu chat.
Nen "tuoi tre nhan gian" khong the " d a i " them mai. 6 day, he thong t u ngii,
hinh anh, dupe dat trong the tuong phan doi lap cao dp (toi - qua, non - gia,
rpng - chat, xuan tuan hoan, - tuoi tre chSng hai Ian, con - chJing con) de lam
noi bat tam trang nuoi tiec thoi gian, cupc dai. V i i try c6 the vinh vien, mua
xuan roi ciing tuan hoan nhung tuoi xuan ciia con nguoi chi c6 mpt Ian, da qua
la qua mai. Cho nen Xuan Di^u da nong nhif t phii dinh:
"Noi lam chi rang xuan van tuan hoan,
Neu tuoi tre chSng hai Ian tham l a i ! "
Thuoc do thai gian ciia thi sT la tuoi tre. Tuoi tre mpt di khong tro lai "ching
hai Ian thSm l a i " thi lam chi c6 s\f tuan hoan ! Trong cai menh mong ciia dat
troi, cai v6 tan ciia thoi gian, syt c6 mat ciia con nguoi that la ngan ngiii, h u u
han. NghT ve tinh han che ciia kiep nguoi, Xuan Di?u da dem den mpt noi
ngam ngui that moi me:
"Con troi da't, nhung chMng con toi mai
Nen bang khuang toi tiec ca dat troi"
Dpc hai cau tha, ta cam nghe rat ro tieng tho dai bat luc ciia thi nhan. Ta
nghe ro ca cai bang khuang, nuoi tiec ciia nha tha pha vao dat troi. Duong nhu
truoc mat nguoi dpc la ca mpt troi tiec nuoi. Tam trang ay ciia Xuan D i f u t
cung bat gap trong bai tho "Giyc gia":
"Doi troi chay long ta khong vinh vien
Vira xjch goi chan mpng vang tan bien

Dung nhan xe dpng sac d?p tan tanh
Vang son dang Ipng lay buoi chieu xanh
Vua ngoanh lai ca lau chieu da va"
phai chang vi qua yeu men tuoi tre ma t u su nuoi tiec ay, thi nhan da "thiic

n giac quan" de song "toan tam, toan y, song toan hon" ma "say", "thau",
^ j ^ . ^ " "can" cho ky het nhung huong nong ciia tuoi tre ?
< . •»
,
,
c Cam nhan ve thai gian cua Xuan Di|u la cam nhan day tinh mat mat.
I^oi khoanh khac troi qua la mpt s v mat mat Ian lao. S\f tan phai khong chi
ieti "khap song niii" ma con d ttmg ca the. Va thoi gian troi di se khien cho
cii nhan sic thien nhien di^u ky nay buoc vao dp tan phai. Mpt sy tan phai
khong the nao tranh khoi:
" M u i thang nam deu ram v i chia phoi
KhSp song niii van than tham tien bi^t"
Day la hai cau tho the hien rat ro each cam nhan tinh vi ve thoi gian ciia
Xuan Dieu. Cam nhan ay khong chi bang thi giac ma con cam nhan bang ca
khiiu giac " m u i thang nam", ca vi giac " v i chia phoi". Moi khoanh khac dang
roi bo hien tai de tro thanh qua khii dupe hinh dung nhu mpt cupc chia lia.
Khoanh khac nao cung la mpt chia lia, mpt mat mat. Va dong thoi gian dupe
nhin nhu mpt chuoi v6 tan ciia nhirng mat mat, chia phoi. Cho nen, thai gian
tham dam huong v i ciia su chia lia. Day len do day khap khong gian la loi than
tho tien b i f t "khap song niii van than tham tien bi?t". No la lai tha than ciia
van vat, la khong gian dang tien bi^t thoi gian, ma sau xa hon la moi su v?it
thoi gian dang ngam ngiii tien biet mpt phan doi ciia chinh no.
Nhung phan dai ciia sinh m f nh ca the dang ra di khong the nao cuong lai,
no tao nen su troi chay khong ngung, tao nen su phoi pha, phai tan eiia tung
cathe:
"Con gio xinh thi thao trong la biec

y

Phai chang hon v i noi phai bay di?

^...

Chim rpn rang bong dut tieng reo thi

?

.

•

Phai chang so dp phai tan s5p sua?"
Gio dua trong la khong phai la nhung am thanh ciia thien nhien tuoi vui
mua xuan, ma la loi "thi thao" ve noi hon gian, buon thuong. Gio phai chia
v6i cay la ma bay d i ; chim choc tren cay dang ca hat rpn rang chao xuan
^^^g ngimg bat, v i chiing buon tiec cho miia xuan sap troi qua. The la chSng
^^^^S gi Xuan Di?u ma ca van vat trong thien nhien cung thiic nhan ve cai quy
•^?t nghi^t nga, cai mpt di khong bao gio tro lai ciia thai gian ay. Co phai vay
Xuan Di^u dua ra mpt quyet dinh hpp l i cho minh va cho tat ca mpi nguoi
^oi khong cho nang ha moi hoai xuan".

'•'•>' ' ' '
93


0S 3: Phan tich dojan cuoi bai tho Voi vang - Xuan Di^u.

d. Ket thiic doan tho la mpt tieng thot:
"Chang bao gid 6i! chang bao gio nua
Mau di thoi miia chua nga chieu horn"

Thi sT bong thot len lai than. Tiec nuoi, lo lang va chpt tinh v i "miia chua
nga chieu horn", nghia la van con tre trung, chua gia. Len duong! Phai vgj
vang, phai hoi ha "Mau d i thoi". Cau cam than voi each ngat nhip bien hoa
lam noi bat noi long vua lo lang ban khoan vua luo'ng cuo'ng tiec re, bang
khuang. The day, khong the "bupc gio", khong the "tat nang", ciing khong the
cam giu dupe thoi gian, thi chi c6 each thuc te nhat la chay dua voi thoi gian, la
phai tranh thii song. Xua kia, Nguyen Trai viet trong chum "Tho tiec canh":
"Xuan xanh chua de hai phen lai
.,>j| ,

t

11 • ; Thay canh cang them tiec thieu nien".
Nhung van tho cua Nguyen Trai giiip ta cam nhan sac di?u t r u tinh trong
"Vpi vang" ve mau thoi gian, ve sac thoi gian, ve tuoi tre. Cung qua do de hieu
them ve long ham song den nhif t cuong ciia nha tho "moi nhat trong cac nha
tho moi".
Cach cam nhan ve thoi gian nhu vay xet den cung la xuat phat t u y thuc sau
xa ve gia tri cua su song ca the. Moi khoanh khac trong doi moi nguoi deu v6
cung quy gia, chinh v i mpt khi da mat di la vTnh vien mat di! Quan ni?m ay
khien cho con nguoi bie't quy tung giay phiit ciia doi minh. Va nguoi ta biet
lam cho moi khoanh khac cua doi minh can phai tran day y nghia. Co nhu the
moi la biet song. Day la co so sau xa cua thai dp song "Vpi vang".
R6 rang toan bp quan ni^m, thai dp ve "thoi gian tuyen tinh" phai song
"Vpi vang" cho cupc doi tuy ngan ngui nhung tran day y nghia, da the hi?n rat
tich cue, rat dang tran trpng cua t u tuong Xuan D i | u .
3. T d n g ket n g h § thuat: Sir dyng phep dif p ngu, dif p cau true; gipng
difu tha soi noi nhung khong tao dupe niem vui v i khong che gia'u syt nuoi
tiec, xot xa, hon doi (noi lam chi, neu, tiec...); H§ thong tir ngu, hinh anh dupe
dat trong the tuong phan doi lap cao dp. Tat ca da tao nen mpt doan tha hay

va giau y nghia mang dam dau an Xuan Dif u.
III. KET BAI:
Tom lai, doan tho the hifn tarn trang nuo'i tiec thoi gian va cupc doi cua
mpt nha tho von khao khat song, song manh lift het minh. Qua doan tho,
nguoi dpc them tran trpng quan niem nhan sinh moi me, tich eye, cam xuc
chan thanh cua mpt tam hon ngh$ si luon chay bong niem yeu cupc song. Noi
nhu Giao Su Nguyen Dang Manh: "Day la tieng noi cua mpt tarn hon yeu doi,
yeu song den cuong nhi^t. Nhung dang sau nhiing tinh cam ay, eo mpt quan
ni$m nhan sinh moi me chua thay trong tho ca truyen thong".
. •

Ca sv song moi bat dau mon mon
Ta muon riet may dua va gio Ivtgn
Ta muon say canh buom voi tinh yeu
Ta muon thau trong mpt cai hon nhieu
Va non nuoc, va cay, va c6 rang

" ' *''

Cho chenh choang mui thorn, cho da day anh sang
Cho no ne thanh sic ciia thai tuoi
- Hoi xuan hong, ta muon can vao ngtfoi!
HI/6NG DAN CHI TIET

f l i t ' vu

e. Danh gia chung ve quan ni^m thoi gian:

aA

Ta muon 6m

I.M6BAI
Xuan Di^u la nha tho ciia tinh yeu va tuoi tre la "ong hoang cua thi ca tinh
yeu". Truoc each mang Xuan Dif u noi tieng voi hai tap Tho tha va Gui huong
cho gio. Chinh hai tap tho ay da dua ten tuoi ciia Xuan Di^u tra thanh "Nha
tha moi nhat trong cac nha tho moi". Bai tho "Vpi vang" nam trong tap "Tho
tho" la bai tho rat tieu bieu cho phong each tho aia Xuan Di^u. Tac pham de
lai dau an ve npi dung va ngh^ thuat dae sac ma tieu bieu la doan tha sau day:
Ta muon 6m

, ^

Hoi xuan hong, ta muon can vao nguoi!
II. T H A N B A I

1. K h a i quat: Bai tha "Vpi vang" nam trong tap "Tha tho", xua't ban nam
1938, la bai tho tieu bieu ciia tap tho noi rieng, ciia hon tho xuan Di§u noi
chung. Ca bai tho the hifn mpt nhan sinh quan mang y nghia nhan ban sau
sac. Thien duong la 6 ngay tren mat da't chiing ta voi biet bao dieu hap dan va
quyen rii. V i vay, hay yeu men, hay gan bo va song het minh voi cupc song
*hyc tai day tuoi vui nay. No bpc Ip niem ham song, khat song, tan huong den
^0 bien va tuypt dich aia thi nhan. No lam ta nha tai cau tho trong bai tho " H u
ciia nha tho:

^ ph§n trgj,
^

Toi ke dua rang bau mat troi

'"h

Ke dung trai tim triu mau dat

"

Hai tay chin mong bam vao doi

' '

jj^j ^Yio, thi si luan giai cho nguoi dpc thay dupe tao hoa c6

"^a con nguoi de mai mai huong lac thii a cho'n tran gian nay dau. Doi
ngan ngiii, tuoi xuan c6 han va thoi gian troi di vinh vien khong tro lai.


u w i i i iiung

•wyTi

V i vay t h i n h a n "giuc gia" c h i i n g ta phai "nhanh len", "vQi v a n g l e n " de tan
h u o n g b i i a ti^c cua t r a n gian k h i m a "mua chua nga chieu horn", k h i m a x u l n

j5rig nguc tre t r u n g ay " m p t cai hon n h i e u " . M u o n t h u het vao h o n n h u a

bay '^^

" E m a i e m t i n h n o n sap gia r o i "

Co le c h i n h v i vay m a t h i nhan da khep lai bai t h o bang m o t do?n tho

m a n g sac m a u ai an m a n h H^t. 6 do ta thay d u g c s u v 6 vap, d a m say rat dgj
Xuan Dieu.

n h u y d o i cho den say "chenh choang" h i i t cho da cho day anh sang,

/'Cho no ne thanh sac ciia t h a i t u o i " m o i lao dao bay d i .
Cau tho:

;"Cho chenh choang m u i t h o m , cho da day anh sang . t i
Cho no ne thanh sac ciia t h o i t u o i "

2. N 6 i d u n g p h a n t i c h :
a. D o a n tha m d dau bang ba chu " T a muon 6 m " n h u phoi bay ra het sit
ham ho va cuong nhi^t ciia Xuan D i ? u voi cupc song tran the: T r u d c do nha
t h o x u n g " t o i " v o i uoc m u o n tao bao "tat nang, buoc g i o " n h u n g 6 doan tho
cuoi nay cai t o i ay da hoa thanh cai ta chung de tan h u o n g het n h u n g huong
sac cua cuoc d o i . N g a y lien do la cau tho the hi§n cai t u o i n o n cua "Ca cuoc
song m o i bat d a u m o n m a n " . " M a n m o n " la tvr lay rat g g i cam va giau y nghia
dien ta. N o g o i cam giac s u vat, cay coi dang 6 do n o n m u a t , t u o i tot day sue
song " T h a n g gieng n g o n n h u m p t cap m o i gan", k h i e n cho t h i n h a n tran len
bao khao khat:

E)iep t u "cho" v o i n h i p d p tang tien nhan m a n h

A t ' : i>i j?!
cac cap d p khat v p n g

huang thu dat den d p thoa thue, sung man, t r p n ven. X u a n D i ^ u m u o n tan
huong cupc song cho den " n o ne", "chenh choang", " d a d a y " . T r o n g n i e m cam
hiing o dp cao nhat, X u a n D i ^ u nhan ra cupc d o i , m i i a xuan n h u m p t cai g i quy

nhat, trpn ven n h u m p t trai d o i do hong, chin m p n g , t h o m ngat, ngpt ngao,
xuan hong, de cho nha tho tan h u o n g t r o n g n i e m khao khat cao d p .
Tha Xuan D i e u c6 dac t r u n g la su v 6 vap, cuong nhiet, m a n h bao. M o i m p t
Ian khao khat "Ta m u o n " t h i lai d i lien v o i m p t d p n g tir chi trang thai yeu
duong m 6 i liic m p t m a n h me, nong nan hon " 6 m - s u song" - "riet - may dua,
gio l u p n " - "say - canh b u o m , t i n h y e u " - "thau - cai h o n nhieu", de cuoi cung la

"Ta 6 m bo canh tay ta lam ran

mpt tieng keu ciia su cuong nhi^t, d a m say the h i ^ n n i e m y e u d o i , khat song

L a m day da quart q u y t ca v u a n xuan

chua t u n g c6 t r o n g t h o ca Viet N a m " H o i xuan hong, ta m u o n can vao n g u o i ! " .

Khong muon di, mai mai 6 v u o n tran

Day chinh la d i n h d i e m ciia s u khao khat chay bong ciia nha tho.

Chan hoa re de h i i t m i i a d u o i dat"

D u o i n g o i b i i t ciia X u a n D i ? u va trong anh mat "xanh non", "biec r o n " ciia

(Thanh nien)
b. V a dang sau khao khat " 6 m ca s u song mon motn" ay la n h i m g cau tho
manh bao, gap gap, gi\ic gia tran day noi yeu:

thi si, m i i a xuan hien len ro ret va s6hg d p n g n h u c6 h i n h c6 dang, c6 h o n c6
sac "Xuan h o n g " . M i i a xuan n h u m 6 i , n h u ma ciia m p t n g u o i thieu nix tre
trung, tran tre n h u a song va dep x i n h , t r i n h nguyen dang rao rue yeu d u o n g ,

Ta m u o n riet may d u a va gio l u g n

hay n h u m p t qua chin ngpt t h o m t r o n g v u o n " T h a n g gieng n g o n n h u m p t cap

Ta m u o n say canh b u o m v o i t i n h yeu

gan". D u n g t r u a c cai hap dan ciia m i i a xuan, cupc song, t h i sT h i n h n h u

Ta m u o n thau t r o n g m p t cai h o n n h i e u

khong nen n o i long yeu da d i den m p t c i i chi ciing that dang y e u :

Va n o n nuoc, va cay, va c6 rang

"Ta m u o n can vao n g u o i !"

Cho chenh choang m u i t h a m , cho da day anh sang
n ^

l u p n " , m u o n d a m say v o i "canh b u o m t i n h y e u " , m u o n g o m het

g'ng dat dao " V a n o n nuoc, va cay, va c6 r a n g " . De roi, chang n h u con ong

" M a u d i thoi m u a chua nga chieu horn
;,

^^'a
,

dang non, xuan chua gia:
Va b a i :

, ^uong nhiet cua nha tho. T h i nhan n h u m u o n 6 m het vao l o n g m i n h " m a y

Co le t r o n g cac bai tho ciia Xuan Dieu truoc Cach m a n g t h i day la n h i r n g

Cho no ne thanh sac ciia t h o i t u o i

\'an tho X u a n D i e u nhat. V i m o i cau, m o i chir deu m a n g h o i t h o nong nan,

M p t doan t h o ngan m a c6 t o i bo'n, n a m t u "ta m u o n " d u p e lap d i , lap lai n h u
n h i p d i ^ u h o i ha, n h u h o i t h o gap gap ciia t h i nhan. C h u n g to X u a n D i f u nong

*^3m say, h a m song ciia " m p t nha tho m o i nhat t r o n g cac nha t h o m a i " .
3. D a n h g i a c h u n g v e n o i d u n g v a n g h e t h u a t :

nhi?t den r o i rit, cuong quyt, n h u m u o n cung liic giang tay 6 m het ca via t r u , ca

n p i d u n g , doan t h o n o i rieng va bai t h o n o i c h u n g da the hien cai t 6 i ca

cupc d o i , m i i a xuan vao l o n g m i n h . Song n h u the v o i X u a n D i e u m o i thuc la

J^han day say me, rao rue. Xuan D i e u da bpc 16 m p t cai t o i tran day s u them

s6'ng, m a i d i den tan c i m g cua n i e m hanh phuc d u p e s6'ng. D i $ p ngu

"Ta

dupe song, d u p e tan h u o n g m p t each cuong nhi?t n h i i n g thanh sac ciia

m u o n " n h u y nghia ciia no da n o i len dupe cai h a m m u o n khat t h e m d e n han'

^^9c d o i . T h i si n h u m u o n giang r p n g ca d 6 i tay, ca l o n g nguc ciia m i n h de d o n

OA...

.

.

97


a. Cam n h | n n i e m k h a t k h a o t ^ n h u 6 n g sijr song:

n h i i n m u a x u a n ciia t i n h yeu, ciia t u o i tre. N o i khat t h e m ay la xuat phat t u rriot
q u a n n i # m n h a n sinh tien bp, tich eye cua Xuan D i ^ u t r u o c

CUQC

d a i : Mau

c h u v p i v a n g len v d i c h u / E m a i e m t i n h non da gia r o i (Due Da).

.

Cai t o i b a m riet, say sua tan h u o n g ve d?p ciia s y song t r a n the; the i i i ^ n

quan n i ? m m o i m e ve cai d?p, m i i a xuan, t u o i tre va t i n h y e u .

V e ngh§ thuat, t h a n h cong ciia doan t h o chinh la n h o v a o m p t so' yeu to

.

4

Cai t o i n h a n thue d u p e s u t r o i chay eiia t h a i gian v a s y ngan n g i i i ciia

ngh$ t h u a t : d i ^ p n g u "Ta m u o n " dugc lap d i l ^ p lai n h i e u I a n ; s u d u n g dorig

Ide'p n g u o i ; d o d o p h a i song c6 y nghla, tran t r p n g h i n g giay p h i i t ciia cupc d o i

tvr m a n h : thau, riet, say, h o n , can; gipng di?u say m e ; n h i p d i ^ u gap gap,

b i n g t a m the'song v p i vang, cuong q u y t .

chuyen d o i the t h o l i n h ho^t; t u n g i i tao bgo the hien cai t o i t r a n day cam xuc
cua tac gia.

Cai t o i d u p e the hi?n bod s u ket h p p g i i i a cam xiic trir t i n h va triet luan,

hinh anh t h o dpc dap, m o i la; n g p n n g i i t h o t u nhien, sinh d p n g ; the t h a t y do;

III. K E T BAI
Tom

.

ca'u triie cau t h o l i n h hoat; g i p n g d i e u gap gap, spi np'i,...

doan t h a ta vfra p h a n tich a tren la m p t doan t h o h a y nha't trong

b. B i n h l u a n ve cac y k i e n :

bai t h o V p i vang. D o a n t h o da g i i i p ta h i n h d u n g d u o c tarn h o n X u a n Dieu,

-

m o t cai t o i yeu d o i , giau xiic cam, m o t n h a n sinh quan tien bp ve cupc d o i . Voi
n h u n g g i the hi?n 6 tren, X u a n D i ^ u rat x u n g dang v o i d a n h h i $ u : " N h a tho
mod nha't t r o n g cac nha t h o mod" (Hoai Thanh).

Bac b o y k i e n cho r i n g do Id tieng noi cua cai toi vi ki tieu cue
+

toi, xem m p i tiehg n p i ciia cai t p i d e u la tieu cue, d p n g nha't s y h u o n g t h u
chinh dang eiia con n g u o i v o i 16'i song ca n h a n chii nghia.
+

4: N h a n d i n h ve niem khat khao tan hirong s\ song trong bai tha
Voi Vang cua Xuan D i ? u , tvmg c6 y kien cho r i n g : "do Id tiehg noi cua cai

dia chii nghia h u o n g lac.
-

nhtrng y kien tren.

+

1. Vai n6t ve tac gia va tac pham:
X u a n D i ^ u la n h a t h o Ion ciia p h o n g trao T h o m o i ; h o n t h o l u o n khat

khao giao cam v o i dod va tan h u o n g s u song; p h o n g each t h a m a i me, dpc dao,
giau sue sang tao, c h i u anh h u o n g sau sac ciia van hpc h i f n dai p h u o n g Tay.

khao tan h u o n g s y song ciia cai t o i 6 bai t h o Voi vdng, x e m d o la bieu h i f n
manh l i ^ t eiia cai t o i ca n h a n tich eye.
+

ciia cpn nguod, dac biet la tang l o p thanh liien.

Vgi vang la m p t tac p h a m dac sac, rat tieu bieu chp p h o n g each t h a Xuan

DAYTHONVIDA

s u song ciia cai t o i tac gia.

H a n Mac T u

2. Giai thich y kien:
Cai toi la bieu h i f n cao d p ciia y thue ca nhan, xuat h i ^ n k h i con n g u o i co

n h u cau d u p e la c h i n h m i n h .
-

Cai toi vi ki tieu cue la cai toi nha't nha't chi v i m i n h , de cao m i n h m p t each

cue doan, bat chap tat ea. Cai toi ca nhan tich cue la cai t o i v o i n h i i n g khat vpng
nhan ban c h i n h dang, h u o n g t o i n h i i n g gia t r i song tot dep, lanh m a n h .

3. Cam nhan niem khat khao tan huong six s6ng trong V6i van^
va binh luan ve hai y kien:
98

O t h a i dai T h o m o i , khat khao tan h u o n g s y so'ng ciia cai t o i ay da c6

anh h u a n g tich eye sau sac den y thiie ca nhan, l o n g y e u d a i , y e u cupc sp'ng

D i e u truoe Cach m a n g thang Tam; the hi?n sau sac n i e m khat khao tan huong

-

Y k i e n xuat phat t u q u a n d i e m d i i n g d a n coi t r p n g q u y e n sp'ng chinh

dang eiia eon n g u o i ca nhan, v i the da nhan ra t i n h n h a n ban t r o n g n i e m khat
D A N BAI

-

K h a n g d i n h s y d i i n g din ciia y k i e n : do Id tiehg noi cua cai toi ca nhan

tich cue

Tvr ckm nhan ciia m i n h ve niem khat khao do, anh/chj hay b i n h luan

-

The hien d i n h k i e n hep h o i d o i v o i y t h i i c t r a n q u i b a n t h a n eiia eon

nguoi, d o n g nha't vi?c tan h u o n g s y song lanh m a n h , ti'ch cue v o i I6i song gap

toi vi ki tieu cue". L a i c6 y kien khang dinh: "do Id tiehg noi cua cai toi ca

nhan tich cue".

Y kien xuat phat t i i quan d i e m cu, qua cpi t r p n g cai ta m a cpi nh? cai

*

L O I B I N H V E H A N M A C TU" V A T H O

-

T r u o c k h o n g eo ai, sau k h o n g c6 ai, H a n Mac T i i n h u m p t n g o i sao choi

^o?t qua bau t r o i V i ^ t N a m v o i cai d u o i choi 16a rye r o eiia m i n h "
"

"Toi x i n h i i a h ? n vod cac n g u o i rang, m a i sau, n h i i n g cai t a m t h u o n g ,

'^Vc thuoc kia se bien tan di, va con lai ciia cai t h o i k y nay, chiit g i dang ke d o
' ^ H a n M a c T i i " (Nha tho C h e L a n Vien)


- "Se khong the giai thich dugc day du hien tvrong Han Mac Tix neu chi
van dung thi phap cua chu nghia lang man va anh huong cua Kinh thanh.
Chung ta can nghien cmi them ly luan cua chu nghia tuong trung va chii
nghia sieu thuc. Trong nhung bai tho sieu thuc cua Han Mac Tit, nguoi ta
khong phan biet dugc h u va thuc, sac va khong, the gian va xuat the gian, cai

huu hinh va cai v6 hinh, noi tarn va ngoai gioi, chii the va khach the, the gioi
cam xuc va phi cam xiic. Moi giac quan bi tron Ian, moi logic binh thuong
trong t u duy va ngon ngir, trong ngii phap va thi phap bi dao Ion bat ngo. Nha
tho da CO nhimg so sanh v i von, nhung doi chieu ket hgp la ky, tao nen su doc
dao day kinh ngac va kinh di doi voi nguoi doc" (Nha phe binh van hpc Phan
C u D?)
- "Han Mac Tu c6 khoang bay bai hay, trong do c6 bo'n bai dat den do toan
bich. Con lai la nhiing cau tho thien tai. Nhung cau tho nay, phi Han Mac Tu,
khong ai c6 the viet noi. Tie'c la nhiing cau tho ay lai nam trong nhirng bai tho
con rat nhieu XQC xf ch..." (Nha tho Tran Dang Khoa)
- "...Theo toi tho doi Han Mac Tu se con lai nhieu. 6 n g la nguoi rat c6 tai,
dong gop xung dang vao Tho moi." (Nha tho Huy Can)
- "...Mot nguon tho rao rat va la lung..." va "Vudn tho Han rong khong bo
khong ben cang di xa cang on lanh..." (Nha phe binh van hpc Hoai Thanh)
(Ngu van 11, Ban co ban, NXB Giao due Vi^t Nam 2011)
HI/6NG D A N CHI TIET
I. M6 BAI:
Han Mac Tu la hon tho dau thuong nhung la mpt nha tho c6 sue sang tao
manh me nhat trong phong trao tho moi. 6 n g de lai cho van hoc Viet Nam
nhieu tac pham c6 gia tri nhu: "Gai que", "Tho dien", "Choi giiia mua
trang"... Dac sac va gay xiic dong nhat la bai "Day thon V i Da" dugc trich
trong tap "Thg dien". Bai tho la buc tranh tuyet dep ve mien que dat nuoc va
la tieng long cua mgt con nguoi tha thie't yeu doi, yeu nguoi:
"Sao anh khong ve choi thon VT ?

dang yeu - tinh yeu tha mong dam say, lung linh trong anh sang huyen ao. Bai
tho giai t * 3 y "^9t noi niem bang khuang, mot khao khat ve hanh phiic ciia thi sT
(Ja tinh, c6 nhieu duyen ng voi canh va con nguoi VT Da.
2. N6i dung c a n p h a n tich cam nhan:

uu,! \IM^.\
a. Bai tho mo dau bang mpt hoai ni^m menh mang ve cAnh va nguoi thon
VJ. Buc tranh tho d?p con tinh nguoi thi tha thiet nho mong:
Sao anh khong ve choi thon VT
i > : • ? id! v j i
Nhin nang hang cau nang moi len
; " • ' •?
Vucm ai muot qua xanh nhu nggc
La true che ngang mat chir dien

on

«..

Canh sac thon VT dugc chiem ngudng t u xa den gan. Tu xa nha thg da nhin
thay "nang hang cau nang moi len", cau tho voi diep t u "nang" ggi trong mat
nguoi dgc mot khong gian tran anh sang, canh hien len ro net song dong, dau
tien la ve dep cua nang hang cau t u xa nhin toi thi nhiing than cao kieu hanh
vuon len don nang dau tien. Nhac den VT Da thon, hinh anh dau tien hi?n len
trong tam t r i nha tho la nhiing "hang cau" (cau la canh dep, cau la hon Viet
Nam). Boi v i cau la loai cay thanh nha, xinh xan voi than hinh thang tap, tan la
xanh tuoi; cau cgn la loai cay rat than thugc vgi lang que Viet Nam, ngi c6
phong tuc an trau t u ngan dgi nay. Nguyen Binh - mgt nha thg canh que, hon
que cung da dat moi tinh binh di ciia doi trai gai thon que tren cai nen phong
canh CO hinh anh than cau quen thuoc ay:
"Nha anh CO mgt hang cau

II. T H A N BAI

-I

• •

Mo dau bai tho la mot cau hoi tu t u "Sao anh khong vechai thon Vi?". Cau hoi
do chinh la su phan than ciia nha tho, nha tho hoa than vao c6 gai Hue de hon
ddi, trach moc nhe nhang nhung dang sau do an giau loi moi mgc rat chan
tinh. Nha tho su dung t u "choi" ma khong su dung t u "tham". Neu su dung
tix "tham" thi cau triic cau tho khong thay doi nhung no tro nen khach sao, tu
"choi" ggi nen su than mat, gan gui tham thiet. Trong cau tho, nha tho da he Ig
cho nguoi doc tinh cam cua minh doi voi c6 gai Hue^ xem c6 gai Hue la mgt
ngugi than thugng hay chinh c6 gai ay xem nha tho nhu ban tam giao. Mat
khac, cau hoi tu t u nay la nha tho t u hoi, t u trach minh: sao canh Hue dep vay
ma anh khong tro ve, do la mgt cau hoi don dau, khac khoai boi tro ve Hue la
mot khao khat nhung dieu do khong the vi nha tho dang 6 giai doan cuo'i bao
b?nh. Vi khong tro ve Hue dugc nen nha thg hanh huong trong tam tuong de
tro ve voi VT Da. Va VT Da da hien ra lung linh trong tam tuong thi nhan.

A i biet tinh ai c6 dam da"
1 . K h a i quat: "Day thon V i Da" nit trong tap "Tho dien" xuat ban nam
1940, sau khi nha tho qua doi. Bai tho noi rat hay ve Hue^ ve canh sac thien
nhien hihi tinh, ve con nguoi xu Hue^ nhat la cac c6 gai duyen dang, da tinh,

• '

Nha em c6 mot gian trau"
Trong bai tho "Hoa Lie" nha tho Tran Dang Khoa da viet:"< ^ •» - "'^'^
ll'

"Duong CO la ma nang

H

Mai tranh chtm choi vai

m.

.

-

• 101


Vai tan can mSc mac
Tha Hon que len trm"
O day, hinh anh "hang cau" cua Han Mac Tit con c6 chi tiet kho quen. A y
"ndng hang cau, ning m&i len". D i e bi^t sau mpt dem tSm duoi Ian sucmg lam
cho no xanh biec Hon nua khi anh mat trdi chieu vao thi no phan chieu lai doi
mSt nha tho thanh hang ngan mat troi lung linh tren nhung tau cau ggi len ve
d?p thanh sach ciia VT Da. Nang m&i len la hinh anh dgp cua binh minh thon Vl,
nang tran ngap khap khu vuon Vi Da. Ta da timg biet la mien Trung luon don
n h ^ nhieu anh nang nhat, vang nhat, do la t h u anh nang "sang xanh, trua
vang, chieu tim" (Hoang Phii NgQC Tuong). O khoang each gan thi thon VT hien
len boi ve dgp ciia khu vuon tran day nhua song "Yuan ai muat qua xanh nhu
ngoc". "Vucm ai" khong xach dinh nhvmg ngam hieu do la khu vuon c6 gai
Hue. "Muot" la mpt tinh t u khac voi "mugt" boi "mugt" chi ggi len m i n mang
ma "muot" thi ggi su sang len, tuoi mod ciia canh vat. Xuan Di^u viet:
"Do troi xanh ngoc qua muon Id
Thu den nai nai dong tieng huyen"
Thu phap nghe thuat so sanh "xanh nhu nggc". Xanh ngoc tuc la xanh

trong, mau xanh d i lien voi anh sang nhung khong choi chang ma lai rat diu,
nguoi dgc c6 the hinh dung ve d?p cua vien nggc dinh giiia bau troi x u Hue.
Cau tho voi "vuon ai muot qua" nhu mgt loi tram tro, than phuc, nggi ca chii
nhan ciia khu v u o n da day cong cham bam cho khu vuon them d?p.
Va canh v$t thon VT cang dep hon truoc boi su xua't hien hinh bong con
nguoi "Ld true che ngang mat chit dien ". VT Da noi tieng voi mau xanh ciia true mgt loai cay hg tre duge trong truoc ngo. Trong tam tuong thi nhan bat chgt
hif n ve khuon mat chu dien lap 16 sau hang true. La true thi manh mai, mat
chvt dien ggi su vuong van, phiic hau, ta't ca tao nen ve d?p hai hoa giua con
nguoi va canh vat dong thoi qua do nguoi dgc nhin thay khong chi ve dep
phiic hau ciia nguoi con gai Hue ma eon la ve d^p ciia su kin dao, duyen dang,
e ap rat thieu nu, rat Hue. Cung viet ve thon VT, nha tho Bich Khe viet:
"Vi Da thon, Vi Da thon
Biec che can true khong buon md say"
Viet ve tnic, Han Mae T i i khong chi la "Ld true che ngang mat chu dien" ma
con la:
"Tham thi hai aingoi duoi true
Nghe ra y vi vd tha ngdy"
Thien nhien va con nguoi c6 su gan bo, hoa quygn hap dan tao xiic dgng
manh trong long nha tho. Nha tho da ghi lai linh hon ciia tao vat voi nhiJng gi
dae sac, lang dgng trong ky lie hoai ni#m, trong noi niem nho thuong. Bang
102

rnieu ta ve d?p thon VI, Han M | c T u da the hi§n tinh cam gan bo sau nang
^ ' ^ ' i tha dam tham doT voi canh va nguoi x u Hue. Tat ca an chiia mgt sy nuoT
mgt " i ^ ' " ^^^^

^

thuong.

Neu nhu d kho tho thu nhat nha tho nhin canh v|t bang niem l^c quan
,
thi sang kho thii hai, tarn tr^ng thi nhan dan c6 su doi khac, do
^hin^ la liic m|c cam chia lia hi^n ra ro net duoi timg cau chir:
^
Gio theo lot gio, may duang may
Dong nuac buon thiu hoa bap lay
Thuyen ai dau ben song trang do
Co cha trang vekip tot nay
Song Huong, niii N g u hi?n len voi ve d^p dac trvmg eiia xii Hue^ dong song
Huong luon chay lung 16 ma Hoang Phii Nggc Tuong ggi do la "dieu Slow".
Hai ben bo song la nhung vuon bap voi nhiing bong hoa nh? rJiang lay dgng.
The ma trong doi mat Han Mae Tii thi canh vat hi^n len chia lia "Ddng nuac buon
thiu hoa bap lay. Do la liic tam canh da nhuom vao ngoai canh, noi buon thi nhan
duong nhu phii khap canh vat, diing nhu Nguyen Du tung noi "Nguoi bum canh
CO vui dau bao gio". Gio va may la hai su vat luon sanh voi nhau nhu thuyen va
nude nhung trong tho Han Mae T i i thi gio may chia lia. Gio dong khung trong
gio, may dong khung trong may "Gio theo loi gio, may duong may". Nhin xuohg
dong song, thi nhan thay dong song tro nen "huon thiu", con hoa bap chi khe
"lay" - mgt cii dgng rat nho tao cho biic tranh noi buon hiu hat vang l | n g . Chir
"lay" ay nhu t i i trong ca dao bay ve dau vao tho Han Mae T i i :
-f-;
Ai ve Giong Dua qua truong

•

Gio lay bong say bo buon cho em
Khong gian song nuoc xii Hue nhuom mau sac h u ao. N o i buon phii khap
canh vat t u gio may den dong nude va hoa bap ben song. Buon den nao rugt,
buon den mem long. Gio va may von gan ket ciing da c6 su chia lia doi nga,

dong song mang day tam trang chay ve niem tam tuong. Dang sau nhiing
canh vat ay la tam trang ciia mgt eon nguoi mang nang mgt noi buon xa each,
•^Pt moi tinh v6 vgng, don phuong.
Hai cau tho tiep theo, thi nhan dua nguoi doe vao coi mgng. Van la dong
^ong Huong, la Hue tho mgng nhung khong con nSng, con xanh ciia VT Da ma
^i^oc mat nguoi dgc la khong gian ngap day anh trang, con thuyen tro thanh
**^uyen trang, dong song thi song trang, ben thi thanh ben trang. T u xua den
CO thuyen trang, beh trang nhung nay lai c6 sang tao song trang dgc dao
hon tho Han Mac Tii. Dgc cau tho, nguoi dgc eo cam tuong nhu dang troi
^^0 coi rhgng, duong nhu dang song trong khac khoai hoai mong ciia thi nhan.
khong phai Ian dau Han Mae Tu viet ve trang ma trong thegioi tho ca ciia
103


H a n Mac T i i , trang la m o t n g u o i ban, m p t n g u o i t i n h k h o n g the thieu t r o n g cto.

tho 4/3

song tarn h o n t h i nhan:
"Trang nam song soai tren canh lieu
Dai

gio

dong

vedela

loi"

'^'^P

"Khach d u o n g xa" dupe lap lai hai Ian the h i § n s u gap gap

vpi vang va m o uoc, khat khao den m a n h li^t. Tir " m o " n a m dau cau, " m o "
chir k h o n g phai la " m o n g " , v i k h o n g m o n g dupe nen m o , v i song t r o n g m o c6

"Khong gian dam duoi toan trang ca

le se bot d i n o i c6 d o n t h i phai. "Khach d u o n g xa" c6 le c h i n h la c6 gai Hue^ va

Anh

Ichach d u o n g xa xuat hien t r o n g m a u ao trang. M a u trang t u p n g t r u n g cho ve

Cling

trang

ma

em cUng trang"


Hay:
"Gio liia anh sang vao trong bai
Trang ngap dong song chdy lang lai"
"Ai mua trang toi ban trang cho
Trang nam im tren canh lieu dai cha

Ai mua trang toi ban trang cho
Chang ban tinh duyen uac hen the"
'

jsjhip tho C O sir thay d o i , canh d u o n g n h u la H u e ma k h o n g phai Hue^ n h i p

T h o H a n M a c T u i t nhieu n h u o m mau sac t r u o n g phai t u g n g t r u n g sieu thuc
ciia p h i r o n g Tay v i the nen c6 nhieu h i n h anh kho nam bat, v i n h u cau viet ve
trang t r o n g tac p h a m nay. "Thuyen a i " phai chang do la con t h u y e n cua c6 gai

tinh d o n p h u o n g ciia t h i nhan; m a u trang 6 day v u p t len tren m u c b i n h
thuong nen da hoa thanh m a u ciia ao anh va chinh v i n h i n vao ao anh nen
hinh bong ciia con gai thoat an thoat hien va cang n h i n t h i lai cang thay h u ao.
"6 day s u o n g k h o i m o nhan anh": "6 day" la n o i m a nha t h o l u o n xem la
lanh cung g i a m l o n g m i n h . "6 day" va "ngoai k i a " c6 xa x o i may d a u vay ma
mpt Ian ve t h a m t h i nhan c i i n g k h o n g ve dupe, do c h i n h la x u H u e chua d u n g
ca mpt t r o i k y n i e m , n o i do giai nhan trong m o n g d a n g c h i m Ian t r o n g m a u
khoi suong x u H u e v a c i i n g la m a u k y n i ^ m . Va chinh h i n h b o n g giai nhan ay
da lam dien dao m p n g t h i ca ciia nha tho H a n Mac Tir, ta chpt n h o den n h i i n g
cau tho H a n viet:

Hue^ con t h u y e n m a nha tho dang m o uoc cho trang va phai chang trang chinh

"Trai hai lam sao cho khoi doi

la t i n h yeu ma n o i cho m o n g ciia H a n Mac T i i . " T o i nay" la toi nao, phai chang

Gio trdng c6 sdn lam sao an

day la g i o i han cuo'i ciing ciia d o i nha tho k h i ma nha t h o dang chay dua v o i thoi

Ldm sao giei dugc nguoi trong mong

gian, n o i d u n g h o n t h i su song ciia nha tho chinh la cupc dua v o i t h o i gian. "Toi

Detrd thii duyen kiep la Idng"

nay" la ranh g i o i ciia s u song va cai chet, v i the cau h o i t u t u vang len khan thiet

De roi sau do tir t r o n g tham sau tam hon t h i nhan cat len m p t cau h o i day

"Co cho trang ve k i p toi nay?". Lieu roi con thuyen ay c6 cap ben b o truoc luc

hoai nghi va khac khoai ve m p t mo'i t i n h v6 v p n g d o n p h u o n g " A i biet t i n h ai

H a n Mac T u t r o ve v o i coi vTnh hSng hay khong? Tir " k i p " v i the ma chat chiia

CO dam da?". Chij- " A i " dau la de chi c6 gai H u e chang ? D a y la su hoai nghi

tarn trang hoai m o n g va ca t i n yeu Ian b i kich va hoai nghi ciia con n g u o i .

o i a n g u o i yeu d o i tha thiet. N h a tho trong trang thai bj day v 6 v i khat khao

"Co cho trang ve k i p toi nay?" la cau h o i an chiia m o t s u day d u t , mon;-

tinh yeu, v i trai t i m dang r o i vao t r o n g trai. Cau h o i n h u m p t tieng keu dau

uoc va l o sg. M p t n i e m h y v o n g day khSc khoai va phap p h o n g t r o n g tarn

don, m a n g theo n o i b u o n v 6 v p n g va nhii-ng uan k h i i c ciia H a n M a c Tir - m p t

trang t h i nhan, H a n Mac T u cam n h ^ n t h o i gian dang t r o i chay t r o n g liic minH

tam h o n dau t h u o n g choi v o i , bat lire t r o n g mac cam chia lia n h u n g c i i n g he't

bat luc, c h i n h v i vay m a n g u o i doc cang tha'u hieu h o n cai giuc gia trong

long thiet tha v o i cupc d o i .

moi

goi a cau t h o dau, cang d o n g cam h o n v o i khat v p n g song m a n h liet cu'

3. N g h e t h u a t : bai tho sir d u n g m p t so'bien phap t u tir n h u : d i ^ p tir, nhan

nha t h o k h i cai chet dang ke can.

hoa, so sanh, cau h o i t u t i r . . . Bang thii phap nghe thuat lien t u o n g ciing v o i

c. Mac du song trong mo nhimg thi nhan khong mat het hy vpng ma va^
mong uac mpt each riet rong:

truoc mat ta m p t k h u n g canh nen tho, day sue song va an t r o n g day la noi long

, ,J

'ij-

"Ma khdch duang xa, khdch du&ng xa

nhirng cau h o i t u tir xuyen suo't bai tho, tac gia H a n M a c Tir da phae hpa ra
^ a c h i n h nha tho: n o i dau d o n truoc s u c6 don, b u o n chan tran the, dau cho

Ao em trdng qua nhin khong ra

so phan ngan n g u i cua m i n h . D a u vay n h u n g ong van song het m i n h t r o n g sir

O day suang khoi ma nhan anh


Aibiel ttnh ai CO dam da?"

trong d o n g song so p h a n ma l u o n co gSng v u p t len no de k h i xa lia coi d o i se
khong con g i p h a i h o i tiec. Trai qua bao n a m thang, cai t i n h ciia H a n M a c Tir

104

/


van con tuoi nguyen, nong hoi va day diit trong long nguai doc. " T i n h yeu

^ doc biet den ong nhieu nhat qua bai tho "Trang giang" riit tu tap "Liea

trong uoc m a cua con nguoi dau don ay c6 sue bay bong ki l a " nhung no cung

.p^a"

gian d}, trong sang va tuai d^p n h u lang que VT D a .

rtcr

la mpt trong nhimg bai tho noi tieng nhat cua H u y C a n truac each
Bai tho "Trang G i a n g " mang dam net c6 dien va hi^n dai.

.y\

II. K E T B A I

II, T H A N B A I

Bai tho " D a y thon V i D a " la mpt thi pham noi len moi tinh d a n phuang v6

1, K h a i q u a t : H u y C a n tam s u ve hoan canh ra doi bai tha: "Mot chieu mica

vQng nhung ciang rat doi thiet tha yeu doi cua thi nhan H a n Mac T u . Nhac de'n

tliu nam 1939, tdi di dao tren ba song Cdi bang xe dap, c6 doan ddt xe di bo thay buoi

Hue, ta khong the quen bai tho Day thon VT Da, va nhac den H a n Mac T u ta

chieu tren de vd song dep qud: nang chieu da nhat, may diin phia niii xa va man mdc

cang khong the quen ve dep ciia Hue, dac bi§t la khong the quen ve d?p thon

jfiSt noi buon kho ta, niea nhu gan gui niea nhu xa vai, quanh hiu. Tdi dieng a qudng

VT trong thi pham de doi ciia ong. Hue dep. Hue tho, xin duoc m u g n bo'n cau

l,in Chetn vd vang len trong tam tuang may cau luc bat:

tha ciia T h u Bon thay cho loi ket gui den tinh yeu x u Hue, v a i thi rihan Han
Mac T u :
"XinchdoHuemotlananhdeh

Trang giang song gan menh mong

'

Thuyeh troi xuoi mdi nuac song song buon

'"<

nhung dap xe venhd

(Thu Bon)

'

song"...

a so'40 Hdng Than lai vang vang trong dau nhac dieu tha bay

chie, dm huang Duong luat nhu quyen rU tai tdi, cohong tdi vd tdi lien chuyen may
cm dau sang the bay dm. Tie do "Tranggiang"

TRANG GIANG

ra dai"

.

,

2. N 6 i d u n g p h a n t i c h :
a. Bai tho m d dau bang kho tho mang ve d?p thien nhien dam chat c6 thi.

||

Canh vat thien nhien ay lai dugc cam nhan qua tam h o n " s a u van k y " ciia
nha tho:

LCJI B I N H V E H U Y C A N
thitang,

'

Tdi con dinh Idm tiep bai tha bang luc bdt vd dat ten bai Id "Chieu tren

Xin dimg lam em v&i Co Do"

Huy Can

>=•.•

Veddu beo dat, may long nui xa

Em rat thuc nang thi ma do

"Bum

':•

Reu troi luong lai noi luong

Dengdn Ian anh nha trong ma

*

• "tyiav*

Song gan trdng giang buon diep diep

sau nao Id dm huang chinh khien Lua Thieng nhu bdn ngam

ngiii ddi. Tap tha dang dac mot noi buon nhan the, mot noi dau doi. Nhd tha da got

Con thuyeh xudi mdi nude song song

day cdi hon buon cua Dong A,...da khai lai cdi mach sau may nghin nam van ngam

Thuyeh venuac

ngam trong cdi dat nay"... "Dai chung ta da nam trong vong chit tdi. Md't berong

Ciii mot cdnh khd lac may dong
Ngay tu nhan de "Trdng giang"

ta di tim be sau. Nhung cang di sau cang lanh. Ta thodt len tien cung The Lie, phieu

lieu trong truang tinh cua Luu Trong Lu, ta dien cuong vai Han Mac Tit,

CheLan

Vien, ta dam say ciing Xudn Dien. Nhung dong tien da khep, tinh yeu khong ben,
dien cuong roi tinh, say dam van ba va. Ta ngan nga buon tra vehon

<..
i-j/j-^A.

i.;,

ggi nen ve dep c6 thi: nha tho sii dung am

Han Vi^t: " T r a n g " la dpc chf ch di ciia chii "truang" (nghia la dai), "giang" la
song. Tuy nhien, "Trdng giang"

khong chi c6 y nghia la song dai ma con rong

vi nha v a c am "ang" gpi cam giac menh mang. C u n g vol do la cau de tu

ta cung Huy

Can" (Hoai Thanh).

lai sau tram ngd

•,;;

"^^rig cam xiic chii dao cho toan bai ggi nhieu bang khuang man mac "Bang

^udng troi rong nha song ddi". C a u de tie ay chinh la cam xiic chii dao ciia bai

i . P h a n tich bai tho " T r a n g giang" ciia thi si H u y C a n (NgU Van 11,

^^0*/ la chiec chia khoa van nang mo canh ciia vao bai tho.

Co ban, NXB Gido due)

O kho tho thu nhat, nha tho s u dung mot loat cac thi lieu trong tho Duong
thuyen, nuac, song, ciii kho... Day la mpt buc tranh dep n h u biic tranh thiiy

Hl/dNG DAN CHI TIET
I.

MdBAI

H u y C a n la mpt trong nhung nha tho xuat sac nhat cua phong trao Tho
M a i . O n g noi tieng voi cac tac pham rihu: Liea Thieng, VU tru ca, Kinh cau tu. •
106

^^^^ nhung dep ma buon den tai te. Nha phe binh Hoai Thanh nhan xet: "Thien
^

trong tha Mai dep nhung lai tham dugm noi buon da diet bang khudng". Noi

"^^n do dupe H u y C a n ly giai rang "Chung tdi luc do c6 mot noi buon the he, noi
107


buon khdng tim dugc lot ra nen keo dai trien mien". D o chinh la n o i b u o n cua tt,j

Canh sac t r o n g C h i n h Phu n g a m da vSng lang h i u hat n h u n g canh trong

nhan song trong canh nuoc ma't nha tan, va c6 le v i ngvroi b u o n nen "canh c6 -o^-

//fr««^ ^tVi«^" lai vang ve, h i u hSt, tan ta h o n nua. Tir lay "la that" dien ta su

dau bao gia". D o n g trang giang v i the chi thay m o t dai b u o n bat ngat:

jiira thot, r o i rac ciia n h u n g con dat n h o n h o i mpc len g i i i a d o n g trang giang.

Song gam trang giang buon diep diep

^ren n h u n g con dat nho do, mpc len n h u n g cay lau, say, k h i gio thoi qua t h i

Con thuyen xudi mdi nude song song

liTi thanh phat ra nghe m a n mac, nghe "diu hiu" nao n u g t . Cau t h o t u do cung

T r o n g "Dang Cao" ciia D o Phu viet:

chiirig x u o n g nang t r i u tarn t u con n g u o i .

"V6 bien lac moc tieu tieu ha
Bat tan Truang Giang con con lai"
So v a i "Dang cao" cua D o Phu v a "Trang giang" ciia H u y Can t h i canh
t u g n g t r o n g t h o D o Phu h i m g v i , trang le n h u n g t r o n g the g i a i cua H u y Can
thi n h u n g con song k h o n g phai cuon cuon troi ma la song gem l a m ta h i n h dung
ra n h i i n g con song nhe lan tan tren trang giang, lan nhe va mat h u t giCra dong

isfha tho m u o n t i m h o i am con n g u o i n h u n g bat luc "Dau tieng lang xa van
cho chieu". D a u la 6 dau? K h o n g xac d i n h . A m thanh nghe m o ho qua, lai la am
thanh chg chieu da v a n t h i lai cang nghe h i u hat, b u o n ba. Xua N g u y e n Trai
cung viet ve am thanh ay:
"Lao xao chg ca lang ngu phu
Dang doi cam ve lau Tjch Duang"

chay bao la. "Buon diep diep" m i e u ta cai b u o n thien nhien n h u n g k y thirc la

N h u n g day lai la thanh am ciia phien chg d o n g diic ciia m o t cugc song no

dang dien ta noi b u o n chat ngat t r o n g long nha tho. Phai chang n o i b u o n thi

du, n h u n g am thanh t r o n g t h a H u y Can la am thanh thoang t r o n g chieu gio xa

nhan dang g g n len t i m g d o t n o i b u o n n h u n h i r n g l o p song, n h u H u y Can viet:

x6i roi bien mat. V u i nhat la am thanh chg dong, b u o n nhat la a m thanh liic

"Nhin dong song lan ggn nhung lap song, toi cung thay noi buon ciia mtnh ciing

chg van. N h a t h a n o i "dau tieng" tuc la am thanh m o ho k h o n g xac d i n h va

dang trai ra nhu nhirng lap song". D o n g song ay, n h i n dau ciing toan m o t mau

chinh am thanh m o ho do cang to them ve h i u q u a n h cho biic tranh thien

b u o n ba: canh vat t h i chia l y tan tac, t h u y e n va nuoc l u o n gan bo k h o n g bao

nhien va cai h i u q u a n h cua hon n g u o i .

g i a xa each nhau n h u n g t r o n g mat H u y Can t h i t h u y e n va nuoc k h o n g an nhap
v o i nhau, canh vat chia lia va t u do ma noi sau nha t h o toa ra via t r u "sau tram
ngd". "Con thuyen cung khong buon lai, demac xudi theo ddng nuac lang la. Ngay ca
dong nuac trong ban than con song cung khong thiei den nhau, cu am tham ma chmj
"song song", va khong quen biet nhau trong dai".
Va dac biet, cau tho cuoi cung mang h i n h anh cai "toi": Cui mot canh kho lac
may dong. N h a phe b i n h N g u y e n Dang M a n h nhan xet rang: "Lan dau tien trong
lich su tha ca nhan loai co mot canh cui kho troi dqt trong tha Huy Can nhu noi c6 dan
cua mot kiep nguai trong xa hoi cU". Canh ciii da nho be, lai la "canh cui kho" tin
that toi nghiep k h o n g gi bang, phai chang no la an d u ciia l o p n g u a i n h u tin
nhan dang bap benh, troi noi giira dong xoay ciia mot dat nuoc m a t chu quyen?
b . K h o tho tiep theo van la noi b u o n tiep noi kho mpt, canh v^t van diroc
n h i n qua doi mat "sau van k y " ciia nha tho:
La tha con nho gio dm hiu
Dau tieng lang xa van chg chieu
Nang xuong trai len sau chot vot
Song dai trod rong ben co lieu
H u y Can n o i , o n g hoc dugc hai c h i i "diu hiu" t u C h i n h Phy n g a m :
"Non Ky quanh que trang treo
Ben Phi gio thdi diu hiu may go"
108

\

Hai cau sau, khong gian mo ra bat ngat:

,.

"Nang xuong trai len sau chot vot

.
,

Song dai trai rang ben co lieu "
H u y Can da ve nen m o t k h u n g canh k h o n g gian ba chieu r g n g Ion, " t r o i
len" la chieu. cao, "song d a i " la chieu dai, " t r o i r g n g " la chieu rgng, nha tho thi
lai d i i n g g i i i a "ben co l i e u " - n o i giao nhau cua via t r u . V i i t r u t h i bao la, v6
tan. Con n g u o i t h i be nho, hio-u han. N h a tho n h i n len bau t r a i va thay bau t r a i
'sau chot v o t " . Cach d u n g tir " s a u " doc dao, nha tha k h o n g d i i n g "cao"

ma

diing "sau". " C a o " chi ta d u g c do cao vat ly ciia bau t r o i . C o n " s a u " k h o n g chi
<^ien ta d u g c do cao vat ly ma con dien ta dugc s u r g n n g g p t r u a c k h o n g gian
^y- Do chinh la su r g n n g g p trong tarn hon t h i nhan t r u o c cai v 6 c i m g cua v i i
'•"V, nha t h o ggi n o i m i n h d u n g la "ben co lieu" hay c h i n h tam h o n nha tho la
CO lieu" (hoang vang, le hi), do la each d i m g tir t i n h te ciia t h i nhan la v i no
'^'^n ta su CO d o n tam hon, each lien t u o n g nay giong v o i each lien t u o n g ciia
^uan D i e u : "Chiec dao hon toi rgn hon be" hay g g i n h o bai t h a U Chau Dang Dai
cua nha t h a Tran Tir N g a n g :
"Tien bat kien conhin
Hqu bai kie'n lai gia
Niem thien dia chi du du
Doc thien nhien nhi thehq"
s

•

109