Combutational business analytics

COMPUTATIONAL
BUSINESS ANALYTICS

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Chapman & Hall/CRC
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Series
SERIES EDITOR
Vipin Kumar
University of Minnesota
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.

AIMS AND SCOPE
This series aims to capture new developments and applications in data mining and knowledge
discovery, while summarizing the computational tools and techniques useful in data analysis. This
series encourages the integration of mathematical, statistical, and computational methods and
techniques through the publication of a broad range of textbooks, reference works, and handbooks. The inclusion of concrete examples and applications is highly encouraged. The scope of the
series includes, but is not limited to, titles in the areas of data mining and knowledge discovery
methods and applications, modeling, algorithms, theory and foundations, data and knowledge
visualization, data mining systems and tools, and privacy and security issues.

PUBLISHED TITLES
ADVANCES IN MACHINE LEARNING AND DATA MINING FOR ASTRONOMY
Michael J. Way, Jeffrey D. Scargle, Kamal M. Ali, and Ashok N. Srivastava
BIOLOGICAL DATA MINING
Jake Y. Chen and Stefano Lonardi

COMPUTATIONAL BUSINESS ANALYTICS
Subrata Das
COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENT DATA ANALYSIS FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Ting Yu, Nitesh V. Chawla, and Simeon Simoff
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS OF FEATURE SELECTION
Huan Liu and Hiroshi Motoda
CONSTRAINED CLUSTERING: ADVANCES IN ALGORITHMS, THEORY,
AND APPLICATIONS
Sugato Basu, Ian Davidson, and Kiri L. Wagstaff
CONTRAST DATA MINING: CONCEPTS, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS
Guozhu Dong and James Bailey
DATA CLUSTERING: ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS
Charu C. Aggarawal and Chandan K. Reddy
DATA CLUSTERING IN C++: AN OBJECT-ORIENTED APPROACH
Guojun Gan

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DATA MINING FOR DESIGN AND MARKETING
Yukio Ohsawa and Katsutoshi Yada
DATA MINING WITH R: LEARNING WITH CASE STUDIES
Luís Torgo
FOUNDATIONS OF PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS
James Wu and Stephen Coggeshall
GEOGRAPHIC DATA MINING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY,
SECOND EDITION

Harvey J. Miller and Jiawei Han
HANDBOOK OF EDUCATIONAL DATA MINING
Cristóbal Romero, Sebastian Ventura, Mykola Pechenizkiy, and Ryan S.J.d. Baker
INFORMATION DISCOVERY ON ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
Vagelis Hristidis
INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR WEB APPLICATIONS
Priti Srinivas Sajja and Rajendra Akerkar
INTRODUCTION TO PRIVACY-PRESERVING DATA PUBLISHING: CONCEPTS
AND TECHNIQUES
Benjamin C. M. Fung, Ke Wang, Ada Wai-Chee Fu, and Philip S. Yu
KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FOR COUNTERTERRORISM AND
LAW ENFORCEMENT
David Skillicorn
KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FROM DATA STREAMS
João Gama
MACHINE LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FOR
ENGINEERING SYSTEMS HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Ashok N. Srivastava and Jiawei Han
MINING SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS: METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS
David Lo, Siau-Cheng Khoo, Jiawei Han, and Chao Liu
MULTIMEDIA DATA MINING: A SYSTEMATIC INTRODUCTION TO
CONCEPTS AND THEORY
Zhongfei Zhang and Ruofei Zhang
MUSIC DATA MINING
Tao Li, Mitsunori Ogihara, and George Tzanetakis
NEXT GENERATION OF DATA MINING
Hillol Kargupta, Jiawei Han, Philip S. Yu, Rajeev Motwani, and Vipin Kumar
RAPIDMINER: DATA MINING USE CASES AND BUSINESS ANALYTICS
APPLICATIONS
Markus Hofmann and Ralf Klinkenberg

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RELATIONAL DATA CLUSTERING: MODELS, ALGORITHMS,
AND APPLICATIONS
Bo Long, Zhongfei Zhang, and Philip S. Yu
SERVICE-ORIENTED DISTRIBUTED KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY
Domenico Talia and Paolo Trunfio
SPECTRAL FEATURE SELECTION FOR DATA MINING
Zheng Alan Zhao and Huan Liu
STATISTICAL DATA MINING USING SAS APPLICATIONS, SECOND EDITION
George Fernandez
SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES: OPTIMIZATION BASED THEORY,
ALGORITHMS, AND EXTENSIONS
Naiyang Deng, Yingjie Tian, and Chunhua Zhang
TEMPORAL DATA MINING
Theophano Mitsa
TEXT MINING: CLASSIFICATION, CLUSTERING, AND APPLICATIONS
Ashok N. Srivastava and Mehran Sahami
THE TOP TEN ALGORITHMS IN DATA MINING
Xindong Wu and Vipin Kumar
UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX DATASETS: DATA MINING WITH MATRIX
DECOMPOSITIONS
David Skillicorn

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COMPUTATIONAL
BUSINESS ANALYTICS

SUBRATA DAS
Machine Analytics, Inc.
Belmont, Massachusetts, USA

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The author can be requested at for a demonstration version of any of
the three Machine Analytics tools used to perform case studies in the two penultimate chapters of
the book. It will be the sole discretion of the author to provide tools upon a satisfactory analysis of
the requestor’s usage intention. Use of the tools is entirely at their own risk. Machine Analytics is not
responsible for the consequences of reliance on any analyses provided by the tools. Licensing details
for commercial versions of these tools can be obtained by sending an email to

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20131206

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9073-8 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
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✈✐

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✸✳✸

✸✳✹

✸✳✺

❈❖◆❚■◆❯❖❯❙ P❘❖❇❆❇■▲■❚❨ ❉■❙❚❘■❇❯❚■❖◆❙
✸✳✸✳✶ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ♦r ◆♦r♠❛❧ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥
✸✳✸✳✷ ▲♦❣♥♦r♠❛❧
✸✳✸✳✸ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥
✸✳✸✳✹ ❲❡✐❜✉❧❧ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥
✸✳✸✳✺ ❇❡t❛ ❛♥❞ ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳✸✳✻ ●❛♠♠❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥
●❖❖❉◆❊❙❙✲❖❋✲❋■❚ ❚❊❙❚
✸✳✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② P❧♦t
✸✳✹✳✷ ❖♥❡✲❲❛② ❈❤✐✲❙q✉❛r❡ ●♦♦❞♥❡ss✲♦❢✲❋✐t ❚❡st
✸✳✹✳✸ ❑♦❧♠♦❣♦r♦✈✲❙♠✐r♥♦✈ ❚❡st
❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡
✹✳✶
✹✳✷

✹✳✸

❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ■◆❋❊❘❊◆❈❊
P❘■❖❘ P❘❖❇❆❇■▲■❚■❊❙
✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥❥✉❣❛t❡ Pr✐♦rs
✹✳✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❏❡✛r❡②s Pr✐♦r
❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✺ ■♥❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s
✺✳✶
✺✳✷

✺✳✸
✺✳✹
✺✳✺
✺✳✻
✺✳✼

❈❍■✲❙◗❯❆❘❊ ❚❊❙❚ ❖❋ ■◆❉❊P❊◆❉❊◆❈❊
❘❊●❘❊❙❙■❖◆ ❆◆❆▲❨❙❊❙
✺✳✷✳✶ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥
✺✳✷✳✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥
✺✳✷✳✸ ▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥
✺✳✷✳✹ P♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥
❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ▲■◆❊❆❘ ❘❊●❘❊❙❙■❖◆
✺✳✸✳✶ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s
P❘■◆❈■P❆▲ ❈❖▼P❖◆❊◆❚ ❆◆❉ ❋❆❈❚❖❘ ❆◆❆▲❨✲
❙❊❙
❙❯❘❱■❱❆▲ ❆◆❆▲❨❙■❙
❆❯❚❖❘❊●❘❊❙❙■❖◆ ▼❖❉❊▲❙
❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

✹✾
✹✾
✺✵
✺✶
✺✷
✺✸
✺✻
✺✼
✺✼
✺✾

✻✶
✻✹

✻✺
✻✺
✻✽
✻✾
✼✵
✼✸

✼✺
✼✻
✼✼
✼✼
✼✽
✼✾
✽✶
✽✷
✽✹
✽✼
✾✷
✾✼
✾✽


❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✈✐✐

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✻ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s

✾✾

✻✳✶

✻✳✷

✻✳✸
✻✳✹

✻✳✺

✻✳✻

❆◆❆▲❨❚■❈❙ ❆◆❉ ❯◆❈❊❘❚❆■◆❚■❊❙
✻✳✶✳✶ ■❣♥♦r❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❯♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s
✻✳✶✳✷ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦ ❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❯♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s
◆❊❖✲▲❖●■❈■❙❚ ❆PP❘❖❆❈❍
✻✳✷✳✶ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘✉❧❡s
✻✳✷✳✷ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❘✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙②st❡♠s
✻✳✷✳✸ ❆❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❘✉❧❡✲❇❛s❡❞
❙②st❡♠s
◆❊❖✲P❘❖❇❆❇■▲■❙❚
◆❊❖✲❈❆▲❈❯▲■❙❚ ❆PP❘❖❆❈❍
✻✳✹✳✶ ❈❡rt❛✐♥t② ❋❛❝t♦rs
✻✳✹✳✷ ❉❡♠♣st❡r✲❙❤❛❢❡r ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
◆❊❖✲●❘❆◆❯▲❆❘■❙❚
✻✳✺✳✶ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ▲♦❣✐❝
✻✳✺✳✷ ❋✉③③② ▲♦❣✐❝
✻✳✺✳✸ ❋✉③③② ▲♦❣✐❝ ❢♦r ❈✉st♦♠❡r ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✼ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ●r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣
✼✳✶
✼✳✷
✼✳✸

◆❆■❱❊ ❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❊❘ ✭◆❇❈✮
❑✲❉❊P❊◆❉❊◆❈❊ ◆❆■❱❊ ❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❊❘
✭❑◆❇❈✮
❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ❇❊▲■❊❋ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙
✼✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s
✼✳✸✳✷ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❇❡❧✐❡❢✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞
✼✳✸✳✸ Pr✐♦r Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✼✳✸✳✹ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ❘❡✈✐s✐♦♥
✼✳✸✳✺ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ P♦❧②tr❡❡s
✼✳✸✳✺✳✶
✼✳✸✳✺✳✷
✼✳✸✳✺✳✸

✾✾
✾✾
✶✵✸
✶✵✺
✶✵✻
✶✶✵
✶✶✶
✶✶✷
✶✶✹
✶✶✹

✶✶✼
✶✷✸
✶✷✸
✶✷✻
✶✸✷
✶✸✹

✶✸✺
✶✸✻
✶✸✽
✶✹✵
✶✹✺
✶✺✷
✶✺✹
✶✺✻
✶✻✶

❯♣✇❛r❞ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❋r❛❣✲
♠❡♥t

✶✻✶

❉♦✇♥✇❛r❞ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r
❋r❛❣♠❡♥t

✶✻✹

❯♣✇❛r❞ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❚r❡❡ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t ✶✻✼

✈✐✐✐

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✼✳✸✳✺✳✹
✼✳✸✳✺✳✺
✼✳✸✳✺✳✻

✼✳✸✳✻
✼✳✸✳✼

✶✻✾

❯♣✇❛r❞ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ P♦❧②tr❡❡ ❋r❛❣✲
♠❡♥t

✶✻✾

❉♦✇♥✇❛r❞ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ P♦❧②tr❡❡
❋r❛❣♠❡♥t

✶✼✶

Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠
✶✼✺
❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❆❝②❝❧✐❝ ●r❛♣❤s ✶✼✽
✼✳✸✳✼✳✶

●r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

✶✽✶

✼✳✸✳✼✳✷

❏♦✐♥ ❚r❡❡ ■♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥

✶✽✼

✼✳✸✳✼✳✸
✼✳✸✳✼✳✹

✼✳✹

❉♦✇♥✇❛r❞ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❚r❡❡ ❋r❛❣✲
♠❡♥t

Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❏♦✐♥ ❚r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ▼❛r❣✐♥❛❧✲
✐③❛t✐♦♥
❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡

✽✳✷

✽✳✸

✽✳✹

❊❳P❊❈❚❊❉ ❯❚■▲■❚❨ ❚❍❊❖❘❨ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❈■❙■❖◆
❚❘❊❊❙
■◆❋▲❯❊◆❈❊ ❉■❆●❘❆▼❙ ❋❖❘ ❉❊❈■❙■❖◆ ❙❯PP❖❘❚
✽✳✷✳✶ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐♥ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠s

✽✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠s
❙❨▼❇❖▲■❈ ❆❘●❯▼❊◆❚❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❉❊❈■❙■❖◆ ❙❯P✲
P❖❘❚
✽✳✸✳✶ ▼❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ ❈♦♥s❡♥s✉s
✽✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❙♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❱❛r②✐♥❣ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡
❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✾ ❚✐♠❡ ❙❡r✐❡s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋♦r❡❝❛st✐♥❣
✾✳✶

✾✳✷

✶✾✶

✼✳✸✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s
✶✾✹
✼✳✸✳✾ ❆❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s
✶✾✺
✼✳✸✳✶✵ ❆❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✶✾✽
✼✳✸✳✶✶ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❚♦♦❧s
✶✾✾
❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●
✶✾✾

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✽ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❛♥❞ Pr❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s
✽✳✶

✶✽✾

P❘❖❇▲❊▼ ▼❖❉❊▲■◆●

✾✳✶✳✶ ❙t❛t❡ ❚r❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧s
✾✳✶✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠
❑❆▲▼❆◆ ❋■▲❚❊❘ ✭❑❋✮

✷✵✶
✷✵✷
✷✵✹
✷✵✻
✷✶✶
✷✶✾
✷✷✶
✷✷✻
✷✷✻

✷✷✾
✷✷✾
✷✸✵
✷✸✶
✷✸✸


❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✾✳✸

✾✳✹
✾✳✺

✾✳✷✳✶ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ❋✐❧t❡r ✭❊❑❋✮
▼❆❘❑❖❱ ▼❖❉❊▲❙

✾✳✸✳✶ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ▼♦❞❡❧s ✭❍▼▼✮
✾✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠
✾✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❱✐t❡r❜✐ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠
✾✳✸✳✹ ❇❛✉♠✲❲❡❧❝❤ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❍▼▼
❉❨◆❆▼■❈ ❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙ ✭❉❇◆❙✮
✾✳✹✳✶ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ❉❇◆s
❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✵ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥
✶✵✳✶
✶✵✳✷
✶✵✳✸
✶✵✳✹

▼❖◆❚❊ ❈❆❘▲❖ ❆PP❘❖❳■▼❆❚■❖◆
●■❇❇❙ ❙❆▼P▲■◆●
▼❊❚❘❖P❖▲■❙✲❍❆❙❚■◆●❙ ❆▲●❖❘■❚❍▼
P❆❘❚■❈▲❊ ❋■▲❚❊❘ ✭P❋✮
✶✵✳✹✳✶ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❋✐❧t❡r ❢♦r ❉②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧ ❙②st❡♠s
✶✵✳✹✳✷ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❋✐❧t❡r ❢♦r ❉❇◆
✶✵✳✹✳✸ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❋✐❧t❡r ■ss✉❡s
✶✵✳✺ ❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✶ ❈❧✉st❡r ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥
✶✶✳✶
✶✶✳✷
✶✶✳✸
✶✶✳✹

❍■❊❘❆❘❈❍■❈❆▲ ❈▲❯❙❚❊❘■◆●

❑✲▼❊❆◆❙ ❈▲❯❙❚❊❘■◆●
❑✲◆❊❆❘❊❙❚ ◆❊■●❍❇❖❘❙
❙❯PP❖❘❚ ❱❊❈❚❖❘ ▼❆❈❍■◆❊❙
✶✶✳✹✳✶ ▲✐♥❡❛r❧② ❙❡♣❛r❛❜❧❡ ❉❛t❛
✶✶✳✹✳✷ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉❛t❛ ❛♥❞ P❛❝❦❛❣❡s
✶✶✳✹✳✸ ◆♦♥✲❙❡♣❛r❛❜❧❡ ❉❛t❛
✶✶✳✹✳✹ ◆♦♥✲▲✐♥❡❛r ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡r
✶✶✳✹✳✺ ❱❈ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ▼❛r❣✐♥ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡r
✶✶✳✺ ◆❊❯❘❆▲ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙
✶✶✳✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❉❛t❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥
✶✶✳✺✳✷ ●r❛❞✐❡♥t ❉❡s❝❡♥t ❢♦r ❯♣❞❛t✐♥❣ ❲❡✐❣❤ts
✶✶✳✻ ❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

✐①
✷✹✵
✷✹✷
✷✹✹
✷✹✽
✷✺✷
✷✺✸
✷✺✼
✷✻✵
✷✻✺

✷✻✼
✷✻✼
✷✼✵
✷✼✷
✷✼✸
✷✼✹

✷✼✼
✷✼✾
✷✽✵

✷✽✶
✷✽✷
✷✽✹
✷✽✻
✷✽✽
✷✽✽
✷✾✶
✷✾✶
✷✾✸
✷✾✻
✷✾✽
✸✵✵
✸✵✶
✸✵✷


①

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✷ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✶✷✳✶

❉❊❈■❙■❖◆ ❚❘❊❊❙
✶✷✳✶✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♥❣ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡s
✶✷✳✶✳✷ ❖✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡s

✶✷✳✶✳✸ ❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❆ttr✐❜✉t❡s
✶✷✳✶✳✹ ❆❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡
❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s
✶✷✳✷ ▲❊❆❘◆■◆● ◆❆■❱❊ ❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❊❘❙
✶✷✳✷✳✶ ❙❡♠✐✲❙✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ◆❇❈ ✈✐❛ ❊▼
✶✷✳✸ ▲❊❆❘◆■◆● ❖❋ ❑◆❇❈
✶✷✳✹ ▲❊❆❘◆■◆● ❖❋ ❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ❇❊▲■❊❋ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙
✶✷✳✹✳✶ ❈❛s❡s ❢♦r ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s
✶✷✳✹✳✷ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s
✶✷✳✹✳✷✳✶

✸✶✺
✸✶✺
✸✶✽
✸✷✷
✸✷✸
✸✷✹
✸✷✺
✸✷✺

▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ❋✉❧❧② ❖❜✲
s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

✸✷✺

✶✷✳✹✳✷✳✸

▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢r♦♠ P❛rt✐❛❧❧②
❖❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

✸✷✼

❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❆❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ♦❢ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs

❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣
✶✷✳✹✳✸✳✶
✶✷✳✹✳✸✳✷
✶✷✳✹✳✸✳✸

✶✷✳✺
✶✷✳✻

✸✵✹
✸✵✺
✸✶✶
✸✶✸

✶✷✳✹✳✷✳✷

✶✷✳✹✳✷✳✹

✶✷✳✹✳✸

❇r✐❡❢ ❙✉r✈❡②

✸✵✸

❇r✐❡❢ ❙✉r✈❡②

✸✸✶

✸✸✷
✸✸✷

▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❢r♦♠ ❋✉❧❧② ❖❜s❡r✈✲
❛❜❧❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

✸✸✸

▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❢r♦♠ P❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❖❜✲
s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡s

✸✸✽

✶✷✳✹✳✹ ❯s❡ ♦❢ Pr✐♦r ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❊①♣❡rts
■◆❉❯❈❚■❱❊ ▲❖●■❈ P❘❖●❘❆▼▼■◆●
❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✸ ❯♥str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❉❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ❚❡①t ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s

✸✸✾
✸✸✾
✸✹✸

✸✹✺

✶✸✳✶

■◆❋❖❘▼❆❚■❖◆ ❙❚❘❯❈❚❯❘■◆● ❆◆❉ ❊❳❚❘❆❈✲
❚■❖◆

✸✹✻
✶✸✳✷ ❇❘■❊❋ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❚■❖◆ ❚❖ ◆▲P
✸✹✽
✶✸✳✷✳✶ ❙②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
✸✹✾
✶✸✳✷✳✶✳✶

❚♦❦❡♥✐③❛t✐♦♥

✸✹✾

✶✸✳✷✳✶✳✷

▼♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s

✸✹✾


❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶✸✳✷✳✷

✶✸✳✷✳✶✳✸

P❛rt✲♦❢✲❙♣❡❡❝❤ ✭P❖❙✮ ❚❛❣❣✐♥❣

✸✺✵

✶✸✳✷✳✶✳✹

❙②♥t❛❝t✐❝ P❛rs✐♥❣

✸✺✶

❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s

✸✺✹

✶✸✳✷✳✷✳✶

◆❛♠❡❞ ❊♥t✐t② ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥

✸✺✹

✶✸✳✷✳✷✳✷

❈♦✲r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥

✸✺✹

✶✸✳✷✳✷✳✸

❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❊①tr❛❝t✐♦♥

✸✺✺

✶✸✳✸

❚❊❳❚ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❚❖P■❈ ❊❳❚❘❆❈✲
❚■❖◆

✶✸✳✸✳✶ ◆❛ï✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ✭◆❇❈✮
✶✸✳✸✳✷ ❦✲❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ◆❛ï✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡r ✭❦◆❇❈✮
✶✸✳✸✳✸ ▲❛t❡♥t ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
✶✸✳✸✳✹ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ▲❛t❡♥t ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭P▲❙❆✮
✶✸✳✸✳✺ ▲❛t❡♥t ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t ❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭▲❉❆✮
✶✸✳✹ ❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✹ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜
✶✹✳✶

❘❊❙❖❯❘❈❊ ❉❊❙❈❘■P❚■❖◆ ❋❘❆▼❊❲❖❘❑ ✭❘❉❋✮
✶✹✳✶✳✶ ❘❉❋ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ✭❘❉❋❙✮
✶✹✳✶✳✷ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ❲❡❜ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❖❲▲✮
✶✹✳✷ ❉❊❙❈❘■P❚■❖◆ ▲❖●■❈❙
✶✹✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❙②♥t❛①
✶✹✳✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❆①✐♦♠s
✶✹✳✷✳✸ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❈♦♥str✉❝ts ❛♥❞ ❙✉❜s②st❡♠s
✶✹✳✷✳✹ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❖❲▲ ❈♦♥str✉❝ts ✐♥ ❘❡✲
❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡
✶✹✳✷✳✺ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❛s ❋✐rst✲❖r❞❡r ▲♦❣✐❝
✶✹✳✸ ❋❯❘❚❍❊❘ ❘❊❆❉■◆●

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✺ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❚♦♦❧s
✶✺✳✶
✶✺✳✷

①✐

■◆❚❊▲▲■●❊◆❚ ❉❊❈■❙■❖◆ ❆■❉■◆● ❙❨❙❚❊▼ ✭■❉❆❙✮
❊◆❱■❘❖◆▼❊◆❚ ❋❖❘ ✺❚❍ ●❊◆❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆PP▲■✲

❈❆❚■❖◆❙ ✭❊✺✮
✶✺✳✷✳✶ ❘✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❊①♣❡rt ❙②st❡♠ ❙❤❡❧❧
✶✺✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❧♦❣ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❡r
✶✺✳✷✳✸ ▲✐s♣ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❡r

✸✺✺
✸✺✻
✸✺✾
✸✻✶
✸✻✽
✸✻✾
✸✼✷

✸✼✸
✸✼✸
✸✼✼
✸✼✾
✸✽✶
✸✽✷
✸✽✹
✸✽✹
✸✽✻
✸✽✼
✸✽✽

✸✽✾
✸✾✵
✹✵✵
✹✵✶
✹✵✹

✹✵✺


①✐✐

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶✺✳✸
✶✺✳✹
✶✺✳✺

❆◆❆▲❨❙■❙ ❖❋ ❚❊❳❚ ✭❆❚❊❳❚✮
❘ ❆◆❉ ▼❆❚▲❆❇
❙❆❙ ❆◆❉ ❲❊❑❆

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✻ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❈❛s❡ ❙t✉❞✐❡s
✶✻✳✶
✶✻✳✷
✶✻✳✸
✶✻✳✹
✶✻✳✺

✶✻✳✻

❘■❙❑ ❆❙❙❊❙❙▼❊◆❚ ▼❖❉❊▲ ■✸
❘■❙❑ ❆❙❙❊❙❙▼❊◆❚ ■◆ ■◆❉■❱■❉❯❆▲ ▲❊◆❉■◆● ❯❙✲
■◆● ■❉❆❙
❘■❙❑ ❆❙❙❊❙❙▼❊◆❚ ■◆ ❈❖▼▼❊❘❈■❆▲ ▲❊◆❉■◆●
❯❙■◆● ❊✺ ❆◆❉ ■❉❆❙
❋❘❆❯❉ ❉❊❚❊❈❚■❖◆

❙❊◆❚■▼❊◆❚ ❆◆❆▲❨❙■❙ ❯❙■◆● ❆❚❊❳❚
✶✻✳✺✳✶ ❚❡①t ❈♦r♣✉s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥
✶✻✳✺✳✷ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡s✉❧ts
▲■❋❊ ❙❚❆❚❯❙ ❊❙❚■▼❆❚■❖◆ ❯❙■◆● ❉❨◆❆▼■❈
❇❆❨❊❙■❆◆ ◆❊❚❲❖❘❑❙

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❆ ❯s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❙②♠❜♦❧s
❆✳✶

❙❨▼❇❖▲❙ ❯❙❊❉ ■◆ ❚❍❊ ❇❖❖❑

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❇ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❙❛♠♣❧❡ ❉❛t❛
❇✳✶
❇✳✷

P▲❆❨✲❚❊◆◆■❙ ❊❳❆▼P▲❊
❯◆■❚❊❉ ❙❚❆❚❊❙ ❊▲❊❈❚❖❘❆▲ ❈❖▲▲❊●❊ ❉❆❚❆

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ❈ ▼❆❚▲❆❇ ❛♥❞ ❘ ❈♦❞❡ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s
❈✳✶
❈✳✷

■♥❞❡①

✹✵✻
✹✶✾
✹✷✶

✹✷✺
✹✷✺

✹✷✼
✹✸✵
✹✹✶
✹✹✹
✹✹✹
✹✹✻
✹✹✾

✹✺✸
✹✺✸

✹✺✺
✹✺✺
✹✺✻

✹✺✼

▼❆❚▲❆❇ ❈❖❉❊ ❋❖❘ ❙❚❖❈❑ P❘❊❉■❈❚■❖◆ ❯❙■◆●
❑❆▲▼❆◆ ❋■▲❚❊❘
✹✺✼
❘ ❈❖❉❊ ❋❖❘ ❙❚❖❈❑ P❘❊❉■❈❚■❖◆ ❯❙■◆● ❑❆▲▼❆◆
❋■▲❚❊❘
✹✻✵

✹✼✾


Pr❡❢❛❝❡
✶

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ▼❡rr✐❛♠✲❲❡❜st❡r ❞✐❝t✐♦♥❛r② ✱ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐s ✏t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢
❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ❜r♦❛❞ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥ ❡①✲
♣❧✐❝✐t❧② st❛t❡❞ ❡♥❞✲❣♦❛❧✳ ❆ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ✐s
t❤❛t ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✭❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦r ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✮ t❤❛t tr❛♥s❢♦r♠s
✭❤♦♣❡❢✉❧❧②✱ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧②✮ r❛✇ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝t✐♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣✉✐❞❡
str❛t❡❣✐❝ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣✳ ❆❧♦♥❣ t❤✐s ❧✐♥❡✱ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❣✉r✉ ●❛rt♥❡r
❞❡✜♥❡s ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛s ♠❡t❤♦❞s t❤❛t ✏❧❡✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧
♣r♦❝❡ss ✭♦r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✮ t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✲s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✐♥s✐❣❤t t❤❛t ✐s ❛❝t✐♦♥❛❜❧❡✑
✭❑✐r❦✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ♥❛t✉r❛❧❧② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✲
✐❝s ✐♥ ✐♥❞✉str②✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t✐t❧❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦✱

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱

r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✳
❚❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛✈❡s s✉❝❤
❛r❡❛s ❛s ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❛✉t❤♦rs✳
❊❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ✐s ❜r♦❛❞ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❝♦✈❡r ❛♥② ❛♣✲
♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦✈❡r ❡✈❡r② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss
✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✱ ❜✉t r❛t❤❡r t♦ t❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡ ❛❝r♦ss
♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♠❛♥② ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❞
❛ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✳ ❖✉r
❤♦♣❡ ✐s t❤❛t ♣r❛❝t✐t✐♦♥❡rs ♦❢ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡❛s✐❧② s❡❡ t❤❡
❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r
✜♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t❤❡② s❡❡❦✳
❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❤❛s ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♠♦st❧② ♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s
♦❢ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠②r✐❛❞ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t
tr❡♥❞ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛ t✉r♥ t♦✇❛r❞s ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛♥❞ t❡①t ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ♦❢ ✉♥✲
str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ❖✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s t♦ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡♥r✐❝❤ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧

✷ ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣

t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✇✐t❤ s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✭❆■✮

✸
✭▼▲✮ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳ ◆♦t❡ ♦✉r ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠s ✏❛✉❣♠❡♥t✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❡♥r✐❝❤✑ ❛s ♦♣✲

♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ✏r❡♣❧❛❝❡✳✑ ❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛r❡ ✐♥✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❞❛t❛✲
r✐❝❤ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛r❡❛s ✇❤❡r❡ ❆■ ❛♥❞ ▼▲ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡
❜❡tt❡r ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❦♥♦✇❧✲
❡❞❣❡✳ ❇❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿

✶ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠❡rr✐❛♠✲✇❡❜st❡r✳❝♦♠✴
✷ ❆■ s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s②st❡♠s ❡①❤✐❜✐t✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠ ❤✉♠❛♥ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✳
✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s②st❡♠s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐♥❣ ▼▲ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❢r♦♠

♦❜s❡r✲

✈❛t✐♦♥s✳

①✐✐✐


①✐✈
•

Pr❡❢❛❝❡

▼✐①✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡✱ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❝❛❧ ✭❡✳❣✳✱
❞❛② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❡❡❦✱ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✮ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✐♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳

•

✏❲❤❛t✲✐❢ ✑ ♦r ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✇❤❛t ✐❢ t❤❡ r❡✈❡♥✉❡ t❛r✲
❣❡t ✐s s❡t ❤✐❣❤❡r✱ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ ❝✉st♦♠❡r ❝❤✉r♥✮✳

•

❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ✭❛r❡✮ ❡❛s✐❧② ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❜② ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②sts✳

•

❊✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡♠❡♥t ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❡①♣❡rts
❛s ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✏❝✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t②✱✑ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳

❚❤♦✉❣❤ ❡❛r❧② ❆■ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ✇❛s ♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❡ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ t❤❡ ♠❛✲
♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝s s②♠❜♦❧s ✇✐t❤ ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✮✱ ✐t ❤❛s ♠♦✈❡❞
t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❤②❜r✐❞ ♦❢ s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♦♥❡ ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦
✜♥❞ ❜♦t❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❆■ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳
❍❡r❡ ❛r❡ s♦♠❡ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✴❡♥r✐❝❤♠❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s r❡❛❞❡rs ✇✐❧❧ ✜♥❞ ❝♦✈✲
❡r❡❞ ❜② t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✭♥♦t t♦ ✇♦rr② ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡r♠s✮✿ ✇❡
❡♥r✐❝❤ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ✇✐t❤ s✉❜s♣❛❝❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✭❡✳❣✳✱
❧❛t❡♥t s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✮✱ ♠❡❧❞ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❣r❛♣❤✲
✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ ❡①t❡♥❞ ❛✉t♦r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✇✐t❤
❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r ❛♥❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❡♠❜❡❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ tr❡❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t ✏♥❡❛r❡st✲♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r✑ ❛♥❞

k ✲♠❡❛♥s

❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣

t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✇✐t❤ s✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❛♥❞ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡✱
t❤❡s❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ♠❛② s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ❜✉t ✐♥
♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣
tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜❛s❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✉♥❞❡r ✈❡r② r❡str✐❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥r✐❝❤❡❞ t❡❝❤✲
♥✐q✉❡s ♦✛❡r ❡✣❝✐❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝✉st♦♠❡r s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝❤✉r♥
♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥✱ ❝r❡❞✐t r✐s❦ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✱ ❢r❛✉❞ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❞✈❡rt✐s✐♥❣ ❝❛♠♣❛✐❣♥s✳
❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✲
❥❡❝t❡❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ❞♦ ♥♦t r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❆♥ ♦❜✈✐✲
♦✉s ♥❡①t st❡♣ ✐s Pr❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛✲
t✐✈❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦r ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦♣t✐♦♥s✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❡t
♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣
♦❢ r♦✉t✐♥❡ t❛s❦s ✐s ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ ♦❢ ❧♦❛♥ ❡❧✐❣✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦r
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥s✉r❛♥❝❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠s✮✱ ❜✉t s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲
t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❝r❡❞✐t r✐s❦ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t
♦r ❝❧✐♥✐❝❛❧ tr✐❛❧ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t ✉s❡ ♦❢ s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈✐t② s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ♣r♦✲
❤✐❜✐t t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❢r♦♠ ♣✉rs✉✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ t❤❡
❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❜② ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♥♦♥✲q✉❛♥t✐✜❛❜❧❡ s✉❜✲
❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✲❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ♦♣t✐♦♥s
❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦✐♥❣✱ t♦
t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✳
❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐s ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡❧② ❛❜♦✉t ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ■❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡
❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✱ t❤❡♥ ❞❛t❛ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ ❜❡ ❜✉✐❧t ❛r❡ ✇❡❧❧✲✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥
❡✐❣❤t② ♣❡r❝❡♥t ♦❢ ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❞❛t❛ t♦❞❛② ✐s ✉♥str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✭●r✐♠❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❛♥❞


Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①✈

t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ✉r❣❡♥t ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✳ ❚❡①t ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐s ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦
t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r ❛♥❞ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
✇✐t❤✐♥ ❧❛r❣❡ q✉❛♥t✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❡①t ✭♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧✮✳ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❡✲s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ♠✐❧✐t❛r② ✐♥t❡❧❧✐✲
❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r②✱ ❛♥❞ s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✳ ❚❤✐s
❜♦♦❦ ❝♦✈❡rs ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt t✇♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡✲
♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t❡①t ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❡①t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳
▼♦st ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s s②st❡♠s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✏❤②❜r✐❞✑
✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❡✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ t❤r❡❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② st❛t✐st✐❝s✲✱
❆■✲✱ ❛♥❞ ▼▲✲❜❛s❡❞✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ✐s ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ t✐♠❡✳
❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ❛r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ❢r♦♠ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❧✐❢❡ st❛t✉s
❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❧♦❛♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❝r❡❞✐t r✐s❦ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s
♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❤❛✈❡ r♦♦ts ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ st❛t✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ✐♥ ❆■ ❛♥❞
▼▲✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ t❤❡♦r②✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❢♦r
❢✉rt❤❡r st✉❞✐❡s✳

❘❡❛❞❡rs❤✐♣
❚❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s s②st❡♠s
❢♦r ❛♥② ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡✱ ✜♥❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣✱ ❤✉♠❛♥ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱
❝✉st♦♠❡r s✉♣♣♦rt✱ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛t✐♦♥✮ ✇❤♦ ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s
❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✳ ❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❛s ❛ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ❢♦r ♠♦✈✐♥❣
t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ♥❡✇ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② st✉❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞
t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤♦s❡ ✐♥ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss s❝❤♦♦❧s✱ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ st✉❞②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣
✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✇✐❧❧ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❛s ❛ t❡①t❜♦♦❦ ❢♦r ✉♥❞❡r✲
❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❝♦✉rs❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛s ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜♦♦❦ ❢♦r r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs✳ Pr✐♦r
✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡
✇❤♦ ✇✐s❤ t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s s②st❡♠s ❣r♦✉♥❞❡❞ ✐♥ ✇❡❧❧✲❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ t❤❡♦r②✱ r❛t❤❡r
t❤❛♥ ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♦♥❡s✳

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

❚❤❡ s✐①t❡❡♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ❛r❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ s✐① ♣❛rts✱ ♠♦st❧② ❛❧♦♥❣
t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ st❛t✐st✐❝s✱ ❆■✱ ❛♥❞ ▼▲ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rts ❢♦r ✐♥tr♦✲
❞✉❝t♦r② ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞
❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✉♥♥❛t✉r❛❧ t♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s
♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②✱ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡✱ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡✳ ❚❤✐s
✐s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t s♦♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢
♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❡❧♣s t♦ ❞✐s✲
❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱
t❤❡s❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♦r ❢✉t✉r❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♦r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡
❝♦✉rs❡s ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ st❛t✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t❤❡♦r② ✐♥ t❤✐s
❜♦♦❦ ✐s ❢❛r ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡❀ ✇❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥❧② ♦♥ t❤♦s❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✲
❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❡✐t❤❡r ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ✈✐❛ ♦r ✉s❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ s♦♠❡ ❆■ ❛♥❞
▼▲ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜♦♦❦s ♦♥ st❛t✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②
t❤❡♦r② ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐❢ ❞❡s✐r❡❞✳


①✈✐

Pr❡❢❛❝❡

P❆❘❚ ■ ✕ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶

❞❡t❛✐❧s t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❞r❛✇♥ ❢r♦♠

✈❛r✐♦✉s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✳ ■t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ♠♦❞❡❧✲
✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶ ✐s
✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❛♥♥❡r ❛♥❞ ✉s❡s r❡❧❛t❛❜❧❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r
✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝s ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ♦♥ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐✲

♥❛r✐❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❜❛s✐❝ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ st❛t✐st✐❝s✱ ❣r❛♣❤ t❤❡♦r②✱ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧
❧♦❣✐❝✱ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✐❝ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r
✇✐❧❧ s❡r✈❡ ❛s ❛ r❡❢r❡s❤❡r ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ r❡❛❞❡rs ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ❡①♣♦s❡❞ t♦
t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✳

P❆❘❚ ■■ ✕ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸

♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✈❛r✐♦✉s st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s

❢♦r ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♣r♦❜✲
❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❣♦♦❞♥❡ss✲♦❢✲✜t t❡sts✱ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♦❢
❝❡♥tr❛❧ t❡♥❞❡♥❝②✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐♦♥s✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹

✐s ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣✱ ❣✐✈❡♥

✐ts ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ❛❝r♦ss ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❲❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ❇❛②❡s✬s r✉❧❡✱ ❛♥❞
❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ♣r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐♦✉s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡♠✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✺ ❝♦✈❡rs ✐♥❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ st❛t✐st✐❝s ❢♦r ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳ ❚♦♣✐❝s ✐♥✲

❝❧✉❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ t❡st ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✱ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✳ ❲❡
❝♦✈❡r ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❛t❡❣♦r②✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❧♦❣✐s✲
t✐❝s r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥s✱ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ❛✉t♦✲r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥✱
❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❛♥❞ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❲❡ s❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡ ✭❉❚✮ ❧❡❛r♥✲
✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡ ✭❈❆❘❚✮ ❢♦r ❛ ❧❛t❡r ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱

❣✐✈❡♥ ✐ts ❝❧♦s❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❉❚ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ▼▲ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✳

P❆❘❚ ■■■ ✕ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✻

♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❆■ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳

❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ❛♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s ✈❛r✐♦✉s
✇❡❧❧✲❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✱ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡
t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✼

♣r❡s❡♥ts s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳

❲❡ st❛rt ✇✐t❤ ◆❛ï✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ✭◆❇❈s✮✱ ♠♦✈❡ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛✲
t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡

k ✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡

◆❛ï✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ✭k ◆❇❈s✮✱ ❛♥❞✱ ✜♥❛❧❧②✱ ❡①✲

♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✭❇◆s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts
✈❛r✐♦✉s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❛♥ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡ ❡①✲
♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t❡❞ ✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❛rr♦✇s ✐♥ ❛ ❇◆
♠♦❞❡❧ ✈✐❛ ❛❜❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ✭❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ✭❝❛✉s❛❧✮ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣✳
❚❤✐s ✐s ❧❛r❣❡❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞✱ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥✲
s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✱ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ❚♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥
❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐♥❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✱ r❡❛❞❡rs ❛r❡

Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①✈✐✐

t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ t♦ ❣♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐♥ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ❛s t❤❡② ❝❛♥ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r②
✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ❇◆ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✽

❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠ ✭■❉✮ ❛♥❞ s②♠✲

❜♦❧✐❝ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛✲
❧②t✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ❇◆ ❛♥❞ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠s ❢♦r ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ♥♦t
❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉t✐❧✐t② t❤❛t ❛r❡ ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s
✐♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❡①ts✳ ■❉s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉t✐❧✲
✐t②✳ ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♦♥❡ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥st
❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ✇✐t❤ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ❢r♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ❞✐❝t✐♦♥❛r✐❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞✐❝t✐♦♥❛r②✳ ❆r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡❞ t♦ r❛♥❦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ s❡t
♦❢ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❝❤♦♦s❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡ ♦♥❡✳ ❘❡❛❞❡rs ♠✉st ❣♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤
t❤❡ ❇◆ ❝❤❛♣t❡r t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ■❉s✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✾

♣r❡s❡♥ts ♦✉r ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝❛t❡❣♦r②✳

❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ t✐♠❡✲s❡r✐❡s ❞❛t❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛
❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ♠❛r❦❡t✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ♠❛❦❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤
♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❢♦r❡❝❛st✐♥❣✳ ❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ❋✐❧t❡r ✭❑❋✮ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❢♦r ❡st✐✲
♠❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ t❤❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ▼❛r❦♦✈

▼♦❞❡❧ ✭❍▼▼✮ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ◆❡t✲
✇♦r❦ ✭❉❇◆✮ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❉❇◆s ❛r❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❇◆s✳ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞✳ ❘❡❛❞❡rs ♠✉st ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡
❇◆ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✐ts t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✵

♣r❡s❡♥ts s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✐♥❢❡r✲

❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝♦✈❡r ❛r❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❈❤❛✐♥
▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ✭▼❈▼❈✮✱ ●✐❜❜s s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣✱ ▼❡tr♦♣♦❧✐s✲❍❛st✐♥❣s✱ ❛♥❞ P❛rt✐❝❧❡
❋✐❧t❡r ✭P❋✮✳ P❋ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛r❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❉❇◆s
❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳

P❆❘❚ ■❱ ✕ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✶

❝♦✈❡rs s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣

t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r s❡❣♠❡♥t✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②✱ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧✱

k ✲♠❡❛♥s✱ k ✲◆❡❛r❡st

◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r ✭k ◆◆✮✱ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s ✭❙❱▼✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ◆❡✉✲
r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✭◆◆s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst t❤r❡❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡✐r r♦♦ts ✐♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ st❛t✐st✐❝s✱
✇❤❡r❡❛s t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r t✇♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ▼▲ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✷ ♣r❡s❡♥ts s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉♥s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣

tr❡❡s✱ r✉❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✳ ❲❡ st❛rt ✇✐t❤ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡s ✭❉❚s✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝
❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②✱ ◆❇❈✱

k ◆❇❈✱ ❛♥❞ ❇◆✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧

r✉❧❡ ✐♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ■♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✭■▲P✮✳

P❆❘❚ ❱ ✕ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙tr✉❝t✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❉✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✸ ❞❡❛❧s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ♦❢ ✉♥str✉❝t✉r❡❞ t❡①t✉❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦
❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t❛s❦s t❤❛t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❡①t ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❡①t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❜r✐❡✢② ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s s♦♠❡ ♣♦♣✲


①✈✐✐✐

Pr❡❢❛❝❡

✉❧❛r ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ❡①tr❛❝t✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠
♦❢ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✭❘❉❋✮ tr✐♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡♥ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛♥ ❛rr❛② ♦❢
t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ❢♦r t❡①t ❝♦r♣✉s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ◆❇❈✱

k ◆❇❈✱ ▲❛t❡♥t

❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭▲❙❆✮✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ▲❙❆ ✭P▲❙❆✮✱ ❛♥❞ ▲❛t❡♥t ❉✐r✐❝❤❧❡t
❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭▲❉❆✮✳ P▲❙❆ ❛♥❞ ▲❉❆ ❛r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ❡①tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ❧❛✲
t❡♥t t♦♣✐❝s ✐♥ ❛ t❡①t ❝♦r♣✉s ✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♥s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ♠❛♥♥❡r✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✹

♣r❡s❡♥ts st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥t t♦

❜❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞❡❞ ❛s ❝♦♥s✉♠❡rs ❜② ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❡♥t✐t✐❡s✱
✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✲❜❛s❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s✱ ♦r ❤✉♠❛♥ ♦♣✲
❡r❛t♦rs✳ ❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❲❡❜ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② t♦ s❡r✈❡ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✳

P❆❘❚ ❱■ ✕ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❚♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❈❛s❡ ❙t✉❞✐❡s
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✺ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤r❡❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s t♦♦❧s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❡❞
❜② t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✿ ✶✮ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❆✐❞✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ✭i❉❆❙✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s

th

✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ▼▲ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s❀ ✷✮ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❢♦r ✺

●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥

❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭❊✺✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛t✐✈❡
❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❡①♣❡rt s②st❡♠ s❤❡❧❧❀ ❛♥❞ ✸✮ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❚❡①t
✭a❚❡①t✮ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡①t ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✳ ❉❡♠♦
✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢

i❉❆❙✱

❊✺✱ ❛♥❞

a❚❡①t

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ♣✉r❝❤❛s✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♣② ♦❢

t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❡♠❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❛ r❡q✉❡st t♦ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts

✈❡r② ❜r✐❡✢② ❛ ❤❛♥❞❢✉❧ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱
✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘✱ ▼❆❚▲❆❇✱ ❲❊❑❆✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❆❙✳
❚❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t❡❞ ❛t s❞❛s❅♠❛❝❤✐♥❡❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳❝♦♠ ♦r s✉❜✲
r❛t❛❅s❦❞❛s✳❝♦♠ t♦ r❡q✉❡st ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ t❤r❡❡
▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s t♦♦❧s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♣❡♥✉❧t✐♠❛t❡
❝❤❛♣t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t❤❡ s♦❧❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡
t♦♦❧s ✉♣♦♥ ❛ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st♦r✬s ✉s❛❣❡ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥✳ ❯s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡
t♦♦❧s ✐s ❡♥t✐r❡❧② ❛t ❤✐s ♦r ❤❡r ♦✇♥ r✐s❦✳ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐s ♥♦t r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r
t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ r❡❧✐❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❛♥② ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t♦♦❧s✳ ▲✐❝❡♥s✐♥❣
❞❡t❛✐❧s ❢♦r ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t♦♦❧s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② s❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥
❡♠❛✐❧ t♦ ❛❞♠✐♥❅♠❛❝❤✐♥❡❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳❝♦♠✳

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✻

♣r❡s❡♥ts ❢♦✉r ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②✱ r✐s❦ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t

❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❧❡♥❞✐♥❣s✱ ❧✐❢❡ st❛t✉s ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ s❡♥✲
t✐♠❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ t❤r❡❡ t♦♦❧s✱

i❉❆❙✱

❊✺✱ ❛♥❞

a❚❡①t✳

❚❤❡

❞❡♠♦ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦♦❧s ✭s❡❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✮ ❝♦♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡s❡ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s
❢♦r r❡❛❞❡rs t♦ r✉♥ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛❧s♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s ✈❛r✐♦✉s t②♣❡s ♦❢
❢r❛✉❞ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♦❧✈❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✳
❚❤❡ s❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐s ❜r♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r② ✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❧✐❦❡❧②
t♦ ❝♦✈❡r ❛ ❜r❡❛❞t❤ ♦❢ t♦♣✐❝ ❛r❡❛s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐s ♥♦t t♦ ❝♦✈❡r ❡❛❝❤
❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r② ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t
♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❛r❡❛s s✉❝❤ ❛s ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ❛♥❞
✇❡❜ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r ❛✉t❤♦rs✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ t❤r✉st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦
♥❛t✉r❛❧❧② ♣✉ts ❧❡ss ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ s✉❜✲s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❛r❡❛s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳


Pr❡❢❛❝❡

①✐①

◆♦t❛❜❧❡ ♦♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❝❛s❡✲❜❛s❡❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜❧❛❝❦❜♦❛r❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦
♣r❡s❝r✐♣t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡
t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ♠② ❜❡st ❡✛♦rt t♦
♠❛❦❡ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❡✱ r❡❛❞❛❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❢r❡❡ ❢r♦♠ ♠✐st❛❦❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ■ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡
❛♥② ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠ ♦r s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t✳

❚✉t♦r✐❛❧s ❙♦✉r❝❡
▼✉❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❧✐❞❡s ♦❢ t✇♦ s❡r✐❡s
♦❢ t✉t♦r✐❛❧s t❤❛t ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣❛st ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs✿ ♦♥❡ s❡r✐❡s
✐s ♦♥ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r s❡r✐❡s ✐s ♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐✲
s❡♥s♦r ❉❛t❛ ❋✉s✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡rs✱ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞
❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ♦♥✲ ♦r ♦✛✲s✐t❡ t✉t♦r✐❛❧s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡
❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ♠❛② ❝♦♥t❛❝t t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ✭s✉❜r❛t❛❅s❦❞❛s✳❝♦♠ ♦r
s❞❛s❅♠❛❝❤✐♥❡❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s✳❝♦♠✮✳

❙✉❜r❛t❛ ❉❛s
▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s✱ ■♥❝✳

❇❡❧♠♦♥t✱ ▼❆


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❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts
❚❤❛♥❦s t♦ ♠② ✇✐❢❡✱ ❏❛♥✐q✉❡✱ ♠② s♦♥✱ ❙é❜❛st✐❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♠② ❞❛✉❣❤t❡r✱ ❑❛❜✐t❛✱ ❢♦r
t❤❡✐r ❧♦✈❡✱ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦✳
▼② s✐♥❝❡r❡ t❤❛♥❦s ❣♦ t♦ ❏❡ss✐❝❛ ❱♦❧③ ❢♦r ❤❡r ❝❛r❡❢✉❧ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞r❛❢t
♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ▼❛♥② t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❈❤❛♣♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❍❛❧❧✴❈❘❈ Pr❡ss✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②
❘❛♥❞✐ ❈♦❤❡♥✱ ❆❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥s ❊❞✐t♦r✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♥♦♥②♠♦✉s r❡✈✐❡✇❡rs ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ❤❡❧♣
✐♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✳
❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ♣r❛❝t✐t✐♦♥❡rs ✐♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✉s✲
tr② ❢r♦♠ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ✇✐t❤ ✇❤♦♠ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s❝✉s✲
s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts t❤❛t ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ♠❡ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ ❜❡tt❡r t❤❡
❢✉s✐♦♥ ❛r❡❛✳ ❚❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ♠② ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s ❤❡r❡ ❛t ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐♥ ❇❡❧✲
♠♦♥t✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛t ❳❡r♦① ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈❡♥t❡r ❊✉r♦♣❡ ✐♥ ●r❡♥♦❜❧❡✱
❋r❛♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛t ▼✐❧❝♦r❞ ✐♥ ❲❛❧t❤❛♠✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✱ ✇✐t❤ ✇❤♦♠ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞
♥✉♠❡r♦✉s t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜♦♦❦✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ■ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② ♣❛r❡♥ts✱ ❜r♦t❤❡rs✱ s✐st❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❢❛♠✐❧② ♠❡♠❜❡rs
❜❛❝❦ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ♠❛♥② t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ s♠❛❧❧ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡s ✐♥ ■♥❞✐❛ ❢♦r ♣❛t✐❡♥t❧② ❛❝❝❡♣t✐♥❣
♠② ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠❛♥②
♣❤♦♥❡ ❝❛❧❧s✳

①①✐


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❆✉t❤♦r
❉r✳ ❙✉❜r❛t❛ ❉❛s

✐s t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t ♦❢ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✱ ❛

❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇♦st♦♥ ❛r❡❛ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ❢✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛♥❝②
s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❝❧✐❡♥ts ✐♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ♣r❛❝✲
t✐❝❛❧ ❜✉t t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧❧② ✇❡❧❧✲❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ ✐♥✲❤♦✉s❡✱ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧✲♦✛✲t❤❡✲s❤❡❧❢✱ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦♦❧s✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛s ✐s
♦❢t❡♥ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s✐③❡s t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ t❤❡✐r ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛
❢✉s✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣✐❡s✳
❉r✳ ❉❛s ♣♦ss❡ss❡s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❡♣ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢
❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ♠✐♥✐♥❣✴♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤✲
♥✐q✉❡s ✇✐t❤ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ st❛t✐st✐❝s✱ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐✲
❝❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✱ ❛♥❞ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡rt✐s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s
r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ s❡r✐❡s ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✱ ❝❧✉st❡r ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✱ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✲
✇♦r❦s✱ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❛❣❡♥ts✱
s✉❜s♣❛❝❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠s ❢♦r ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ✉♥✲
❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛s ✐s ♣r♦✜❝✐❡♥t ✐♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣
❏❛✈❛✱ ❈++✱ ❛♥❞ Pr♦❧♦❣✱ s❝r✐♣t✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ s✉❝❤ ❘ ❛♥❞ ▼❛t❧❛❜✱ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐♦✉s
❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❍❡ ❤❛s ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞
✐♥✲❤♦✉s❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s

t♦♦❧s

a❚❡①t✱ i❉❆❙

❛♥❞ ❘✐s❦❆✐❞✳

❉r✳ ❉❛s s♣❡♥t t✇♦ ②❡❛rs ✐♥ ●r❡♥♦❜❧❡✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❧❛❜ ♠❛♥❛❣❡r ♦❢ ♠♦r❡
t❤❛♥ ❢♦rt② r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❛t t❤❡ ❳❡r♦① ❊✉✲
r♦♣❡❛♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈❡♥tr❡✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛s ❣✉✐❞❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✲
✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ✉♥str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s✱ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✱
✐♠❛❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✉♥❞❡r ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛s ✇❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢
t❤❡ ✜✈❡✲♠❡♠❜❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲♣r♦✜❧❡ ❳❡r♦① t❛s❦ ❢♦r❝❡ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❲♦r❦ ✷✵✷✵✱
✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❛❧♦♥❣s✐❞❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ P❛❧♦ ❆❧t♦ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈❡♥t❡r ✭P❆❘❈✮ t♦
❡①♣❧♦r❡ ❛ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ♦❢ ✇♦r❦✳
❇❡❢♦r❡ ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ ❳❡r♦①✱ ❉r✳ ❉❛s ❤❡❧❞ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❡❢ s❝✐❡♥t✐st ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛t ❈❤❛r❧❡s
❘✐✈❡r ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✐♥ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ▼❆✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❧❡❞ ♠❛♥② ❢✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧
♣r♦❥❡❝ts ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② ❉❆❘P❆✱ ◆❆❙❆✱ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❜r❛♥❝❤❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❯❙ ❉❡✲
♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❉❡❢❡♥s❡ ✭❉♦❉✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❆r♠②✱ t❤❡ ❖✣❝❡ ♦❢ ◆❛✈❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤
✭❖◆❘✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❆✐r ❋♦r❝❡ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ▲❛❜ ✭❆❋❘▲✮✳ ❍❡ ❤❛s ❛❧s♦ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t❡❞
❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡❧② ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t✐❡s ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st✱ ❉r✳ ❉❛s
❤❡❧❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❛t ■♠♣❡r✐❛❧ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛♥❞ ◗✉❡❡♥ ▼❛r② ❛♥❞ ❲❡st✜❡❧❞
❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✱ ❜♦t❤ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤
✐♥ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❍❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❤✐s P❤❉ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡

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