OntapNguphap HKI 11

Ôn tập Ngữ pháp – học kì I lớp 11
I. INFINITIVE WITH TO AND INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
1. Infinitives with “to”
a. Form
Present/simple infinitive
Active:
to + v

Ex: to study, to work…
Passive:
to + be + past participle

Ex: to be seen, to be helped…
Continuous infinitive
Active:
to be + present participle (V-ing)

Ex: to be studying, to be working…
Perfect infinitive
Active:
to have + past participle

Ex: to have worked, to have done…
Passive:
to have + been + pp

Ex: to have been done, to have been spoken…
Negative infinitive: not to infinitive

Ex: Not to go, not to have gone, not to be told…
b. Usage

Subject
Ex: To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the world.
Object
Ex: He wants to buy a new car.
Subject complement
Ex: Her dream is to become a doctor.
Purpose
Ex: He borrowed the money from the bank to buy a new house.


After adjectives
Ex: We are very happy to see you again.
After nouns or indefinite pronouns
Ex: I have nothing to do now.
After certain verbs (afford, agree, arrange, learn, decide, demand, expect, fail,

hope, intend, promise, refuse, manage, need, offer, want, wish, would like….)
Ex: They promised to come back soon.
Verb + O + infinitive (advise, allow, ask, encourage, invite, order, permit, remind,

tell, want, warn, persuade, request...)
Ex: He advised me to learn English.
c. Sentence patterns
V + infinitive
Ex: They are planning to widen a number of streets in the city.
V + O + infinitive
Ex: She forbade her daughter to wear short jeans.
S + be + adj + infinitve
Ex: The problem is not easy to solve.
It + be + adj + infinitive

Ex: It is dangerous to drive on slippery roads.
N + infinitive (reduced relatives) or after the first/ the second/ the last/ the only
(+N)
Ex: John is the only student to find out the answer.
Too + adj/ adv + (for s.o.) + infinitive
Adj/ adv enough + (for s.o.) + infinitive
Ex: He spoke too quickly for me to understand.
He is strong enough to carry that can.
Question words + infinitive
Ex: I don’t know what to do.
I don’t know where to go.

2. Infinitive without “to”
After modal verbs, auxilary verbs
Ex: She doesn’t know where to go.
She can swim very well.
V + O + bare infinitive (verbs of perception: see, hear, watch, notice, feel...)
when we see, hear... the whole action from beginning to end.
Ex: I saw the man take my bike.
The man was seen to take my bike.


I saw him climb through the window yesterday. (We hear or see the whole of

an action or event.)
I see smoke flying from the chimney. (We hear an action or event in progress.)
Make, let, help, have + O + bare infinitive
Ex: I will let you borrow my car if you promise to take good care of it.
His sister helped him (to) do his homework.
Note:

Active:

make + O + V(bare)

Passive: be made + infinitive with “to”
Ex: The robber made the cashier hand over the money.
The cashier was made to hand over the money by the robber.
After the expressions: had better, would rather, would sooner, rather than, why
not, why should we (not)
Ex: I would rather watch TV than read a newspaper.
Commands and requests
Ex: Sit down, please.
Don’t make so noise.
After except, but, than
Ex: He did nothing but complain.

II. Past Simple
1. Form
a. Verb “to be”
Affirmative
We/ You/ They + were
I/ He/ She/ It + was
Negative
We/ You/ They + were not (weren’t)
I/ He/ She/ It + was not (wasn’t)
Interrogative
Were + we/ you/ they…?
Was + I/ he/ she/ it…?
b. Ordinary verbs
Affirmative

Subject + V2/ V-ed
Negative
Subject + did not (didn’t) + Vbare


Interrogative
Did + subject + Vbare?

2. Usage
a. The simple past tense is used to express an action that started and finished at a
specific time in the past.

Example:
Matthew Webb was the first person who swam cross the English Channel.
b. The simple past tense is used to express repeated or habitual actions in the
past.

Example:
When I was a high school student, I usually took the bus to school.
c. The simple past tense is used to express general truths about the past.

Example:
World War II broke out in 1939 and ended in 1945.
d. The simple past tense is used to express permanent situations and states in the
past.

Example:
Many people became homeless and fatherless during the war.

III. Past Progressive

1. Form

Subject + was/were + V-ing
Affirmative
We/ You/ They + were + V-ing
I/ He/ She/ It + was + V-ing
Negative
We/ You/ They + were not (weren’t) + V-ing
I/ He/ She/ It + was not (wasn’t) + V-ing
Interrogative
Were + we/ you/ they + V-ing?
Was + I/ he/ she/ it + V-ing?

2. Usage
a. Actions in progress at a particular moment in the past

Example:
At 8 pm last night, he was doing his English homework.


b. Actions in progress over a period of time in the past

Example:
He was working on the assignment all night.
c. Two actions in progress at the same time in the past

Example:
While he was doing his homework, his sister was reading a book.
d. The past progressive is used to describe an action in progress which was
interrupted by a sudden past action.

Example:
While he was doing his homework, his friend called him on the phone to discuss a
difficult question.

IV. Past Perfect
1. Form

Subject + had + V3/ V-ed
(Động từ bất quy tắc: V3
Động từ có quy tắc: V-ed)
Affirmative
I/ We/ You/ They + have + V3/ Ved
He/ She/ It + has + V3/ Ved
Negative
I/ We/ You/ They + have not (haven’t) + V3/ Ved
He/ She/ It + has not (hasn’t) + V3/ Ved
Interrogative
Have + I/ we/ you/ they + V3/ Ved?
Has + he/ she/ it + V3/ Ved?

2. Usage
a. The present perfect tense expresses actions completed recently.

Example:
I have just finished reading Harry Potter series.
b. The present perfect tense expresses completed actions at an unknown time in the
past. We use Simple Past tense if we want to mention when the action.

Example:

I have read that novel twice. I read it when it was first published, and the other
time was some minutes ago.


c. The present perfect tense expresses a series of actions began in the past,
continuing up to now or in the future.

Example:
J.K Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, has written many other books besides
Harry Potter.

3. Time expressions
Frequently used time phrases expression

just, already, yet, ever, never, before, still, recently, up to now, until now, so far
It’s the first/ second/ etc. time

It is the first time I have ever heard of Matthew Webb.
For

I haven’t seen him for ages. (for ages = for a long time)
Since

I haven’t seen him since 2008.
I haven’t seen him since he left the city.

V. INFINITIVE AND GERUND
1. Infinitives with to can be used after
the first/the last/the next

adjectives: happy, glad, nice…
question words : how, when, what…
some verbs: want , ask, expect…
2. Gerunds can be used after
Prepositions: in, on , from …
Some phrases: be busy, feel like …
Some verbs: avoid, delay, enjoy...
Verbs of perceptions: see, hear…
3. Infinitives and gerunds
a. With difference structures
advise
recommend
allow
permit
encourage
require

+ V –ing


Examples:
They advise walking to town.
They do not allow smoking here.
They encourage doing the test.
They do not permit smoking here.
They recommend walking to town.
advise
recommend
allow

+ Object

permit

+ to infinitive

encourage
require

Examples:
They advise us to walk to town.
They do not allow us to smoke here.
They encourage us to do the test.
They recommend us to walk to town.
b. No difference in meaning

After the following verbs
Verbs
Begin
Continue

Examples
He began talking.
He began to talk.
They continue smoking.
They continue to smoke.

Hate

Do you hate working on Saturdays?

Do you hate to work on Saturdays?

Like

I like swimming.
I like to swim.

Love

She loves painting.
She loves to paint.

Prefer
Start

Pat prefers walking home.
Pat prefers to walk home.
They start singing.
They start to sing.


c. With difference in meaning

Verbs

Forget/
remember

Stop

+ to infinitive

+ gerunds

Meaning

Meaning

việc phải làm, bổn phận, nhiệm
vụ

việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, 1
kỷ niệm

Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.
Remember to take your key.

He has never forgotten having a
good holiday in the USA.
I remember calling him yesterday.

ngừng … để làm 1 việc khác
(mục đích)

ngưng, từ bỏ (một thói quen
xấu…)

He stopped to buy some
cigarettes.

He stopped smoking two months
ago.

cần

Need

cần được

You need to have a good
schedule for your study.

The room needs cleaning. It
hasn’t been used for a long time.

dự định

Mean

có nghĩa là

Mary meant to watch the
programme but she forgot.
Tiếc (để thông báo một tin xấu)

Susan regretted saying that
secret to him.

Regret

Keeping fit means taking exercise
regularly.
tiếc… (cho một chuyện đã xảy
ra trong quá khứ)

I regret to inform you that your
application has not been
approved.

d. Hướng dẫn
Một số động từ dùng với to infinitive

afford

We cannot afford to hesitate.

agree

The professors agreed to disagree.

appear

The results appear to support your theory.

arrange

They had arranged to meet at noon.

beg

I beg to differ with you.

care

Would you care to respond?

claim

She claims to have new data.

consent

Will you consent to run for office?

decide

When did he decide to withdraw?

demand

I demand to see the results of the survey.

deserve

She deserves to have a fair hearing.


expect

The committee expects to decide by tomorrow.

fail

The trial failed to confirm his hypothesis.

hesitate

I hesitate to try the experiment again.

hope

What do you hope to accomplish?

learn

We have learned to proceed with caution.

manage

How did she manage to find the solution?

neglect

The author neglected to provide an index.

need

Do we need to find new subjects?

offer

We could offer to change the time of the meeting.

plan

They had planned to attend the conference.

prepare

He was not prepared to give a lecture.

pretend

I do not pretend to know the answer.

promise

They promise to demonstrate the new equipment.

refuse

She refused to cooperate any longer.

seem

Something seems to be wrong with your design.

struggle

We struggled to understand her point of view.

swear

He swears to tell the truth.

threaten

The team threatened to stop their research.

volunteer

Will you volunteer to lead the group?

wait

We could not wait to hear the outcome.

want

She did not want to go first.

wish

Do you wish to participate?

Một số động từ dùng với Object + to infinitive

ask

I must ask you to reconsider your statement.

beg

They begged her to stay for another term.

cause

His findings caused him to investigate further.

challenge

Wilkins challenged Watson to continue the research.

convince

Can we convince them to fund our study?

encourage

She encouraged him to look beyond the obvious.

expect

They did not expect us to win an award.

forbid

The author forbade me to change his wording.

force

They cannot force her to reveal her sources.

hire

Did the department hire him to teach the new course?

instruct

I will instruct her to prepare a handout.

invite

We invite you to attend the ceremony.

need

They need her to show the slides.

order

He ordered the group to leave the building.

persuade

Can we persuade you to contribute again?

remind

Please remind him to check the references.

require

They will require you to submit an outline.

teach

We should teach them to follow standard procedures.

tell

Did she tell him to make three copies?

urge

I urge you to read the instructions before you begin.

want

I do not want you to have an accident.

warn

Why didn't they warn me to turn down the heat?

Một số động từ dùng với Gerunds

admit

They admitted falsifying the data.

advise

The author advises undertaking further study.

anticipate

He anticipates having trouble with his supervisor.

appreciate

I appreciated having a chance to read your draft.

avoid

He avoided answering my question.

complete

I finally completed writing my thesis.

consider

They will consider granting you money.

defer

She deferred writing her report.

delay

We delayed reporting the results until we were sure.

deny

They denied copying the information.

discuss

They discussed running the experiments again.

entail

This review procedure entails repeating the test.

involve

This procedure involves testing each sample twice.

justify

My results justify taking drastic action.

mention

The author mentions seeing this event.

postpone

The committee has postponed writing the report.


recall

I cannot recall getting those results before.

resent

He resented spending so much time on the project.

recommend

She recommends reading Marx.

resist

The writer resists giving any easy answers.

risk

She risks losing her viewing time.

sanction

They will not sanction copying without permission.

suggest

I suggest repeating the experiment.

VI. PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND GERUND
1. Passive Infinitives

to be + past participle/ V3
Examples:
She always willing to help but she doesn’t want to be called at home unless
there is an emergency.
Jane is going to fill out an application. She wants to be considered for the job.
I expected to be met at the airport buy my uncle.

2. Passive Gerunds

being + past participle/ V3
Examples:
I don’t appreciate being interrupted when I am speaking.
The mountain climber are danger of being killed an avalanched.
Does Dr. Johnson mind being called at home if his patients need his help?

VII. GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE
1. GERUNDS

a. Gerund: V-ing được dùng như danh từ, làm subject (chủ từ), object (túc từ) trong
câu.

Examples:
Recycling is important for our environment.
 V-ing  subject
I am reading about recycling.
 V-ing  object of a verb

It means collecting things and using things again.
 V-ing  object of a verb


b. Gerund: V-ing được dùng sau các nhóm
Spend/ waste + time + V-ing

Examples:
He usually spends two hours doing his homework every day.
She wasted a lot of time going out every night.
Find + object + V-ing

Example:
They found him lying on the floor.
Go + V-ing

Examples:
Going fishing is his favorite activity.
It’s illegal to go hunting in some countries.
Going camping is fun to every student.
Verb + giới từ (in, on, at , from…) + V-ing

Examples:
He’s looking forward to meeting his girlfriend next Sunday.
In spite of getting up late, he managed to go to school on time.
Can you touch your toes without bending your knees?
Verbs of perceptions (động từ chỉ giác quan) + V-ing: chỉ hành động đang diễn ra

Examples:
She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.

When she saw him passing my house, she said “Hi” to him.

2. PRESENT PARTICIPLES
V-ing: dùng kết hợp câu
a. V-ing dùng kết hợp câu; chỉ 2 hành động diễn ra song song.
Examples:
Tom went into the room. He smiled at Susan.
 Going into the room, Tom smiled at Susan.
She walked down the street, she ran into an old friend.
 Walking down the street, she ran into an old friend.
b. V-ing dùng kết hợp câu; chỉ nguyên nhân hoặc kết quả

Example:
Because she lacked the necessary qualifications, she was not considered for
the job.
 Lacking the necessary qualifications, she was not considered for the job.


VIII. PERFECT GERUND AND PERFECT PARTICIPLE
1. Perfect gerund

having + past participle/ V3
Examples:
I appreciate having had the opportunity to meet the Prime Minister.
He was accused of having deserted his ship two months ago.
She enjoyed having done everything she planned.
Đứng sau các động từ: enjoy, appreciate, avoid, suggest hoặc giới từ on, of, in…  chỉ
sự việc, hành động ở quá khứ.

2. Perfect participle

having + past participle/ V3
Dùng kết hợp câu chỉ 1 hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác.

 Lưu ý:
Hai câu hoặc 2 mệnh đề phải cùng chỉ một đối tượng

Examples:
After Tom had a cup of hot chocolate, he went to class.
 Having had a cup of hot chocolate, I went to class.
After Susan finished her shopping, her husband took her home by car.
 không thể kết hợp do hai chủ từ khác nhau là Susan và her husband

IX. REPORTED SPEECH
1. Reporting verbs followed by infinitives

V + to V
ĐỘNG TỪ

Ý NGHĨA

VÍ DỤ

Agree

Đồng ý

“OK. I’ll work with him.”
 She agreed to work with him.

Decide

Quyết định

“I think I won’t go to the party.”
 She decided not to go to the party.

Demand

Yêu cầu

“I want to see the manager.”
 She demanded to see the manager.

Offer

Đề nghị

“Shall I wash the dishes?”
 She offered to wash the dishes.

Promise

Hứa

“I’ll try harder next semester.”
 She promised to try harder the next semester.


Refuse

Từ chối

“I won’t forgive him.”
 She refused to forgive him.
“I’ll fire you if you do that again.”

Threaten

Đe dọa

 The boss threatened to fire him if he did that
again.

Want/wish

Mong muốn

Encourage

Khuyến khích

Forbid –
forbade -

Cấm

forbidden
Invite

Mời

Order

Ra lệnh

“I wish I had a beautiful house.”
 He wished/wanted to have a beautiful house.
“Just do what you want.”
 She encouraged him to do what he wanted.
“You mustn’t watch TV tonight.”
 She forbade the kids to watch TV that night.
“Would you like to go to the movies with us?”
 She invited me to go to the movies.
“Bring me two cups of tea.”
 She ordered me to bring her two cups of tea.

V + Obj + to V
ĐỘNG TỪ

Ý NGHĨA

Advise

Khuyên

Allow

Cho phép

VÍ DỤ
“If I were you, I would tell him the truth.”
 She advised me to tell him the truth.
“You can use my bike today.”
 She allowed me to use her bike that day.
“Can you come back tomorrow?”

Ask

Yêu cầu

 The secretary asked me to come back the
following day.

Beg

Van xin

command

Ra lệnh

“Please don’t tell my mom about this”
 She begged me not to tell her mom about that.
“Drop your weapons.”


 She commanded them to drop their weapons.
Permit

“You can use the computer until 9.”

Cho phép

 She permitted me to use the computer until 9.
“Please help me do the housework.”

Persuade

Thuyết phục

 She persuaded me to help her do the
housework.

Recommend

Đề nghị

Remind

Nhắc nhở

“You should ask a lawyer.”
 She recommended me to ask a lawyer.
“Remember to review for your test.”
 She reminded me to review for my test.
“Show me your passport.”

Request

Yêu cầu

 The officer requested me to show him my
passport.

Tell

Yêu cầu

Urge

Nài nỉ

Warn

Cảnh báo

“Don’t walk on the grass.”
 The guard asked me not to walk on the grass.
“Please stay with us.”
 They urged me to stay with them.
“You had better not litter in the park.”
 She warned me not to litter in the park.

2. Reported speech with gerund
To report apology, accusation, suggestion, admittance, thanks...
Tenses and expressions of time used in the reported speech
Present simple/ continuous
>
Past simple/ continuous

Past simple/ continuous
>
Past perfect simple/ Past perfect
continuous
Present/ Past perfect
>
Past perfect
Will + V (bare inf.)
>
Would + V (bare inf.)
Modal verbs (Can, may…)
>
Modal verbs (could, might…)
This
These
Today
Yesterday

>
>
>
>

That
Those
That day
The previous day/ The day before


Tomorrow

Now
Reported Speech with Gerund

A.V + O +prepositon +V-ing
accuse
blame
criticize
warn
praise
thank
prevent
Stop
congratulate

sb
sb
sb
sb
sb
sb
sb
sb
sb

>
>

The following day/ The next day
Then

of
for
for
against
for
for
from
from
on

Examples:
Thank sb for doing sth:
“Thank you very much for telling me the truth,” he said.
He thanked me for telling him the truth.
blame sb for doing sth:
It was your fault. You gave us unclear instructions.
He blamed me for giving them unclear instructions.

B.S + V + preposition + V-ing
apologize
complain
insist
dream
think

for
about
on/upon
of
of

doing sth.
sth.
doing sth.
sth.
sb/ sth.

Examples:
Insist on doing sth.

“I’ll take you home tonight”, my boyfriend said.
 My boyfriend insisted on taking me home that night.
dream of doing sth.

“I ‘ve always wanted to be famous and rich”, John said.

 John has always dreamed of being famous and rich.

C. S +V + V-ing
admit
deny
suggest

doing
doing
doing

sth.
sth.
sth.

doing
doing
doing
doing
doing
doing
doing
doing
doing

sth.
sth.
sth.
sth.
sth.
sth.
sth.
sth.
sth.


Examples:
suggest doing sth
“Why don’t go out for a change?”, she said.
 She suggested going out for a change.
admit doing sth
“I didn’t study for my exam”, he said.
 He admitted not studying for his exam.

X. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Conditional type 1

If + S + V (Simple Present), S + will + V (bare infinitive)
(real condition in the present or in the future)
Examples:
I see her quite often.
If I see her tomorrow, I will speak to her.

Examples:
They are always late.
I will not let them in if they are late again.

If + S + V (Simple Present), S + V (Simple Present)
(General truths, Facts, Common events or Habits)
Example:
If we heat ice, it smelts.

If + S + V (Simple Present), V/Don’t V.
Commands, instructions (main clause)
Examples:
If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.
If the wind is strong, don’t go swimming.

If + S + am/is/are + v-ing (Present cont),
S + V(Simple Present)/(simple future).
(Continuous actions (if clause))


Examples:

If he is not studying now, we will turn on television.
If she is working now, she probably has no time for me.

If + S + V (Present perfect), S + will + V (bare infinitive)
(Completed actions (if clause))
Example:
If he has had breakfast, he won’t be hungry.

If + S +SHOULD+ V, S + will + V (bare infinitive)
SHOULD+ S + V, S + will + V (bare infinitive)
(Uncertainty or doubt)
Examples:
If anyone calls, please take a message.
If anyone should call, please take a message
Should anyone call, please take a message.

Unless = if… not…
Examples:
Unless you go now, you will be late.
If you don’t go now, you will be late.

If + S + V (Simple Present),
S + may/might/can + V (bare infinitive)
Examples:
Ability/permission

If you ask me, I can help you.
Possibility

If he starts now, he may/might be in time.

2. Conditional type 2

If + S + V (Simple Past), S + would + V (bare infinitive)
(Unreal condition in the present)


Examples:
If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
He would tell you about it if he were here.

If + S + V (Simple Past), S + might + V (bare infinitive)
(Possibility (main clause))
Example:
He might have a good salary if he got this job.

If + S + (was/were + V-ing), S + Would+ be +V-ing.
(Continuous actions)
Example:
If he were living in New York, he would be working at the bank.

 If + S + WERE…, S + would + V (bare infinitive)
 WERE + S + …, S + would + V (bare infinitive)
Examples:
If I were interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.
Were I interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.





But for+ N/ Phrase,
Without + N/Phrase,
If it weren’t for+ N/Phrase,

Main clause(would/ could/might+ V)

Examples:
But for your help, we couldn’t know what to do.
Without air, food and water, we couldn’t survive.
If it weren’t for my father’s advice, I couldn’t do that.

3. Conditional type 3

If S+ had (not) + V (ed/3), S+ would + (not) + have + V3/ed
could
might


a. Note 1: Using progressive verb forms in conditional sentences

Examples:
I was not living in Chile last year. I was not working at a bank.
 If I had been living in Chile last year, I would have been working at a bank.
If clause: S + had been V-ing
Main clause: S + would have been V-ing.
b. Note 2: Omitting IF

Example:
If the doctor had arrived sooner, the boy might have been saved.
 Had the doctor arrived sooner, the boy might have been saved.

If S +had V(ed/3)  Had + S + V(ed/3)
c. Note 3: Implied condition

Example:
Thanks to his help, we finished our project. (fact)
 If he hadn’t helped us, we wouldn’t have finished our project.
 If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have finished our project.
 But for his help, we wouldn’t have finished our project.
 Without his help, we wouldn’t have finished our project.
If S+ hadn’t + v(ed/3)
=
But for
Without

+ noun/noun phrase

It hadn’t been for

XI. PRONOUNS: ONE, ONES, SOMEONE, ANYONE…
1. One/ ones
One: singular noun: a/an (+ Adj.), the, this, that, each, another, which
Ones: plural noun: some (+ Adj.), the (+ Superlative), these, those, which
Note: We can leave out one/ones after the blue words.
Example: The last question is the most difficult (one).


Examples:
Ann's wedding party was a long and happy party.
 Ann's wedding party was a long and happy one.
Most of the questions are difficult, so find the easier questions and do those

first.
 Most of the questions are difficult so find the easier ones and do those first.
Q: Which shoes do you like best?
A: The red shoes.
 The red ones.

2. Someone, anyone, no one, everyone
1. We use some to make an Offer/Request.
E.g. Can I ask someone to follow me?
2. In a (+) sentence, any means “it doesn’t matter …”.
E.g. Anyone can attend the event.
3. Indefinite Pronoun + Singular Verb
Indefinite Pronoun + Plural Pronoun
E.g. Everyone knows who stole it, but they’re all afraid to tell the police.

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