MINERALS GENERAL COMMENTS

Essay 1000 words – includes
references (Barre et al. 2007) given
body of essay but not including
reference citations given at the
end of the paper-also spelling counts as part
of 5 marks for presentation section of
marks
Any other questions or concerns about the
essay or self-assessment


AA displacement- on the final exam


Lecture 8a
WATER
MINERALS-I-THE MAJOR MINERALS
31 October 2016


Water
Functions
-carries nutrients and wasteproducts
-maintains the structure of large molecules
e.g. proteins and glycogen
-participates in chemical reactions
-serves as solvent for small nutrients
-temperature-regulation
-blood volume-regulation
-water balance required for all functions
Sources-foods, drinks, water

Deficiencies- loss of above functions
Toxicities-none-unless water balance failure


MINERALS-SOME GENERAL
COMMENTS
Single atoms
Can be charged or uncharged in the body
Major -are found in the body in excess of 5 grams
-Electrolytes and minerals
Minor- are found in the body in amounts
of less than 5 grams


MINERALS- GENERAL COMMENTS
CONTINUED
Most essential - we cannot make them
- some deficiencies have not been
established for some minor minerals
making it unclear whether they are
needed in the diet


WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MINERALS?
Electrolytes
in part responsible for fluid balance in body
sodium, potassium and chloride
Non-electrolyte major minerals
calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and sulphur

SODIUM
FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control,
muscle function, nerve impulse transmission
SOURCES-processed foods
DEFICIENCIES- rare-except with diarrhea, vomiting and
kidney disorders
TOXICITIES – rare(kidney disposes of it)- edema and
acute high blood pressure


POTASSIUM
FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, pH control,
muscle function, nerve impulse transmission
SOURCES-fruits, vegetables, whole grains
DEFICIENCIES- muscle weakness, paralysis
TOXICITIES-supplements-muscle weakness, vomiting


CHLORIDE
FUNCTION-fluid and electrolyte balance, part of stomach
acid
SOURCES-same as sodium
DEFICIENCIES-same as sodium
TOXICITIES-acute hypertension


CALCIUM
FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, blood clotting,
nerve transmission, muscle function, blood pressure

SOURCES –dairy, fortified orange juice, green leafy
vegetables, small fish with bones
DEFICIENCIES-children-impaired growth,
adults-osteoporosis
TOXICITIES-kidney stones, impaired iron absorption


PHOSPHOROUS
FUNCTION-bone and teeth formation, pH control,
regulation of coenzyme function
SOURCES-all animal products, bread and ready to
eat cereal
DEFICIENCIES-rare- weakness and bone pain
TOXICITIES- low blood calcium


MAGNESIUM
FUNCTION- bone formation, nerve transmission,
protein and carbohydrate metabolism
(enzyme activity)
SOURCES-green leafy vegetables, nuts,
whole grains, seafood, chocolate
DEFICIENCIES-weakness, confusion,
growth failure in children
TOXICITIES- rare- nausea, vomiting


SULPHUR
FUNCTION-protein structure, component of biotin,
thiamin and insulin

SOURCES-all protein foods
DEFICIENCIES-unknown
TOXICITIES-unknown in humans


Major minerals in health and disease


Ingestion, digestion, absorption and
transport, metabolism and excretion
of major minerals
part of story on connection of mineral
supplementation to health


Major minerals- ingestion, digestion,
absorption, transport, metabolism and
excretion continued
INGESTION-oral, tube feeding, IV
DIGESTION - none- minerals in = minerals out
ABSORPTION- active transport


MAJOR MINERALS-IDATME
TRANSPORT-FREE OR BOUND
FREE- examples sodium and
all other major
minerals (except sulphur)
BOUND- sodium chloride
- potassium chloride

- sulphur-insulin


MAJOR MINERALS-IDATME
METABOLISM
- minerals in = minerals out
-minerals also participate as co-factors for enzymes

EXCRETION – definitely in urine, faeces, sweat,
- saliva is questionable


MAJOR MINERAL SUPPLEMENT
REQUIRED IF:
A)inadequate dietary supply of
major minerals relative to need
(prevention or slowing of disease)
B) if in disease in general a
monitoring of major minerals
shows requirement.


FUNCTIONAL FOODS
use of functional foods to
supplement major
minerals
example of functional foodcalcium-fortified orange
juice

FUNCTIONAL FOODS
only a few functional
foods work in the
prevention and
slowing of disease


CYSTIC FIBROSIS

sometimes low sodium due
to sweating-supplement
required for infants due
to low sodium in
formula, breast milk and
some infant food


BURNS
Fluid loss through skin
-electrolytes
-calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
eating problem- may not feel like eating
therefore need intravenous or tube feeding


OSTEOPOROSIS
PREVENTION
calcium buildup
SOURCES
calcium citrate

calcium carbonate
CAUTION- calcium
phosphorus balance