C13 organic chemistry

Chapter 13a Organic
Chemistry
13-1. Carbon Bonds
13-2. Alkanes
13-3. Petroleum Products
13-4. Structural Formulas
13-5. Isomers
13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13-7. Benzene
13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups
13-9. Functional Groups
13-10. Polymers


Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds; inorganic chemistry is the
chemistry of compounds of all elements other
than carbon.
The general properties of carbon compounds are:
1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.
2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are
usually slow.
3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air
but rapidly if heated.
4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high
temperatures.


13-3. Petroleum Products
Fractional distillation
Catalytic cracking

Modern cracking uses zeolites as the
catalyst.


13-3. Petroleum Products


13-5. Isomers
Optical Isomers
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Structural Isomers
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13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated compounds have double or
triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more
reactive than saturated compounds,
which have only single carbon-carbon
bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).


13.7 Benzene
Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that
do not contain benzene rings.


13.8 Hydrocarbon

Groups
Alkanes or Hydrocarbons

Methane 1 carbon
Ethane

2 carbons

Propane 3 carbons
Butane

4 carbons

Pentane 5 carbons
Hexane 6 carbons
Heptane 7 carbons
Octane

8 carbons


Table 13.1


13-9. Functional
Groups
Alkenes
Ethene

Alkynes

2 carbons

Acetylene 2 carbons

Propene 3 carbons

Propyne 3 carbons

Butene

Butyne

4 carbons

4 carbons

Pentene 5 carbons

Pentyne 5 carbons

Hexene 6 carbons

Hexyne 6 carbons

Heptene 7 carbons

Heptyne 7 carbons

Octene

Octyne

8 carbons

9 carbons


Fig. 13.9, etc.
Acetylene
gas welding
and cutting.


13-9. Functional
Groups
Alcohols
Ethanol 2 carbons
Propanol 3 carbons
Butanol 4 carbons
Pentanol 5 carbons
Hexanole 6 carbons
Heptanol 7 carbons
Octanol 8 carbons


13-9. Functional
Groups
Ethers
oxygen in the middle

Aldehydes
Double bond “O” with “H” on end


13-49 Functional
Groups
Ketones
Double bond “O” in middle

Carboxylic Acids
Double bond “O” with “OH”


13-9. Functional
Groups
Amines
NH2 on end

Esters
Double bond “O” with “O” both in middle


Table 13.2


13-3. Petroleum Products
Polymerization-the making of plastics
Vinyl

13-10 Polymers
A polymer is a long chain of simple
molecules (monomers) linked together.
Polymers that contain the vinyl group are
classed as vinyls. Some examples of
polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon,
and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is
thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be
shaped when heated but becomes rigid again
on cooling..


Table 13.3


13-10 Polymers
A copolymer is a polymer that consists of
two different monomers. Dynel and Saran
Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that
contain two double bonds in each molecule
form flexible, elastic polymers called
elastomers; rubber and neoprene are
examples. Polyamides and polyesters are
polymers produced by chemical reactions
rather than by the polymerization of
monomers.
.

13-10 Polymers
Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between
carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a nostick surface in cookware.
.


13-10 Polymers
The Society of Plastic Industries, Inc.
(SPI) numbering system.


13-10 Polymers
(1) PET-Polyethylene Teraphthalate- Milk, water, detergent & oil
bottles, toys, containers used outside, surfboards, paint
brushes, parts and plastic bags.
(2) HDPE-High Density Polyethylene- Milk, water, detergent & oil
bottles, toys, containers used outside, traffic cones, parts and
plastic bags.
(3) PVC-Polyvinyl Chloride- Food wrap, vegetable oil bottles,
floor mats, hoses, pipes, blister packages or automotive parts.
(4) LDPE-Low Density Polyethylene- Many plastic bags. Shrink
wrap, grocery bags, garment bags or containers and parts.
(5) PP-Polypropylene- Refrigerated containers, some bags, most
bottle tops, some carpets, paint buckets, video cassette
containers, some food wrap, yogurt containers, syrup bottles
and diapers.
(6) PS-Polystyrene- Throwaway utensils, meat packing,
styrofoam cups, food service trays, license plate holders, trash
cans and protective packing.
(7) Other-layered or mixed plastics-PLA or Polyactic Acid (D & L

conformations cause numbers to differ)


Testing for Type of Plastic

See Lab 19


Chapter 13b Organic
Chemistry
13-11. Carbohydrates
13-12. Photosynthesis
13-13. Lipids
13-14. Proteins
13-15 Soil Nitrogen
13-16. Nucleic Acids
13-17. Origin of Life


13-11.
Carbohydrates
                 
    

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

          

          

          

          

          

          

          

             
          

D

-Allose 

D

           

-Altrose 

 

D

  

           

-Mannose 

D

  

D

                     

           

-Gulose 

  

D

  

-Idose 

  

           

-Galactose 

D

        
                   
                      

-Glucose
(an aldose) 
D

-Glucose 

           

  

     

α-D-Glucose 

                   
                      

        

β-D-Glucose 

           

D

-Talose 

  

                             
       

β-D-Glucose
(chair form)