122Ch2 alkane lecture
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Chemistry 122
Introductory Organic Chemistry
Fall Quarter 2015
Dr. Thomas H. Schultz
What is Organic chemistry?
What is Organic chemistry?
The study of carbon and its compounds.
What is Organic chemistry?
The study of carbon and its compounds.
First we will talk about compounds just containing carbon
and hydrogen, these compounds are called
hydrocarbons.
What is Organic chemistry?
The study of carbon and its compounds.
First we will concentrate on compounds just containing
carbon and hydrogen, these compounds are called
hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbon Classification
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Alkenes
Cycloalkenes
Alkynes
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H?
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H8
d. C4H?
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
C. Draw Lewis Structures
c. C3H8
d. C4H10
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
C. Draw Lewis Structures
H
C
H
H
H
CH4
c. C3H8
d. C4H10
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H8
C. Draw Lewis Structures
H
C
H
H
H
H
CH4
H
H
C
C H
H
H
C2 H6
d. C4H10
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H8
d. C4H10
C. Draw Lewis Structures
H
C
H
H
H
H
CH4
H
H
C
C H
H
H
C2 H6
H
H
H H
C
C C H
H
H H
C3H8
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H8
d. C4H10
C. Draw Lewis Structures
H
C
H
H
H
H
CH4
H
H
C
C H
H
H
C2 H6
D. Polarity? Polar or nonpolar?
H
H
H H
C
C C H
H
H H
C3H8
1. Alkanes (saturated) hydrocarbons, or aliphatic hydrocarbons)
A. General formula of CnH2n+2
B. Examples
a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H8
d. C4H10
C. Draw Lewis Structures
H
C
H
H
H
H
CH4
H
H
C
C H
H
H
C2 H6
H
H
H H
C
C C H
H
H H
C3H8
D. Polarity? Polar or nonpolar? Nonpolar
E. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
E. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
Butane, C4H10
Primary carbon = ?
Secondary carbon =
Tertiary carbon =
E. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
Butane, C4H10
Primary carbon = 2
Secondary carbon = ?
Tertiary carbon =
E. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
Butane, C4H10
Primary carbon = 2
Secondary carbon = 2
Tertiary carbon =
E. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
Butane, C4H10
Primary carbon = 2
Secondary carbon = 2
Tertiary carbon = ?
G. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
Butane, C4H10
Primary carbon = 2
Secondary carbon = 2
Tertiary carbon = 0
E. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H
H C H
H
H
H C C C H
H H H
Isobutane C4H10
Primary carbon = ?
Secondary carbon =
Tertiary carbon =
G. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H
H C H
H
H
H C C C H
H H H
Isobutane C4H10
Primary carbon = 3
Secondary carbon = ?
Tertiary carbon =
E. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H
H C H
H
H
H C C C H
H H H
Isobutane C4H10
Primary carbon = 3
Secondary carbon = 0
Tertiary carbon = ?
G. Types of carbon
1.
2.
3.
4.
Primary (1◦) Carbon connected to one carbon atoms.
Secondary (2◦) Carbon connected to two carbon atoms.
Tertiary (3◦) Carbon connected to three carbon atoms.
How many primary, secondary, and tertiary carbons in the
two different structures of C4H10
H
H C H
H
H
H C C C H
H H H
Isobutane C4H10
Primary carbon = 3
Secondary carbon = 0
Tertiary carbon = 1
1. Alkanes (Continued)
F. There are two different structures for C4H 10 called
isomers, because they contain different types of
carbon.
Structure 1
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
Butane, C4H10
H
Structure 2
H C H
H
H
H C C C H
H H H
Isobutane, C4H10
Isomerism
Constitutional Isomers (Structural Isomers) are different
compounds of the same formula. The different structures
from the previous slide for the formula C 4H10 is an example of
Constitutional isomers.
