Seed hormones

Seed:
Seed Coat
Embryo
Storage Tissue (Endosperm)

Seed Hormones
CK-CytoKinin
cell division
GA-Gibberellic Acid
cell expansion
AbA-Abscisic Acid
dormancy





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Fruit Origins: Simple Fruit

Aggregate Fruit

Multiple Fruit

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achenes

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Fruit Composition
Superior Ovary
Hypogynous Flower
True Fruit Only

Half-Superior Ovary
Perigynous Flower
True + Accessory Fruit

Inferior Ovary
Epigynous Flower
True + Accessory Fruit


Fruit Description:
Fleshy Fruits
Drupe: with pit

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Example: peach

Berry: with seeds

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Example: tomato

Pome: with core

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Example: apple


The Cherry flower is: completeperfect hypogynous


The cherry fruit is a drupe with a both fleshy and pit wall layers.


Coffee fruits mature unevenly and so are
hand-picked…by Juan Valdez? This leads
to a social dilemma…to buy or to boycott
or…?

Coffea arabica - coffee

Coffee originated in
tropical Africa, but most
of the crop is now grown
in the South American
tropics. Why?
What South American
native is produced mostly
Chocolate
in Africa?


These grapes are a classic berry.
What is the tiny scar on the end of each fruit?
The location of the style attachment

So is the ovary superior or inferior?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Here is a berry from an inferior ovary!

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What is the difference
between the flesh of the
two berries shown here?
True vs Accessory


Cucurbita female (pistillate, carpellate flower)

stigma

vestigial
androecium

style
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

inferior
ovary
fruit will have accessory

pedicel
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Are the flowers perfect or
imperfect?
Is the pistil simple or
compound?
Is the ovary inferior or
superior?
Is the flower epigynous or
hypogynous?
This is the true fruit.

accessory

What is the rest of the tissue?
Is the placenta axile, radial, or
parietal?
This is a seed or an ovule?
What is this stalk? funiculus


Cucumis melo

ovule/seed
funiculus
placenta
placenta

QuickTime™ and a

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

true fruit

placenta
parietal!
rind = accessory
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The flowers of apple have a halfinferior (half-superior) ovary.
So the fruit is going to be
partially an accessory fruit.
The apple fruit is a pome, which
has a cartilaginous core as the
true fruit. The accessory is tasty!

The bottom of the fruit shows the
remains of the five styles and
stigmata.
There are also five triangular
flaps that were the sepals,


Fruit Description:
Dry Fruits Dehiscent
Follicle-one side

Legume-two sides

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Example: milkweed

Example: honey locust

Dry Fruits Indehiscent
Achene - cypsela

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Example: sunflower

Grain - caryopsis

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Example: corn

Capsule-multiple

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Example: hibiscus
Nut with involucre

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Example: oak


Both Kapok and Milkweed have a fruit that splits along one side:
…a follicle.

The seeds of both
species have a
fibrous pappus
attached to the
seeds.
Kapok was used for
filling floatation
devices.
In WW2, the US
investigated using
milkweed as a
substitute to outfit
the Navy.
It was found
unsuitable.


Here are two fruits, dry at maturity, and
splitting along both sides of the fruit to shed
seeds.
This makes the fruits legumes. The examples
shown are lentil (left) and redbud (below).


Is this pistil simple or compound?

stigmata

Papav er orientale - oriental poppy

Wounding this fruit causes
latex to bleed out. This is
collected as raw opium.
Morphine and codeine can be
extracted from this. Heroin is
synthesized by reactions with
morphine as starting material.

ovary
wall
stamen
and
petal
scars

sepal


Fragaria - Strawberry
Origin: Aggregate Fruit

Composition: True + Accessory

flower
hypogynous

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style + stigma
superior ovary
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Descripton (true fruit!): Dry Indehiscent Achene


Fragaria early fruit development shows clearly the carpels of the
flower becoming the true fruit…
stigma
style
superior
ovary

true
fruit

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

receptacle
accessor
y to
fruit

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Nut!

Cypsela

oak, filbert
(hazelnut),
chestnut

daisy family!

stigma
style
ovary
wall

Caryopsis - grain
The most important
fruit on earth!
rice, corn, wheat,
etc.

scar of epigynous
flower

scar of style
ovary wall

inferior
ovary wall
embryo

involucre

pedicel scar

hypogynous flower
chaff


QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

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fleurs.com/images/fleurs_tropicales/theobroma_cacao_fleurs.JPG

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

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Theobroma cacao
The ground-up interior of the
seeds is used to make chocolate
(after mixing with sugar and
milk solids)