The world of the Counselor An introduction to the counseling profession 5e chapter 2

The Counseling Profession’s
Past, Present and Future

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Since dawn of existence, people have attempted to
understand the human condition
Shamans
Egyptian papyrus (3330BCE)—attempt to understand functions
of the brain
Early philosophers
 Hippocrates (460-377BCE): Offered suggestions for
treatment of human condition: for melancholia he
recommended sobriety, a regular and tranquil life,
exercise short of fatigue, and bleeding, if necessary. For
hysteria, he recommended getting married!

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Early philosophers (cont’d)
 Monotheistic religions: Old Testament, New Testament,
Quran, and other religious text speak to how to “treat”
suffering
 Plotinus (205-270): Soul separate from the body (dualistic
understanding of mind and body)
 Descartes (1596-1650) and James Mill (1773-1836): Mind a
blank slate upon which ideas become generated.

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These three professions originated in the 19th century and
all impacted on the counseling field

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Over the years, they have maintained their unique
identities, but have all moved to many of the same
theoretical conclusions.

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Today, they, along with the counseling profession, can be
seen on slightly different, yet parallel paths

 See Figure 2.1, p. 35

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

 Poor Laws (1500s)
 Charity Organization

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▪ “Friendly visitors”

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Societies (COSs)

 Settlement movement
▪ Jane Addams/Hull House
 All of above led to social

casework, group work,
community, first social
work programs

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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1940s-1950s: focus on
family and social systems
 e.g., Virginia Satir
1955: NASW
1965 ACSW
 Today, social workers
found in a wide variety of
settings

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 Systems: Family and social systems perspective has become

required focus by CACREP
 Field experience: Practicum, Internship, and other “field

experiences” today seen as critical in counseling programs
 Advocacy and Social Justice: Social work’s focus on advocacy

and social justice has become an important ingredient for the
counseling profession

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Historical Background (Early Basis of Psychology)
• Greek philosophers

• Hippocrates: Focused on how to treat mental illness
• Plato (427-347BCE): Introspection and reflection—road to knowledge;
dreams and fantasies—substitute satisfactions; human condition:
physical, moral and spiritual origins
• Aristotle (384-322BCE): Considered “first psychologist” used
objectivity and reason to study knowledge
• Augustine (354-430) and Aquinas (1225-1274): highlighted
consciousness, self-examination, and inquiry
• Focus on Christianity during Augustine and Aquinas times limited the
psychological nature of people
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Historical Background (1800s)
• Europe: First experimental psychologists studied similarities
and differences of people
• E.g.,: Wundt and Galton
• 1800s in U.S.: experimental psychologists
• James Cattell & G. Stanley Hall (1st president of APA)

• Williams James’ theory of philosophical pragmatism: truth
and reality is continually constructed
• Testing: Binet, vocational assessment, personality tests
• Mesmer (mesmerize), Charcot (hypnosis)
• Psychoanalysis and Freud

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Historical Background (late 1800s to 1900s)
• 1892: APA
• Other schools arise:
• Pavlov (classical conditioning); Phenomenology
psychology; Existentialism psychology; Gestalt
psychology
• Above schools led to today’s cognitive-behavioral and
existential-humanistic therapies
• Mid 1940’s: Division 17 (counseling psychology)
• Today: experimental psychologists, clinical and counseling
psychologists, school psychologists, psychologists in
business and industrial organizations

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Probably influenced counseling most of all professions

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Gave us the first comprehensive approaches to counseling
and therapy

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Tests developed by psychologist used by early vocational
counselors and other counselors today

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Research techniques

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Early development of counseling skills

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Historical Background
• Mental illness originally: mystical, demonic--treatment
horrific
• Pinel (late 1700s): Founder of psychiatry; one of first to view
mental illness from a scientific perspective
• Other well known psychiatrists:
• Kraepelin (early classification system)
• Charcot and Janet: relationship between disorders and
the mind
• Rush and Dix: Advocated for humane treatment of mentally
ill (see Box 2.1, p. 40)
• Assoc. of Medical Superintendents of Am. Institutions for
Insane—Forerunner of APA (1844)

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Historical Background
• Early 1900s: Many psychiatrists into psychoanalysis,
some move toward psychobiology, some toward social
psychiatry
• 1950s and 1960s: Expansion of psychotropics
• 1950s: DSM-I, Today DSM-IV-TR; 2013: DSM-5
• 1960s: Psychiatrists needed to work in Community Based
Mental Health Centers after “Donaldson v. O’Connor)
• Today: Mental illness predominantly or partially

biological
• Today: Psychiatrists often consult with counselors

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• Diagnosis
• Illnesses may be organic
• Psychopharmacology

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Precursors to the Counseling Profession: The 1800s
 Read quote, top of p. 41
Beginning of Counseling Influenced by:
 Social Reform Movement of the 1800s
▪ John Dewey writings in education
▪ More humane treatment of the mentally ill
▪ Social Workers who worked with poor and destitute
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© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Beginning of Counseling Movement Influenced by:
 Need for Vocational Guidance in the late 1800s
▪ Traced all the way back to: Sanchez de Arevalo (1468)-Mirror of Men’s Lives
 Testing
▪ Binet Intelligence test
▪ Group tests (e.g., special and multiple aptitude testing)
▪ Others
 Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Turn of 20th Century
▪ Offered a “psychological view” of people
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© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Vocational Guidance Movement—early 1900s
 Jesse Davis, Anna Reed, Eli Weaver
 Frank Parsons and Spread of Vocational Guidance
▪ Influenced by Jane Addams
▪ Man with a vision—”Founder” of guidance in America
▪ Vocational Guidance: 3-part process, see top of p. 44
▪ Established Vocational Bureau
▪ Led to establishment of NVGA
 John Brewer

 Wagner-O’Day Act
 “Vocational” & “Guidance” counselors are first counselors

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Counseling and Expansion of Testing Movement (1900-1950)
 Army Alpha (see Box 2.2, p. 45)
 Strong Interest Inventory
 Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet
 Group testing and vocational guidance
 Some tests used in vocational guidance, other tests later
used in school and agency counseling

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Spread of Psychotherapy--Impact on Counseling (1900-1950)
 Clifford Beers: A Mind that Found Itself:
▪ Congress passed laws to improve mental hospitals
 End of WWI, doughboys, PTSD
▪ Need for more helpers

 E. G. Williamson’s Minnesota Point of View (trait and factory
theory)
 Humanists fleeing Europe
 Carl Rogers and Rochester Guidance Clinic
 All of the above influenced the burgeoning counseling field as
counselors moved from schools into other areas

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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The 1950s: Emergence, Expansion, and Diversification
 Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy
 Developmental theories of counseling arise: career
counseling, child development, lifespan development Sputnik
and NDEA
 End of WWII and college counseling
 1945: AAMFC—later AAMFT
 1950s: NASW
 Division 17 of APA
 APGA
▪ ASCA, ACES, ACDA, ARCA, C-AHEAD

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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1960s: Increased Diversification
 Ellis
 Behavioral: Bandura, Wolpe, Krumboltz
 Glasser’s Reality Therapy
 Gestalt: Perls
 Existential: Arbuckle, Frankl, May
 Expansion of services: Johnson’s Great Society
 Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963
 NDEA expanded
 Other federal acts
 APGA’s 1961 1st ethical code
 Precursors of CACREP
 More ACA divisions and branches: NECA, AACE, State branches

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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Continued Proliferation: 1970s
 Donaldson v. O’Connor (see Box 2.3, p. 44)
 Expansion of Community Mental Health Centers Act (12 services)
 Rehabilitation Act
 PL 94-142
 Microcounseling skills training

 Multicultural Counseling: Sue, Pedersen, Cross, Atkinson
 ACES draft of standards for counseling programs
 CORE
 NACMHC
 Virginia: First state to have licensing
 New Divisions: AMCD, ASERVIC, ASGW, IAAOC, AMHCA

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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1980s-2000: Recent Changes
 CACREP (1981)
 NBCC started NCC (1982)
 IAMFC: certification for family therapists (1994)
 Increased focus on multicultural issues
 AMCD: Multicultural Counseling Competencies (1991)
 Focus on: ethics, supervision, teaching, & online counseling
 ACPA disaffiliates
 AMHCA and ASCA threaten disaffiliation
 APGA becomes AACD (1983) then ACA (1992)
 New divisions: ACEG, AADA, IAMFC ACCA, AGLBIC, CSJ

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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The New Millennium: 2000 and On
 Expansion of NCC
▪ Over 45,000 NCCs
▪ Specialty certifications in: Clinical mental health
counseling, school counseling, addictions counseling
 Licensing in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and DC
 Divisions become increasingly independent (not separate)
of ACA
 ASCA National Model
 New divisions: ACC and CSJ
 Importance of Evidence-Based Practice

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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The New Millennium: 2000 and On (Cont’d)
 Multicultural Counseling know considered “fourth force”
 Focus on Social Justice Advocacy
▪ 2003: ACA endorses Advocacy Competencies
▪ Fifth Force?
 Focus on Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training
 2005: New Ethics Code
 2010: 20/20 Standards (see bottom of p. 54)

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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We are what we are because of our past.

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Why not strive to understand from whence we came, and
attempt to make smart, conscious choices about our future.

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It’s not easy taking a hard look at oneself, and it is difficult
memorizing all those names!
 See Table 2.1, pp. 56-58

© 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning

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