Cơ sở hóa học của sự sống


CƠ SỞ HÓA HỌC CỦA SỰ SỐNG

1. Các nguyên tố trong cơ thể sống

 !"#$
%&'(%)%*%'%"+,-+%
!(
.$%'%,-/0+1+$+2+3+4
.$/5
6
+0%
6
+7
66
+$%
66
+$8
.
.$!(/9)+7+$+$+:+;+<+=8+7+>+4
-?"#$+2+1+0'@-ABCDE%$
FGH88%
<%*EE%-?I/
.1J)K1L'FMANB+%'%D,-+COP
@%'%Q RC
.$%K$L'FMSTB+?8F@UPF+F
,-
.2()K2L'FMSVB+8CDE%@D,
-
.0)K0LFM&B+%'%C)+%(8)
.$%8'K$%LFMS+NB8CDE%J-W+%*Q%

H-+(XYJDFR'
.3"CK3LFMSB+,%*Q%H?W8+
CDE%%(8)
.5%8'K5LK3%""'L+FMV+UB8%K
6
LE+,
%*Q%HZDF-
.48[%K4LFMV+&B+'\CDE%CD8@C)
.0%'K0%LK4('L+FMV+B8%E(]E%'R+,
%*Q%HO^(]+(XYJDF
.7%)"'K7LFMV+SB8CDE%Y_)`')Q%H+D
''R
.$8K$8LFMV+SB+8%K
.
LEE%(]-?+%*O
^Z(]
.4aK9)LK9)'L!(+8CDE%)'8+'8'Z
")`')
.>(K>L.(8CDE%')C
b
2. Các liên kết hóa học
$G%HE%'Z@J]c"8"
"aCJCE%_P8@CW8d
<G(e/2()S_P8@Cd+%U+)NJ)
A

 !"#$$%$&
$PFC@%'ZGJ^,8F%H?
C
fgF%H88haP@%7i8Fj%'Z

W%H]3eZ"_P8@Cd+PE%'Z
 'Z"8\_8F@,PE%
F
.$88F%HE88FZ%]8F
Z" 8FQ%H88F(-
K8h%()k%%8" -Fl@L
2.1. Liên kết cộng hóa trị :
gFZ%]%(C_P,%P
<G(e/4aP2()COPFG2()
COP@P28FZ%]@SP1/

gFZ%]-F,%%P'Z\C_P+8FR
F%\C_P8F%F%\C_P
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2.2. Liên kết ion :
5P#'\'_PcG_H80,
PS++&_Pc8@CdJ@'_Pc'%
_(-K%L$PN%A+b_Pc8@CdJ@#
_Pc'%_O'K%L
m_GF(+%%FC@%I8Fg
FF@8FZ%]8FRC_P
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2.3. Liên kết Hydro và các tương tác yếu khác :
.gF2(/

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2()a@1J%0-$8F2(?,%CDE%'Z
COP%,%COP$8F2(-8FZ%]V8D
,%*Q%HZ"
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%
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hJ]pjE%COPF%+IhP(d
q8FZ%]dCOPX?-8X%
.$-,%*Q%HFR, hJ]]G-
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$hs'@%(+%")+'FG*%%"@'t
8_%Q%H""
1. Nước (H
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8C(+%'%(8)()d(XJ7Z"8,
-]hK-COLCOP"H$,-COPo
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PE%hFMSVV.SVVVj%&VP$
1. Các Carbohydrate (glucide)
$s'/$+21RjE%%(%)(d$
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F%YFG@€FFW FCO8h$&'G/
I-K'"%%()L+IRK("%%()LICjKC8"%%()L
1.1. Các đường đơn (monosaccharide )
y88()-MRjK$2
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12
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12$2
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45 ,5,5 6, -75-5
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N
2
SV
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N
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N
2
SV
1
U
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A

2
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1
A
2.$n1KNhóm aldehytL2
2.$.12 2.$.12
21.$.2 $n1(Keton)
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 2
4-8 9 -8
S
'i'PFC@%?)F%+
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%$(hH8sCOh
7Z"F?sCO%*Q%HZ"E%
8ƒ8")9")
$'%8()()%F))E%'Z8J()?CMj@'(J8
3Mj?JM%COP8J()„U?*N%AP
%$P$IC"jS++&+DD
@'%8()()%F))
1.2. Các đường đôi ( disaccharide )
2%  I  -    ?  a  @  %      I  FzC  K("%%()L  
"%%")KIWR(e.glucoseα 1,2 fructoseL+'%8")Kglucoseα 1,4 glucoseL+
8%")Kgalactoseβ 1,4 glucoseL+I-?"#
yI'%8")%E%I"MC|'DE%"
%Z+"%qC8")?Ce-?"P(e
Q RC7%8")s'COP8")FC@%c'8F8"(

-?"'8F Q%'Z"@+'i@(S)`')Jh

S&
:;<0-=#->5
?@A@0-1->5
B@A@0-> ->5
1.3. Các đường đa (polysaccharide)
gC8')-]I-K'')LE88")
(COP8@$C8"%%()8COP"H_p
Ch@COPo<G(e/Z%s'YW'-]8")
%Zs'SV.VB%'8")%@+TV.VB%'8C)FR%
@OGF)sZZ8(,E%#+8)
8(,E%Z#0hCOP%'8C)CO
'%-Q%FM'iT.S-]8")K%'8C).U.&V-]L$)888")
@"-]8")8&VV.SNVVV+FRJaZ'SW(i€
"
C.-> ,5D*E$-55->5
SU
F*E
Tinh bột
Tế bào thực vật
Vách tế bào
Sợi cellulose trong vách tế
bào thực vật
1.4. Vai trũ ca carbohydrate trong sinh vt
gsCW8EE%"#+#pC
I-+IRZyZ#W#s?8()#E%
(,c(8)+8)FD p8")8")8s
W8C-?8R'Z88")p]
<G(e/}Z#h8V+SB'.%%YO8

8")F]ECO*8'8_?pC8C()
G ĂÂÊÔ
ƠƯƠƠĐăƠâêôơ-đÊÂƠƠ
'($o8h+oR'
G$8()Ia@C)%8C()8.C)+88C()%'
%h'
2. Cỏc cht lipid
gC(s'(D+'àGIFR%@+%
('R,-))+8C'+)`))+%(%)$
8C($+2+1h?j%F3%0
$hF@%(%)cij%1@t8_G-
2%'8C(Q%H@"#8/'O8)8'
O")8 $OFC@%(zF%?
Y88C(F%
2.1.Cỏc acid bộo: 8%(,-'(%%(C%8'/$2
&
.
K$2

L
SU
.$112+%(")%/$2
&
.K$2

L
SA
.$112+\'(%FRK
RL%(8)/$2
&

.K$2

L
b
.$2n$2.K$2

L
b
.$112
SN
F 5 ,
2.2.Glycerid/*H8'µGm"FCE%'ZCOP8)8@&COP
%(zK8)(L4C8'Z88)(
2.3. Phospholipid/
g,8C(("FCE%%'.12E%'ZCOP
8)8@COP%(z+*'12j%a@SCOP2
&
31
U
C)
C"C%)8a@'oFCOKLg)8'ZC"C8C(
%\Cc#Z#+88*oj+DF+sD
$COPC"C8C(SD%@RFl@yD%@CO.
j%%(C"CyRFl@FRCOs'iE%%(z
$C"C8C(88C(8@C'8C(R8-"cE%M'
2.4. Các lipid khác:
$")(C8"C)(88C()GFR%
@+%('R,-$M%Ys'-]o8"C))
4)(8)")("FCE%'ZCOP@%(z¶%H8
8)")8I\Ch'+)"")88')"(e

SA
HI(
HJ(
HI(
HJ
(
KLM
.->.-.,
,*N-
O !.->.-.,
P-5>5 -
2.5.Vai trũ ca Lipid
.$8C(,%*Q%H+8s(,(E%"#
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1. Protein
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h
62 (E%COPC)
1.1. Cỏc amino acid
$V8%'%(F%@RjpQ/

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R
STUVWXYZ[WX\UVW]^_XW[`aWbcG1-,
0P$O'KH8áL+@'2+.02

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FY'L+.$112K'%J8'%G%(L'pH8'.KL
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