Writers choice (grammar enrichment) grade 10
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Grammar and Composition
Grammar Enrichment
Grade 10
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is
granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be
reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to students, teachers, and families
without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice. Any other
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Printed in the United States of America.
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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, Ohio 43240
ISBN 0-07-823335-6
Grammar Enrichment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 079 05 04 03 02 01
ii
Contents
Unit 10
Parts of Speech
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7–8
Unit 11
Parts of the Sentence
11.1–4
11.5
11.5
11.5
Unit 12
Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Adjective Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Four Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Sentence Fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Run-on Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Verb Tenses and Voice
15.2–3
15.5
15.6
Unit 16
Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Participles and Participial Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Clauses and Sentence Structure
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
Unit 15
Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Direct and Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Subject Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Phrases
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.3
12.3
Unit 13
Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ActionVerbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Linking Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conjunctions and Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Regular/Irregular Verbs and Verb Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Progressive and Emphatic Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Compatibility of Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Subject-Verb Agreement
16.2–3
16.4–6
Agreement with Linking Verbs and in Inverted Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Agreement with Special Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iii
Contents
Unit 17
Using Pronouns Correctly
17.1
17.2
17.4
17.5
17.6
Unit 18
Using Modifiers Correctly
18.1–2
18.3–5
18.7
Unit 20
iv
Capitalization of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers
21.1–3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.6
21.6
21.6
21.6
21.7–8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.14
Answer Key
Degrees of Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Capitalization
20.1
20.2–3
Unit 21
Case of Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Pronouns with and as Appositives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Who and Whom in Questions and Subordinate Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Clear Pronoun Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
End Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Semicolon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Commas with Coordinate Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Commas and Compound Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs . . . . . . 45
Commas and Direct Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Misuse of Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Dashes and Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Quotation Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Italics (Underlining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Apostrophe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Numbers and Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
10.1
Nouns
■ A. Identifying Nouns
List each noun in the following sentences. For each noun you list, write all of the following
terms that apply: concrete, abstract, singular, plural, possessive, proper, common, collective.
1. Agatha Christie was a famous mystery writer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Her two most popular detectives are Hercule Poirot and Jane Marple.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. In Murder on the Orient Express, a group of people commit the crime.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The suspense in Christie’s novels often depends upon her clever plots.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
■ B. Using Nouns
Write a sentence that includes each kind of noun listed. You may use the nouns in any order
you wish.
1. possessive, concrete, abstract _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. singular, plural, proper, collective ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. common, proper, plural, abstract ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. collective, concrete, singular, possessive ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10
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Grammar Enrichment
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10.2
Pronouns
■ A. Using and Identifying Pronouns
Complete each sentence with an appropriate pronoun. In the blank following the sentence,
identify the pronoun you used as personal, possessive, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, or indefinite.
1. The only thing we have to fear is fear __________________. __________________
2. __________________ of Steven Spielberg’s movies do you like best? __________________
3. Harry cut __________________ while he was shaving. __________________
4. Is __________________ Dr. Sakamoto’s office? __________________
5. Juanita completed her report, __________________ was about animal rights, in less than
a week. __________________
6. Sally and Ken asked me to go with __________________ to the party.
__________________
7. All applicants for the job must provide __________________ own transportation.
__________________
8. I really like those deviled eggs. May I have __________________? __________________
9. __________________ will volunteer to head the committee? __________________
10. Students __________________ wish to participate in extracurricular sports must have
a physical examination. __________________
Write a short paragraph about a job or career you find interesting. You might wish to include
some questions you would like to ask someone about the job. Use pronouns appropriately.
Then identify the antecedent of each pronoun in your paragraph.
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Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10
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■ B. Using Pronouns and Identifying Antecedents
Grammar Enrichment
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10.3
Action Verbs
■ A. Identifying Action Verbs
Underline the action verb in each sentence. Then write whether the verb is transitive or intransitive in the space provided.
1. Charlie “Bird” Parker played alto sax.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong originated “scat.”
______________________________________________________________________________
3. John Coltrane mastered the tenor sax.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Keith Jarrett plays with technical perfection.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Thelonius Monk composed in the field of bop.
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Using Action Verbs
1. Write an original sentence using a transitive action verb.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Write an original sentence using an intransitive action verb.
______________________________________________________________________________
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■ C. Understanding Action Verbs
Write two or three sentences explaining the difference between transitive action verbs and
intransitive action verbs to a class of fifth graders.
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10
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Grammar Enrichment
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10.3
Linking Verbs
■ A. Identifying Linking Verbs
Underline the linking verb in each sentence.
1. Many people today are smokers.
2. Some smokers often seem inconsiderate of nonsmokers.
3. Nonsmokers sometimes feel victimized.
4. The nicotine in cigarette smoke is addictive.
5. Many smokers become trapped.
■ B. Using Auxiliary Verbs
Write two original sentences using forms of the verb be as part of a verb phrase.
■ C. Understanding Verbs
Write two or three sentences explaining the use of linking verbs to someone who is just learning to speak English.
4
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10
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Write three original sentences using helping verbs other than a form of be as part of
a verb phrase.
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
10.4
Adjectives
■ A. Identifying Adjectives
List each adjective in the following sentences. After each adjective you list, write in parentheses
the word it modifies. Do not include articles.
1. Terri was the youngest and tallest student in her class.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How proud I am of your performance!
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Many exotic plants were scattered about the hotel’s lobby.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The unruly audience was struck speechless by the mayor’s sudden announcement.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. A dozen taxis, yellow, green, and red, waited outside the Japanese embassy.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Using Adjectives
Write six brief sentences of your own. In each sentence use the kind of adjective named in
parentheses. Circle that adjective.
1. (possessive pronoun)_____________________________________________________________
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2. (possessive noun) _______________________________________________________________
3. (proper) _______________________________________________________________________
4. (superlative degree) ______________________________________________________________
5. (positive degree) ________________________________________________________________
6. (comparative degree)_____________________________________________________________
■ C. Understanding Adjectives
Explain why possessive nouns and pronouns may also be thought of as adjectives. If you were
writing a grammar book, how would you classify these words? Why?
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10
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Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
10.5
Adverbs
■ A. Identifying Adverbs
Adverbs can express time, place, degree, manner, and negativity. List each adverb in the following sentences. After each adverb you list, write the word or phrase it modifies. Tell whether the
word modified is a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Then write time, place, degree, manner, or
negativity to indicate what idea the adverb expresses.
1. Sally Hightower exercises more strenuously than anyone else I know.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Ten degrees below zero is too cold for me.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. I will apply for that job tomorrow.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Ralph cannot find his keys anywhere.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. We hardly ever watch television.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. The weather was very hot today.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Shirley Tsai plays the piano amazingly well for her age.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Using Adverbs
Write three sentences using each of the following adverbs. Make each sentence identical except
for the position of the adverb. Then tell whether changing the position of the adverb changes
the meaning of the sentence and, if so, how.
(sometimes) ________________________________________________________________________
(only) _____________________________________________________________________________
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Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Aren’t the prom decorations just fabulous?
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
10.6
Prepositions
■ A. Identifying Prepositions
Circle each word below that may be used as a preposition. Draw a line through each word that
may not be used as a preposition.
for
in
nothing
of
with
cannot
along
some
never
on
will
do
down
sometimes
up
off
■ B. Writing with Prepositional Phrases
Imagine that you are giving someone instructions about how to get to your school, to the
library, or to some imaginary place of your choosing. Write your directions in five complete
sentences. In each sentence, use at least two prepositional phrases. Use as many different prepositions as you can.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ C. Using Prepositions
Some grammarians feel that no sentence should end with a preposition. Others believe that
ending a sentence with a preposition is acceptable if the alternatives would sound awkward or
unnatural. Rewrite each sentence below so that it does not end with a preposition. Which version of each sentence do you prefer? Why?
1. What country was Columbus born in?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are you staring at?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Whom were you talking to?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Ending a sentence with a preposition is something I will not put up with.
______________________________________________________________________________
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Grammar Enrichment
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10.7–8
Conjunctions and Interjections
■ A. Using Different Kinds of Conjunctions
Improve each of the following sentences by substituting the kind of conjunction identified
in parentheses.
1. Meiko and James are ready for the canoe trip. (correlative)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Sally would like to become an accountant or a lawyer. (correlative)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Good health depends on physical or mental wellness. (correlative)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Not only freshmen but also sophomores can join the debating team. (coordinating)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Using Conjunctions
■ C. Using Interjections
Recreate a conversation between two enthusiastic teens discussing a recent concert or play.
Write their dialogue here. Use at least four interjections. Use the back of your paper if you
need more space.
8
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Write a paragraph of three or more sentences about the car of your dreams. Use at least three
different kinds of conjunctions.
Grammar Enrichment
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11.1–4
Subjects and Predicates
■ A. Identifying Subjects and Predicates
Draw one line under each simple subject. Draw two lines under each simple predicate. Draw
a vertical line between the complete subject and the complete predicate.
1. Isaac Newton often sat under a tree in his parents’ garden and read books.
2. These books and his own curiosity gave him many ideas and raised questions in his mind
about the world around him.
3. Newton’s inventions and discoveries have had a profound effect on the study of motion
and forces.
4. Among his discoveries are three laws of motion.
5. Give an example of Newton’s third law of motion.
■ B. Using Subjects and Predicates
Write a sentence that includes the items in parentheses. Underline the simple subjects once and
the simple predicates twice.
1. (compound subject) _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. (compound predicate)____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. (compound subject and compound predicate)_________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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4. (you as an understood subject) _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. (inverted order) _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. (beginning with There) ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. (beginning with Here) ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. (compound subject and compound predicate)_________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 11
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Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
11.5
Direct and Indirect Objects
■ A. Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects
Underline the direct object in each of the following sentences. Circle the indirect object. On
the lines below each sentence, write a sentence using the same verb but a different direct and
indirect object.
1. Florence Griffith Joyner brought the 1988 U.S. Olympic track team fame and respect.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Greg Louganis’s diving ability won him several Olympic gold medals.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Larry Bird’s ball-handling and shooting skills gave fans thrills for many years.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The Baseball Writers of America awarded Tom Seaver a place in the Hall of Fame.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Using Indirect Objects
Rewrite each sentence, changing the prepositional phrase to an indirect object.
1. I wrote a letter to my Kenyan pen pal.
2. My grandmother baked a fancy birthday cake for me and my twin sister.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. The president promised relief to the flood victims.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The mayor has given her full support to the renewal project.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. The band director gave the Most Improved Player award to José Rivera.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. The candidate made many promises to the voters.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Fifty state legislators pledged their support for the amendment.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Bob bought a dozen red roses for his girlfriend.
______________________________________________________________________________
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Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 11
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______________________________________________________________________________
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
11.5
Object Complements
■ A. Identifying Object Complements
Circle the object complement in each sentence. Then write another sentence using the same
verb but a different subject, object, and object complement.
1. We painted the bedroom walls blue.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. The candidate considered the economy the most important issue in the campaign.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. My sister thinks all my belongings hers.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The class elected Pam president.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. The tourists found the food at the resort delicious.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. We proved her theories wrong.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Jeff and Jenny named their baby Cicely.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Their chains rendered the prisoners helpless.
______________________________________________________________________________
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9. The people believed the law an unjust action.
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Fluffy thought the catnip mouse an amusing diversion.
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Using Object Complements
Write a sentence using the type of object complement shown in parentheses.
1. (noun) ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. (adjective) _____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. (pronoun) _____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. (noun) ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 11
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Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
11.5
Subject Complements
■ A. Identifying Subject Complements
Circle the subject complement in each sentence. On the line before the sentence, write pred.
nomin. if the word you circled is a predicate nominative. Write pred. adj. if it is a predicate
adjective. On the lines below the sentence, rewrite the sentence using a different subject complement. (Some sentences have more than one subject complement.)
_____ 1. After many years of neglect, the house became the eyesore of the neighborhood.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____ 2. Jake often feels awkward in social situations.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____ 3. Ruben and Marta are the best debaters on the team.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____ 4. In the last year Stan has grown tall and handsome.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____ 5. The apples from our orchard taste especially sweet this year.
_________________________________________________________________________
_____ 6. Some presidents have been athletes or scholars.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Using Subject Complements
Write a sentence using the verb and type of subject complement shown in parentheses.
1. (seem, predicate nominative)_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. (look, predicate adjective) _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. (appear, predicate adjective or predicate nominative) ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. (became, predicate nominative)_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 11
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_________________________________________________________________________
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.1
Prepositional Phrases
■ A. Identifying Prepositional Phrases
Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Above each underlined phrase,
write whether it functions as an adjective or an adverb. Then write on the line the word or
phrase that the prepositional phrase modifies. Indicate whether the modified word or phrase
is a noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, or adverb.
1. A dictionary is handy for help in spelling. ____________________________________________
2. Luckily for me today’s vocabulary test was easy. ________________________________________
3. After the test I found several of the words in my thesaurus._______________________________
4. My parents were happy with my performance on the test. ________________________________
5. A set of encyclopedias can also be helpful to students.___________________________________
6. Which of these three reference books—a dictionary, a thesaurus, or an encyclopedia—do you find
most valuable in your studies? _____________________________________________________
■ B. Using Prepositional Phrases
Write two or three sentences to answer the question in item 6 above. Use at least three
prepositional phrases.
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■ C. Lost and Found
Look around the room and find something that catches your eye. Try to write several
descriptive sentences about the item you chose without using any prepositions. Reread
your sentences. Then rewrite the description using prepositional phrases. Which sentences
were most descriptive?
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 12
13
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.2
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
■ A. Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Underline each appositive and appositive phrase. Then write the word or phrase the
appositive identifies.
1. Have you ever seen Mount Rushmore, a 6,000-foot mountain in the Black Hills of
South Dakota?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. The faces of four presidents, Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt, are
carved on its east face.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Washington, the first president of the United States, is often called the father of
his country.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. In the movie Young Lincoln, Henry Fonda played Lincoln.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Jefferson, an amateur inventor, incorporated many of his ideas into his home in Virginia,
Monticello.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Teddy Roosevelt, a vigorous man and a lover of the outdoors, was frail and sickly as
a child.
______________________________________________________________________________
Write a sentence using an appositive or an appositive phrase about each president listed below.
You may want to do some research before you write.
1. Andrew Jackson _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Woodrow Wilson________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. John F. Kennedy_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. (your choice) ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
14
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
■ B. Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.3
Participles and Participial Phrases
■ A. Identifying Participles and Participial Phrases
Underline each participle and participial phrase in the following sentences. In the first blank,
write whether it is a present participle or a past participle. In the second blank, write the word
or phrase it modifies.
1. Miami University, located in Oxford, Ohio, is a four-year public institution of higher learning.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
2. Founded in 1809, Miami has a reputation for excellence.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
3. The enchanting beauty of the campus attracts prospective students.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
4. Many students, including all freshmen, live in residence halls on the campus.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
5. The university provides the Miami Metro bus service for students residing off campus.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
6. Known as “the cradle of coaches,” Miami was once the home of such football greats as Bear Bryant
and Woody Hayes.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
■ B. Using Participles and Participial Phrases
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Write a paragraph describing your school. Use at least three present participles and three
past participles.
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 12
15
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.3
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
■ A. Identifying Gerund Phrases
Underline the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences. Above each, write
whether it functions as a subject (S), direct object (DO), indirect object (IO), object of a
preposition (OP), or predicate nominative (PN).
1. Frederick Douglass considered abolishing slavery the primary goal of his life.
2. Because he was a great orator, audiences enjoyed his speaking.
3. Lecturing about his own experiences helped Douglass convince many people that slavery
was wrong.
4. One of the most dangerous acts of Douglass in his fight against slavery was publishing his
autobiography in 1845.
5. Knowing that his autobiography would identify him as a runaway slave prompted
Douglass to move to England.
6. After buying his freedom, Douglass returned to the United States in 1847.
7. Throughout his adult life, Douglass gave writing and speaking against slavery and
segregation a great deal of his time and energy.
8. During the Civil War, Douglass participated in recruiting African Americans for the
Union Army.
9. Discussing the problems of slavery with Abraham Lincoln helped the abolitionist cause.
10. Douglass served as Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C., and as United States Minister
to Haiti before dying in 1895.
Write sentences using gerunds in the manner requested below. You may expand the gerunds
into phrases by adding complements and modifiers.
1. (subject)_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. (predicate nominative) ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. (object of a preposition) __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. (direct object) __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. (indirect object)_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
16
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
■ B. Using Gerunds
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
12.3
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
■ A. Identifying Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
Underline the infinitives and infinitive phrases in the following sentences. Above each, write
whether it functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
1. I have not yet begun to fight.
2. To err is human.
3. Our love is here to stay.
4. The question is “to be or not to be.”
5. I want to hold your hand.
6. It is time to come home.
7. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field.
8. To spend one hour with you in our old rendezvous is my desire.
9. You’re lovely to look at.
10. The main thing is to use your mind well.
11. To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.
12. I need someone to watch over me.
13. We practice to become perfect.
14. To live an unexamined life is foolish.
15. I drink milk to stay healthy.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
■ B. Using Infinitives
Write sentences using infinitives in the manner requested below. You may expand the infinitives into phrases by adding complements and prepositional phrases.
1. (subject)_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. (adverb) _______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. (direct object) __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. (adjective) _____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. (predicate nominative) ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 12
17
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.4
Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences
■ A. Improving Sentence Structure
The students who wrote the following sentences for their music-appreciation class need a little
help to make their writing more sophisticated. Rewrite each group of sentences as one sentence, using what you know about complex and compound-complex sentence structure.
1. Richard Wagner wrote a cycle of operas known as The Ring. The operas in The Ring
are Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. Wagner was a
German composer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Giacomo Puccini was born in Italy in 1858 and died in Belgium in 1924. His most
popular operas are La Bohème, Tosca, and Madame Butterfly.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian opera composer. He lived from 1813 to 1901. Verdi is one
of the most prolific and popular opera composers of all time. Some of his best-loved
works are Aïda, Rigoletto, La Traviata, and Il Trovatore.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Eugene Onegin is an opera by Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky. It is based on a long poem by the
Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin. Tchaikovsky is better known for the Nutcracker ballet
and the 1812 Overture.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Thinking About Sentence Structure
Write two sentences about famous people in history, automobile racing events, or a topic of
your choice. Make each sentence either a complex or a compound-complex sentence.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
18
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 13
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
______________________________________________________________________________
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.5
Adjective Clauses
■ A. Using Adjective Clauses
Rewrite each sentence, adding an appropriate adjective clause. Begin your adjective clause with
the word in parentheses. Be sure to use correct punctuation.
1. This is the place. (where)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. I just met the new student. (who)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. The movie E.T. was very popular. (which)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The book was a mystery. (that)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. All the parents attended the awards assembly. (whose)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. I remember that summer. (when)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. The D’Antonios are our new neighbors. (who)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. The two rivers meet. (where)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Writing with Adjective Clauses
Write a sentence of your own, using a restrictive adjective clause.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Write another sentence that has a nonrestrictive adjective clause.
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 13
19
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.6
Adverb Clauses
■ A. Using Adverb Clauses
Rewrite each sentence, adding an adverb clause that answers the question in parentheses.
1. The tenor soloist needed a cue from the conductor. (Why?)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. I am reminded of my childhood. (When?)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. The gymnast’s balance-beam routine will go well. (Under what conditions?)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Migrant workers follow the crops from season to season. (Where?)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Some housekeeping tasks need not be done on a weekly basis. (To what extent?)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Writing with Adverb Clauses
1. (Why?) ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. (Under what conditions?) _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. (To what extent?)________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. (When?)_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. (Where?) ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
20
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 13
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Write five sentences of your own, using adverb clauses that answer the questions indicated.
Grammar Enrichment
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
13.7
Noun Clauses
■ A. Using Noun Clauses
Complete each sentence by writing a noun clause. Then indicate how each noun clause functions in your sentence.
1. _________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ gave me indigestion.
2. Sara’s opinion has always been _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Did you ever find out ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Harry Chan is always talking about _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. I was wondering ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ will win a beautiful trophy.
7. The back of the closet is __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. I aimed my camera at ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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9. ______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________ will soon be available on the market.
10. His most important goal is ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
■ B. Writing Without Noun Clauses
Write a short paragraph without any noun clauses in it. Write about what you have done so far
today. Then reread your paragraph. Does it seem choppy? Rewrite your paragraph, revising
and adding noun clauses as you see fit. Which product is more satisfying?
Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 10, Unit 13
21
