Integrated water resources planning using weap model in the cau river basin

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

THUY LOI UNIVERSITY

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES PLANNING USING
WEAP MODEL IN THE CAU RIVER BASIN

Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh
MSc Thesis on Intergrated Water Resources Management

February 2015


MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

THUY LOI UNIVERSITY

NGUYEN THI THUY LINH
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES PLANNING USING
WEAP MODEL IN THE CAU RIVER BASIN
Major: Intergrated Water Resources Management

THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE
Supervisors:
1. Dr. Ngo Van Quan

2. A/Prof. Pham Quy Nhan

This reseacrch is done for the partial fulfilment of requirement for
Master of Science Degree at Thuy Loi University
(This Master Programme is supported by NICHE – VNM 106 Project)

February 2015


1

ABSTRACT
The Cau River is a tributary of the Thai Binh river system in the North of Vietnam.
Different water users (agriculture, domestic, industry…) are present in the basin.
Rising population and increasing water provision in rural and urban areas, in
conjunction with the development of the industry or agriculture are going to greatly
worsen the complexity of future water resources planning in what is already a waterstressed basin.
Being able to assess the ability of the basin to satisfy potential water demands is
decisive in order to plan for the future and make positive decisions. In this study, a
scenario analysis approach was used in conjunction with the Water Evaluation and
Planning model, in order to assess the impacts of possible water demands on the
water resources of the Cau river basin in 2030. For each scenario, the water resource
implications were compared to a 2012 “baseline scenario.” The model enabled
analyses of unmet water demands, and water storage for each scenario.
The model results show that for the different scenarios considered in this study the
implementation of the water resources allocation will increase the shortages for other
sectors. The construction of the main water storage infrastructure proposed by
irrigation planning in the Cau river basin, in conjunction with the application of the
percentage allocation method, can reduce the unmet demands and shortfalls to levels
lower than, or similar to, those experienced in the 2012 baseline. However, in all

cases these interferences will be inadequate to completely meet the demands of all
the sectors. A tight control of the growth in future demands is essential, although this
may be difficult in a rapidly developing country like Vietnam.


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DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this thesis entitled,
“Integrated water resources planning using the WEAP model in the Cau river basin”
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Mater of Science in
Integrated Water Resource Management, is an authentic record of my own work
carried out under supervisions of Dr. Ngo Van Quan and Associate Professor Dr.
Pham Quy Nhan.
The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any
other degree or diploma.

Date: February 24, 2014

Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh


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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
This study was completed in the Faculty of Water Resources Engineering of Thuy
Loi University. I am sincerely grateful to all my supervisors, Doctor Ngo Van Quan
and Associate Professor Doctor Pham Quy Nhan; teachers who have always
encouraged and motivated me and who have given enthusiastic guidance and
suggestions during the learning process and completion of my thesis.

I am sincerely grateful thanks to the supporters of the project NICHE VNM-106 of
the Dutch government (NUFFIC).
I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to the teachers in the Faculty of
Water Resources Engineering, who were helpful in conveying knowledge and
technical expertise during my study.
I would like to say thanks to my family, colleagues and friends who were cheering,
encouraging and creating favorable conditions in my study and my thesis process.
Because of the limited time and experience, the thesis has inevitable shortcomings.
Therefore, I look forward to advice from the teachers so that my thesis will be more
complete.
STUDENT

NGUYEN THI THUY LINH


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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 1
DECLARATION ...................................................................................................... 2
ACKNOWLEGEMENT .......................................................................................... 3
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. 5
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 8
1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................... 9
1.3 Objective of study .............................................................................................. 10
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 11
2.1 Integrated water resources management ............................................................ 11
2.2 Integrated water resources planning .................................................................. 12

2.3 Integrated water resources planing in Vietnam.................................................. 15
2.4 Some model about water allocation ................................................................... 17
2.4.1 GIBSI model…………………………………………………………………18
2.4.2 BASIN model………………………………………………………………..18
2.4.3 MIKE model…………………………………………………………………20
2.4.4 WEAP model……………………………………………………………...…20
Chapter 3: MATERIAL AND STUDY AREA.................................................... 24
3.1 Characteristic of Cau river basin ........................................................................ 24
3.2 Water Resources issues ...................................................................................... 26
3.3 Social-economic development ........................................................................... 27
3.4 Current water use for each sector: ...................................................................... 30
Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 32
4.1 Conceptual framework ....................................................................................... 32
4.2 WEAP method ................................................................................................... 33
4.2.1 Program Structure: .......................................................................................... 34


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4.2.2 Using WEAP model ........................................................................................ 37
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................. 39
5.1 Results of calculation water demand in the current situation ............................ 39
5.1.1 Divide to small sub-basins to calculate water demand: ................................. 39
5.1.2 Determine water demand in sub-basins ......................................................... 38
5.1.3 Calculate flow rate in sub-basins…………………………………………….46
5.1.4 Nui Coc reservoir in Cong river sub-basin…………………………………..47
5.2 Results of water allocation in current situation ................................................. 47
5.3 Water allocation under scenarios to develop society and economy of the Cau river
basin ......................................................................................................................... 45
5.3.1 Results of water allocation for the 2013-2030 period ..................................... 49

5.3.2 Results of water allocation for 4 scenarios in the future (from 2013 to 2030) 52
5.3.3 Select option and propose solution for Integrated water ressources planning in
the Cau river ............................................................................................................. 61
5.4 Discussions:........................................................................................................ 64
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS67
6.1 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................. 67
6.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 68
6.3 Future works: ..................................................................................................... 69
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 70
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................. 72


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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Water resources planning process ............................................................ 14
Figure 3.1: Overview of the Cau river basin and river network (Institute for Water
Resources Planning Hanoi, 2009) ............................................................................... 24
Figure 4.1: The flow chart of analysis water allocation planning for the Cau River
Basin ............................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 5.1: Four Sub-basins in Cau river basin .......................................................... 40
Figure 5.2: Modeling diagram about water allocation in current situation................. 48
Figure 5.3 Results of calculation water shortage in 2012 ........................................... 48
Figure 5.4: Results of water demand in 2030 with orientated development plan....... 50
Figure 5.5: Results of water demand for the 2013-2030 period with orientated
development plan ........................................................................................................ 50
Figure 5.6: Result of calculation water shortage in 2030 (billion m3) ........................ 51
Figure 5.7: Develop scenarios and calculate water balance under scenarios ............. 54
Figure 5.8 Results of water demand in 2013 of 4 scenarios ....................................... 55
Figure 5.9: Results of calculations water shortage for 4 scenarios ............................. 56

Figure 5.10 Chart of water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 1 (million m3)57
Figure 5.11 Chart of water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 2 (million m3)58
Figure 5.12 Chart of water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 3 (million m3)59
Figure 5.13 Chart of water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 4 (million m3)60
Figure 5.14 Results of calculation water shortage for scenarios 4 and 5 .................... 63


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LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.1: The data for Four Sub-basins in Cau river basin .....................................41
Table 5.2: The main sectors of water used in the Cau river basin ............................42
Table 5.3: Irrigation water demand in the sub-basins of Cau River basin ................42
Table 5.4: Domestic water demand in the sub-basins of Cau River basin ...............43
Table 5.5: Industrial water demand in the sub-basins of Cau River basin ...............44
Table 5.6: Summary of calculating water demand in 2012 of each sub-basin in the
Cau river basin ..........................................................................................................45
Table 5.7: The Meteorological stations in Cau river basin .......................................46
Table 5.8: Average flow in sub-basin (m3/s) ............................................................46
Table 5.9: Result of unmet demand in 2012(million m3/s) .......................................49
Table 5.10: Unmet demand of water supply for the 2013-2030 period (million m3)51
Table 5.11: Summary of 4 scenarios of water resources in the Cau river basin .......54
Table 5.12: The water demand for 4 scenarios for the 2013-2030 period (billion m3)
...................................................................................................................................55
Table 5.13: Unmet demand of 4 scenarios for the 2013-2030 period(billion m3) ....56
Table 5.14 The results of the water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 1
(million m3) ...............................................................................................................57
Table 5.15 The results of the water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 2
(million m3) ...............................................................................................................58
Table 5.16 The results of the water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 3

(million m3) ...............................................................................................................59
Table 5.17 The results of the water shortage of water users in 2030 - scenario 4
(million m3) ...............................................................................................................60
Table 5.18: The unmet demand for scenarios 4 and 5 for the 2013-2030 period
(million m3) ...............................................................................................................63


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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water seems to be an endless resource, the inexhaustible gift of nature. This
was a fact more than 30 years ago, but with the many changes in the lives of people,
the economic situation… the shortage of water has become one of the top concerns
for humanity. Today, water is used in an unsustainable way in the majority in the
world. In all the countries in the world water is predicted to become scarcer by 2025
or even earlier due to continuously increasing demand. This reality constitutes a
major threat towards sustainable development and achievement of millennium
development goals in the region. About only 1% of the world’s fresh water, occurs in
the region with 5% of the world’s total population. Water demands have dramatically
increased as a consequence of a high population growth rate, expansion of
agriculture, and the lack of and a weak water policy. Many countries actually suffer,
think of the Middle East, North Africa, there are areas there too that are severely
affected by scarce water resources are now suffering from water deficiency and other
countries will face this problem in the near future.
Hence, we need to regulate the water usage to ensure a sustainable, equitable
and efficient utilization of the resource. The allocation of the water resources is
normally made through a permit or licensing system, which the system enables the
government or state authorities to control the resources taking into account all
stakeholder interests. In our country with abundant water resources this may not be

needed but with the increased pressure on the water resources, both in terms of
quantity and quality, the abundant water supply is becoming a rare situation.
In recent years, the research applies mathematical models as a tool to support
integrated management of water resources, when considering water resource
development, water resource planning, administration and management of water
resources in river basin in the world as well as in the country increasingly powerful
place. The tool applies mathematical models to contribute in the integrated
management of water resources, water resource managers, and the household sector


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water use in the river basin will have, as a result of this tool, a more synthetic and
more comprehensive vision of the water resources in the river basin. At the same
time, stakeholders seek consensus, shared opportunities and orientations to exploit
water resources in the basin to meet the immediate and long term goals.
The Cau river basin is selected as the subject of the research in which
information on water resources, water resources development (basin planning
and water allocation), and institution and management mechanisms in the basin
is collected and analyzed to identify challenges and development trends in basin
water resources and to propose appropriate solutions to achieve the objectives of the
project.

1.2 Problem Statement
In the Cau river basin, different water users (rural, urban, subsistence,
commercial irrigated agriculture, industry, etc.) are present in the basin where
injustice is an issue in the access to water. There has been a significant
transformation of the water and land legislation in Vietnam. This will affect future
land distribution and water allocation. The development of the industry the
construction of new power generation plants, along with the population growth, the

revitalization of small-scale irrigation schemes and the improvement in accessibility
to water in the rural areas, all are going to increase the water demands.
On the other hand, there are several socio-economic, political and legal
processes taking place in the Cau river basin that will affect the water demand and
the allocation of water. Being able to assess the capacity of this area to satisfy future
water demands is essential in order to plan for the future and make wise decisions.
Moreover, under the impact of climate change, the Cau River basin faces a rising
tendency of water shortage. The water supply for domestic use, the industry, and
livestock is sufficient; however, it is the water shortage in the basin due to irrigation
requirement, which is the major problem. Water shortage happens in the dry season
when the river flow goes down, rainfall is low, and evaporation is high. In the rainy
season, total rainfall is high, and there is no water shortage. This thesis has identified


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the use of modeling tools in conjunction with scenario analyze as an important
approach to develop water management strategies and to achieve integrated
management of water resources.
However, due to the limitation of funds, the scope of the research, the
expertise and time, the project could only be carried out for a part of the water sector
activities in the Cau river basin related to allocation, development, and management
of the basin water resources, particularly water sector investment in the basin. A
detailed analysis will be part of a new research project.

1.3 Objective of study
The main objective of the study is to apply Water Evaluation and Planning
System (WEAP) as the tool supporting in allocation planning of water resources in
the Cau river basin. Specific objectives of the study are:
• To develop a conceptual framework of water allocation for the Cau river

basin;
• To use the WEAP model to simulate and develop the scenarios of water
resources allocation for the current scenario and the 2013-2030 period in the
Cau river basin;
• To analyze, assess and select the scenario for water resources planning in the
Cau river basin.


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Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Integrated water resources management
The integrated water resources management approach helps to manage and
develop water resources in a sustainable and balanced way, taking account of social,
economic and environmental interests. It recognizes the many different and
competing interest groups, the sectors that use and abuse water, and the needs of the
environment. The integrated approach coordinates water resources management
across sectors and interest groups, and at different scales, from local to international.
It emphasizes involvement in national policy and law making processes, establishing
good governance and creating effective institutional and regulatory arrangements as
routes to more equitable and sustainable decisions. A range of tools, such as social
and environmental assessments, economic instruments, and information and
monitoring systems, support this process.
The use of scientific means to enhance understanding through modeling of the
current and possible scenarios due to the various water resources development and
changes in supply conditions forms a decision support for water managers at the
catchment level. Such modeling can be achieved through; water balance models,
ground water flow models and economic water use models (Alfarra, 2004).
Water resources planning, once an exercise based primarily on engineering
considerations, increasingly occurs as part of a complex, multi-disciplinary

investigation that bring together a wide array of individuals and organizations with
varied interests, technical expertise, and priorities. In this multi-disciplinary setting,
successful planning requires effective IWRM models that can clarify the complex
issues that can arise. IWRM is viewed as a systematic process for the sustainable
development, allocation and monitoring of water resources use in the context of
social, economic and environmental objective (Cap-Net, 2005).
In any catchment, water availability problems occur when the demand for
water exceeds the amount available during a certain period. Freshwater shortages
occur frequently in areas with low rainfall and high population density and in areas


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with intensive agricultural or industrial activity. The Cau river basin has large spatial
and temporal differences in the amount of fresh water available. These are felt more
because of rainfall variability in the basin and the differences are expected to change
due to climate changes. Other pressures on water quantity arise from the main
sectorial users of water, such as agriculture, livestock, households, vital ecosystems
tourism and industry. The impacts of over abstraction of available water include
decreases in groundwater levels and surface water flows that in turn can lead to
impacts on associated aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, over abstraction
of groundwater and lack of sufficient recharge can lead to the intrusion of salt water
at the lowland aquifers in the catchment.

2.2 Integrated water resources planning
Integrated Water Resources Planning (IWRP) defines a approach to the
management of water systems combining water supply, water demand, and water
quality. IWRP evolved from a growing recognition of the interconnection of
environmental systems and society’s impacts within them (Beecher, 1995). In many
areas, increasing populations and water demands have exceeded regionally-minded

planning; by sharing resources with neighboring areas, planners have found more
cost-effective solutions to water scarcity.
There are three basic planning paradigms that are used in water resources
planning, regardless of the specific steps or approaches applied in the planning
process. These adigms are the planning iteration, screening, and scoping. These
techniques are required; water resource planning is a very broad process and setting
the boundaries and constraints of a study are often difficult. Often budget and time
limitations help define the breadth of the study that can be performed, but because
water resources planning is such an open-ended process, the three paradigms
presented here are very useful in guiding the process. Each planning characteristic is
discussed below:
(1) Planning iteration: Iteration implies doing the same thing more than once.
In planning, iteration implies returning to an analysis when more information is


13

available, when a different level of detail is necessary, or when new evaluation
techniques have emerged.
The planning process is one that is improved when it is performed more than
once. This not only implies that reviews improve evaluations, but that the level of
detail of evaluations is likely to change during the planning process. Planning is not a
simple linear process. Any process that encourages feedback from stakeholders will
naturally require some degree of iteration. Feedback typically creates new
information or helps to identify new priorities or areas of increased interest.
Incorporating this information improves the quality of a plan if it is considered.
(2) Screening: Screening is a basic systems engineering concept. Screening is
the process of iteratively examining alternatives to select those which will receive
further consideration and those that will not. A principal goal of screening is to
effectively reduce the quantity of detailed analysis that is necessary, without

eliminating alternatives which should be evaluated fully. Screening does not imply
full evaluation and ranking, it implies making use of expertise and sound judgment to
use one’s time effectively. Without some form of screening, almost any water
resource planning effort would become too complex and intricate to accomplish.
With screening, promising alternatives are provided an opportunity for full
evaluation and inferior alternatives are excluded from further evaluation.
(3) Scoping is also another basic systems engineering concept. Scoping
identifies the boundaries of the problem to be addressed and the boundaries of the
solutions to be considered. Scoping is particularly important in evaluating water
resources planning because the National Environmental Policy Act defines scoping
as a required process. In that act, scoping is defined as “an early and open process
for determining the scope of issues to be addressed and for identifying the significant
issues related to a proposed action”. Scoping has been used in many studies as a
formal procedure to ensure the input of stakeholders in the planning process.
Although there are many ways to organize the planning process, a number of specific
procedures with well identified steps have been suggested in the literature (Palmer,


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1999; Keyes and Palmer, 1995). The seven step process described here is an example
of a “disciplined, iterative process.”

Figure 2.1: Water resources planning process
This implies that all steps must be performed and recognizes the natural
feedback that exists between all steps. The number of steps and their boundaries are
less important than the general planning philosophy, that is, good water resources
planning involves carefully defining the challenges faced, defining the planning
environment and including all those that might impact or be impacted by the plan,
creating a comprehensive and creative set of alternatives for addressing the

challenges, selecting among those alternatives the one plan that best addresses the
objectives and constraints of the challenge, and creating an comprehensive approach
to implementing that plan.


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2.3 Integrated water resources planing in Vietnam
In our country, there have been some studies on water resources planning on
the basis of economic efficiency of water use, such as the studies about water
resources planing in Dong Nai river basin or in the Red river basin...
The basis and principles for water resources planning are applying in Vietnam:
In terms of the system of legal documents including current laws, decrees, circulars,
the existing two legal documents specified on water resources planning, such as:
-

Law on water resources (17/2012/QH13)

-

Decree 120/2008/ND-CP on river basin management.

-

Decree 201/2013/ND-CP: regulations detailing the implementation of some
articles of Law on Water Resources.
These documents shall be as follows:

-

A river basin planning comprises the following component plannings:

a. Planning on allocation of water resources;
b. Planning on protection of water resources;
c. Planning on prevention, combat and address of consequences of harms caused
by water.
- A component planning may cover the whole basin, one or a several sub-basin.
In this thesis, I will focus on one component planning: planning on the allocation
of water resources. According to the Article 14 (Decree 120/2008/ND-CP), the major
contents of a planning on allocation of river basin water resources are:
-

Assessing the volume and quality and forecasting the development trends of
water resources, and the current status of water resource exploitation and use
for every water source.

-

Identifying water needs and existing problems in the comprehensive
exploitation and use of water resources and establishing the priority order and
capacity to meet water needs for daily life, agriculture, hydro-power, fishery,
industries,

transport,

tourism,

other

socio-economic

environmental protection for every water source.

activities

and


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-

Determine the priority order and water resource allocation rates in the water
resource exploitation and use for daily life and other purposes, including water
needs for environmental protection in case of droughts or water shortage.

-

Determining water use purposes, minimum flows to be maintained in river
sections in basins and necessary measures to deal with matters specified in
Clause 2 of this Article.

-

Proposing networks for water resource supervision, water use oversight and
the adjustment of parameters or adjustment of the current operation of water
resource-exploiting and -using works (if necessary).

-

Identifying needs for water transfer among sub-basins within a river basin;
needs for water transfer with other river basins (if any).

-

Proposing construction measures for water resource development with a view to
meeting the needs for water for socio-economic development in the basins.

-

Identifying implementation solutions and schedule for planning.
Besides the content of article 14 from 120/2008/ND-CP, the thesis will

concern about priority in the water supply. These documents shall be as follows: The
highest priority for water supply is domestic water demand in all other purposes
(Article 54 Law on Water Resources) and provide competent priority water supply
during drought (Article 5, 45, 46 Decree 201/2013/ND-CP), but not clear guidance
on the relationship between the priorities or purpose is selected, if any, take
precedence over the other uses. As follows:
The regulation and distribution of water resources for different use purposes
must be based on the water resource master plan, the actual capacity of water sources
and water resource regulation and distribution plans, and adhere to the following
principles:
-

Assuring fairness and rationality among water users on the same river basin,
between upstream and downstream areas and between the right bank and the
left bank;

17

-

Prioritizing water in terms of both quantity and quality for use for daily-life
activities and agricultural production to assure food security and meet other
essential needs of people;

-

Assuring the maintenance of the minimum flow and groundwater exploitation
limits;

-

Combining the exploitation and use of surface water with exploitation and use
of groundwater and rainwater; increasing storage of water in the rainy season
for use in the dry season.
Therefore, the decree and law provide the basis for the formulation and

implementation of water resources planning. Laws and decrees also identified a
number of fundamental issues, as required to determine the priority of water supply
to cope with water shortages, but in reality does not fully solve the problem. And it
can be said that in the current situation, consider the allocation problem of water
resources in the basin in our country concerned only 5 years ago and in the initial
stage of research methodology.
The main principles and objectives outlined in the Law on Water Resources and
the related regulations on water resources planning can be interpreted as follows:
Principle 1: The need for sustainable water use and no degradation of water
resources;

Principle 2: Water activities are first priority;
Principle 3: utilization of water shall not exceed the "real volume" of water, and
Principle 4: planning and allocation of water resources to ensure “equity”.

2.4 Some model about water allocation
Due to the requirements of developing river basin water resources to meet the
requirements of economic development - social. Today the world has done to build
the model, the model system to evaluate the impact of human conditions to buffer
surface water resources. Maybe at some models are widely used around the world as
follows:


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2.4.1 GIBSI model
GIBSI system model is applied to the watershed ecosystems in Canada and the
development of industry, agriculture, urban complex. GIBSI is an integrated modeling
system running on a PC to the test results the impact of agriculture, industry, water
management both in terms of quantity and quality of water resources.
GIBSI model for forecasting the impact of the industry, forest, urban, agricultural
projects for the natural environment, effective water users warned in advance and respect
standards the quantity and quality of water resources
GIBSI is a set of model components include:
- HYDROTEL hydrological model;
- Model physical resolution remote sensing systems, geographic information
systems
- USLE model for sediment transport and erosion;
- Model spreading chemicals in agriculture is based on the modeling of nitrogen,
phosphorus, pesticides (using a module in SWAT model);
- Models QUAL2E water quality, water quality model to simulate the elements: the

diffusion and flocculation of water-soluble substances (pollutants); the development of
algae; the cycle of nitrogen, phosphorus; the decay Coliform; how ventilation; the
temperature of the water.
2.4.2 BASIN model
Model basins built by the Office of Environmental Protection(The United
States). The model is constructed to provide a better assessment tools and more
integrated emission sources and not concentrate concentrated in the management of
water quality in the basin. This is a model of environmental systems analysis and
multi-purpose, capable of application to a country, a region to carry out research on
water quality and quantity, including the basin. The model was designed to meet
three objectives: (1) Convenience in the control of environmental information; (2)
Assist in the analysis of environmental systems; (3) Provide a system of basin
management plans.


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Model basins are a useful tool in research on water quality and quantity. With
the many modular components in the system, computation time is shortened, many
problems are solved and the information management more efficient models. With
the use of GIS, model basins more convenient to denote the combination of
information and (land use, traffic emissions sources, water regression, ...) in any one
location. The components of the model allows users to determine the impact of
emissions from the point of focus and unfocused. Combination of modular
components can help to analyze and manage the basin towards:
- Identify and prioritize the limits of the environment;
- Characteristics of emission sources and determine the magnitude and
potential emissions.
- Sets the amount of emissions from point sources and not concentrate and
focus on the transport process as well as in the river basin.

- Identify, compare the relative value of the pollution control strategies.
- Demonstration and announced to the public in the form of tables, figures and
maps.
BASIN model includes the following components model:
- Model of the river: QUAL2E, version 3.2 model water quality.
- The model basin: WinHSPF is a watershed model used to determine the
concentration of the waste from the waste sources and not concentrated focus in the
river; SWAT is a model based on physics is built to predict the impact of land use
activities in the basin to the flow regime, determine the amount of sediment and
chemicals used in agriculture throughout the basin.
- The propagation model: PLOAD, is a model of viral contaminants, PLOAD
identify sources of emissions, the average concentration in a certain time period.
The function of the model allows users BASIN demonstrated, data and
perform analysis according to the different goals. BASIN model is widely used in the


20

United States, it is convenient for storage and analysis of environmental information,
and can be used as a tool to support decision making in the process of building
management framework basin.
2.4.3 MIKE model
Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) to build software evaluation and analysis of the
problems of water quality and quantity, the software is helpful in planning the
development and management of water resources sustainability perspective. MIKE
BASIN software with ArcView GIS interface is a model simulating water basin.
MIKE model includes a lot of software you have the functions and tasks such as
MIKE 11, MIKE 21, MIKE 31, MIKE GIS, MIKE BASIN, MIKE SHE, MIKE….It is
possible applications to calculate the distribution of water in the basin both in quantity and
quality and has been applied to calculate the allocation of water resources to bring more

efficiency to the basin in the world.
2.4.4 WEAP model
The WEAP model was developed by the SEI to enable evaluation of planning and
management issues associated with water resources development. The WEAP model can
be applied to both municipal and agricultural systems and can address a wide range of
issues, including sectoral demand analyses, water conservation, water rights and allocation
priorities, stream flow simulation, reservoir operation, ecosystem requirements and project
cost-benefit analyses (SEI 2001).
The WEAP model has three primary functions (Sieber et al. 2004):
• Simulation of natural hydrological processes (e.g., evapotranspiration, runoff
and infiltration) to enable assessment of the availability of water within
a catchment.
• Simulation of anthropogenic activities superimposed on the natural system to
influence water resources and their allocation (i.e., consumptive and nonconsumptive water demands) to enable evaluation of the impact of human
water use.


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• Simulation of water allocation, the elements that comprise the water demandsupply system and their spatial relationship are characterized for the catchment
under consideration. The system is represented in terms of its various water
sources (e.g., surface water, groundwater, desalinization, and water reuse
elements); withdrawal, transmission, reservoirs, and wastewater treatment
facilities, and water demands (i.e., user-defined sectors but typically
comprising industry, mines, irrigation, domestic supply, etc.). The data
structure and level of detail can be customized (e.g., by combining demand
sites) to correspond to the requirements of a particular analysis and constraints
imposed by limited data. A graphical interface facilitates visualization of the
physical features of the system and their layout within the catchment.
The WEAP model essentially performs a mass balance of flow sequentially

down a river system, making allowance for abstractions and inflows. To simulate the
system, the river is divided into reaches. The reach boundaries are determined by
points in the river where there is a change in flow as a consequence of the confluence
with a tributary, or an abstraction or return flow, or where there is a dam or a flow
gauging structure. Typically, the WEAP model is applied by configuring the system
to simulate a recent “baseline” year, for which the water availability and demands
can be confidently determined. The model is then used to simulate alternative
scenarios (i.e., plausible futures based on “what if” propositions) to assess the impact
of different development and management options. The model optimizes water use in
the catchment using an iterative Linear Programming algorithm, whose objective is
to maximize the water delivered to demanding sites, according to a set of userdefined priorities. All demand sites are assigned a priority between 1 and 99, where 1
is the highest priority and 99 the lowest. When water is limited, the algorithm is
formulated to progressively restrict water allocation to those demand sites given the
lowest priority. In the world and in our countries, many countries widely used WEAP
model to allocate water resources.


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Up to the present time, relating to the application model WEAP in countries
around the world with more than 30 projects in the country evaluated countries on
most continents, including the US, China, Thailand, India, Mexico, Brazil, Germany,
South Korea, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt, Israel and Oman.
In the Jordan valley, the authors said that water was scarce, yet key to its
economic development. A fast growing population and expanding agricultural sector
to create demands for new water resources. They present a Water Evaluation and
Planning (WEAP) model of the Jordan Valley (JV) to evaluate alternative water
supply options. WEAP accommodates the extensive primary and secondary spatial
data sets behind our empirical analysis and allows the simulation of various water
supplies and demand scenarios. This paper reports on the implementation and

calibration of the WEAP model against dam operating rules, showing that it is
possible to reproduce historical dam volumes accurately enough by analysis. The
paper also describes five alternative water supply scenarios for the JV: business as
usual, increasing treated wastewater in irrigation, climate change, and two combined
scenarios climate change with increasing reuse, and altered patterns of agriculture to
calculate the impact on the demand and supply gap by the year 2050.
WEAP Models are being widely used in order to assess the impacts of future
development trends, water management strategies, climate change, etc. on the
availability of water resources. For instance, WEAP Model has been developed in
order to assess the impacts of different water management decisions on the
availability of water in the different watersheds of Texas (Wurbs, 2005).
The Water Evaluation and Planning System Version (WEAP) is an IWRM
model that seamlessly integrates water supplies generated through watershed-scale
hydrologic processes with a water management model driven by water demands and
environmental requirements. WEAP considers demand priorities and supply
preferences, which are used in a linear programming heuristic to solve the water
allocation problem as an alternative to multi-criteria weighting or rule based logic
approaches. It introduces a transparent set of model objects and procedures that can


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be used to analyze a full range of issues faced by water planners through a scenario
based approach. These issues include climate variability and change, watershed
condition, anticipated demands, ecosystem needs, the regulatory environment,
operational objectives, and available infrastructure. WEAP was developed by the
Stockholm Environment Institute's Boston Centre at the Tellus Institute. The model is
designed to assist rather than substitute the skilled planner. Arranz and McCartney
(2007) have also applied the model to the Olifants catchment in South Africa. In their
analysis, the model performed well in doing quick analysis of current and future

water demands.