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Phương pháp giải toán hoá vô cơ lớp 11

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S
PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TOÁN HÓA VÔ CƠ
(GV: Trương Châu Thành-Trường THPT Chuyên TG)

A-GIẢI NHANH BÀI TOÁN TRẮC NGHIỆM VÔ CƠ
1/



→




→


 !→

 !



VD1: "#$%&'()*


+
#,#-./01234562789::;!00<






:#%-=
>?8!';?8@A4..B"4."00<!
8C8



D:#:9D


E

D:#%




D


:#%:#:9;"!
;;?8D;"F8.G;H.""F8.I;?4F8.D#$%G:#:9=%J:#:9=KJDJ#$%4;
VD2: "$&'(LM.N8;!O48-2)*./01P.27800< !.QR."/.
49#J!8.

S5N.=>?8!';?8.B"4."00<!
8C8

D:#9E !D !D:#9=D:#9=;;?8D$:#9=+9#9D9#T94;
VD3 "%%4;&'(N8;!"B8.4"."." !0.QRU$#KJ!V.NV

."/.4H5NI200W#XB00W.YN?8!'&'(;?8N4.5'!
H4;I
8C8

 D:#E !D !

 D:#=D:#$= ;;?8DN!N8;!"B8N!8" !

D%%:#$=+9#+D+K#4;
2/ Axít + Ocid bazơ ( kể cả ocid bazơ không tan)
VD1)*


+
→4;"!
 ZC[00< !
)*
F

R
→L;"!
8C8


D+4LR→



→



J4RL←+4RL
VD2".4#;M."F8.@\.23456K:;!00 !%-= X.[64"F8.@\.U8.]!
8C8O8 Z"F8.@\.!)*FR→4;"!
 !D:#:K;"!




→


:#:K:#:9;"!


D4RD:#:9H%I
9J4%JR4D#HI
F4D:#:+→FRD+→ Z!)*


+
VD 3: ";4;&'(^;)*#)*


+
#2)*
+


2"00 !5_(C[FCR4

"."5'00= 84.(`La4=
 Z`%XB.5';
%
;?8N4=
Z`@1NV!"2"5P0^8;U8XB.Y.5';

;?8N4=
b8P.;

G;
%
D:#T%4;2."&'(5`.c!d;"!8e4)*2)*


+
!%%=;U
8/.<"@45Rf
=#TJ4; b=K#$4; =K#$$4; =9#J4;
%
m
muối
= m
Kim Loại
+ m
gốc axít
m
M
2H
+
+ O

2-
→ H
2
O

S
8C8".c!d;"!8e4)*2)*


+
!%%]"8"F8.R!)*
+


=
)*
+


$ !→)* !

)* !
+



Z%^;;?8UN!!;
%
4;
Z^;%;?8UN!!;


4;)* !

 !

→)* !
+
2a a
;

G;
%
D4=T%D:#T% →4D:#:%→;D=4=+DK#$4;
3/ Axít + Bazơ ( kể cả bazơ không tan)

VD 1  0<



(C[278g'()*HI
+
4;"!#!HI
+
L;"!# HI

;"!



D+4+LD




VD 2  >8.X
h
!i+::;!008
h
X
j
; !:#-24
j




:#%-2
k
8::;!
008
h
bX
j
;4:#-24
j
b4HI

:#%-.l
j
.5
h

008
h
=08
h

"
k

=(DT b=(mT =(ET =Tm(m%:
8C8

D:#+=:#:#+=:=%=D:#%;"!


D:#=:#:#=:#=D:#%J;"!


0D:#:→(ET
VD3_.n400<[4:#%;"!42:#%9;"!b4HI

`L4"8]
!V.00<&'([4 !:#%-2



:#:9-f
=%!V. b=!V. =+!V.=!V.
8C8

D:#%:#%9=D:#



DH:#%:#:9=I=D:#D:#→D!V.
4/ Axít + Kim Loại → Muối và giải phóng khí H
2


4→→o


-→→


!→+→+p

VD1: "$=+&'(!#)*./01P.27800< !=4(C[N?8
!' !.q.];T=$=>?8!';&8;?8.B"4."00<2N!;&8N8;
!"B8."
8C8

DH$#+T#$ID:#9
+p4LD:#9
T49JLD$#+E4DLD:#%;"!
VD 2: ";4;X;#-48]#@\.2"9:;!00W[44FV. !%-#



:#9
-#.5':#+T9;"!NV


200r=V(6400r=
Giải:

L5D:#9:#9=:#9=D:#9


(D:#+T9=D:#T9


0D:#:9;"! →


D:#%→(D%
5/ CO, H
2
khử oxít kim loại sau Al tạo Kim loại + CO
2
, H
2
O


H
+
+ OH
-
→ H
2
O
nH

+
+ M→ M
n+
+ n/2 H
2
CO + O
( trong oxít)
t
o

CO
2

H
2
+ O
( trong oxít)
t
o
H
2
O
S
VD1:g'(^; →4;"!
)*


+
→L;"! ⇒
H.""FV.I

D4+L

 → 


4+L←4+L→4+L
VD2:-M.&'(W^;)*


+
#)*2-UN?8!'!#."5UU%#
-=>8"W(C[278 0H(C["."I#.45'Q.\2
&'( 2 

=&'(RN8s472X8.""49NP..64=W/5<
N?8!')*


+
#)*."&'(W=
Giải: ;"F8.@\.!#G%#D+#:4;E%J:4TLD+#:
 

DH.""F8.@\.ID 4 
+
D:#:9E+4LD:#:9E4D:#:%tLD:#:
VD3;M.&'()*


+

2 .";M.!^NV

0=ZC["
."= "&'(NV.B".."(C[58s4%LY5u



5v=
>?8!'64LYR.q!]T#=VN?8!')*2 .5'@4
(C[=
=9#J)*2+#  b=%%#)*2J# 
=9#J)*2J#  =%%#)*2+# 
Giải:O84#L!`!'.!@?;"!"F8.
%J:4$:LDH%I

D:#



H.""FV.I
→


:#:#
bR].?D+4LD:#HI
8C8H%I2/HI→4D:#tLD:#%Ob
6/ Phản ứng giữa 2 ion chỉ xảy ra khi sản phẩm có chất kết tủa, dễ
bay hơi, điện li yếu.
VD
1

: 4

 
+

→ 4 
+



 
+

→

 






→

↑
4


+


F NXFCR4
VD
2
0<[44;"!! !
+
#L;"!  !

#;"!4 !(C[00<
+
0.0;"!NP..64=-?8!8]d4#L##0

!

D+4L
 ⇒
 !

D
!

D


(C[
D+4LD0


 !

→ !↓

7/ Định luật bảo toàn khối lượng:
;

g'(N8;!"B8;
%
00< !.5';

00<#;
+
NVb2
;

\NX.4=
4U;;
%
D;

;
+
;

⇒;

D;;
%
G;
+
G;



VDn4.4"."T#$4;&'(W^;!#-La00 !0=4(C[
.QRN?8!'00<.q.];T4;=>?8!'64-2!."&'(
L45`!
=#29# b=9#%2#T =29#$ =%#:92J#T9
8C8

DHT#$TID:#;"!
T4LDT#$H%I
%#94LD:#HI
8C8⇒4D:##LD:#% O
8/ Bảo toàn điện tích:
"%00<g58d.V0D.g58d.V;
VD
1
0<[44;"!!
+
#L;"! 4

#;"!


#0;"! !

=
+
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4"+4LD0
VD
2
;


g'()*#-#,(C[00< !0.H;;
%
I4;;?8=
;

g'(.](C[00< !.L4"8]4;;?8f
8C8
=;
;?8!"4
D;
N8;!"B8
;
!

⇒;
!

D;
%
⇒
!

D
9#+9
%
m
;"!
=bC"."58d.V !


 


H=


D
!

I

9#+9
1
m
→
T%
1
m
=;?8@A4.D;
T%
%
m
FKJ
VD3: ";&'( #,#)*./0127800<
+ 
!"w#0.5'
00<= XB00<.5'H;JI4;;?8N4=&'(
;?8N4.]5PN?8!'NX5g8.5'Q.\UN?8!'!
8C8
+


DJJD%;"!E
+

E

=

D:#9;"!
%;"!:=9;"!
;"F8.D;N8;!"B8;D;:#9=%JDH;$I4;
Vídụ 4: ".4"."&'(^;:#%;"!)*

24;"! 

2"00<
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+
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4!
8C800^;:#%;"!)*
+
#4;"! 

#H:#4I;"!


=
/(01!L.58d.V+=:#%=4DH:#4I→4D:#:J
VD5: 84&'(N8;!"B8#bU"/.<NX5g8.(`La4=Z`

%.4P.." !.B"4%#TK!8.

H5NI=Z`"F8.5'#$&'(
"F8.=>?8!'&'(N8;!"B8L45`!
=%#$ b=# =# =+#%
Giải: 

D:#:$ ⇒ !D:#%JD !

 !

→


:#%J:#:$
>xN8!O48."L45`DH;"F8.G;

I=D+#%4;
9/ Bảo toàn nguyên tố +Bảo tòan khối lượng:
VD
1
 "%;"! 

(C[%#;"!4.;

;?8=V;f
=
2
-
CO

OH
n
n
D%#⇒@C(y;.B";?8
=O8 ;?84 
+
→4;"!bR].? 4L"4LD%   4D
:#:$;"!
4


+
→L;"!bR].?4.84LD%#⇒LD
:#:;"!
VD
2
g'(^;)*4;"!#)*


+
L;"!(C[278 S.
:
4".5'
g'(b^;)*;"!#)*0;"!#)*


+
*;"!#)*
+



A;"!=-?8s4d8e4
4#L##0z
4U
)*
H."I

D
)*
H."bI


 ⇔
VD 3:
Q(.1".":#%;"! 

2"#9!V.00b4HI

4;"!p!.5':#:$;"!NP.
.64=V.<644!L4"8]=

4+LD0+*A
S
Giải:b4 
+
=:#:$ → n!B8.B"b4H 
+
I

D :#%  G  :#:$  D :#: →

b4H 
+
I

D:#:
→b4Db4HI

D:#:$:#:D:#%→
-
D:#%p#9D:#:-
VD 4n4.49#J4;)*2"00



0.0'00W=00W(C[23456278
!V.00>-

:#9-8/.<64!f
Giải:
)*D)*

D:#%;"! →-

D:#%=%p9D:#:H5!b*!*."I→D:#::=9D:#:
!V.
VD5:u8d(C[8d.X;2789&'(^;!2)*


+
.5'

&'(b= "b./0127800<405'%=$&'( #NX
.QRNV."/.4=Z`.q;N?8!')*


+
."&'(!
=$J={b=$=J{ =T$={=T=${
Giải:
xb>x;D;bD94;
b004NX.QRNV]bNXU!0=>?8!'b8C;V!
!


+=
;!


+
D9G%#$D%:#⇒!


+
D:#%;"!⇒!D:#;"!O
10/ Bảo toàn Electron :
= c@|015?8278(C["F8U4N|
=Z(/(W/5<Q.N|F/5<Q."F8U4
8P.s/.Y5<!}.LC"."~!*."
*"

D

*}
VD 1 : :#+;"!)*
F

R
(C[27800
+
0.5':#%;"!NV=W/5<
)*
F

R
=
8C8F)*
RpF
GH+FRI→F)*
+

)*FR
D:#+⇒
)*
RpF
D:#+F



FD+
:#+F→:#+H+FRIRD"v
FDRD%


9
+*→

:#+=H+FGRID:#+⇒+FGRD%
:#+ :#%
}R Z)*
+


"v)*
VD2>85_;4;@\."8NXNV;M..•884.YL<"F8U4.$#4;
&'(^;/"F8.@\.2;M.(`@\.n!B8= "./01"."278
00
+
.Y.5'+#+J!V.H5NI=8/.<64;!
=%K#J4; b=$#4; =%4; =#4;
8C8xb*!."
)*+*→)*
+

;p9J+;p9J


*→

H$#G;Ip+H$#G;Ip$

9
+*→


:#9:#%9
4U+;p9JD:#9H$#G;Ip$⇒;D#4;
11/ Xác định CTPT chất :
%"FV.64@\.U{;)*8P;T:{=W/5< Z64"FV.=
O8 64"FV.!)*
F

R
⇒
=
y
x
==
JJJ#:
%Jp+:
9JpT:
+

⇒)*


+
9

×