EARTH SCIENCE geology, the environment, and the universe 2008 (1)

AUTHORS
Francisco Borrero • Frances Scelsi Hess • Juno Hsu
Gerhard Kunze • Stephen A. Leslie • Stephen Letro
Michael Manga • Len Sharp • Theodore Snow • Dinah Zike
National Geographic

(t, c)Getty Images, (b)Paul Chesley/Getty Images


About the Photo: The lava photo on the cover was taken in
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the big island of Hawaii. The lava in the photo is flowing from active vents on
the flank of Kilauea volcano. When lava flows into the sea,
sulfuric acid in the lava mixes with chlorine in the water to
form a mist of water vapor and hydrochloric acid.

Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic’s
Children’s Books and Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic. The name
“National Geographic” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of National
Geographic and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited.

Send all inquires to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-874636-9
ISBN-10: 0-07-874636-1
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071/043 12 11 10 09 08 07

Student Guide
Reading for Information......................................... xxii
Scavenger Hunt ...................................................... xxv

Unit 1
Earth Science.................................................... 2
1 The Nature of Science .........................................4
2 Mapping Our World ..........................................28

Unit 2
Composition of Earth.................................... 56
3
4
5
6

Matter and Change ...........................................58
Minerals ............................................................84
Igneous Rocks .................................................110
Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks.............132

Unit 3
Surface Processes on Earth........................ 160
7
8
9
10

Weathering, Erosion, and Soil .........................162
Mass Movements, Wind, and Glaciers ............192
Surface Water ..................................................222
Groundwater ...................................................250

Unit 5
The Dynamic Earth ...................................... 464
17
18
19
20

Plate Tectonics.................................................466
Volcanism ........................................................498
Earthquakes ....................................................526
Mountain Building ..........................................560

Unit 6
Geologic Time .............................................. 586
21 Fossils and the Rock Record............................588
22 The Precambrian Earth ....................................618
23 The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and
Cenozoic Eras ..................................................646

Unit 7
Resources and the Environment ............... 674
24 Earth Resources ..............................................676
25 Energy Resources ............................................706
26 Human Impact on Resources ..........................732

Unit 8
Beyond Earth................................................ 760

Unit 4
The Atmosphere and the Oceans .............. 278
11
12
13
14
15
16

Atmosphere.....................................................280
Meteorology....................................................312
The Nature of Storms ......................................342
Climate............................................................374
Earth’s Oceans ................................................404
The Marine Environment .................................436

27
28
29
30

The Sun-Earth-Moon System ...........................762
Our Solar System.............................................794
Stars ................................................................828
Galaxies and the Universe ..............................860

National Geographic Expeditions ............. 890

Student Resources....................................... 940
Skillbuilder Handbook ............................................941
Reference Handbook..............................................954
English/Spanish Glossary .......................................966
Index ....................................................................1004
Credits..................................................................1027

Contents in Brief

iii


Dr. Frances Scelsi Hess teaches Earth science at Cooperstown High School
in New York. She received her BS and MS in science from the State University at
Oneonta, and her EdD from Columbia University. Dr. Hess is a Fellow of the
Science Teachers Association of New York State, and has received numerous teaching awards, including the Phi Delta Kappa Reed Travel Scholarship to Australia and
New Zealand.

Dr. Chia Hui (Juno) Hsu currently works as a project scientist at University
of California, Irvine. She holds a BS in physics and Earth science from National
Taiwan Normal University, an MS in atmospheric sciences from National Taiwan
University, and a PhD in atmospheric sciences from Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Before beginning her graduate work, Dr. Hsu taught 9th-grade Earth
science. Her research interests include the dynamics of monsoons, climate regime
shifts, and modeling global-scale atmospheric chemistry.

Dr. Gerhard Kunze is professor emeritus of geology at the University of
Akron in Ohio. He has a BS in science and a PhD in geophysics from Penn State
University. He was an NRC research associate at Johnson Space Center, Houston,
Texas from 1973–1974. In 1990, Dr. Kunze was awarded a senior Fulbright

scholarship to teach geophysics at the Institute of Geophysics, a department of
the University of Kiel in Germany.

Dr. Stephen A. Leslie is an associate professor of geology in the
Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Arkansas in Little Rock. His
areas of research include paleontology, stratigraphy, and the evolution of early life
on Earth. He has a BS in geology from Bowling Green State University, an MS in
geology from the University of Idaho, and a PhD in geology from The Ohio State
University.

iv

About the Authors

(t to b)Courtesy of Francisco Borrero, (2)Courtesy of Frances Scelsi Hess, (3)Courtesy of Juno Hsu, (4)Courtesy of Gerhard Kunze, (5)Courtesy of Stephen Leslie

Dr. Francisco Borrero is a high school Earth science and Spanish teacher
at Cincinnati Country Day School and a research associate and Adjunct Curator of
Mollusks at Cincinnati Museum Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. He has taught Earth
science and Spanish for over 20 years. Dr. Borrero holds a BS in zoology from
Universidad del Valle, Colombia, and MS and PhD degrees in biological sciences from
the University of South Carolina at Columbia. Dr. Borrero’s research examines the relationship between physical habitat characteristics and the diversity and distribution of
natural populations of mollusks.


(t to b)Courtesy of Stephen Letro, (2)Courtesy of Michael Manga, (3)Courtesy of Theodore Snow, (4)Courtesy of Dinah Zike

Stephen Letro has been a meteorologist for the National Weather
Service, the media, and private industry since 1971. He currently serves as the
Meteorologist-in-Charge of the National Weather Service office in Jacksonville,

Florida. He received his BS in meteorology from Florida State University with an
emphasis on tropical meteorology. He is a member of the National Hurricane
Center’s Hurricane Liaison Team, and has received numerous awards, including an award for his role in restructuring the National Weather Service.
Dr. Michael Manga is a professor of Earth and planetary science at
U.C. Berkeley. He has a BS in geophysics from McGill University and a PhD
in Earth science from Harvard University. His areas of research include volcanology, the internal evolution and dynamics of planets, and hydrogeology.
He is a MacArthur Fellow, and has received the Donath medal from the
Geological Society of America and the Macelwane medal from the
American Geophysical Union.
Len Sharp taught Earth Science at Liverpool High School, New York, for
30 years. He has a BS in secondary education and an MS in science education from Syracuse University. Mr. Sharp was president of the Science
Teachers Association of New York from1991–1992, and president of the
National Earth Science Teachers Association from 1992–1994. He was a
Presidential Awardee in 1995, and received the 2005 Distinguished Teacher
Award from NSTA and the 2006 NAGT—Eastern Section, Outstanding
Earth Science Teacher.
Dr. Theodore Snow is a professor of astronomy at the University of
Colorado. He has a BA from Yale University, and an MS and PhD from the
University of Washington. Dr. Snow is a founder and former director
of the Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy at the University of
Colorado. Dr. Snow led instrument development programs for space-based
telescopes, and is now a member of the Science Team for an ultraviolet spectrograph to be installed aboard the Hubble Space Telescope in early 2008.
Dinah Zike is an international curriculum consultant and inventor who
has developed educational products and three-dimensional, interactive graphic
organizers for over 30 years. As president and founder of Dinah-Might
Adventures, L.P., Dinah is the author of more than 100 award-winning educational publications, including The Big Book of Science. Dinah has a BS and an
MS in educational curriculum and instruction from Texas A&M University.
Dinah Zike’s Foldables are an exclusive feature of McGraw-Hill textbooks.
National Geographic, founded in 1888 for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge, is the world’s largest nonprofit scientific and
educational organization. The Children’s Books and Education Division of

National Geographic supports National Geographic’s mission by developing
innovative educational programs. National Geographic’s Visualizing and
Expeditions features are exclusive components of Earth Science: Geology,
the Environment, and the Universe.
Visit author biographies at glencoe.com.

About
About the
the Authors
Authors

v
v


Teacher Advisory Board
The Teacher Advisory Board gave the editorial and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition. We thank these teachers for their hard work and creative suggestions.
Francisco Borrero
Cincinnati Country Day High
School
Cincinnati, OH
Bill Brown
Grandview Heights High School
Columbus, OH

Carmen S. Dixon
East Knox High School
Howard, OH

Jane Karabaic

Steubenville City Schools
Steubenville, OH

Joel Heuberger
Waite High School
Toledo, OH

Terry Stephens
Edgewood High School
Trenton, OH

Reviewers
Each teacher reviewed selected chapters of Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and
the Universe, and provided feedback and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of
the instruction.

vi

Mark Brazo
Lincoln High School
Portland, OR

Carolyn C. Elliot
South Iredell High School
Statesville, NC

Michael J. Passow
White Plains Middle School
White Plains, NY

Gayle R. Dawson
Blackman High School
Murfreesboro, TN

Sandra Forster-Terrell
Atherton High School
Louisville, KY

Jeremy Richardson
Lewis and Clark High School
Spokane, WA

William Dicks
Northville High School
Northville, MI

Carol L. Jarocha
Northville High School
Northville, MI

Angela Jones Rizzo
AC Flora High School
Columbia, SC

Alvin Echeverria
Del Sol High School
Las Vegas, NV

Steve Kluge
Fox Lane High School

Bedford, NY

Terry A. Stephens
Edgewood High School
Trenton, OH

Wendy Elkins
Blue Valley Northwest High School
Overland Park, KS

Sussan Nwabunachi Oladipo
Wells Academy High School
Chicago, IL

Reviewers


Content Consultants
Content consultants each reviewed selected chapters of Science Earth Science:
Geology, the Environment, and the Universe for content accuracy and clarity.
Anastasia Chopelas, PhD
Research Professor of Earth and
Space Sciences
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
Diane Clayton, PhD
University of California at Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA
Sarah Gille, PhD
Associate Professor

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
and Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
University of California San Diego
San Diego, CA
Alan Gishlick, PhD
National Center for Science Education
Oakland, CA
Janet Herman, PhD
Professor and Director of Program
of Interdisciplinary Research in
Contaminant Hydrogeology
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA
David Ho, PhD
Storke-Doherty Lecturer & Doherty
Associate Research Scientist
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Columbia University
New York, NY

Jose Miguel Hurtado, PhD
Associate Professor of Geology
University of Texas at El Paso
El Paso, TX
Monika Kress, PhD
Assistant Professor of Physics
and Astronomy
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA

Amy Leventer, PhD
Associate Professor of Geology
Colgate University
Hamilton, NY
Amala Mahadevan, PhD
Associate Research Professor
Department of Earth Sciences
Boston University
Boston, MA
Nathan Niemi, PhD
Assistant Professor of Geological Sciences
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI
Anne Raymond, PhD
Professor of Geology and Geophysics
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX

Consultants & Teacher Advisory
Board
Consultants

vii
vii


Your book is divided into chapters
that are organized around Themes,
Big Ideas, and Main Ideas of
Earth Science.

Student Guide
Reading for Information.................... xxii
Scavenger Hunt .................................. xxv

THEMES
are overarching concepts used
throughout the entire book that help you tie what
you learn together. They help you see the connections among major ideas and concepts.

Unit 1

BIG Ideas appear in each chapter and help you
focus on topics within the themes. The Big Ideas are
broken down even further into Main Ideas.

Chapter 1

MAIN Ideas draw you into more specific details
about Earth science. All the Main Ideas of a chapter
add up to the chapter’s Big Idea.

Earth Science................................ 2
The Nature of Science ............................ 4
Section 1 Earth Science............................................. 6
Section 2 Methods of Scientists .............................. 10
Section 3 Communication in Science ...................... 17

Chapter 2
Mapping Our World .............................. 28

THEMES
Change
Structures
Geologic Time
Systems
Scientific Inquiry

Section 1 Latitude and Longitude ........................... 30
Section 2 Types of Maps ......................................... 34
Section 3 Remote Sensing ...................................... 41

Unit 2
Composition of Earth................ 56
Chapter 3
Matter and Change .............................. 58

BIG Idea
one per chapter

Section 1 Matter ..................................................... 60
Section 2 Combining Matter ................................... 66
Section 3 States of Matter ...................................... 73

Chapter 4
Minerals ................................................. 84
MAIN Idea

Section 1 What is a mineral? .................................. 86
Section 2 Types of Minerals .................................... 96

one per section

Chapter 5
Igneous Rocks ..................................... 110
Section 1 What are igneous rocks?....................... 112
Section 2 Classification of Igneous Rocks ............. 118
viii

Table of Contents


Contents

Chapter 6
Sedimentary and Metamorphic
Rocks ................................................ 132
Section 1 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks........... 134
Section 2 Types of Sedimentary Rocks .................. 141
Section 3 Metamorphic Rocks .............................. 145

Unit 4
The Atmosphere and
the Oceans............................. 278
Chapter 11
Atmosphere......................................... 280

Unit 3
Surface Processes
on Earth ................................. 160

Section 1 Atmospheric Basics ............................... 282
Section 2 Properties of the Atmosphere ............... 289
Section 3 Clouds and Precipitation ....................... 297

Chapter 12
Chapter 7

Meteorology ....................................... 312

Weathering, Erosion, and Soil ........... 162
Section 1 Weathering ........................................... 164
Section 2 Erosion and Deposition ......................... 171
Section 3 Soil ........................................................ 176

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

Chapter 8

Chapter 13

Mass Movements, Wind,
and Glaciers ..................................... 192

The Nature of Storms......................... 342

The Causes of Weather..........................

Weather Systems...................................
Gathering Weather Data .......................
Weather Analysis and Prediction...........

Section 1 Mass Movements .................................. 194
Section 2 Wind ..................................................... 201
Section 3 Glaciers ................................................. 207

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

Chapter 9

Chapter 14

Surface Water ..................................... 222

Climate ................................................ 374

Section 1 Surface Water Movement ...................... 224
Section 2 Stream Development............................. 232
Section 3 Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands ............ 238

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

Chapter 10

Thunderstorms ......................................
Severe Thunderstorms ...........................
Tropical Storms......................................
Recurrent Weather ................................

314
318
324
329

Defining Climate ...................................
Climate Classification............................
Climatic Changes ..................................
Impact of Human Activities ...................

344
350
355
361

376
381
387
393

Groundwater ....................................... 250

Chapter 15

Section 1 Movement and Storage
of Groundwater......................................... 252
Section 2 Groundwater Weathering
and Deposition ...................................... 259
Section 3 Groundwater Supply ............................. 263

Earth’s Oceans .................................... 404
Section 1 An Overview of Oceans......................... 406
Section 2 Seawater ............................................... 413
Section 3 Ocean Movements ................................ 421

Table of Contents

ix


Contents

Chapter 16
The Marine Environment ................... 436
Section 1 Shoreline Features ................................. 438
Section 2 Seafloor Features .................................. 447

Unit 6
Geologic Time .......................... 586
Chapter 21
Fossils and the Rock Record .............. 588

Unit 5

The Dynamic Earth .................. 464
Chapter 17

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

The Rock Record ...................................
Relative-Age Dating ..............................
Absolute-Age Dating .............................
Fossil Remains.......................................

590
595
601
606

Plate Tectonics .................................... 466
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

Drifting Continents ................................
Seafloor Spreading ................................
Plate Boundaries ...................................
Causes of Plate Motions .......................

468

473
480
486

Chapter 18
Volcanism ............................................ 498
Section 1 Volcanoes .............................................. 500
Section 2 Eruptions ............................................... 508
Section 3 Intrusive Activity ................................... 514

Chapter 19
Earthquakes ........................................ 526
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

Forces Within Earth ...............................
Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior .......
Measuring and Locating Earthquakes ...
Earthquakes and Society .......................

528
534
539
545

Chapter 20
Mountain Building .............................. 560
Section 1 Crust-Mantle Relationships ................... 562

Section 2 Orogeny ................................................ 567
Section 3 Other Types of Mountain Building ........ 574

Chapter 22
The Precambrian Earth ...................... 618
Section 1 Early Earth.............................................
Section 2 Formation of the Crust
and Continents......................................
Section 3 Formation of the Atmosphere
and Oceans ...........................................
Section 4 Early Life on Earth .................................

Table of Contents

623
628
633

Chapter 23
The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and
Cenozoic Eras .................................. 646
Section 1 The Paleozoic Era .................................. 648
Section 2 The Mesozoic Era .................................. 655
Section 3 The Cenozoic Era................................... 660

Unit 7
Resources and
the Environment .................. 674
Chapter 24
Earth Resources .................................. 676

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

x

620

Natural Resources .................................
Resources from Earth’s Crust ................
Air Resources ........................................
Water Resources ...................................

678
682
687
693


Contents

Chapter 25
Energy Resources ............................... 706
Section 1 Conventional Energy Resources ............ 708
Section 2 Alternative Energy Resources................ 714
Section 3 Conservation of Energy Resources ........ 720

Chapter 26
Human Impact on Resources ............. 732

Section 1 Populations and the Use of
Natural Resources .................................
Section 2 Human Impact on Land Resources ........
Section 3 Human Impact on Air Resources ...........
Section 4 Human Impact on Water Resources ......

eXpeditions!
National Geographic Expeditions are referenced within
the units and chapters at point of use, to support or
extend chapter content.

Student Resources
Skillbuilder Handbook ....................... 940

734
737
743
748

Unit 8
Beyond Earth............................ 760
Chapter 27
The Sun-Earth-Moon System ............. 762
Section 1 Tools of Astronomy ............................... 764
Section 2 The Moon .............................................. 770
Section 3 The Sun-Earth-Moon System ................. 775

Problem-Solving Skills
Make Comparisons ...................................................
Analyze Information .................................................

Synthesize Information .............................................
Take Notes and Outline.............................................
Understand Cause and Effect....................................
Read a Time Line.......................................................
Analyze Media Sources .............................................
Use Graphic Organizers ............................................
Debate Skills .............................................................

941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949

Math Skills
Measure in SI ............................................................
Convert Temperature ...............................................
Make and Use Tables ................................................
Make and Use Graphs ..............................................

950
950
951
951

Reference Handbook .......................... 954

Chapter 28
Our Solar System ................................ 794
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4

Formation of the Solar System ..............
The Inner Planets ..................................
The Outer Planets..................................
Other Solar System Objects ...................

796
804
811
816

Chapter 29

Safety in the Laboratory............................................
Physiographic Map of Earth......................................
Topographic Symbols ................................................
Weather Map Symbols ..............................................
Periodic Table of the Elements ..................................
Relative Humidity......................................................
Minerals ....................................................................
Rocks ........................................................................
Solar System Charts ..................................................

954
956
958
959
960
961
962
964
965

Stars ..................................................... 828

Glossary/Glosario ............................... 966

Section 1 The Sun ................................................. 830
Section 2 Measuring the Stars .............................. 837
Section 3 Stellar Evolution .................................... 847

Index .................................................. 1004
Credits ............................................... 1027

Chapter 30
Galaxies and the Universe ................. 860
Section 1 The Milky Way Galaxy ........................... 862
Section 2 Other Galaxies in the Universe ............. 869
Section 3 Cosmology ............................................ 878
Table of Contents

xi

LAUNCH Lab

Start off each chapter with a hands-on introduction to the subject matter.
Chapter

Chapter

xii

1

Why is precise communication important?......... 5

12

How does a cold air mass form? .................. 313

2

Can you make an accurate map? ................... 29

13

Why does lighting form? .............................. 343

3

What do fortified cereals contain? ................. 59

14

How can you model cloud cover? ................ 375

4

What shapes do minerals form? .................... 85

15

5

How are minerals identified? ....................... 111

How much of Earth’s surface is covered
by water? ..................................................... 405

6

What happened here?.................................. 133

16

Where does chalk form? .............................. 437

7

How does change relate to surface area? .... 163

17

Is California moving? ................................... 467

8

How does water affect sediments
on slopes? .................................................... 193

18

What makes magma rise? ............................ 499

19

What can cause an earthquake? .................. 527

9

How does water infiltrate?........................... 223

20

How does crust displace mantle? ................ 561

10

How is water stored underground?.............. 251

21

How are fossils made? ................................. 589

11

What causes cloud formation?..................... 281

22

How do liquids of different densities
model early Earth? ....................................... 619

23

How is oil stored in rocks? ........................... 647

24

What natural resources do you use in
your classroom? ........................................... 677

25

Can you identify sources of energy? ............ 707

26

What resources are used in classroom
items? .......................................................... 733

27

How can the Sun-Earth-Moon system
be modeled? ................................................ 763

28

What can be learned from
space missions? ........................................... 795

29

How can you observe sunspots? .................. 829

30

How big is the Milky Way? .......................... 861

Launch Labs
David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit


Labs

Data Analysis lab

Build your analytical skills using actual data from real
scientific sources.
Chapter

Chapter

1

Make and Use Graphs: How can graphs help
interpret data? ............................................... 18

19

Interpret the Data: How can you find
an earthquake’s epicenter? .......................... 543

4

Make and Use a Table: What information
should you include in a mineral
identification chart? ....................................... 94

20

Make and Use a Graph: Can you get
a rebound? ................................................... 565

23

7

Interpret the Data: How can you determine
a soil’s texture? ............................................ 182

Interpret the Table: Can you find
the time? ...................................................... 652

24

8

Interpret the Data: How much radioactivity
is in ice cores?.............................................. 208

Interpret Graphs: What is the rate of
deforestation in the Amazon? ...................... 688

25

13

Interpret the Table: How can you calculate
a heat wave? ............................................... 364

Make and Use Graphs: What proportion
of energy resource types are used to
heat homes? ................................................ 722

14

Interpret the Data: What is the temperature
in Phoenix, Arizona? .................................... 377

26

Interpret the Data: Are you breathing

cleaner air? .................................................. 746

15

Graph Data: When does the tide
come in? ...................................................... 423

29

Interpret Data: Can you identify elements
in a star? ...................................................... 835

18

Interpret the Graph: How do zones of
volcanism relate to lava production? ........... 501

Problem-Solving lab

Use math-based skill activities that often require data
interpretation and graphing.

2

Calculate Gradients: How can you analyze
changes in elevation? .................................... 37

16

Interpret Graphs: How do surface

elevations compare? .................................... 449

3

Interpret Scientific Illustrations: How do
compounds form? .......................................... 70

17

5

Interpret Scientific Illustrations: How do
you estimate mineral composition? ............. 122

Interpret Scientific Illustrations: How does
plate motion change along a transform
boundary? .................................................... 484

21

Interpret Scientific Illustrations: Which
metamorphic minerals will form? ................ 148

Interpret the Diagram: How do you interpret
the relative ages of rock layers? .................. 599

22

Interpret the Graph: How do sediments
move in a stream? ....................................... 227

Calculate Profits: How do you calculate
mining profits? ............................................. 630

27

Interpret Scientific Illustrations: How can
you predict how a solar eclipse will look
to an observer at various positions? ............ 782

28

Apply Kepler’s Third Law: How well do the
orbits of the planets conform to Kepler’s
third law? ..................................................... 807

30

Make and Use Graphs: How was the Hubble
Constant derived? ........................................ 874

6
9
10

Make a Topographic Profile: How does
water level vary in an artesian well? ........... 264

11

Interpret the Graph: How do you calculate
relative humidity? ........................................ 294

12

Interpret a Scientific Illustration: How do
you analyze a weather map? ....................... 330

Data Analysis Labs and Problem-Solving Labs

xiii


Labs
Practice scientific methods and hone your lab skills with these quick activities.
Chapter

Chapter

xiv

1

Determine the Relationship Between Variables:
How do the rates of heat absorption and
release vary between soil and water? ............ 12

16

Measure Sediment Settling Rates: How fast

do sediment grains sink? ............................. 453

2

Locate Places on Earth: How can you locate
specific places on Earth with latitude
and longitude? ............................................... 32

17

Model Ocean-Basin Formation: How did
a divergent boundary form the South
Atlantic Ocean?............................................ 481

3

Identify Elements: What elements are in
your classroom? ............................................. 62

18

Model a Caldera: How do calderas form? .... 505

19

Make a Map: How is a seismic-intensity
map made? .................................................. 541

4

Recognize Cleavage and Fracture: How is
cleavage used?............................................... 92

20

Model Isostatic Rebound: How can isostatic
rebound be measured? ................................ 564

5

Compare Igneous Rocks: How do igneous
rocks differ? ................................................. 115

21

Determine Relative Age: How is relative
age determined? .......................................... 597

6

Model Sediment Layering: How do layers
form in sedimentary rocks? .......................... 136

22

Model Red Bed Formation: Why are red
beds red? ..................................................... 631

7

Model Erosion: How do rocks erode? .......... 172

23

8

Model Glacial Deposition: How do glaciers
deposit different types of rocks
and sediments? ............................................ 210

Model Continental Shelf Area: How does shelf
area change when continents collide? ......... 653

24

Determine the Hardness of Water:
How easily are soap suds produced? ........... 695

9

Model Lake Formation: How do surface
materials determine where lakes form? ....... 240

25

Model Oil Migration: How does oil move
through layers of porous rocks?................... 712

10

Model an Artesian Well: How does an
artesian well form? ...................................... 265

26

11

Investigate Dew Formation: How does
dew form? .................................................... 295

Model Nutrient Loss: How does soil lose
nutrients when subjected to farming, stripmining, or development? ............................. 740

27

12

Compare the Angles of Sunlight to Earth:
What is the relationship between the angle
of sunlight and amount of heating? ............ 315

Predict the Sun’s Summer Solstice Position:
How can the Sun’s position during the
summer solstice be determined at
specific latitudes?......................................... 776

13

Model Flood Conditions: How can mild
rains cause floods?....................................... 362

28

Explore Eccentricity: How is eccentricity of
an ellipse calculated? ................................... 801

14

Model the Greenhouse Effect: How does
the atmosphere trap radiation? ................... 394

29

Model Parallax: How does parallax angle
change with distance? ................................. 843

15

Model Seawater: What is the chemical
composition of seawater? ............................ 416

30

Model Expansion: What does uniform
expansion look like?..................................... 873

MiniLabs


Labs

Apply the skills you developed in Launch Labs, Data Analysis Labs, ProblemSolving Labs, and MiniLabs in these chapter-ending, real-world labs.
Chapter
1
Measurement and SI Units ............................. 21
2

Mapping: Use a Topographic Map .............. 48

3

Precipitate Salts ............................................. 77

4

Design Your Own: Make a Field Guide
For Minerals ................................................. 103

Chapter
17
Model Plate Boundaries and Isochrons ........ 490
18

Internet: Predict the Safety of
a Volcano ..................................................... 519

19

Relate Epicenters and Plate Tectonics .......... 553

20

Mapping: Make a Map Profile .................. 578

5

Design Your Own: Model Crystal
Formation ..................................................... 125

21

Design Your Own: Interpret
History-Shaping Events ................................ 611

6

Interpret Changes in Rocks .......................... 153

22

Mapping: Map Continental Growth .......... 639

7

Model Mineral Weathering .......................... 185

23

Solving Dinosaur Fossil Puzzles .................... 667

8

Mapping: Map a Landslide ....................... 214

24

9

Predict the Velocity of a Stream ................... 243

Design Your Own: Monitor Daily
Water Usage ................................................ 699

10

Mapping: Track Groundwater
Pollution ....................................................... 270

25

Design Your Own: Design an EnergyEfficient Building .......................................... 725

11

Interpret Pressure-Temperature
Relationships ................................................ 305

26

Mapping: Pinpoint a Source
Of Pollution .................................................. 752

12

Mapping: Interpret a Weather Map .......... 334

27

Mapping: Determine Relative Ages
of Lunar Features ......................................... 786

13

Internet: Track a Tropical Cyclone ............. 367

28

14

Design Your Own:
Identify a Microclimate ................................ 397

Design Your Own: Model the
Solar System................................................. 821

29

Identify Stellar Spectral Lines ....................... 853

15

Model Water Masses .................................... 429

30

Internet: Classify Galaxies ........................ 883

16

Mapping: Identify Coastal Landforms ....... 456

GeoLabs

xv


Explore today’s world of Earth science. Go along on an Earth science expedition, delve into new technologies,
uncover discoveries impacting the environment, and discover the hot topics in Earth science.

eXpeditions!
Chapter 1
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
Chapter 13
Chapter 16

On Site: In the Footsteps of Disaster ........20
On Site: Crystals at Large in Mexico.......102
On Site: Geology in Central Park ............152
On Site: Storm Spotters ..........................366
On Site: Surveying the Deep

Ocean Floor ............................................455

Get an inside look at exciting places and scientists doing real-world
Earth science.

Chapter 18 On Site: Hawaiian Volcano
Observatory ............................................518
Chapter 20 On Site: Hiking the
Appalachian Trail ....................................577
Chapter 23 On Site: Digging for Dinosaurs ...............666
Chapter 27 On Site: Living in Space ..........................785

Discover recent advancements that have influenced
Earth science.

Chapter 2 Mapping Disaster Zones ...........................47
Chapter 3 Liquid Crystal Displays..............................76
Chapter 7 Space-Age Technology
Shapes Modern Farming.........................184
Chapter 21 Discovering Dinosaur Tissues..................610
Chapter 22 Exploring Mars .......................................638

Chapter 26 Measuring and Modeling
Global Warming......................................751
Chapter 28 Water in the Solar System ......................820
Chapter 29 Space Weather and Earth Systems .........852
Chapter 30 Black Holes Are Green? ..........................882

Explore environmental issues that influence
Earth science.

Chapter 5 Moon Rocks ...........................................124
Chapter 10 Watcher of the Water .............................269
Chapter 11 Ozone Variation ......................................304

Chapter 15 Bacterial Counts and Full Moons ...........428
Chapter 17 Vailulu’u Seamount ................................489
Chapter 25 Bacteria Power! ......................................724

Examine Earth science in the news and sharpen your debating
skills on complex issues in Earth science.

Chapter 8 Slipping Away .........................................213
Chapter 9 The World of Water.................................242
Chapter 12 Weather Forecasting —
Precision from Chaos..............................333

xvi

Real-World Earth Science Features

Chapter 14 Effects of Global Warming
on the Arctic ...........................................396
Chapter 19 Learning from the Past ...........................552
Chapter 24 The Price of Water ..................................698


Careers in EARTH SCIENCE
Unit 1 Speleologist ........................................... 2
Chapter 2 Cartographer ............................................44

Unit 5

Unit 2 Geologist............................................... 56
Chapter 4 Lapidary....................................................90
Chapter 6 Sedimentologist......................................138

Unit 6

Unit 3 Glaciologist ......................................... 160
Chapter 7 Landscaper .............................................177
Chapter 9 Geochemist Technician ...........................240
Chapter 10 Hydrogeologist .......................................266
Unit 4 Marine Scientist ................................. 278
Chapter 11 Weather Observer...................................298
Chapter 12 Meteorologist .........................................316
Chapter 13 Hurricane Hunter ....................................360
Chapter 14 Climatologist ..........................................377
Chapter 15 Oceanographer .......................................408

Investigate a day in the life of people
working in the field of Earth science.

Volcanologist ...................................... 464
Chapter 17 Marine Geologist ....................................475
Chapter 20 Petrologist ..............................................568
Archaeologist ..................................... 586
Chapter 21 Petroleum Geologist ...............................600
Chapter 22 Planetary Geologist ................................622
Chapter 23 Paleoecologist ........................................652

Unit 7

Environmental Technician ................. 674
Chapter 24 Materials Engineer .................................680
Chapter 25 Environmental Consultant ......................721
Chapter 26 Hydrologist .............................................750

Unit 8

Astronaut ............................................ 760
Chapter 27 Space Engineer .......................................765
Chapter 28 Planetologist ..........................................798
Chapter 29 Spectroscopist ........................................845
Chapter 30 Computer Programmer ...........................876

History in Focus Interactive Time Line
Interactive Time Lines explore science and history through milestones in Earth science.
Chapter

Chapter

1

Major Events in Earth Science .................... 14

2

Mapping Technology .................................. 42

4

Mineral Use Through Time.......................... 98

9

Floods in Focus......................................... 228

13

Storm Tracking ......................................... 358

15

Developments in Oceanography .............. 406

18

Volcanoes in Focus ................................... 502

19

Major Earthquakes and Advances
in Research and Design ............................ 530

21

Fossil Discoveries and Technology ............ 592

25

Development of Alternative
Energy Sources ......................................... 716

27

Development of Astronomy...................... 766

Careers

xvii


Analyze complex Earth science topics with animations of the
National Geographic Visualizing pages.
Chapter

Chapter

1

Visualizing Scientific Methods.................... 11

16

Visualizing the Ocean Floor ..................... 450

2

Visualizing GPS Satellites ........................... 45

17

Visualizing Seafloor Spreading ................. 478

3

Visualizing Bonds ....................................... 69

18

Visualizing Eruptions ................................ 511

4

Visualizing the Silica Tetrahedron............... 97

19

Visualizing Seismic Waves ........................ 537

5

Visualizing Fractional Crystallization
and Crystal Settling .................................. 116

20

Visualizing the Rise and Fall of
the Appalachians...................................... 572

6

Visualizing Cross-Bedding and
Ripple Marks ............................................ 139

21

Visualizing the Geologic Time Scale ......... 591

22

Visualizing Continent Formation .............. 626

7

Visualizing Soil Orders ............................. 181

23

8

Visualizing Continental Glacial Features .. 211

Visualizing the Basin and
Range Province ........................................ 663

9

Visualizing Erosion and Deposition

in a Meander............................................ 235

24

Visualizing Carbon and
Nitrogen Cycles ........................................ 689

10

Visualizing Springs ................................... 257

25

Visualizing Coal........................................ 711

11

Visualizing the Layers of
the Atmosphere ........................................ 285

26

Visualizing Agricultural Practices ............. 741

27

Visualizing the Phases of the Moon ......... 779

12

Visualizing the Coriolis Effect................... 319

28

Visualizing the Kuiper Belt ....................... 817

13

Visualizing Cyclone Formation ................. 357

29

Visualizing Star Groupings ....................... 839

14

Visualizing Worldwide Climates ............... 382

30

Visualizing The Local Group ..................... 871

15

Visualizing the Salt Cycle ......................... 415

Interactive Tables

Check your understanding by viewing interactive versions
of tables in your text.

Chapter
1

Subspecialties of Earth Science .....................7

Chapter
19
Types of Faults ......................................... 531

2

Types of Maps and Projections .................. 39

Modified Mercalli Scale............................ 540

4

Mohs Scale of Hardness ............................. 91

21

Half-Lives of Selected Radioactive
Isotopes.................................................... 603

22

How Life Might Have Begun on Earth:
Three Hypotheses ..................................... 634

23

Major Extinctions in the Phanerozoic....... 659

25

Advantages of Public Transportation........ 721

27

Orbiting Telescopes .................................. 768

Special Properties of Minerals .................... 94
5

Types of Magma....................................... 112

6

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks......... 142

8

Types of Dunes ......................................... 205

10

World’s Water Supply ............................... 252

11

Components of the Atmosphere .............. 284

12

Air Mass Characteristics ........................... 316

13

Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale................... 353
The Heat Index ......................................... 363

xviii

15

Removal of Sea Salts................................ 416

17

Summary of Convergent Boundaries ........ 483

18

Types of Volcanoes ................................... 506

Concepts in Motion

The Moon and Earth ................................ 772
28

Physical Data of the Planets..................... 798

29

Relative Properties of the Sun .................. 830
Relationships of Spectral Types of Stars ... 844
Properties of Main-Sequence Stars .......... 845

30

Population I and II Stars of the
Milky Way ................................................ 866


Concepts in Motion

Animated Art

Enhance and enrich your knowledge of Earth science concepts
through simple and 3D animations of visuals.
Chapter

Chapter
2
3

Time Zones ................................................. 33

Seismic Waves .......................................... 532

Electron Cloud ............................................ 60

Seismometers ........................................... 534

Periodic Table of Elements.......................... 61

P-Waves and S-Waves .............................. 536

Ionic Bonding ............................................. 68

Tsunami.................................................... 548
20

Isosasty .................................................... 564

pH Scale ..................................................... 71

Island Formation ...................................... 568

Rockslides ................................................ 197

Convergence ............................................ 570

Dune Migration ........................................ 204

Folding Rocks ........................................... 571

Glacier Formation ..................................... 207
9

Faults........................................................ 528

Map Projections ......................................... 34

Electron Flow ............................................. 68
8

19

21

Angular Unconformity .............................. 598

Water Cycle .............................................. 224

Alpha Decay ............................................. 601

Meander Formation.................................. 234

Half-Lives ................................................. 602

10

Saltwater Contamination ......................... 267

22

Miller-Urey Experiment ............................ 633

11

Conduction, Convection, and Radiation ... 288

24

Distillation ................................................ 697

12

Fronts ....................................................... 322

25

Geothermal Power ................................... 717

13

Thunderstorm Development ..................... 347
Tornado Formation ................................... 352

14

Fission Reactor ......................................... 718
26

Carrying Capacity ..................................... 735

Tropical Cyclones...................................... 355

How Smog Forms ..................................... 744

Seasons .................................................... 388

Ozone Depletion ...................................... 745

Greenhouse Effect .................................... 393

27

Moon Impact Theory ................................ 774

15

Waves....................................................... 421

Eclipse ...................................................... 782

16

Longshore Currents .................................. 441

28

Gravitational Attraction ........................... 802

17

Continental Drift ...................................... 469

29

Doppler Effect .......................................... 840

18

Subduction ............................................... 501

Parallax .................................................... 841

Divergent Plate Boundaries ...................... 502

Star Formation ......................................... 848

Caldera Formation.................................... 505

Helium Core ............................................. 849

Concepts in Motion

xix


eXpeditions!
Swim the Okavango...
Explore the African
Landscape...
Dig for Dinosaurs...

W

hat is it like to scuba dive with

crocodiles in the Okavango
delta? Or fly in a bush plane

over the African continent? Or dig for dinosaurs in
China? The National Geographic Expeditions allow
you to share in the excitement and adventures of
explorers, scientists, and environmentalists as they
venture into the unknown. Each Expedition takes
you on a journey that enriches your learning about
our dynamic planet.
xx

National Geographic Expeditions


National Geographic Expeditions

Table of Contents
892

Tracing the Human footprint

898

State of Rock

904

Okavango

910

Super Storms

916

The Next Big One

922

Jewels in the Ash

928

Frogs

934

Night Vision

Use with Chapter 2

Use with Chapters 7 and 8

Use with Chapters 9 and 10
Use with Chapters 11 and 13
Use with Chapter 19

Use with Chapter 21

Use with Chapter 26
Use with Chapters 27 and 28

For more information on these Expeditions, visit glencoe.com. You
can also link to original National Geographic articles that cover
these topics and more.

National Geographic Expeditions

xxi


When you read Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe, you need to read for information.
Science is nonfiction writing; it describes real-life events, people, ideas, and technology. Here are some tools
that this book has to help you read.

Before You Read
By reading the BIG Ideas and MAIN Ideas
prior to reading the chapter or section, you
will get a preview of the coming material.

Each unit preview lists the chapters in the unit.
An overall BIG Idea is listed for each
chapter. The Big Idea describes what you will
learn in the chapter.

The Dynamic Earth

Chapter 17
Plate Tectonics
BIG Idea Most geologic activity
occurs at the boundaries between
plates.

Chapter 18
Volcanism
BIG Idea Volcanoes develop
from magma moving upward from
deep within Earth.

Chapter 19
Earthquakes
BIG Idea Earthquakes are natural vibrations of the ground, some of
which are caused by movement
along fractures in Earth’s crust.

Chapter 20

464
Volcanic eruption

Source: Unit 5, p. 464
464_465_UO5_874636.indd 464

18.1 Volcanoes
MAIN Idea The locations of
volcanoes are mostly determined
by plate tectonics.

18.2 Eruptions
MAIN Idea The composition
of magma determines the characteristics of a volcanic eruption.

The MAIN Ideas within a chapter support the
BIG Idea of the chapter. Each section of the chapter
has a Main Idea that describes the focus of the section.

18.3 Intrusive Activity
MAIN Idea Magma that solid-

ifies below ground forms geologic features different from
those formed by magma that
cools at the surface.

Earth Science
Visit glencoe.com to learn more about
the work of volcanologists. Then
write a short newspaper article
about how volcanologists
predicted a recent
eruption.

Mountain Building
BIG Idea Mountains form
through dynamic processes which
crumple, fold, and create faults in
Earth’s crust.

Volcanism

BIG Idea Volcanoes
develop from magma moving
upward from deep within
Earth.

CAREERS IN
EARTH SCIENCE

Volcanologist This
volcanologist is monitoring
volcanic activity to help forecast an
eruption. Volcanologists spend much of
their time in the field, collecting samples
and measuring changes in the shape of a
volcano.

Lava river

GeoFacts

OTHER WAYS TO PREVIEW

• All the lava from Kilauea could
pave a road three times around
Earth.
• There are 500 active volcanoes
on Earth today.

• Read the chapter title to find out what the topic

Destruction by lava

• Magma comes from the Greek
word meaning dough.
• Many of Earth’s geographic
features are caused by
volcanoes.

•
•

498

Source: Chapter 18, p. 498

498_499_C18_CO_874636.indd 498

xxii

2/6/07 3:30:36 PM

Reading for Information

•

will be.
Skim the photos, illustrations, captions, graphs,
and tables.
Look for vocabulary terms that are boldfaced and

highlighted.
Create an outline using section titles and heads.

2/16/07 4:33:13 PM


Reading for Information
As You Read
Within each section you will find a tool to deepen your understanding and a
tool to check your understanding.
Section 1 8 .1
Objectives

Volcanoes

◗ Describe how plate tectonics influences the formation of volcanoes.
◗ Locate major zones of volcanism.
◗ Identify the parts of a volcano.
◗ Differentiate between volcanic
landforms.

MAIN Idea The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by
plate tectonics.
Real-World Reading Link Road crews spread salt on icy winter roads

convergent: tending to move toward
one point or to approach each other

Zones of Volcanism

New Vocabulary

Volcanoes are fueled by magma. Recall from Chapter 5 that
magma is a slushy mixture of molten rock, mineral crystals, and
gases. As you observed in the Launch Lab, once magma forms, it
rises toward Earth’s surface because it is less dense than the surrounding mantle and crust. Magma that reaches Earth’s surface is
called lava. Volcanism describes all the processes associated with
the discharge of magma, hot fluids, and gases.
As you read this, approximately 20 volcanoes are erupting. In a
given year, volcanoes will erupt in about 60 different places on Earth.
The distribution of volcanoes on Earth’s surface is not random. A
map of active volcanoes, shown in Figure 18.1, reveals striking patterns on Earth’s surface. Most volcanoes form at plate boundaries.
The majority form at convergent boundaries and divergent boundaries. Along these margins, magma rises toward Earth’s surface. Only
about 5 percent of magma erupts far from plate boundaries.

volcanism
hot spot
flood basalt
fissure
conduit
vent
crater
caldera
shield volcano
cinder cone
composite volcano

■ Figure 18.1 Most of Earth’s
active volcanoes are located along
plate boundaries.

Katmai

Arctic Ocean

Augustine
Asia

Europe

Mount St. Helens

Fujiyama

Pinatubo

Indian
Ocean

The Real-World Reading Link describes how
the section’s content may relate to you.

because salt makes the ice melt at a lower temperature. At extremely high temperatures, rocks can melt. Often, if heated rocks are in contact with water, they
melt more easily.

Review Vocabulary

Australia

Mauna

Loa

Kilauea
Pacific Ocean
Parícutin
Popocatepetl
Fernandina
Cotopaxi

Krakatoa
Tambora

Surtsey

Vesuvius Santorini

North
America
Atlantic Ocean
Pelée

Etna
Africa

South
America

Active volcano
Plate boundary
Circum-Pacific belt

Source: Section 18.1, p. 502
Indian
Ocean

■ Figure 18.3 Eruptions at divergent
boundaries tend to be nonexplosive. At the
divergent boundary on the ocean floor,
eruptions often form huge piles of lava
called pillow lava.

500 Chapter 18 • Volcanism

500_507_C18_S01_874636.indd 500

Source: Section 18.1, p. 500

2/6/07 2:47:40 PM

Interactive Figure To see an animation
of divergent plate boundaries, visit
glencoe.com.

Reading Checks are questions that assess
your understanding.
VOCABULARY
SCIENCE USAGE V. COMMON USAGE
Plume
Science usage: an elongated column
Common usage: a large, showy

feather of a bird

Divergent volcanism Recall from Chapter 17 that at divergent plate boundaries tectonic plates move apart and new ocean
floor is produced as magma rises to fill the gap. At ocean ridges,
this lava takes the form of giant pillows like those in Figure 18.3,
and is called pillow lava. Unlike the explosive volcanoes detailed in
Figure 18.4, volcanism at divergent boundaries tends to be nonexplosive, with effusions of large amounts of lava. About twothirds of Earth’s volcanism occurs underwater along divergent
boundaries at ocean ridges.
Reading Check Convert the fraction of volcanism that happens

underwater to a percentage.

Hot spots Some volcanoes form far from plate boundaries over
hot spots. Scientists hypothesize that hot spots are unusually hot
regions of Earth’s mantle where high-temperature plumes of
magma rise to the surface.

■

Figure 18.4

Volcanoes in Focus
A.D. 79 Mount
Vesuvius in Italy
erupts, burying
two cities in ash.

Volcanoes constantly shape Earth’s surface.

4845 B.C. Mount Mazama erupts

in Oregon. The mountain collapses
into a 9-km-wide depression,
known today as Crater Lake
(topographic map).

502

1630 B.C. In Greece,
Santorini explodes, causing
tsunamis 200 m high. Nearby,
Minoan civilization on the
Isle of Crete disappears.

Chapter 18 • Volcanism

500_507_C18_S01_874636.indd 502

2/6/07 2:47:51 PM

Reading for Information

xxiii


Scavenger
Hunt
Reading for
Information

OTHER READING SKILLS

• Ask yourself: What is the BIG Idea ? What is the

MAIN Idea ?

• Think about people, places, and situations that you’ve encountered. Are there any
similarities with those mentioned in this book?
• Relate the information in this book to other areas you have studied.
• Predict events or outcomes by using clues and information that you already know.
• Change your predictions as you read and gather new information.

Types of Volcanoes

After You Read
Follow up your reading with a summary and
assessment of the material to evaluate if you
understood the text.

Cinder cones When eruptions eject small pieces of magma into
the air, cinder cones form as this material, called tephra, falls back
to Earth and piles up around the vent. Cinder cones have steep
sides and are generally small; most are less than 500 m high. The
Lassen Volcanic Park cinder cone shown in Table 18.1 is 700 m
high. Cinder cones often form on or very near larger volcanoes.

Download quizzes, key
terms, and flash cards
from glencoe.com.

BIG Idea Volcanoes develop from magma moving upward from deep within Earth.

Vocabulary

Composite volcanoes Composite volcanoes are formed of
layers of hardened chunks of lava from violent eruptions alternating with layers of lava that oozed downslope before solidifying.
Composite volcanoes are generally cone-shaped with concave
slopes, and are much larger than cinder cones. Because of their
explosive nature, they are potentially dangerous to humans and the
environment. Some examples of these are Mount Augustine in
Alaska, shown in Table 18.1, and several in the Cascade Range of
the western United States, such as Mount St. Helens.

Section 18
18..1

Assessment
Understand Main Ideas

◗ Volcanism includes all the processes
in which magma and gases rise to
Earth’s surface.

2. Identify two volcanoes in the Mediterranean Belt.

1.

MAIN Idea Explain how the location of volcanoes is related to the theory of
plate tectonics.

◗ Most volcanoes on land are part
of two major volcanic chains:

the Circum-Pacific Belt and the
Mediterranean Belt.

3. Draw a volcano, labeling the parts.

◗ Parts of a volcano include a vent,
magma chamber, crater, and caldera.

Think Critically

◗ Flood basalts form when lava flows
from fissures to form flat plains or
plateaus.

6. Decide whether a flood basalt is or is not a volcano.

◗ There are three major types of
volcanoes: shield, composite, and
cinder cone.

7. If the Pacific Plate has moved 500 km in the last 4.7 million years,
calculate its average velocity in centimeters per year. Refer to the Skillbuilder
Handbook for more information.

4. Propose Yellowstone National Park is an area of previous volcanism. Using a map of
the United States, suggest the type(s) of tectonic processes associated with this area.
5. Evaluate the following statement: Volcanoes are only found along coastlines.

MATH in Earth Science

Key Concepts
Self-Check Quiz glencoe.com
MAIN Idea

•
•
•
•
•

tectonics.
Volcanism includes all the processes in which magma and gases rise to
Earth’s surface.
Most volcanoes on land are part of two major volcanic chains: the
Circum-Pacific Belt and the Mediterranean Belt.
Parts of a volcano include a vent, magma chamber, crater, and caldera.
Flood basalts form when lava flows from fissures to form flat plains or
plateaus.
There are three major types of volcanoes: shield, composite, and cinder
cone.

500_507_C18_S01_874636.indd 507

Source: Section 18.1, p. 507

At the end of each chapter you will find a Study Guide.
The chapter’s vocabulary words as well as key concepts
are listed here. Use this guide for review and to check
your comprehension.

MAIN Idea

The composition of magma determines the characteristics of
a volcanic eruption.

• There are three major types of magma: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic.
• Because of their relative silica contents, basaltic magma is the least explo-

sive magma and rhyolitic magma is the most explosive.
• Temperature, pressure, and the presence of water are factors that affect

the formation of magma.
• Rock fragments ejected during eruptions are called tephra.

OTHER WAYS TO REVIEW

Section 18.3 Intrusive Activity
•
•
•
•
•
•

batholith (p. 515)
dike (p. 516)
laccolith (p. 515)
pluton (p. 514)
sill (p. 515)
stock (p. 515)

MAIN Idea

Magma that solidifies below ground forms geologic features
different from those formed by magma that cools at the surface.

• Intrusive igneous rocks are classified according to their size, shape, and

relationship to the surrounding rocks.
• Most of Earth’s volcanism happens below Earth’s surface.
• Magma can intrude into rock in different ways, taking different forms

when it cools.
• Batholiths form the core of many mountain ranges.

520

Vocabulary
PuzzleMaker
glencoe.com
Vocabulary
PuzzleMaker
biologygmh.com

Chapter 18 • Study Guide

520_523_C18_CA_874636.indd 520

•
•

•
•

2/6/07 2:54:40 PM

Source: Chapter 18, p. 520

xxiv

Section 1 • Volcanoes 507

The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate

Section 18.2 Eruptions
• pyroclastic flow (p. 513)
• tephra (p. 512)
• viscosity (p. 509)

FOLDABLES
Incorporate information
from this section into
your Foldable.

Section Summary

Section 18.1 Volcanoes
caldera (p. 505)
cinder cone (p. 507)
composite volcano (p. 507)
conduit (p. 505)

crater (p. 505)
fissure (p. 504)
flood basalt (p. 504)
hot spot (p. 502)
shield volcano (p. 507)
vent (p. 505)
volcanism (p. 500)

Volcanologist Scientists who study
eruptions, lava, magma, and the
conditions under which these form
are volcanologists. Some work in the
field, studying active volcanoes.
Many volcanologists also work in the
laboratory to understand how rocks
melt to form magma. To learn more
about Earth science careers, visit
glencoe.com.

Shield volcanoes A shield volcano is a mountain with broad,
gently sloping sides and a nearly circular base. Shield volcanoes
form when layers of lava accumulate during nonexplosive eruptions. They are the largest type of volcano. Mauna Loa, which is
shown in Table 18.1, is a shield volcano.

Each section concludes with an assessment. The assessment contains a summary and questions. The summary
reviews the section’s key concepts while the questions
test your understanding.

•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Careers In Earth Science

The appearance of a volcano depends on two factors: the type of
material that forms the volcano and the type of eruptions that
occur. Based on these two criteria, three major types of volcanoes
have been identified and are shown in Table 18.1. Each differs in
size, shape, and composition.

Reading for Information

•

State the BIG Idea .
Relate the MAIN Idea to the BIG Idea .
Use your own words to explain what you read.
Apply this new information in other school
subjects or at home.
Identify sources you could use to find out more
information about the topic.

2/6/07 2:48:41 PM


Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe is full of important information and useful
resources. Use the activity below to familiarize yourself with the tools and information in this book.

As you complete this scavenger hunt, either alone or with your teacher or
family, you will learn quickly how this book is organized and how to get the
most out of your reading and study time.
How many units are in this book? How many chapters?
On what page does the glossary begin? What glossary is online?
In what two areas can you find a listing of laboratory safety symbols?
Suppose you want to find a list of all the MiniLabs, Data Analysis
Labs, and GeoLabs. Where in the front do you look?
How can you quickly find the pages that have information
about hurricanes?
What is the name of the table that summarizes the key concepts
of a chapter?
In what special feature can you find information on unit conversions? What are the page numbers?
On what page can you find the BIG Ideas for Unit 1? On what
page can you find the MAIN Ideas for Chapter 2?
What feature at the start of each unit provides insight into Earth
scientists in action?
Name four activities that are found at

.

What study tool shown at the beginning of a chapter can you make
from notebook paper?
Where do you go to view

?

and
are
two types of end-of-chapter features. What are the other two types?

Scavenger Hunt

xxv