AS 1940 1993 the storage and handling of flammable and combu

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AS 1940-1993 The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids

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AS 1940—1993

Australian StandardR

The storage and handling of
flammable and combustible liquids


This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/17, Flammable Combustible
Liquids. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 18 August 1993
and published on 11 October 1993.

The following interests are represented on Committee ME/17:
Association of Australian Port and Marine Authorities
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Fire Authorities Council
Australian Institute of Petroleum
Australian Paint Manufacturers Federation
Australian Steel Underground Tank Technical Association
Department of Defence, Australia

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Department of Housing and Local Government, Qld
Department of Labour, S.A.
Occupational Health and Safety Authority, Vic.
Department of Mines, Western Australia
Department of Mines, Tas.
Department of Urban Services, A.C.T.
Insurance Council of Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
Railways of Australia Committee
The WorkCover Authority, N.S.W.
United Trades and Labor Council of South Australia

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to
periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important
therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue
of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which
subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of
withdrawn Standards.

Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are
welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without
delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 91129.


AS 1940—1993

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Australian StandardR

The storage and handling of
flammable and combustible liquids

First published as part of AS CB5—1942.
Second edition 1957.
Third edition 1969.
Rivised and redesignated in part as AS 1940—1976.
Second edition 1982.
Third edition 1988.
Fourth edition 1993.

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 8545 5

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Flammable and Combustible
Liquids to supersede AS 1940—1988. This new edition is the result of a comprehensive review of the
Standard from cover to cover. Aside from minor editorial changes and clarifications of intent, the
principal areas of change from the previous edition are as follows:
(a) The overall structure of the Standard has been changed slightly by the rearrangement of the
Sections. Certain requirements are common to various types of installation, i.e. package stores,
tank depots, service stations and the like. Some of these had been grouped in Section 1 where
they often went unnoticed, while others were scattered repetitively through the various Sections.
To rationalize, a new Section 3 has been introduced. Substantial rearrangements and the
consolidation of the general requirements of Sections 7, 8, and 9 are described later in this
Preface.

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(b) The scope, and particularly the exclusions, have been adjusted in detail. The exclusion of
processing plant remains under debate. Obviously major refining process plant has no place in
this Standard, being designed under specific controls. Industrial processes that consume or use
flammables under less expert control, while technically subject to analysis of hazardous zones,
are to be a subject for future consideration.
(c) The definitions of classes of flammable or combustible liquids have been reviewed in detail. The
decimal numerical system of subdividing Class 3 liquids could not be retained, because of
difficulties in achieving alignment with national and international classification systems. Some
thought was given to returning to the original A, B, C and D system on the grounds of simplicity
and independence, but the ultimate decision was to align the flammable classes with the
packaging–group system of the Australian Dangerous Goods Code. Since combustible liquids are
not part of that system, they have an independent class identification, but this has advantages in
that it becomes easier to highlight the lower level of hazards and to make special provisions for
them.
(d) The definitions of liquids and of manufactured products have been altered to cater more clearly

for viscous liquids and pastes.
(e) All previous editions have made a distinction between protected works, which are mainly off–site
uninvolved buildings, and those on–site facilities which include offices, workshops and the like
associated with the activity. To minimize misunderstanding, the distinction has been clarified by
the use of two specifically–defined terms, i.e. ‘protected works’, and ‘on–site facilities’.
(f) Minor storage has been thoroughly reviewed, and the quantities in Table 2.1 have been adjusted
substantially. In addition, manufactured products are treated as a separate class of goods.
(g) Section 4 has been totally rewritten. Much of this exercise has been editorial, i.e. an attempt to
express more clearly the principles already established. However, there are a number of changes
to detail, and illustrations have been introduced to clarify the intent of separation distances.
(h) The control of access, general site security and the provision of warning and exclusion notices,
have been refined, with some attention being given to the distinction between the restriction of the
public on one hand and the control of one’s own staff activities on the other. As a consequence,
security fences feature prominently in separation distance considerations.
(i) A very large number of adjustments have been made throughout the Section on tank installations
to such things as height of firewalls, capacity of compounds, sub–divisions within compounds,
drainage, and the use of tank chambers. Of particular note, previous editions had permitted a
reduction of the catchment volume of a compound where only combustible liquids were stored.
This concession has been withdrawn, so that all liquids, even those of low combustibility, require
full bunding.


(j) Section 7, Systems for Piping, Valves, Pumps and Tank Heating has been modernized and now
incorporates a former separate Section that dealt with the heating of liquids, and which has been
substantially trimmed of redundancies.
(k) Section 8 now deals with the loading of flammable liquids into tankers, a subject which was not
treated in sufficient detail in previous editions.
(l) Section 9, Operations, has been totally restructured following a review of basic philosophy which
has led to a fresh approach. Procedures are seen as the key to all operations; it is essential to
formulate them, to promulgate them, to train to them, to enforce and police them, and finally to

ensure that they are kept up–to–date.
(m) The Fire Protection Section has been significantly revised.
It is foreshadowed that the next revision of this Standard will—
(i) broaden the coverage to include potable liquids in containers over 20 L and with a strength
exceeding 24% V/V ethanol. Organizations planning construction or expansion activities should
take due cognizance of this proposal;
(ii) increase the water supply duration of Clause 10.11.7 for cooling and hydrant water from 1.5 to
4 h; and

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(iii) consider limitations on tank farm layouts, including cluster tanks, to two rows from an access
road.
This Standard, as amended from time to time, reflects changes in technology, and incorporates
improvements which are derived from operational experience and the lessons of accidents and near
misses. It also reflects control philosophies which have evolved and been proven in the intervening
period since the last edition.
Users of this Standard should recognize that it represents a significant improvement in loss control
over past editions and is intended to be applied in its entirety to new facilities built after the Standard’s
publication date.
The Committee encourages users of this Standard to critically reassess their sites, equipment and
procedures whenever a new edition is published and supports initiatives by users to adopt and
implement those parts which are practicable and which can improve overall site safety.
The Committee does not suggest that any of the provisions of this Standard are retrospective; however,
users should check with the relevant statutory authority where this Standard has been adopted through
legislation.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of
the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an
‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.

E Copyright — STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and
except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form
or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty
payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in–house by
purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such
programs are used exclusively in–house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or
revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.
The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject
to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.


CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1

SCOPE

.. .. ................ .... .......... ...................

1.2

APPLICATION

1.3

NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS

...........................

8

1.4

INTERPRETATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

1.5

CLASSIFICATION

...........................................

8

1.6

EXCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

1.7

REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

.................................

8

1.8

DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

..............................................

7
7

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SECTION 2 MINOR STORAGE
2.1

APPLICATION

..............................................

14

2.2

PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

2.3

STORAGE ON OPEN LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

2.4

TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

SECTION 3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1

SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

3.2

GENERAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

3.3

FIREWALLS AND VAPOUR BARRIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

3.4

SECURITY, SIGNS AND NOTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

SECTION 4 PACKAGE STORAGE AND HANDLING AREAS
4.1

APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

4.2

LOCATION AND SEPARATION DISTANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

4.3

CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

4.4

VENTILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

4.5

STORAGE CABINETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

SECTION 5 STORAGE IN TANKS
5.1

APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

5.2

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

5.3

STORAGE TANK FILL POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

5.4

TANK VEHICLE LOADING AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

5.5

VENTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34

5.6

EMERGENCY VENTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37

5.7

LOCATION AND CAPACITY OF INDOOR TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

5.8

SEPARATION OF ABOVE–GROUND TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

5.9

BUNDS AND COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

5.10

INSTALLATION METHODS FOR ABOVE–GROUND TANKS . . . . . . .

44

5.11

INSTALLATION METHODS FOR UNDERGROUND TANKS . . . . . . . .

44

5.12

INSTALLATION METHODS IN TANK CHAMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

5.13

SERVICE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

Page
SECTION 6 FUEL DISPENSING
6.1

SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

6.2

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

6.3

DISPENSERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

6.4

DELIVERY HOSE AND NOZZLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

6.5

MARINE DISPENSERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

6.6

OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

SECTION 7 SYSTEMS FOR PIPING, VALVES, PUMPS AND TANK HEATING
7.1

GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

7.2

PIPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

7.3

VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

7.4

PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

7.5

HEATING OF LIQUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

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SECTION 8 TANK VEHICLE LOADING FACILITIES
8.1

APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

8.2

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

8.3

TOP–FILLING INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

8.4

BOTTOM LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

SECTION 9 OPERATIONS
9.1

SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

9.2

ESTABLISHMENT OF PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

9.3

TRAINING OF PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

9.4

WORK ACTIVITIES AND SUPERVISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

9.5

COMPLIANCE WITH PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

9.6

RECORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

9.7

SPECIFIC OPERATING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

9.8

SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES . .

69

SECTION 10 FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES
10.1

APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

10.2

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

10.3

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

10.4

HOSE REELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

10.5

PRODUCT PUMPS, MANIFOLDS AND HOSE CONNECTION
POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

10.6

PACKAGE STORAGE AND HANDLING AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

10.7

FUEL–DISPENSING INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

10.8

TANKS UNDERGROUND OR IN CHAMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

10.9

ABOVE–GROUND TANK STORAGE—AGGREGATE CAPACITY LESS
THAN 60 m3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

10.10 ABOVE–GROUND TANK STORAGE—AGGREGATE CAPACITY 60 m3
TO 2000 m3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

10.11 ABOVE–GROUND TANK STORAGE—AGGREGATE CAPACITY
2000 m3 AND OVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83


Page
10.12 PIPING AND PUMPING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

10.13 FIXED FOAM SYSTEMS FOR TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

10.14 COOLING WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90

10.15 TANK VEHICLE TRANSFER LOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90

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APPENDICES
A

ADG CODE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92

B

LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

C

POWER STATION AND GRID TRANSFORMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97

D

TANK VENTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

98

E

FIRE EXPOSURE PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

102

F

COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

106

G

GAS–FREEING PRECAUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

108


7

AS 1940—1993

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids

S E C T I O N

1

S C O P E

A N D

G E N E R A L

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1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements for the design, construction and
operation of installations for the storage and handling of flammable and combustible
liquids in locations that are generally industrial, commercial or rural in nature. It includes

matters relating to operations and management of emergencies.
1.2 APPLICATION This Standard applies to the storage and handling of liquids
which are listed as Dangerous Goods Class 3, Flammable Liquids, in the Australian Code
for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (ADG Code). It applies equally
to Class 3 liquids which have a subsidiary risk assigned and it also applies to substances
of other classes which possess a subsidiary flammable liquid risk. Flammable liquids are
defined in Clause 1.8.29.1.
NOTE: Further details based on the 5th Edition of the ADG Code are provided in Appendix A.

It also applies to combustible liquids which are liquids at the temperature at which they
are stored (see Clause 1.8.29) and meet the criteria given in Clause 1.8.29.2. It also
applies to a combustible liquid which is a dangerous good of another class as given in the
ADG Code. In the event of contradictory requirements existing between the Standard, the
Code or any other Standard the more onerous requirements shall apply.
A combustible liquid that is heated and kept above its flashpoint shall be treated as being
a PG liquid.
This Standard is written from a viewpoint of commonly used flammable and combustible
liquids of the hydrocarbon or industrial solvent range. For storage and handling facilities
for dangerous goods of another class that are flammable (have a subsidiary flammable
liquid risk), this Standard is relevant to the flammability aspects.
It is necessary to keep in mind that some flammable or combustible liquids may have
other physical or chemical attributes that may need additional precautions and design
considerations, such as, but not limited to —
(a)

being polymerizable liquids;

(b)

needing inert gas blankets; or

(c)

being heated liquids.

1.2.1 Relationship with regulations This Standard is intended to provide technical
requirements for implementation by reference in statutory regulations.
NOTE: It should be noted that an installation may come under the jurisdiction of several
authorities with differing areas of responsibility, and that an approval from one does not
necessarily constitute an approval from others. Thus the construction and operation of any plant
may require separate approvals from authorities interested in flammable and combustible
liquids, factory or machinery safety, fire safety, electricity, gas, health, environment, water
supply, sewerage and drainage, or the training and licensing of personnel.

COPYRIGHT


AS 1940—1993

8

1.3 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS Any alternative materials, equipment,
designs, methods of assembly or procedures, which do not comply with specific
requirements of this Standard or are not mentioned in it but which give equivalent results
to those specified, may be acceptable. Under such conditions a State regulatory authority
can give advice on the procedure for approval.
1.4 INTERPRETATIONS Questions concerning the interpretation of any part of this
Standard may be referred to Standards Australia.
NOTE: Where the Standard is referenced by regulation, Standards Australia will provide advice
on interpretation. However, that advice is not binding on the statutory authority.

1.5 CLASSIFICATION The criteria for classification of a liquid as Dangerous Goods
Class 3, i.e. a flammable liquid, are stated in the ADG Code.

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NOTES:
1

A Committee (the ACTDG Competent Authorities Subcommittee), consisting of the
Dangerous Goods Statutory Authorities of each State and Territory, is available for
classifying substances which are not listed in the ADG Code.

2

Responsibility for classification rests primarily with manufacturers, but in cases of
uncertainty, the relevant statutory authority should be consulted who will, if necessary,
submit the matter to the Committee for decision.

1.6

EXCLUSIONS

This Standard does not apply to the following:

(a)

Shipboard installations.

(b)

Residential-type heating oil installations comprising Category 1 tanks as defined in
AS 1692.

(c)

Liquefied gases that are maintained in the liquid phase for storage by means of
pressure or refrigeration.

(d)

Fuel tanks on any mobile vehicle or equipment.

(e)

Any plant or equipment in which a flammable or combustible liquid is processed,
together with any vessels which form an integral part of that processing equipment.
The storages associated with processing plant fall within the scope of this Standard.
NOTE: Refining, distilling and processing plants are generally purpose built and designed to
take into account the associated risks and the activities proposed. Risk assessments, hazard
analyses, operability studies, and safety studies may form part of the design criteria.

(f)

Potable liquids. (Refer to Preface.)
NOTE: State authorities may have specific requirements.

(g)

Temporary field storages and associated facilities in remote locations for Australian

Defence Force exercises or operations.

1.7 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
Standard is given in Appendix B.
1.8

DEFINITIONS

A list of the documents referred to in this

For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.

1.8.1 Approved, approval—with the sanction of, acceptable to, and meeting the
prescribed standards of, the authority having jurisdiction.
1.8.2 Authority, Authority having jurisdiction—the authority having statutory (legal)
control of the installation.
1.8.3 Boundary—the boundary of the whole of the site under the same occupancy as
that on which the installation is included, whether fenced or unfenced.
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AS 1940—1993

1.8.4 Bund—an embankment or wall which may form part or all of the perimeter of a
compound.
1.8.5 Capacity (of a tank)—the maximum working volume or space within a tank, i.e.
the volume the tank will accept without leakage.
NOTE: It is recognized that the available capacity of a tank will normally be less than the full

capacity.

1.8.6 Category of tank—that category as classified in AS 1692 and as follows:
(a) Category 1—tanks up to 1200 L capacity, for aboveground use, intended principally
for the storage of oil fuel in domestic type applications.
NOTE: Category 1 tanks should not be used for the storage of flammable liquids as they do
not incorporate a liquid seal.

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(b)

Category 2—vertical or horizontal cylindrical tanks up to 2500 L capacity, for
above-ground use, intended principally for farms and similar open space locations.
(c) Category 3—rectangular tanks and tanks of unconventional shapes, intended
principally for industrial use aboveground as either head tanks or storage tanks.
(d) Category 4—horizontal cylindrical tanks up to 150 m 3 capacity, for underground or
above-ground use, intended principally for industrial or service station use.
(e) Category 5—vertical cylindrical tanks up to 150 m 3 capacity, for above-ground use,
intended for industrial use.
(f)
Category 6—vertical tanks up to any capacity, of a size and type that is usually
erected on site.
1.8.7 Commercial building—any building that is partly or wholly used for offices,
professional rooms, consulting rooms, or the like.
1.8.8 Combustible liquid—see Clause 1.8.29.2.
1.8.9 Compound—an area bounded by natural ground contours or by a bund,
sufficiently impervious to retain spillage or leakage pending recovery (a pit or a tank may
be used to provide the same function).
1.8.10 Confined space—a space of any volume as defined by AS 2865.

1.8.11 Dangerous occurrence—an incident such as—
(a) an explosion or fire;
(b) any occurrence resulting in the death of, or serious injury to, any person, or in
substantial damage to property; or
(c) any other occurrence involving imminent risk of explosion, fire, death, injury or
damage.
1.8.12 Dwelling—any building or portion of a building that is used or is intended,
adapted, or designed to be used for living purposes.
1.8.13 Dispenser—a measuring or metering unit intended principally for the dispensing
of liquids from a storage tank to the fuel tank of a vehicle, boat, or light aircraft.
1.8.14 Fire point—in relation to a liquid, is the temperature at which the liquid, when
tested according to the method set out in IP 36/84 published in the IP Methods, first
evolves vapour at a sufficient rate to sustain burning for at least 5 s after application of
the test flame specified in the method.
1.8.15 Fire resistance level (FRL)—A measure of the fire resistance of a material or
structure as determined in accordance with AS 1530.4. It consists of three numerals
representing, in order, the period of resistance for—
(a) structural adequacy;
(b) integrity; and
(c) insulation.

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10

For example, 60/60/30 means 60 min of resistance for each of Items (a) and (b) and
30 min for Item (c).

1.8.16 Fire safe valve—a valve complying with BS 6755.2, API 6FA, API 607 or other
recognized Standard incorporating a handle of fire resistance not inferior to the body
material and having no brass or bronze internals.
1.8.17 Firewall—a wall or other barrier having a specified fire resistance level,
constructed and placed with the object of preventing the spread of fire.
1.8.18 Flame arrester—a device consisting of an arrester element, an arrester housing
and associated fittings, used to prevent the passage of a flame.
1.8.19

Flammable liquid—see Clause 1.8.29.1.

1.8.20 Flashpoint—the temperature at which the liquid, when tested according to the
method set out in AS 2106 or other approved specifications, first evolves vapour in a
sufficient quantity to be ignited by the test flame specified in the method.
1.8.21 Foam—a stable aggregation of small bubbles, whose properties are such that the
foam may be used as a flame-smothering blanket, or to prevent the entry of air, or to
suppress vapour.

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1.8.22 Foam concentrate—a concentrated liquid foaming agent, which is the basis from
which foam is generated.
1.8.23 Foam solution—water into which foam concentrate has been introduced, in the
correct proportions for the generation of foam.
1.8.24

Foam application methods

(a)

Ducted method—a method of conducting and applying foam gently to the liquid
surface without significant submergence of the foam or agitation of the surface.
Examples are the foam trough, foam chute, slotted downpipe, or surface applicator
fed from below the liquid surface.

(b)

Non-ducted method—a method of conducting and applying foam to the liquid
surface which does not use internal conduits or other means of minimizing surface
agitation or foam submergence.

(c)

Sub-surface injection method—a method of conducting and applying foam in which
the foam is discharged into the tank from below the liquid surface.

1.8.25 Hazardous area—an area in which an explosive atmosphere is present, or may
be expected to be present, in quantities such as to require special precautions for the
construction, installation and use of potential ignition sources.
NOTE: A classification system for hazardous areas in relation to flammable liquids is given in
AS 2430.

1.8.26

Hot work

The use or operation of any of the following:

(a)

Welding or flame cutting equipment.

(b)

Grinder, electric drill or other non-flameproof electrical equipment.

(c)

Hot tapping equipment.

(d)

Spark ignition engines or non-approved compression ignition engines.

(e)

Match, naked light, cigarette, cigarette lighter, flame or spark.

(f)

Hand tools that may create a spark.

(g)

Non-flameproof electric cables, cords, switches, lights, connectors or fittings.

(h)

Any other thing which is likely to produce a source of ignition or be an ignition
source.

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AS 1940—1993

1.8.27 Ignition source—a source of energy sufficient to ignite a flammable atmosphere,
which may include naked flames, exposed incandescent material, electrical welding arcs,
mechanical or static sparks, and electrical or mechanical equipment not approved for use
in hazardous locations.
NOTES:
1

A vehicle may not be regarded as being an ignition source while it is entering or leaving the
hazardous zone surrounding a fuel dispenser, or a bulk cargo transfer connection for the
purposes of refuelling or for loading or unloading bulk liquids. However, it is treated as a
potential ignition source during the period of bulk liquid transfer, and precautionary
procedures are laid down elsewhere.

2

A vehicle may not be regarded as being an ignition source while it enters or leaves the
hazardous zone outside a package storage area for the purposes of loading or unloading
packages provided the hazardous zone is not enclosed, or forms part of the package storage
area. During loading or unloading the engine must be switched off and must not be started.
A vehicle shall not enter the package storage area for the purposes of loading or unloading
packages or for being loaded or unloaded unless it is suitable for the applicable zone as
nominated in AS 2430.

1.8.28 Installation—all the facilities on a site used for storing or handling flammable or
combustible liquids.

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1.8.29 Liquid—as defined in the Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) Code (refer
Appendix A).
NOTE: The current edition of the ADG Code should be referenced.

1.8.29.1 Flammable liquid—a liquid that is defined in the ADG Code as a Class 3 liquid
(refer to Appendix A). For the purposes of this Standard a Class 3 liquid is subdivided
into the following packaging groups:
PG — A Class 3 liquid of Packaging Group .
PG — A Class 3 liquid of Packaging Group .
PG — A Class 3 liquid of Packaging Group .
A combustible liquid that is heated and kept above its flashpoint is treated as a PG
flammable liquid.
1.8.29.2 Combustible liquid—any liquid other than a flammable liquid that has a
flashpoint, and that has a firepoint less than its boiling point.
For the purposes of this Standard, combustible liquids are divided into two classes as
follows:
Class C1—a combustible liquid that has a flashpoint of 150°C or less.
Class C2—a combustible liquid that has a flashpoint exceeding 150°C.
NOTE: The boiling point is taken to mean that point at which it is no longer possible to achieve
the rate of temperature rise required by ASTM D92 for the firepoint test.

1.8.30

Manufactured product—as defined in the ADG Code (refer to Appendix A).

NOTE: The current edition of the ADG Code should be referenced.

1.8.31 Normative — an Appendix
implementation of the Standard.

which

is

essential

to

the

understanding

or

1.8.32 Non-combustible—a material not deemed to be combustible in accordance with
AS 1530.1.
1.8.33 On-site facilities—a building where people are employed within the property
boundary, including offices, warehouses, manufacturing areas and amenities.
NOTE: Clauses 4.2.2 and 4.3.2 provide additional information.

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12

1.8.34 Operations—all activities within a restricted area concerned with the routine
function of the installation including testing, operating, cleaning or maintaining, the
equipment or facilities within the area.
1.8.35 Package—an individual container of or for liquid, of capacity not more
than 250 L.
1.8.36

Piping—an assembly of pipes, hoses, valves, fittings and associated appliances.

1.8.37 Polymerizable material—any liquid, solid, or gaseous material which may
polymerize (combine or react with itself) so as to cause dangerous evolution of gas or
heat.

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1.8.38

Protected works—these are deemed to include —

(a)

a dwelling, place of worship, public building, school or college, hospital, theatre,
and any building or open area in which persons are accustomed to assemble whether
it is within or outside the property boundary of the installation;

(b)

a factory, workshop, office, store, warehouse, shop, or building where persons are
employed, that is outside the property boundary of the installation;

(c)

an accumulation of combustible materials, other than flammable and combustible
liquids, of a type and quantity sufficient to constitute a significant heat radiation
hazard to the installation in the event of fire in those materials;

(d)

a ship lying at permanent berthing facilities; or

(e)

any storage facility for dangerous goods outside the property boundary of the
installation.

1.8.39 Public place—any place other than private property, open to the public, which
the public has a right to use and which includes a public road.
NOTE: Commercial building parking areas are not considered to be public places.

1.8.40 Responsible officer—a person with a satisfactory knowledge of the fire,
explosion and toxicity hazards associated with hot work in hazardous areas and adequately
trained and experienced in the testing procedures and precautions necessary for the
elimination of the risks involved.
1.8.41 Restricted area—an area to which access is limited to specific or authorized
persons, and usually under specified conditions. It may be an area within the boundaries
of premises used for the storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids, or an
area designated for that specific purpose and used for other purposes, but excluding any

area therein which has been designated as a safe area.
1.8.42 Shall, should, may—the word ‘shall’ is to be understood as mandatory and the
word ‘should’ as advisory; ‘may’ implies the right to use discretion.
1.8.43 Tank—a container other than a package, intended for the storage or transport of a
liquid. Where a tank category is mentioned, it means the category specified in AS 1692. A
tank may be one of the following types:
(a)

Static storage tank—a tank of a type described in AS 1692, intended to remain
permanently in place once installed.

(b)

Portable tank—a tank intended for semi-permanent installation, but which
incorporates features to permit delivery or transfer to another site filled or partly
filled.

(c)

Demountable delivery tank—a tank intended to be placed on a vehicle from time to
time to enable use as a temporary delivery tanker.

(d)

Tank container—a tank fitted with frames to international freight container
dimensions in accordance with AS 1727.
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(e)

AS 1940—1993

Intermediate bulk container (IBC)—a tank of capacity not exceeding 3 m3 intended
to be transported in the filled condition.
NOTE: The ADG Code gives a more detailed definition of an IBC.

(f)

Underground tank — a static storage tank wholly or partially buried below the
surrounding ground gradient.

(g)

Above-ground tank— a static storage tank which is not an underground tank.

1.8.44 Road tank vehicle—a tanker in accordance with AS 2809, or any earlier
Standard which it superseded.
1.8.45 Vapour barrier—a wall or other barrier constructed and placed with the object
of preventing the passage of vapour from any one place to another.
1.8.46 Work—any task connected with the construction, demolition, addition, repair,
servicing, maintenance, excavation or filling, installation, removal, alteration,
modification or replacement of any facility within a restricted area, but does not include
routine operations.

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1.8.47 Work permit—a written document which specifies conditions under which work

within a restricted area may be carried out.

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AS 1940—1993

14

S E C T I O N

2

M I N O R

S T O R A G E

2.1 APPLICATION Any storage of flammable or combustible liquids in quantities not
exceeding those listed in Table 2.1 shall be classified as being minor storage and are
exempted from other Sections of this Standard unless otherwise specified. The storage of
quantities in excess of minor storage shall comply with the requirements of other Sections
of this Standard as applicable.
NOTES:
1

The underlying concept of this Section is that quantities below a certain level are so small,
or are so scattered and separated, that they present little real hazard, add little to a
building’s fire load, and are generally unlikely to play a significant part in spreading a fire
from place to place. The firefighting facilities required under normal building regulations
are expected to cope adequately.

2

For certain industrial or commercial premises, workplace safety regulations or guidelines
may apply even to quantities defined as minor in this Standard.

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2.2 PRECAUTIONS The following precautions shall be observed for any minor
storage within the scope of this Section:
(a)

The storage shall not be in proximity to heating or an ignition source, e.g. a stove,
heating appliance, light switches, welders, or similar ignition sources.

(b)

Packages shall be kept closed when not in use. Any action to open a package of
flammable liquid or decant from it should be carried out in a well-ventilated area,
and away from any potential source of ignition.
NOTE: Decanting and pouring of small quantities of flammable liquids can generate a static
spark of sufficient energy to ignite a flammable vapour-air mixture.

(c)

The transfer of flammable liquid from storage to the point of use shall be carried
out in a manner that minimizes the possibility of spillage or fire.

(d)

Liquids shall not be stored or used where they may jeopardize escape from a
building in the event of fire.

(e)

Persons who handle flammable and combustible liquids shall be aware of the
hazards involved.

(f)

Any spillage shall be cleaned up immediately and the materials used in the clean-up
shall be disposed of safely and in accordance with any relevant local regulations.

(g)

No combustible waste material or residues shall be permitted to remain in or around
areas in which such liquids are stored or decanted.

(h)

Any materials that might interact dangerously if mixed shall be kept apart so that
the possibility of interaction is minimized, e.g. fuel and pool chlorine.

(i)

Packages used shall not be pressurized as a means to transfer the contents unless
specifically designed for this duty.

(j)

For premises other than residences or farms, where flammable liquids in excess of
100 L total quantity are stored or used, a fire extinguisher and a warning sign
worded
DANGER—FLAMMABLE LIQUID—NO SMOKING—KEEP FIRE AWAY

shall be placed at an effective location adjacent to the storage.
(k)

Occupiers and operators are expected to optimize safety by providing, and using,
adequate stowage for packages on shelves, in cupboards, or the like.

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AS 1940—1993

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2.3 STORAGE ON OPEN LAND The quantities listed under open land in Table 2.1
shall be treated as being minor storage only on condition that—
(a)

such liquids are not intended for resale;

(b)

any storage is on land which has an area exceeding 2 ha and is used or intended to
be used for agricultural, horticultural, floricultural and pastoral purposes inclusive

of golf courses, national parks and other approved areas;

(c)

the ground around the storage is kept clear of combustible vegetation or refuse for a
distance of not less than 3 m;

(d)

a potential flow of spillage is prevented from reaching a protected works,
watercourse or property boundary by such means as the use of natural ground slope,
or the provision of a diversion channel, kerb or bund;

(e)

any storage is separated from protected works and the boundary of the land by not
less than 15 m; and

(f)

where two or more storages are provided on the property, each may be treated as a
separate minor storage if the distance separating them is 100 m or more.

2.4

TANKS

2.4.1 Construction Any tank that is intended for the storage of flammable or
combustible liquid shall comply with AS 1692 or equivalent. A category 1 tank shall not
be used for flammable liquid.

2.4.2

Installation

For underground tanks, the requirements of Section 5 shall apply.

2.4.3 Operation It shall be the responsibility of the occupier to ensure that safe
practices for the receiving, storage and handling of liquids are established and observed.
2.4.4 Maintenance A procedure for regular inspection and maintenance shall be
established by the occupier and records kept.

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AS 1940—1993

16

TABLE 2.1
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MINOR STORAGE
Class of liquid
Location

Flammable
PG or PG

Residential buildings of any type
Within a dwelling

In a garage attached to a dwelling with a 60/60/60 FRL
rating separation wall
Outdoors, or in a shed or garage, separated from the
dwelling or any other building by 1 m space
Outdoors, uncovered, or in a shed or garage, separated
from the dwelling or any structure or boundary by either
3 m of space or a wall having an FRL of 180/180/180
A supply tank for domestic oil-fired appliances installed
in accordance with AS 1691 is excluded from any
calculation of the quantity stored on the premises
Commercial building

Hospitals
Educational establishments (excluding laboratories)
For storage outdoors, or in sheds or attachments, the
limits for the corresponding entry in residential buildings
shall apply
Laboratories (see Notes 1, 2 and 5)
Factories, workshops
Inside

Combustible
C1, C2

PG

Manufactured
products

5L

25 L

25 L
50 L

50 L total C1 and C2
100 L total C1 and C2

50 L
250 L

100 L

250 L

500 L total C1 and C2

250 L

250 L

250 L

500 L total C1 and C2

250 L

10 L per 50 m2 of floor
space, but 5 L for any
tenancy of less than

50 m2 area
10 L per 50 m2 of floor
space
5 L per 50 m2 of floor
space

25 L per 50 m2 of floor
space, but 25 L for any
tenancy less than 50 m2
area
25 L per 50 m2 of floor
space
10 L per 50 m2 of floor
space

500 L total C1 and C2 per 50 m2 of
floor space but 500 L for any
tenancy less than 50 m2 area

50 L per 50 m2 of floor
space

100 L per 50 m2 of floor
space

500 L total C1 and C2 per 50 m2 of
floor space
500 L total C1 and C2 per 50 m2 of
floor space

The limit for any manufactured product is the
same as for a liquid of
the same class

200 L total C1 and C2

250 L; or 1 L per 2 m2
500 L; or 1 L per 1 m2
space with no more than with no more than 500 L
250 L in any 500 m2 area in any 500 m2 area

2 000 L; or 4 L per 1 m2 space with
no more than 2 000 L in any 500 m2

250 L

As immediately above

2 500 L

As immediately above

1 400 L in tanks not over 5 000 L
700 L each, or in
packages

In packages only—
2 000 L

And either —

(a)

in attached outhouses or sheds if separated by a
partition having an FRL of 60/60/60; or
(b) outside, or in a detached shed or outhouse separated
from the factory or workshop by at least 1 m

(continued)
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17

AS 1940—1993

TABLE 2.1 (continued)
Class of liquid
Location
Shops

Flammable
Combustible
PG or PG
PG
C1, C2
As for factories and workshops (above) but no container for PG or PG liquid may
exceed 20 L capacity

3 000 L total C1 and C2

Flammable products: 10 000 L, of which no
more than 2 000 L are PG , provided that
storage is in closed packages, not to be
opened except for tinting paint for
immediate sale
As for factories, workshops

10 000 L
10 000 L
10 000 L

As for shops
As for shops

Warehouses

As for factories and workshops (above) but no container for PG or PG liquid may
exceed 60 L capacity

Service stations

500 L total in packages

1 250 L total in tanks or
packages

Manufactured products

Any packages kept in a sales
area shall be unopened
packages not over 20 L capacity
Outdoors
Open land
Outdoors above ground
Underground tank(s)
Construction sites

An additional 1 000 L in
packages can be kept outdoors
5 000 L
5 000 L
2 500 L

5 000 L
5 000 L
5 000 L

NOTES:
1

In the case of laboratories, commercial buildings and the like, this Table is intended to cater for the day-to-day working stock in the laboratory or workroom. If these
quantities are to be exceeded, it will be necessary to install a cabinet or major store facility according to the scale needed.

2

Laboratories which are constructed, operated and equipped in the form of a flammable liquid storage room and are used for the analysis of flammable liquids being
processed are exempt from this Table.

3

It is permissible to store at the same time on the same area, the maximum permissible allowance for each or all of the other classes of liquids.

4

Where the maximum allowance is specified in terms of quantity per unit area, any arrangement which results in concentration at one point should be avoided. Such
aggregation contravenes the intent of minor storage, which is dispersal, and proper storage provisions as in Section 4 could be necessary.

5

Materials being analyzed, used, mixed, blended or reacted upon on laboratory benches or in fume cupboards are exempt from the limitations of Table 2.1.

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AS 1940—1993

S E C T I O N

18

3

G E N E R A L

R E Q U I R E M E N T S

3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section provides general requirements that apply to
any package or tank storage other than those dealt with in Section 2, Minor Storage.

Additional requirements that are specific to particular types of installation are given in
other sections.
3.2

GENERAL DESIGN

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3.2.1 Design safety and suitability Any installation or facility shall be so designed
and constructed as to be safe and suitable for the conditions of use. Factors requiring
consideration shall include —
(a)

working pressures, and structural stresses;

(b)

heat, corrosion, or attack by the liquid being handled;

(c)

site conditions such as topography, usage of adjoining areas, or the risk of natural
disasters, e.g. flood, earthquake;

(d)

design of plant, equipment, and operating methods, so as to minimize fire and
accident risks and the possibility of errors or misunderstanding by staff;

(e)

specific design for emergencies (see Clause 3.2.2), particularly firefighting facilities;

(f)

the need for identification of the function of every valve, switch or control actuator.
The function of any remote switch or actuating device shall be clearly indicated;

(g)

safe entry to and exit from all working locations;

(h)

avoidance of ignition sources;

(i)

ventilation for vapour dispersal, taking into account the possible effect of nearby
structures, excavations, embankments, and the like;

(j)

separation of potential hazards, including areas where activities cannot be
controlled;

(k)

identification of and attention to points of vapour relief;

(l)

avoidance of contamination of soil and water; and

(m)

approval of any relevant authority.

3.2.2 Emergency provisions An installation shall be designed to facilitate the
management of an emergency, taking into account the nature and quantity of the liquids
stored, the layout of the storage area, access through or around walls or other barriers, the
type of construction of any buildings, and the type and means of operating any fire
protection system.
3.2.3 Minimization of vapour hazards Where a flammable liquid is being used or
transferred in such a manner that vapour is released, the ventilation, extraction, or
dispersal provisions shall be sufficient to protect and maintain exposure levels below
established standards.
3.2.4 Ignition sources A hazardous area shall not be permitted to extend beyond a
boundary if it will encompass a fixed source of ignition on the adjacent property.
3.2.5 Separation distances Storage shall be separated from boundaries, ignition
sources and protected works by the distances applicable to each type of storage as
provided by Clauses 4.2 and 5.8 with the following qualifications:
(a)

The separation distance to any property boundary shall be at least the separation
distance required by Table 4.2 or Table 5.3.
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(b)

(c)

AS 1940—1993

Where a protected works is located on the adjacent property, the separation distance
required for protected works given in Table 4.1 or Table 5.4 shall apply as a
minimum and may be measured across the boundary as if the boundary did not exist
provided that —
(i)

specific approval shall be obtained; and

(ii)

a covenant shall be signed by the parties involved to the effect that should
alterations on the adjoining property result in a breach of the requirements
for separation distance, the installation will be modified or relocated to
restore compliance or will be taken out of service.

Where the future installation of a protected works on the adjoining property is
possible, the installation may be located in accordance with boundary separation
distance requirements, provided that requirements of Items 3.2.5(b)(i) and (ii) are
satisfied.
NOTE: The use of the protected works distance measured to the boundary of the adjacent
property is recommended to eliminate future problems, although its use is a commercial
decision.

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(d)

Where two premises under separate occupancy are each used for the storage and
handling of flammable and combustible liquids and adjoin on a common boundary,
the separation distances between tanks, package stores and buildings may be
reduced to not less than those which would apply if both premises were under a
single occupancy, provided that—
(i)

both parties enter into a written agreement covering the distances proposed;
and

(ii)

such agreement has the approval of the authority.

If either installation were to be removed and the site redeveloped, Item 3.2.5(b)(ii)
shall apply.
(e)

Any covenant or agreement made in accordance with Item (d) above shall provide
for the possibility that either site may undergo alteration, redevelopment or change
of ownership and in any such case Item 3.2.5(b) shall apply.
NOTE: The on-site storage of other classes of dangerous goods may require differing
separation distances as nominated by Australian Standards or legislation, or both. In the
absence of such nomination the storage of other dangerous goods should be considered as an
on-site facility.

3.2.6 Transit storage For the purposes of this Clause, areas which are used for the
transit storage of flammable and combustible liquids shall be considered to be separate
areas if apart from each other and from other storages by the separation distances
applicable to on-site facilities as detailed in Clause 4.2.1 or 5.8.2, as appropriate.
Flammable and combustible liquid held in transit for 12 h and up to three normal working
days plus any intervening weekends and public holidays shall comply with the following
requirements unless otherwise directed by the authority:
(a)

The quantity of all flammable liquids held in each transit storage area shall not
exceed 200 t. Where flammable liquid is held in the one area with combustible
liquid or other dangerous good the aggregate quantity shall not exceed 200 t.

(b)

The segregation requirements of the ADG Code shall be observed.

(c)

Except when in freight containers, stacks of packages and IBCs in a transit storage
area shall —
(i)

each not exceed 25 t;

(ii)

be accessible from all sides; and

(iii)

be separated by at least 5 m.

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AS 1940—1993

Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.

(d)

20

Freight or tank containers containing packaged or bulk liquids in a transit storage
area shall —
(i)

not be stacked more than two containers high and two containers deep
provided access is available to both sides of a two container deep stack;

(ii)

not be in the same vertical stack as any container of other classes of
dangerous goods; and

(iii)

be separated from containers of other classes of dangerous goods by at least
3 m.

(e)

The spillage catchment and clean-up facilities of the site shall be capable of
handling at least 110% of the capacity of the largest tank, compartment or package
in the area.

(f)

Parked road vehicles loaded with flammable liquids shall be separated from any
other loaded vehicles by at least 3 m, and from any other storage of dangerous
goods within the area by at least 5 m.

(g)

Access and escape routes shall be clearly defined and kept clear.

(h)

Specific facilities, which may include a designated area, shall be provided at the site
for dealing with tanks or packages that are leaking or damaged and likely to leak as
a result of damage, and for any awaiting disposal.
NOTE: Packages of flammable and combustible liquids which are leaking or otherwise
impaired and may spill or leak should not be loaded on a vehicle.

(i)

The general safety precautions of Clause 2.2 shall be observed except that decanting
in the transit storage area shall only be carried out in emergencies.

3.2.7 Alterations, repairs or changed site conditions Any alterations or extensions
shall not contravene this Standard, nor cause the existing installation to contravene this
Standard or otherwise become hazardous.
Any repairs shall be carried out to a standard not less than the standard of the original
installation.
3.2.8 Electrical equipment Electrical equipment used in hazardous areas shall be of a
certified type, and installation shall comply with AS 3000.
3.2.9 Engines The following shall apply to the use of internal combustion engines
within hazardous zones:
(a)

A compression ignition engine designed and certified to comply with AS 2359 to
operate in a hazardous zone may operate in zones for which it is certified without
restriction.
NOTE: Requirements for electric lift trucks for use in hazardous zones are specified in
AS 1915.

(b)

A compression ignition engine which does not comply with (a) shall not be operated
in a Zone O or Zone 1 area and a spark ignition engine shall not be operated in any
hazardous zone unless approved by a duly authorized hotwork permit issued in
accordance with this Standard and AS 1674.1.

(c)

A compression ignition engine may be used in a Zone 2 area provided that it is
approved by a work permit in accordance with this Standard or has been modified
so that —
(i)

any electrical equipment incorporated is suitable for use in a Zone 2 area;

(ii)

the air intake is either extended to outside the Zone, or is provided with a
strangler valve or equivalent in the manifold, in which case the engine shall
be attended when in use;

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AS 1940—1993

(iii)

mechanical sparks cannot be produced in the engine compartment of the
appliance through the operation of the appliance; and

(iv)

the exhaust has a spark arrester in accordance with AS 1019 or is extended
to outside the Zone.

3.2.10 Illumination Where natural lighting is inadequate, artificial lighting shall be
provided at a level appropriate to the particular activity. AS 1680 shall be used as the
basis for determining the adequacy of indoor illumination levels. For locations involving
walkways, fittings, gauges, couplings and emergency equipment, a minimum value of

50 lx is recommended.
3.2.11 Restricted usage A storage larger than a minor storage shall be restricted to
flammable or combustible liquids or both, unless all the following conditions apply:
(a)

Specific approval has been given for the storage of other goods.

(b)

Such other products are compatible.

(c)

Any filling, decanting, cleaning and painting of packages is done under additional
specific requirements.

3.3

FIREWALLS AND VAPOUR BARRIERS

Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.

3.3.1 Conditions of use Separation distances may be measured in a horizontal plane
around the end of any vapour barrier which intervenes, provided that—
(a)

for separation from on-site facilities or from protected works, such a vapour barrier
shall also be a firewall; and

(b)

building walls may be treated as being firewalls or vapour barriers provided that
they qualify as such.

Firewalls and vapour barriers may be used to achieve the separation distance in
Tables 4.1, 4.2, 5.3 and 5.4 to boundaries, protected works and ignition sources.
3.3.2 Construction
requirements:

of

firewalls A

firewall shall

comply

with

the

following

(a)

The fire resistance level shall be at least 240/240/240.

(b)

The firewall shall be impervious to vapour apart from around approved fire doors.

(c)

Any firewall that is freestanding shall be self-supporting and shall have adequate
foundations.

(d)

The height shall be sufficient to shield a protected works from heat radiation in the
event that a potential storage fire becomes a reality, and vice versa.

3.3.3 Construction of vapour barriers
following requirements:

A vapour barrier shall comply with the

(a)

The material shall be impervious to vapour and deemed to be not combustible when
tested in accordance with AS 1530.1.

(b)

The top of the vapour barrier shall be above the height of the hazardous zone
pertaining at the point as required in AS 2430.

3.4

SECURITY, SIGNS AND NOTICES

3.4.1 Control of access A storage that is aboveground shall be enclosed by a wall,
fence, or equivalent barrier to restrict public access. The barrier may enclose either the
entire site or only the storage area.
The following are exempt from this requirement:
(a)

A storage containing solely Class C2 liquid.

(b)

A storage containing 5000 L or less of Class C1 liquid.

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AS 1940—1993

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(c)

A storage containing 2000 L or less of PG

liquid.

(d)

A temporary or mobile storage for the use of contractors on a construction site.

3.4.2 Signs and notices Any warnings, conditions of entry, emergency directions or

other information intended for persons entering a restricted area shall be displayed on
signs and notices at each point of access.
Such signs and notices shall include but not be limited to —
(a)

a DANGER—NO SMOKING, NO NAKED FLAMES sign;

(b)

a class label and subsidiary risk label;

(c)

a WARNING—RESTRICTED AREA, AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY notice;

(d)

an Emergency Contact phone number sign;

(e)

a name, address and phone number of occupier; and

(f)

a layout diagram showing location of fixed fire protection facilities (where
installed), drainage system and ‘Emergency Stop’ switch.
NOTE: Where two or more points of access are adjacent to each other so that a single set of
signs and notices are clearly readable from each point of access, duplicate signs and notices are
not required.

Licensed to LUU MINH LUAN on 25 Feb 2002. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.

3.4.3 Sign construction Signs shall be constructed in accordance with AS 1319. Class
labels shall be a minimum of 250 mm square or as specified by Worksafe Australia.
The remaining signs shall have lettering at least 20 mm high. Composite signs or
pictographs complying with the above requirement are acceptable.

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