AS 2118 1 1999 automatic fire sprinkler systems general re

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AS 2118.1-1999 Automatic fire sprinkler systems - General requirements

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AS 2118.1—1999
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

AS 2118.1

Australian Standard™

Building Code of Australia
Primary referenced Standard

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Automatic fire sprinkler systems
Part 1: General requirements

This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee FP/4, Automatic Sprinkler
Installations. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
15 October 1999 and published on 5 December 1999.

The following interests are represented on Committee FP/4:
Association of Consulting Engineers Australia
Australasian Fire Authorities Council
A1

Australian Building Codes Board
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Industry Group
Department of Defence (Australia)
FPA Australia

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Institution of Engineers Australia
Insurance Council of Australia
Property Council of Australia
Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:
Testing interests (Australia)

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 98555.


AS 2118.1—1999
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

Australian Standard™

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Automatic fire sprinkler systems
Part 1: General requirements

Originated as AS CA16—1939.
Previous edition AS 2118—1982.
Revised and redesignated in part as AS 2118.1—1999.

Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (June 2000).

COPYRIGHT
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ISBN 0 7337 3021 3


AS 2118.1—1999

2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee FP/4, Automatic
Sprinkler Installations, to supersede AS 2118.1 — 1995, Automatic fire sprinkler systems,
Part 1: Standard.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (June 2000). The changes required by the
Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the
clause, note, table, figure, or part thereof affected.
The objective of this edition is to include changes that reflect recent advances in technology
and to refine the content for clarity and conciseness.

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Significant changes have been made to Section 3 concerning exposure protection, and to
Section 5 relating to protection of concealed spaces. Sections 10, 11 and 12, in respect to

hydraulic calculation methods, have also received attention. Section 9, Light hazard class
systems, has been entirely rewritten to include more useable and up-to-date parameters for
the design of this class of system. The definitions clauses have been enlarged and the
informative text for occupancy classification is set out in an appendix.
The revision to the AS 2118 suite of Standards has included Standards Australia’s
requirements to keep product and installation Standards separate. The series comprises the
following:
AS
2118
2118.1
2118.2
2118.3
2118.4
2118.5
2118.6
2118.8
2118.9
2118.10

Automatic fire sprinkler systems
Part 1: General requirements
Part 2: Wall wetting sprinklers (Drenchers)
Part 3: Deluge
Part 4: Residential
Part 5: Domestic
Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant
Part 8: Minor modifications
Part 9: Piping support and installation
Part 10: Approval documentation

4118
4118.1.1
4118.1.2
4118.1.3
4118.1.4
4118.1.5
4118.1.6
4118.1.7
4118.1.8
4118.1.9
4118.2.1

Fire sprinkler systems
Part 1.1: Components — Sprinklers and sprayers
Part 1.2: Components—Alarm valves (wet)
Part 1.3: Components—Water motor alarms
Part 1.4: Components—Valve monitors
Part 1.5: Components—Deluge and pre-action valves
Part 1.6: Components—Stop valves and non-return valves
Part 1.7: Components—Alarm valves (dry)
Part 1.8: Components—Pressure reducing valves
Part 1.9: Components—Accelerators and exhausters
Part 2.1: Piping—General

The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
This Standard incorporates commentary on some of the clauses. The commentary directly
follows the relevant clause, is designated by ‘C’ preceding the clause number and is
printed in italics in a box. The commentary is for information only and does not need to

be followed for compliance with the Standard.


3

AS 2118.1—1999

CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... 6
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1
SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.2
OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 7
1.3
APPLICATION.......................................................................................................... 7
1.4
NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS.................................................................... 7
1.5
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................. 7
1.6
DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................... 7

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SECTION 2 CLASSES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND DESIGN DATA
2.1
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS ..........................................................................13
2.2

CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES.................................................................13
2.3
TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS........................................................................13
2.4
DESIGN DATA ........................................................................................................20
SECTION 3 INSTALLATION
3.1
SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS ...............................................................21
3.2
TRANSMISSION OF ALARM SIGNAL TO FIRE BRIGADE................................24
3.3
LOCAL ALARM ......................................................................................................24
3.4
SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING ..................................................25
SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES
4.1
GENERAL ................................................................................................................27
4.2
ACCEPTABLE SOURCES OF SUPPLY .................................................................27
4.3
WATER SUPPLY GRADES ....................................................................................28
4.4
CONNECTIONS TO OTHER SERVICES ...............................................................39
4.5
PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS...........................................................41
4.6
PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................41
4.7
MINIMUM CAPACITY OF STORED WATER SUPPLIES ....................................41
4.8

PUMP SUCTION TANKS........................................................................................41
4.9
PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES.................................................................................48
4.10 TOWN MAINS .........................................................................................................48
4.11 PUMP INSTALLATIONS ........................................................................................50
4.12 PUMPSETS ..............................................................................................................51
4.13 PRESSURE TANKS .................................................................................................56
4.14 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES..........................................................................58
SECTION 5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS
5.1
STANDARD SPACING ...........................................................................................60
5.2
STAGGERED SPACING..........................................................................................60
5.3
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS................................................60
5.4
LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS).......60
5.5
SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS ................................65
5.6
LOCATIONS OR CONDITIONS INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
(SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION) .....................................................................66
5.7
OBSTRUCTIONS BELOW SPRINKLERS..............................................................73
5.8
FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIOS.............................................75


AS 2118.1—1999

4

Page
5.9
5.10

THEATRES AND MUSIC HALLS (PROTECTION ON THE STAGE SIDE
OF THE PROSCENIUM WALL) .............................................................................75
COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE ...........................................................................75

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SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS
6.1
GENERAL ................................................................................................................78
6.2
TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS................78
6.3
STANDARD SPRINKLER K FACTORS, ORIFICE AND THREAD SIZES ..........79
6.4
APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES................................................................79
6.5
TEMPERATURE RATINGS ....................................................................................79
6.6
COLOUR CODING ..................................................................................................80
6.7
STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS ..........................................................80
6.8
ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS...........................................80
6.9

SPRINKLER GUARDS ............................................................................................80
6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES...................................................................81
6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST ...........................................................................81
SECTION 7 PIPING
7.1
PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS......................................................................................82
7.2
HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE .............................................................................82
7.3
PIPING IN NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS ...................................82
7.4
HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION HAZARD—SPECIAL
PRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES ......................................82
7.5
SLOPE OF PIPES FOR DRAINAGE .......................................................................82
7.6
LOW LEVEL DRAINAGE.......................................................................................83
7.7
PIPE SIZES...............................................................................................................83
7.8
ORIFICE PLATES....................................................................................................83
7.9
SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING........................................................................83
SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT
8.1
CONTROL ASSEMBLIES .......................................................................................84
8.2
STOP VALVES ........................................................................................................84
8.3
BLOCK PLAN..........................................................................................................85

8.4
LOCATION PLATE .................................................................................................85
8.5
EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................86
8.6
NON-RETURN (BACK PRESSURE) VALVES ......................................................86
8.7
ALARM VALVES....................................................................................................86
8.8
PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVES .........................................................................87
8.9
DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES .................................................................87
8.10 ALARM DEVICES...................................................................................................88
8.11 REMOTE TEST VALVES........................................................................................89
8.12 PRESSURE GAUGES ..............................................................................................90
SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS
9.1
SCOPE ......................................................................................................................92
9.2
DESIGN DATA ........................................................................................................92
9.3
WATER SUPPLY .....................................................................................................92
9.4
SPRINKLERS...........................................................................................................93
9.5
PIPING......................................................................................................................94


5

AS 2118.1—1999

Page
SECTION 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS
10.1 DESIGN DATA ........................................................................................................95
10.2 WATER SUPPLIES..................................................................................................95
10.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS .............................................................98
10.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS........................................................................................99
10.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE............................................................................................104

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SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS
11.1 DESIGN DATA ......................................................................................................105
11.2 WATER SUPPLIES................................................................................................115
11.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS ...........................................................119
11.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS......................................................................................120
11.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE............................................................................................122
SECTION 12 FULL HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
12.1 GENERAL ..............................................................................................................130
12.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DENSITY OF DISCHARGE............................130
12.3 ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION .....................................................................131
12.4 SPRINKLERS IN OPERATION.............................................................................131
12.5 POSITION OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION.............................................131
12.6 SHAPE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION ..................................................132
12.7 WATER SUPPLIES................................................................................................133
12.8 PUMPSETS ............................................................................................................133
12.9 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES................................................134
12.10 PRESSURE LOSSES ..............................................................................................137
12.11 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS ......................................................................137

12.12 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE ............................................138
12.13 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES .........................................................................................138
12.14 VELOCITY LIMITATION .....................................................................................138
12.15 VELOCITY PRESSURE.........................................................................................138
12.16 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED
SYSTEMS...............................................................................................................138
APPENDICES
A OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS .........................................................................146
B REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................154
C ORIFICE PLATES .....................................................................................................156
D PIPING INTERPRETATIONS ...................................................................................159
INDEX.................................................................................................................................... 162


AS 2118.1—1999

6

FOREWORD
Automatic fire sprinkler systems provide an important level of fire protection to a building
structure. Additionally, automatic fire sprinklers provide an important level of protection
for the occupants of a building together with protection to the environment by minimizing
the effects that a major structural fire could have. Sprinklers also safeguard against loss of
plant, machinery, equipment and building contents generally as well as protecting a
business by providing against loss of continuity of business operations. Sprinklers also
conserve water during fire-fighting operations.

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In modern buildings and indeed with older buildings that are being upgraded to meet the

latest requirements in fire safety, there is need to consider other systems that impact on the
function and operation of a sprinkler system. Other systems that can either interface with
the sprinkler system, or be integrated in it, are automatic heat and smoke detectors,
emergency warning and intercommunication systems and smoke control and air-handling
systems. Hence, when designing sprinkler systems, it will be necessary to consider the
interaction of sprinkler systems with other building fire safety systems in order to maximize
protection and provide an optimal approach for the overall objectives of fire safety.


AS 2118.1—1999

7

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Automatic fire sprinkler systems
Part 1: General requirements

S E CT I ON

1

S COP E

AND

GE NE RAL

1.1 SCOPE
This Standard specifies requirements for the design and installation of automatic fire

sprinkler systems in buildings. It also provides for occupancy classification.
NOTE: See Appendix A for details of occupancy classification.

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1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers and installers with minimum
requirements for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems.
1.3 APPLICATION
This Standard is referenced in the Building Code of Australia (BCA) by way of BCA
Amendment No. 6 published on 1 January 2000, and supersedes the previous edition of
AS 2118.1— 1995, which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of publication of this
edition.
1.4 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS
Any alternative materials, designs, methods of assembly, procedures, and similar, that do
not comply with the specific requirements of this Standard, or are not mentioned in it, but
that give equivalent results to those specified, are not necessarily prohibited.
1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The documents referred to in this Standard are listed in Appendix B.
1.6 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard the definitions given in AS 2484.1, AS 2484.2,
AS/NZ 3500.0 and those below apply.
1.6.1 Alarm signalling equipment (ASE)
Equipment complying with AS 4428.6.
1.6.2 Alarm valve
A non-return valve which allows the water to enter the installation and operate the alarms
when the installation pressure falls below the water supply pressure.
1.6.3 Assumed area of operation
An area containing the maximum number of sprinklers considered likely to operate when
involved in a fire. The assumed area of operation is different in each hazard class.

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AS 2118.1—1999

8

1.6.4 Building owner
The owner of a building or the authorized representative of the owner.
1.6.5 Compartment
A space that is completely enclosed by walls and a ceiling. The walls of the compartment
enclosure may have openings to an adjoining space, provided there is a minimum depth of
200 mm from the ceiling to the top of the opening.
1.6.6 Effective height
The height of the floor of the topmost storey (excluding the topmost storey if it contains
only heating, ventilating, lift or other equipment, water tanks or similar service units) from
the floor of the lowest storey providing egress to a road or open space.
1.6.7 Encapsulated
Completely enclosed by a plastic sheet on the sides and top as applicable to pallet loads of
goods or packages. Individual cartons enclosed on the top and sides with plastic and cartons
waterproofed by coatings on the exterior surface are also considered to be encapsulated.

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1.6.8 Fire and draught stop
A partition or bulkhead, extending from end to end and top to bottom of a concealed space,
installed to delay the spread of fire and constructed from imperforate materials which are

non-shatterable under fire conditions.
NOTES:
1 Examples of acceptable fire and draught stops include the following:
(a) Structural features such as a reinforced beam or steel joist extending to or through the
ceiling, and a brick wall extended up through the ceiling to the floor above.
(b) A purpose-built partition mounted on wood or steel framework, constructed of 10 mm
gypsum board, 0.6 mm sheet steel or 7 mm high-density tempered hardboard.
2 Only the following apertures are permitted:
(a) Openings for the passage of individual pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts,
provided that such openings are reasonably close fitting.
(b) Openings not exceeding 2 m in width for the passage of groups of pipes, conduits and
airconditioning ducts, protected by a ‘cut-off’ sprinkler or sprinklers as required to
provide full protection to such openings.

1.6.9 Installation
The portion of a sprinkler system downstream from and inclusive of a control assembly.
1.6.10 Listed
Sprinkler equipment or materials demonstrated to meet appropriate standards or which have
been tested in a specified manner and found suitable for use.
NOTE: Various organizations produce lists of equipment suitable for use in fire sprinkler
systems. The means for identifying listed equipment may vary with each organization concerned
with product evaluation. Some organizations do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also
labelled. For identifying and nominating a product as listed, reference should be made to the
method used by the organization that has listed the equipment

1.6.11 Monitoring service
A constantly attended remote controlling station which receives fire alarm signals and
transfers the signals to a firefighting service via a permanently connected
telecommunications link.

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AS 2118.1—1999

9

1.6.12 Multiple controls
Heat-sensitive sealed valves that control single or multiple outlets using either glass bulbs,
or soldered links or levers, as the heat-sensitive device.
1.6.13 Net positive suction head (NPSH)
The total inlet head, plus the head corresponding to the atmospheric pressure, minus the
head corresponding to the vapour pressure. NPSH, as well as inlet total head, is referred to
the reference plane. It is necessary to make a distinction between —
(a)

required net positive suction head (NPSHR)— a function of pump design, which may
be obtained from the pump manufacturer; and

(b)

available net positive suction head (NPSHA)— a function of the system in which the
pump operates, which can be calculated for any installation.

1.6.14 Open joists and exposed common rafters
A series of members (including purlins) spaced not more than 600 mm apart, measured
from centre to centre of members.

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1.6.15 Post or box pallet
Solid or mesh box with the open face uppermost, designed to be stacked one upon the other
in a self-supporting manner.
1.6.16 Relevant authority
An independent agency authorized by legislation or regulation to issue determinations,
orders, or other instructions in respect of any subject covered by this Standard.
NOTE: Where adoption of this Standard is not a requirement of a relevant authority but is a
requirement of a body such as an insurance company or association, then that body, or its
nominees, may perform the functions of the relevant authority for the purposes of this Standard.

1.6.17 Special sprinkler
A listed sprinkler other than those specified in AS 4118.1.1 (see also Clause 6.2.2).
Special sprinklers are as follows:
(a)

Extended coverage sprinkler (EC) A type of spray sprinkler with a higher pressure
requirement and a modified deflector specifically developed to achieve an extended
maximum protected area.

(b)

Large drop sprinkler (LD) A type of sprinkler that is capable of producing large
water droplets, enabling better penetration of the fire plume and improved ability to
control fires in specific high challenge risks.

(c)

Early suppression fast response sprinkler (ESFR) A type of fast response sprinkler

developed to provide fire suppression in high challenge fire risks which, in many
instances, eliminates the need for in-rack protection. This sprinkler has special design
requirements and limitations in respect to the building structure and the system
application.

(d)

Residential sprinkler (RES) A type of fast response sprinkler, developed for the type
of fire hazards found in dwellings, with spray patterns and discharge rates specifically
designed for life safety applications.

(e)

Extra large orifice sprinkler (ELO) A type of spray sprinkler used for high density
applications such as the protection of high-piled storage where greater flows are
achieved than with the standard 20 mm sprinkler at the same pressure.

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AS 2118.1—1999

(f)

10

Enlarged orifice sprinkler (EO) A sprinkler having a nominal 20 mm diameter
orifice and a nominal 15 mm shank fitted with a metal rod extension (pintle), which is

used for upgrading the density requirements of existing ordinary hazard installations,
(see Clause 3.2 in AS 4118.1.1).

1.6.18 Special sprinkler system
A system utilizing either in total, or in part, sprinkler types other than those listed in
AS 4118.1.1 (see also Clauses 2.3.3 and 6.2.2).
1.6.19 Sprayers

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Special purpose nozzles for use in water spray systems with capabilities of extinguishment,
containment or control of fires involving hazards such as flammable liquids.
C1.6.19 Sprayers generally are of two basic types, medium velocity and high velocity.
Medium velocity sprayers are either open or sealed with a heat responsive element,
producing a fine droplet spray with a limited distance of direct impingement. They are
designed for the extinguishment, containment or control of fires involving low flashpoint
liquids as well as for cooling protected (adjacent) areas exposed to fire. High velocity
sprayers are open type producing a large droplet with high momentum and have a direct
impingement distance of up to 5 m. High velocity sprayers are designed for
extinguishment, containment and control of fires involving high flashpoint liquids,
principally by the emulsification of the burning fuel surface.
1.6.20 Sprinkler-protected area
An area of a building equipped with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this
Standard, and separated from non-sprinkler protected areas in accordance with this
Standard.
1.6.21 Sprinkler-protected building
A building equipped throughout with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this
Standard.
1.6.22 Sprinkler system
A system comprising components such as valves, alarms, pipework, sprinklers and water

supplies designed to control a developing fire. Sprinkler systems may be either standard
systems or special systems, and may be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the
following:
(a)

Wet system A system permanently charged with water both above and below the
installation alarm valve (wet) (see Clause 8.7.1).

(b)

Alternate wet and dry system A system that incorporates either a composite alarm
valve, or a combination valve set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve
(dry).

(c)

Dry system A system permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure,
above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below.

(d)

Pre-action system A combination of a sprinkler system and an independent system
of heat or smoke detectors installed in the same area as the sprinklers. A heat or
smoke detector operates prior to the sprinklers, allowing the pre-action valve to open
and water to flow into the sprinkler piping, before the first sprinkler starts to operate.

(e)

Recycling pre-action system A system with heat detectors and incorporating a
pre-action flow control valve capable of repeated on/off cycles appropriate to the

possible redevelopment of fire in the protected area. The cycling occurs as a result of
heat detector operation which, as an electric interlock, causes the pre-action flow
control valve to open and close.

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AS 2118.1—1999

11

(f)

Deluge system A system of open sprinklers controlled by a quick-opening valve
(deluge valve) which is operated by a system of listed heat detectors or sprinklers
installed in the same areas as the open sprinklers (see AS 2118.3).

(g)

Tail-end system A system essentially similar to dry, alternate wet and dry, pre-action
and deluge systems, with the limitation that it only forms an extension to the sprinkler
system.

1.6.23 Standard sprinkler system
A system utilizing sprinkler types as listed in AS 4118.1 (see also Clause 6.2.1).
1.6.24 Standard sprinkler
A sprinkler conforming to the thread sizes, deflector type and K factors specified in
AS 4118.1 (see also Clause 6.2.1).

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Standard sprinklers are as follows:
(a)

Conventional sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a spherical type of
discharge with a proportion of water being thrown upwards to the ceiling. A
conventional sprinkler is usually designed with a universal type deflector enabling the
sprinkler to be used in either the upright or pendent position. Some conventional
sprinklers are, however, made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright
position and the other for use in the pendent position.

(b)

Spray sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a parabolic discharge below the
plane of the deflector with little or no water being discharged upwards to wet the
ceiling. A spray sprinkler is made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright
position and the other for use in the pendent position.

(c)

Flush sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use with concealed piping where it is
required, for reasons of appearance, to make the sprinklers inconspicuous. A flush
sprinkler is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling, but has an exposed
heat responsive element and retracted deflectors which drop down to the normal
position on actuation. Flush sprinklers are normally used in hotel lobbies, dining
rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable
for use in atmospheres that are corrosive or subject to a high dust content. Flush
sprinklers utilizing chains to locate the deflector are only suitable for use with level

ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise.

(d)

Recessed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler provided with a
separate escutcheon housing, usually two-piece adjustable, where part of the sprinkler
yoke and heat responsive element are mounted within the recessed housing.
NOTE: Escutcheon housings are used with the spray sprinkler to ensure that the response
time of the heat responsive element is not unduly impeded and that the discharge spray
pattern is not obstructed.

(e)

Concealed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler that is fully recessed
in a concealed housing and fitted with a cover plate assembly designed to release at or
before the operating temperature of the sprinkler. Concealed sprinklers provide the
same unobtrusive appearance as flush sprinklers.

(f)

Sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for installation along the walls of a room
close to the ceiling. A sidewall sprinkler provides a one-sided (half-paraboloid)
discharge pattern directed outwards with a small proportion discharging on the wall
behind the sprinkler. Sidewall pattern sprinklers are not normally a substitute for
conventional or spray pattern sprinklers and their use is limited to such locations as
offices, entrance halls, lobbies and corridors.

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AS 2118.1—1999

12

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A sidewall sprinkler may be used with advantage in drying tunnels and hoods over
papermaking machines where condensate dripping from sprinklers and pipework at
the ceiling could be troublesome and also in certain other locations such as shop
windows and under platforms having low headroom where sprinklers would be
subject to damage.
(g)

Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use in portions of
premises protected by a dry or an alternate wet and dry system where it is not
practicable to install sprinklers in the upright position, or on a wet system where the
sprinklers may be subject to frost. Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers are
designed having either conventional or pendent spray type deflectors. Dry pendent
and dry sidewall sprinklers are manufactured integral with drop pipes of varying
lengths, the valve being so placed that there is no pocket or depression where water
can be trapped.

(h)

Dry upright sprinkler A sprinkler essentially the same as the dry pendent types
except that an upright type deflector is incorporated. A dry upright sprinkler is
designed for use in wet systems for the protection of concealed spaces subject to
freezing.

(i)

Fast response sprinkler A sprinkler that has a high level of thermal sensitivity which
enables it to respond at an early stage of fire development. See AS 4118.1.1 for the
thermal characteristics of fast response sprinklers.
C1.6.24(i) The life safety aspects of a sprinkler system are improved by using fast
response sprinklers. Fast response and quick response are synonymous terms.

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13

AS 2118.1—1999

S E CT I ON 2
CLAS S I FI C AT I ON OF
S P RI NKLE R S YS T E MS AND DE S I GN DAT A
2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
Sprinkler systems shall be classified on the basis of the hazard classes of occupancy and
shall be designated accordingly; namely, Light Hazard, Ordinary Hazard and High Hazard.
2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES
Occupancy classifications for sprinklers system design shall be determined having regard to
the expected rate of heat release within a building compartment together with the fuel
loading and burning characteristics of materials within that compartment. The quantity and
combustibility of contents, the total potential for energy release, the height of stockpiles
and the presence of flammable and combustible liquids shall also be taken into

consideration.
NOTE: A guide to typical occupancy classifications is included in Appendix A.

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Occupancy classifications are as follows:
(a)

Light Hazard occupancies.

(b)

Ordinary Hazard occupancies —

(c)

(i)

Ordinary Hazard 1;

(ii)

Ordinary Hazard 2;

(iii)

Ordinary Hazard 3; and

(iv)

Ordinary Hazard special.

High Hazard occupancies:
(i)

High Hazard — process risks;

(ii)

High Hazard— High-piled storage risks —

A1

(iii)

(A)

High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 1.

(B)

High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 2.

(C)

High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 3.

(D)

High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 4.

Storage risks requiring special consideration.

2.3 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
2.3.1 General
Sprinkler systems are either—
(a)

standard sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.6.23); or

(b)

special sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.6.18).

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AS 2118.1—1999

14

2.3.2 Standard sprinkler system
2.3.2.1 General requirements
A standard sprinkler system as defined in Clause 1.6.23 shall be arranged to operate as one
or a combination of the following:
(a)

wet system.

(b)

alternate wet and dry system.

(c)

dry system.

(d)

pre-action system.

(e)

recycling pre-action system.

(f)

deluge system.

(g)

tail-end system.

Standard sprinklers systems shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.3.2.2
to 2.3.2.10, as applicable.

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2.3.2.2 Wet systems (see Clause 1.6.22)
Wet systems shall not be installed in premises where there is danger, at any time, of the
water in the pipes freezing.

A1

A1

Wet systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces
but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control, including tail-end
extensions ( see Clause 2.3.2.8) does not exceed the following:
(a)

9000 m2 for light and Ordinary Hazard installations.

(b)

8000 m2 for High Hazard installations. However, where roof protection only is
provided in accordance with Table 11.1.3.2(B), the area of storage, including aisles,
protected by one installation shall not exceed 6000 m2.

(c)

Where single installations protect High Hazard areas, with roof protection only
provided in accordance with Table 11.1.3.2(B), and the area of pallet racking
including aisles is less than 1000 m 2, the total installation area may be extended to
8000 m2.

(d)

Where single installations protect both High Hazard areas and Ordinary or Light
Hazard areas, the High Hazard area shall not exceed the floor area limitations
specified for that hazard and the total area shall not exceed 9000 m2.

(e)

Where single installations control intermediate level sprinklers in storage racks, the
floor area occupied by the racks (including aisles) shall not exceed 4000 m2.

2.3.2.3 Alternate wet and dry systems (see Clause 1.6.22)

A1

A1

An alternate wet and dry sprinkler system shall incorporate either a composite alarm valve
(see Clause 8.7.3) or a combination set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve
(dry) (see Clauses 8.7.1 and 8.7.2). During winter months, the installation piping above the
composite alarm valve, or alarm valve (dry) shall be charged with air and the remainder of
the system, below the valve, shall be charged with water and, at other times, the system
shall operate as a wet system as described in Clause 2.3.2.2.
Sprinklers in alternate wet and dry systems shall be installed in the upright position, above
the line of pipe. An exception is allowed where listed dry pendent sprinklers
(see Clause 1.6.24(g)) are installed or where sprinklers have an anti-freezing device
incorporated therein.
Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5).

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15

AS 2118.1—1999

Alternate wet and dry systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, including
mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, including tail-end extensions
(see Clauses 2.3.2.8 and 2.3.2.9), does not exceed the following:
(a)

(b)

Where an accelerator or exhauster is used —
(i)

37002 for Ordinary and Light Hazard systems; and

(ii)

2100 m2 for High Hazard systems.

Where an accelerator or exhauster is not used —
(i)

2500 m2 for Ordinary and Light Hazard systems; and

(ii)

1400 m2 for High Hazard systems.

2.3.2.4 Dry systems (see Clause 1.6.22)

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A dry sprinkler system shall be permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure
above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below the valve.

A1

Dry systems shall only be installed in buildings where the temperature conditions are
maintained close to or below freezing, such as in cool stores, or fur vaults, or where the
temperature is maintained above 70°C such as in drying ovens (see Clause 5.16.4).

A1

The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a dry system shall not exceed that
prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.3 for alternate wet and dry systems.
In dry systems, piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5). Standard
sprinklers shall only be installed in the upright position above the line of the pipe.
2.3.2.5 Pre-action systems (see Clause 1.6.22)
The sprinkler system piping shall be charged with air or inert gas under pressure and shall
be monitored so that an alarm is given on reduction of pressure. The pre-action alarm valve
controlling the water supply shall be operated—
(a)

solely by the system of detectors to allow the sprinkler piping to become charged with
water;

(b)

by the system of detectors, or independently by the operation of a sprinkler releasing
the air from the sprinkler piping, whereby the operation of the sprinkler system shall
not be affected by any failure in the detector system; or

(c)

by both the system of detectors and the operation of a sprinkler releasing the air from
the sprinkler piping.

In each case the detection system shall automatically initiate an alarm.
The heat or smoke detection system shall operate a continuously energized valve or trip
mechanism to release the pre-action alarm valve when the valve or trip mechanism becomes
de-energized.
The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a pre-action system shall not exceed
that prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.2 for wet systems.
Where the piping could be subject to freezing, it shall be arranged with slope for drainage
(see Clause 7.5) and standard sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the
line of pipe.
The installation spacing and location of heat or smoke detectors shall comply with the
requirements of AS 1670.1.

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AS 2118.1—1999

16

C2.3.2.5
(a)

The system only becomes a wet system, following the operation of the detector
system, the objective being to prevent a discharge of water from piping or
sprinklers that may have suffered mechanical damage.

(b)

The object of this configuration being to facilitate an earlier discharge of water
from sprinklers on an otherwise dry system.

(c)

This configuration offers the greatest safeguard against inadvertent water
discharge by requiring that both the system of detectors and the sprinkler
installation are activated before water is admitted to the installation piping.

2.3.2.6 Recycling pre-action systems
Re-closing the flow control valve shall be delayed for a period of 5 min, by means of an
automatic timer, as a safety measure. Should the fire rekindle and re-actuate the heat
detectors, the flow control valve shall reopen immediately and water shall again flow from
the open sprinklers.

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The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a recycling pre-action system shall not
exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.2 for wet systems.
Where the piping is subject to freezing, it shall be arranged with slope for drainage

(see Clause 7.5) and standard sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the
line of pipe.
The installation and spacing of heat or smoke detectors in recycling pre-action systems
shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670.1.
2.3.2.7 Deluge systems (see Clause 1.6.22)
Deluge systems shall be in accordance with AS 2118.3.
C2.3.2.7 Deluge systems are designed primarily for Special Hazards such as those
listed as High Hazard in Clause 2.2, where any fire could be anticipated to be intense
and with a fast rate of propagation. In these circumstances, it is desirable to apply water
simultaneously over a complete zone in which a fire may originate by admitting water to
open sprinklers or to medium or high velocity sprayers.
2.3.2.8 Tail-end systems (see Clause 1.6.22)
Tail-end systems shall be comparatively small in extent and shall form extensions to
sprinkler systems. Tail-end systems are subject to limitations and variations set out in
Clauses 2.3.2.9 and 2.3.2.10.
2.3.2.9 Limitations and specific requirements for tail-end systems
The following limitations and specific requirements shall apply for tail-end installations:
(a)

The total area of tail-end systems on one wet installation shall not exceed 2500 m2.
Any one tail-end system shall not exceed 1000 m2.

(b)

The subsidiary stop valve shall be monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.

(c)

Suitable drainage shall be provided.

(d)

Tail-end systems connected to dry and alternate wet and dry installation shall be
limited to dry systems.

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AS 2118.1—1999

17

2.3.2.10 Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems
The following requirements shall apply for tail-end systems incorporating anti-freezing
solutions:

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A1

(a)

Piping within the area subject to freezing shall be filled with anti-freezing solution
and shall be arranged so as to prevent diffusion of water into that area.

(b)

Anti-freezing solutions shall have a freezing point of not less than 10°C below the

minimum temperature possible in the area subject to freezing.

(c)

The area covered by any tail-end anti-freezing solution system shall not exceed
250 m2.

(d)

The piping shall be arranged so that the interface between the anti-freezing solution
and the water in the wet system is lower than the point of connection to the wet
system.

(e)

The following valves and fittings shall be
(see Figure 2.3.2.10 and Figure 4.3.1 for symbols):

incorporated

in

the

piping

(i)

A subsidiary stop valve monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.

(ii)

A drain valve.

(iii)

An upper test valve, not more than 350 mm nor less than 250 mm below the
filling connection in the wet system.

(iv)

A lower test valve, not less than 1.2 m below the upper test valve.

(v)

A filling connection.

(vi)

A non-return valve. The disc of the non-return valve shall have a 1 mm hole to
allow for expansion of the solution during a temperature rise and thus prevent
damage to sprinklers. All valves in the system piping shall be metal-faced.

NOTE: These systems are suitable for use in small coolrooms and freezing chambers and other
areas such as loading docks and outhouses in localities subject to freezing conditions.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 2.3.2.10 ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPLY PIPING AND VALVES, TAIL-END ANTIFREEZING SOLUTION SYSTEM

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© Standards Australia


AS 2118.1—1999

18

2.3.3 Special sprinkler systems
2.3.3.1 General requirements
A1

A1

A special sprinkler system, as defined in Clause 1.6.18, shall be arranged to operate as one
or a combination of the following:
(a)

Wet system.

(b)

Alternate wet and dry system.

(c)

Dry system.

(d)

Pre-action system.

(e)

Recycling pre-action system.

(f)

Tail-end system.

A special sprinkler system shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.3.2.2
to 2.3.2.10 and Clauses 2.3.3.2 to 2.3.3.4.
2.3.3.2 Specific requirements

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Special sprinkler systems shall be installed in accordance with the spacing, location,
maximum and minimum pressure limitations, and other requirements set out in—
(a)

the listing for the specific component;

(b)

the manufacturer’s published data sheets, and

(c)

the codes and Standards referenced therein.

The critical design and installation requirements for special sprinkler systems are those that
directly affect the performance of the sprinklers and shall apply only to that part of each
system downstream of the control assembly. Other issues, such as the maximum floor area
controlled by one control assembly, alarm and monitoring systems, valving, pipe materials,
hangers, bracing, and the like, shall conform to the requirements of this Standard.
All aspects relating to the design and installation of water supplies shall be in accordance
with this Standard, with the following exceptions:

A1

(i)

For ESFR sprinkler systems, a duration of not less than 60 min shall apply.

(ii)

Where a water supply duration in excess of 90 min is a requirement of the
manufacturer’s data sheets or the codes and Standards referenced therein, that
duration shall apply.

(iii)

Where a water supply duration in excess of 90 min is a requirement of Factory
Mutual Data Sheets nominated in this Standard as the basis for compliance, that
duration shall apply.

The maximum area covered by a special sprinkler installation shall be in accordance with
Clauses 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.2.10.
C2.3.3.2 The design principles and operating characteristics of special sprinkler

systems are often significantly different from those applicable to standard sprinkler
systems. The special sprinkler may be unable to cope with some of the building features,
occupancies, storage arrangements, and the like, which are commonly acceptable for
standard sprinkler systems. Therefore, it is essential that the limitations of special
sprinklers and special sprinkler systems be thoroughly understood and applied without
exception.

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AS 2118.1—1999

19

2.3.3.3 ESFR sprinkler system
ESFR sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.6.17(c)) shall be wet systems, and shall be designed
in accordance with this Section, and shall only be used for nominated high-piled storage
risks.
A1

Occupancy classification and the commodities to be protected by ESFR sprinkler systems
shall be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 13 — 1999, and restricted to those in
the current Factory Mutual Loss Prevention Data (Data Sheets 2–2 and 8–9) or the UL
listing for the particular sprinkler, as appropriate.

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C2.3.3.3 ESFR sprinkler systems are designed exclusively to suppress high-challenge,

high-piled storage risk warehouse fires. In many instances, in-rack sprinklers can be
reduced or eliminated. The system is expected to discharge a large volume of water at a
high speed, directly onto a fire to suppress the fire before it develops. ESFR sprinklers
are quick-acting high-performance sprinklers which have the capability of extinguishing
fires within designated risks. There is no room for error in the design and installation of
ESFR sprinkler systems; the design principles and the operating characteristics are
significantly different from standard sprinkler protection. ESFR sprinkler systems may be
unable to cope with adverse design features which may be acceptable when installing
standard sprinkler protection.
2.3.3.4 Special systems incorporating residential sprinklers
Residential sprinklers are permitted to be installed in wet pipe sprinkler systems
conforming to this Standard, subject to the following:
(a)

They shall be installed in sole occupancy units and their adjoining corridors in
residential portions of buildings.

(b)

They shall be installed in strict accordance with their specified approval listing and
positioning requirements.

(c)

Sprinkler performance shall be in accordance with minimum and maximum pressure
and flow rate limitations indicated in individual residential sprinkler listings. The
design number of sprinklers assumed to be in operation shall include the hydraulically
most unfavourable four sprinklers.

(d)

Special sprinkler systems incorporating residential sprinklers shall be designed such
that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine
floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, does not exceed 9000 m2.

(e)

Permitted exceptions shall be in accordance with Clause 3.1.3.

C2.3.3.4 Standard sprinkler systems that permit the inclusion of residential sprinklers
are designated as special sprinkler systems. Where residential occupancies occur, smoke
alarms complying with AS 3786, should be installed in accordance with AS 1670.6, in
addition to sprinkler protection.
2.3.3.5 Hydraulic calculation
Special sprinkler system designs shall utilize hydraulic calculation procedures.
All sprinklers installed in a compartment shall be of the same category of heat response;
that is, either fast, special or standard response.

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AS 2118.1—1999

20

2.4 DESIGN DATA
Each standard sprinkler system shall be hydraulically designed in accordance with the
relevant hazard class to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of

operation.
The design densities of discharge and the assumed area of operation for Ordinary and High
Hazard class systems shall be as specified in Table 2.4. For Light Hazard performance
requirements see Section 9. For specific details of High Hazard design data see
Clauses 11.1.2 and 11.1.3.

TABLE 2.4
DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE AND ASSUMED AREAS
OF OPERATION OF STANDARD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
Hazard class

Design density of
discharge, mm/min*

Assumed area of
operation, m2

Light

See Section 9

See Section 9

5†
5†
5†
5†

72
144

216
360

7.5 to 12.5
7.5 to 30

260
260 or 300

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Ordinary —
1
2
3
Special
High —
Process risks
High pile storage risks

* Where systems are installed using special sprinklers, density of discharge is not
always a criterion
† Provision is made for the density to be increased for certain areas by specifying
closer spacing of sprinklers (see Clause 10.3.1).

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21

S E CT I ON

3

AS 2118.1—1999

I NST ALL AT I ON

3.1 SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS
3.1.1 Extent of sprinkler protection
3.1.1.1 General
For the purpose of this Standard, sprinkler-protected buildings and sprinkler-protected areas
shall be classified in accordance with Clauses 3.1.1.2 and 3.1.1.3.
3.1.1.2 Classification as sprinkler-protected building
To be classified as a sprinkler-protected building, a building shall be sprinkler-protected
throughout, other than where exceptions are permitted in Clause 3.1.3 (see Clause 5.6.10).
3.1.1.3 Classification as sprinkler-protected area

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Where it is proposed to protect a portion of a building only, for that portion to be classified
as a sprinkler-protected area, it shall be sprinkler-protected throughout and shall be
separated from non-sprinkler-protected areas by a construction having an FRL of not less
than –/120/120 with the exception of those areas contained in Clause 3.1.3.
Where the sprinkler-protected building is linked to a non-sprinkler-protected area by a
roofed connection (e.g. roofed passageway, roofed ramp or tunnel), protection shall extend
to a wall having an FRL of not less than –/120/120. The wall shall extend from top to
bottom and side to side of the passageway, ramp or tunnel, with any door or shutter in the

wall being a listed fire door or fire shutter. Where the wall is located at the junction with
the non-sprinkler-protected building, the link shall be sprinkler-protected.
3.1.2 Protection against exposure hazards
3.1.2.1 Extent of application
Any part of an external wall, of the sprinkler-protected building, including glazed openings
and roof overhangs with an FRL less than –/30/30 within 10 m of an Exposure Hazard, shall
be protected with external sprinklers.

A1

For the purpose of this Clause ‘external wall’ shall include the façade of raised sections of
the building, such as roof lanterns, set back from the perimeter of the sprinkler-protected
building; and ‘Exposure Hazard’ shall mean a source of radiant heat such as a nonsprinkler-protected building with an FRL less than –/30/30 or areas used for storage or
handling of flammable or combustible materials.
C3.1.2.1 When installed as an integral part of an internal sprinkler system designed to
this Standard, external protection of this type is considered the first line of defence in
protecting the building from an external fire source. The use of sprinklers to modify the
FRL of the wall element is outside the scope of this Standard.
3.1.2.2 Sprinklers
All sealed sprinklers used for exposure protection shall be rated as fast response as defined
in AS 4118.1.1 and shall have a temperature rating of 93°C.
Sprinklers shall be any of the following types and orientation:

A1

(a)

Pendent Spray (SP)—mounted horizontally with the deflector towards the window or
wall.

(b)

Upright Spray (SU)—mounted horizontally with the deflector away from the window
or wall.

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AS 2118.1—1999

22

(c)

Pendent Sidewall—(WP) mounted pendent and oriented to direct the spray towards
the window or wall.

(d)

Sprinklers specifically designed for the purpose and located and spaced in accordance
with their listing.

Conventional sprinklers (CU/P) shall not be used, except in the case of protection beneath
roof overhangs. Sprinklers beneath roof overhangs shall not be considered a substitute for
protection of walls.
3.1.2.3 Shielding
Where building features do not shield sprinklers to prevent cooling from sprinklers
operating above, such sprinklers shall be fitted with metal shields not less than 80 mm dia.

3.1.2.4 Sprinkler spacing and location
Unless specifically listed otherwise, sprinklers shall be located in accordance with
Table 3.1.2.4.

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In addition to the requirements contained in Table 3.1.2.4, a sprinkler shall be positioned
not more than 1.25 m horizontally from —
(a)

the vertical extremities of the protected surface;

(b)

the vertical extremities of each glazed opening, with the sprinkler located within the
opening; and
the centre of any building feature such as downpipes and glazing bars or mullions,
which project more than 40 mm from the protected surface.

(c)

Where vertical glazing bars or mullions project more than 40 mm from the glazed surface
and are spaced not more than 1660 mm centre to centre, every alternate sprinkler may be
positioned on the centre-line of a mullion or glazing bar, except that sprinklers shall be
positioned within 1.25 m of each side of any vertical glazing bar or mullion that exceeds
40 mm in width.

TABLE 3.1.2.4
SPRINKLER SPACING AND LOCATION
Distance

Distance between sprinklers

Position
Horizontally

Maximum
2.5 m

Minimum
1.8 m

Point of
measurement
Centre of sprinkler

(see Note)
Vertically

4.0 m

N/A

Deflector to deflector

Horizontal distance from wall

Horizontal sprinkler

100 mm

20 mm

Sprinkler deflector

Pendent sprinkler

300 mm

10 mm

Centre of sprinkler

Vertical distance below tope of
protected surface

Horizontal sprinkler

100 mm

50 mm

Centre of sprinkler

Pendent sprinkler

100 mm

50 mm

Sprinkler deflector

NOTE: The 1.8 m minimum distance may be reduced where sprinklers are separated by a baffle or building
feature which will prevent cooling from an adjacent operating sprinkler.

3.1.2.5 Piping
External sprinklers shall be fed either individually by range pipes or as groups by dedicated
distribution pipes connected to a distribution pipe of the internal sprinkler system.
Pipe sizes shall be determined by full hydraulic calculation methods.
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