bộ câu hỏi ôn thi công chức môn anh văn ( đọc hiểu, trắc nghiệm, điền từ, đề môn tiếng pháp, tiếng trung năm 2017

CLOZE TESTS (20)
C1. Tibet (1)______up images of a mystic land. Snow-capped mountain peaks
pierce the blue sky and fierce chilly winds sweep the rolling grasslands.
Maroon-robed Buddhist monks pray in remote monasteries and (2)_____horsemen pound the rugged earth. People in this high plateau perform punishing
rituals like prostrating hundreds of miles in tattered clothes on pilgrimage.
Spirits, spells and flying apparitions are (3)____ of the Tibetan world. In short,
Tibet remains an exotica. Such images are largely the result of books by
Western travellers and explorers in the last century, which helped in keeping the
mystique (4)____. And when the Communist rulers took over Tibet in the 1950s
and began ——-(5)——____-Chinese language and culture on the people,
Tibet’s own history started to (6)——–in the background. Thus, the only books
available in English to Tsering Wangmo Dhompa as a young girl growing
(7)____ in India and Nepal as a refugee- (8)______those written by Westerners,
and so she came to view the country as a forbidden land, a place where fantasy
and fable collaborated (9)____ a dramatic backdrop of mountains, black magic
and (10)____ with strange customs and appearances.
#####
C2. Many people believe high heels (1)______ women look good. So much so,
it (2)_______ that the organisers of the Cannes Film Festival reportedly barred
women in flat shoes from walking the red carpet. But all this glam comes at a
cost: wearing heels over 10cm (3)______ can damage your ankles. A study by
Hanseo University in South Korea suggests that continuous (4)_______ exposes
women to the risk of strains, and makes them prone to losing their balance. A
total of 40 women who wear high heels at least three times a week took part in
the study. The strength of their ankles (5)______ measured regularly:
researchers found that two (6)______ the four main muscles became dominant
after a period of between one and three years. This created (7)______ imbalance
in their feet. Dr Yong-Seok Jee from Hanseo University said that the habit of
wearing heels (8)_______ result in deformed feet, back pain and unhealthy
(9)______ patterns. He recommends that women limit the use of these kinds of
shoes and (10)______ their ankle muscles properly.

#####
C3. Educational planning strives (1)______to research, develop, implement and
advance policies, programs and reforms within educational institutions.
Educational planners might (2)_______ at the local, national or international
level to advance or improve education. While educational (3)________ might
center on pre-school and K-12 education, you could also work (4)______
postsecondary education as well. As an educational planner, you could work
within educational institutions, government agencies, and private or not-forprofit (5)_______. Educational planners typically (6)_______ graduate degrees.
You might also consider becoming a licensed teacher or (7)______ additional
degrees in education. Administrators within schools or districts (8)_______
commonly involved in educational planning. Educational planning should aim at


meeting the educational needs of the entire population of all age groups. While
the traditional structure of education as (9)________ three-layer-hierarchy from
the primary stage to the university represents the core, we should not overlook
the periphery, which is equally important under modern conditions. Educational
planning, in (10)_______ words, should take care of the needs of everyone.
#####
C4. Could a human have a ____(1)___ relationship with a robot? Perhaps the
question is not as ludicrous as it first sounds. You probably (2)______ that
silicon and circuits don’t do it for you, but they are already part of us. Scientists
can use (3)_____ chips to repair broken connections in the brain or to allow a
man who was paralysed after an accident to play Guitar Hero with his thoughts.
In fact, (4)_____ machines play an increasingly personal role in our daily lives.
We extend a sense of self into our (5)______, and we develop a feeling of
attachment for the object. Soon, neural implants will offer the chance to
(6)______ our memories, thinking and sensory experiences. This will have
(7)______ in what people feel, even in shaping the (8)______ of the user.
Gradually, and without realising (9)________, we are experiencing not just a

merging of body and bionics, but (10)_______of mind and machine.
#####
C5. (1)______ is what you use to buy things. You may (2)______ money from
completing household chores, getting good grades, for your allowance, or for
losing a tooth. Money is very important in our world and (3)_____ in many
different forms. People have been using money for hundreds of years. Before
money gave specific values for things, people simply traded items. In the United
States, we use the (4)______ as our currency or money, but people in different
parts of the world use different (5)______, though some countries also use or
accept our dollars. People earn money from the (6)______ they work and use
that money to save for the future or pay for their houses, cars, good, taxes,
medical needs, and (7)_______ items, among (8)_____ things. Even things such
(9)_____ turning the lights on, using the air conditioning or (10)_______, and
connecting to the internet cost money.
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C6. Banks are (1)______ where people can keep their money. Most people use
banks to save money in their savings (2)______ and to pay money from their
checking accounts. Today, when a person earns money from their (3)_____,
their paycheck is often electronically deposited (put) into their savings or
checking account. Then, he or she can pay their bills by (4)______ checks from
their checking accounts or pay online where their bills are electronically
connected to (5)______bank accounts. Banks also give loans to people. Banks
use the money that their customers deposit (6)______ lend to people to buy new
houses, cars, or to start businesses among other reasons. The bank (7)_____
money from lending by charging interest. In other words, people have to pay
back more than they (8)______. This amount depends on how risky (9)_____


bank thinks the borrower is and how fast the (10)_____ is paid back among
other things.

#####
C7. Hummingbirds are amazing little (1)_____. They are the smallest of all
birds and weigh less than (2)_____ a penny. The bee hummingbird, at barely
more than two inches long, is the (3)_____ bird in the world. Unlike most birds,
hummingbirds (4)_____ iridescent feathers. Iridescent feathers glitter and shine
in the sun. Hummingbirds are often dazzling combinations of greens and reds or
greens and blues. Others are violet, orange, golden, silver or other combinations
only Mother Nature could dream (5)_____. All hummingbirds have long bills to
insert into flowers. Some hummingbirds have special bills to fit into specific
flowers. Hummingbirds are the (6)_____ birds that can fly backwards.
Hummingbirds are also unique among bird species in that they (7)_____nectar
from flowers. You can attract hummingbirds to (8)______ yard with special
feeders that are filled with (9)_____ water. These feeders are usually bright red
in color because hummingbirds are attracted to (10)_____.
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C8. The Amazon is the world's largest tropical (1)_____. It covers an area of
nearly 2.8 million square miles, which is nearly the size of the (1)_____ of
Australia. The Amazon Rainforest gets its life from the majestic Amazon River,
the world's second (3)_____ river, which runs directly through the heart of the
region. The rainforest itself is simply the drainage basin for the river and its
many tributaries. The vast forest (4)_____consists of four layers, each featuring
its own ecosystems and specially adapted (5)_____ and animals. The forest floor
is the lowest region. Since only two (6)_____ of the sunlight filters through the
top layers to the understory, very few plants grow here. The forest (7)_____,
however, is rich with rotting vegetation and the bodies of (8)_____ organisms,
which are quickly broken down (9)_____ nutrients integrated into the soil. Tree
roots stay close to these (10)_____ nutrients and decomposers, such as
millipedes and earthworms, use these nutrients for food.
#####
C9. Dolphins are marine mammals that are related to whales and porpoises. A

marine mammal is one that lives in the (1)_____. Dolphins are found all over
the world’s oceans as well (1)_____ in rivers and marshes. Dolphins are
carnivores, meat eaters, and (3)_____on fish, squid, and other marine life. They
often swim together in groups called ‘pods’. They are thought to have powerful
eyesight and hearing, but do (4)_____ have a sense of smell. Dolphins come in
different sizes. Some are smaller than the average person, but others, such as the
orca, can be 30 feet (5)_____, or more than five times as long as the average
person. Dolphins are thought to be very (6)_____t and communicate with each
other using clicks and whistles. All dolphins are powerful (7)_____. Have you
ever (8)_____ (9)_____ dolphin? Groups of dolphins can often be seen bobbing
in and (10)_____ of waves close to the shoreline.
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C10. Did you know that spiders are (1)_____ insects? They are actually called
arachnids, a group of animals related to insects that have eight (2)_____ and that
have venom. There are many different kinds of spiders. They live all over the
world and can be (3)_____ in just about every habitat. Most like (4)_____
places, (5)_____ may include your home, closets, or basement. Spiders are very
interesting. Some spin silk webs to (6)_____ and eat prey, while others attack
their prey. Some spiders, like tarantulas, are large enough to eat lizards and
mice! Many people are afraid (7)_____ spiders because they bite. Most spiders,
however, will only bite (8)_____they think they are danger and most are
harmless. Spiders are (9)_____ helpful to people (10)_____ many eat insect
pests like cockroaches and mosquitoes.
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C11. The French and Indian War, also known (1)_____ the Seven Years War,
began in the Spring on 1754. The dispute arose over the presence of British and
French settlers in the Ohio River (2)_____ in and around present day Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, but resulted (3)_____ battles that were fought far from there. Both

the French and English wanted exclusive rights (4)_____ the area because of its
economic potential and plethora of fur-bearing wildlife. Despite attempts in
Europe to solve the territory battle diplomatically, no compromise (5)_____ be
made. French settlers began building forts (6)_____ the Ohio River to protect
the land from the British. Meanwhile, Robert Dinwiddie, lieutenant governor of
Virginia, had begun issuing land-grants (7)_____ the region for (8)_____ of his
colony. French and British military forces were (9)_____ authorized by their
respective governments to take the necessary measures to (10)_____ the other.
#####
C12. Siem Reap is a small town near the world famous (1)______ of Angkor
Wat. The town is charming and worth exploring, with some fine examples of
Khmer and French colonial architecture set among the more modern
developments. Nowadays, visitors (2)______ flocking in, using it as a base for
visits to the nearby temples. From the 9th to the 14th centuries, when Europe
was still (3)_____ out of the Dark Ages, the Cambodian Empire of Angkor
covered most of present-day Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. The heart
of (4)________ empire during the 12th century was the ancient capital of
Angkor Thom, near present day Siem Reap, the site of the world’s largest
temple complexes, which were rediscovered (5)______ 1861. This spectacular
city was (6)________ over 30 years under the reign of King Suryavarman II
(1113-1150). The area covers about 400 square kilometres and is full of the
finest examples of Khmer art and architecture. Tourists are always amazed
(7)_______ the scale of the place. In Angkor Wat you will find more than 100
stone monuments (8)________ temple buildings, each of which contains
countless statues, sculptures and reliefs that have weathered extremely little over
(9)__________ last 800 years. To see the whole thing can take several days. The


most important temples to visit in the area are Angkor Wat, especially at sunrise
or sunset; Angkor Thom, the (10______ of the capital; Ta Prohm, a palace

overgrown by jungle; and Bayon.
#####
C13. The Battle of Lake George was fought on September 8, 1755. British
forces of 1,500 soldiers and 200 Mohawk Indians (1)_____ the command of
William Johnson defeated (2)_____ much larger allied French and Indian force
of 3,500 under German General Baron Dieskau. The battle (3)_____ when
French and Indian forces ambushed a group of Massachusetts and Connecticut
regiments on (4)_____ road between Lake George and Ft. Edward. Although the
regiments were pushed back, they were able to (5)_____ off French and Indian
assaults on their base camp. Meanwhile, New Hampshire and New York
regiments were sent from Fort Edward to reinforce the (6)_____regiments. On
the way, these regiments seized a French baggage train along with critical
supplies. An astonished General Dieskau (7)_____also captured, and the French
and Indian troops (8)_____ scattered away from (9)_____ main battle. The
events of the battle of Fort William Henry were depicted in the famous novel
(10)_____ James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans.
#####
C14. George Washington (1)_____ born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland
County, Virginia, although he grew up near Fredericksburg. In his childhood
and adolescence, he studied math and surveying. When he (2)_____ 16, he went
to live with his brother Lawrence in Mount Vernon. George was scarred with
Smallpox before the age of 20, (3)_____ inherited his brother’s land, including
Mt. Vernon, when he died in 1752. Washington’s military career began in 1753,
when he was sent into Ohio country during the French and Indian War to protect
British interests in the area. (4)_____ 1754, he battled the French and was forced
to (5)_____r Fort Necessity, near present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He
continued (6)_____ an officer in Ohio country, and served (7)_____ the British
general Edward Braddock when their army was ambushed by the French in
1755. Once again, Washington tasted defeat (8)_____ their surrender of Fort
Duquesne to French forces. Luckily for the future United States, the French

agreed (9)_____ release him rather than keep him as a prisoner. He helped
(10)_____ Fort Duquesne back in 1758.
#####
C15. The Age of Exploration started in the 1400's. Europeans were desperate
(1)_____get spices from Asia. Spices were used to preserve foods and keep
them from spoiling. Spices, however, (2)_____ expensive and dangerous
(3)_____ get. Traders had to travel parts of the dangerous Silk Road, a land
route from Europe to Asia to get them. Because the Silk Road was frequently
closed (4)_____ to various wars, European rulers (5)_____ to pay for
explorations to find a sea route to Asia so they could get spices more easily and
for cheaper. Portugal was the first European country that sent explorers to search


for the (6)_____ route to Asia. Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of
navigation and financed the first voyages to the west coast (7)_____ Africa. In
the 1400's, however, sailors were afraid of sea monsters and boiling hot water at
the Equator, so progress was slow. After Bartholomew Dias and his crew
(8)_____it to Africa's Cape (9)_____ Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and his crew
became the first to sail (10)_____ Africa and through the Indian Ocean to India.
#####
C16. The Dallas Cowboys have been an NFL team (1)_____ 1960. They are one
of two teams that play professional football (2)_____ the state of Texas. It took
the Cowboys eleven years before they (3)_____ the Super Bowl, the NFL
championship game. They (4)_____ that game to the Baltimore Colts by a score
of 16 to 13. The Cowboys soon got much better! In the 1970s, they played in
five Super Bowls and won two of them. After they defeated the Denver Broncos
in Super Bowl 12, people (5)_____ calling them America’s Team. Although the
Cowboys failed to make any Super Bowls in the 1980s, they played in three
Super Bowls in the 1990s and won all three of them, including two in a row
(6)_____ the Buffalo Bills and one against their big rival, the Pittsburgh

Steelers. It was during this time, (7)_____ Quarterback Troy Aikman, Running
Back Emmitt Smith and Wide Receiver Michael Irvin all became big stars. All
three would eventually (8)_____ members of the Pro Football Hall-of-Fame.
The Cowboys won their last Super Bowl (9)_____ 1995 and haven’t made it
back since. That hasn’t discouraged owner Jerry Jones from spending big bucks,
though. In 2009, Cowboys Stadium opened. It can hold over 110,000 people,
making it the (10)_____domed stadium in the world. It cost over one billion
dollars to build.
#####
C17. In 1274, Italian explorers Marco (1)_____ Niccolo Polo set out on a 24
year (2)_____ in which they traveled the famous Silk Road from Italy, through
brutal deserts and towering mountains (3)_____ eastern China. They (4)_____
over 4,000 miles in all. Marco and Niccolo were among the very first Europeans
to explore the fabled empire of China. In China, Marco Polo even worked for
ruler Kublai Khan. Polo (5)_____ his experiences and findings in China by
writing a book. Polo described materials and inventions never before (6)_____
in Europe. Paper money, a printing press, porcelain, gunpowder and coal were
among the products he wrote about. He also described the vast wealth of Kublai
Khan, as well (7)_____ the geography of northern and southern China.
European rulers were very interested (8)_____ the products Polo described.
However, trading for them along the Silk (9)_____ was dangerous, expensive
and impractical. European rulers began to wonder if there was a sea route to the
east to get the products they wanted at a reasonable (10)_____.
#####
C18. Rainbows are often (1)_____ when the sun comes out after or during a
rainstorm. Rainbows are caused when sunlight shines through drops of (2)_____


in the sky at specific angles. When white sunlight enters a raindrop, it exits the
raindrop a different (3)_____. When light exits lots of different raindrops at

different angles, it produces the red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet that you see in a rainbow. Together, these (4)_____are known as the
spectrum. These colors can sometimes be seen in waterfalls and fountains as
well. Did you know that there are double rainbows? In a double (5)_____, light
reflects twice inside water droplets and forms two arcs. In most double
rainbows, the colors of the top arc are opposite from (6)_____ in the bottom arc.
In (7)_____ words, the order of colors starts with purple on top and ends with
the red on bottom. In addition, rainbows sometimes appear as white arcs
(8)_____ night. These rainbows are called moonbows and are so rare that very
(9)_____ people will ever see one. Moonbows are (10)_____ by moonlight
(rather than sunlight) shining through drops of water.
#####
C19. Butterflies are (1)_____ of the most interesting insects on the planet Earth.
There are more than seventeen thousand different (2)_____ of butterflies.
Butterflies come in all shapes and sizes. Butterflies go through four main stages
of life. The first stage is the egg stage followed by the larva stage. As a larva, or
caterpillar, the future butterfly (3)_____ as much as possible. As it grows, it
sheds it outer skin, or exoskeleton. This (4)_____ happen four or five times.
After a few weeks, the caterpillar enters the next stage of its life, the chrysalis
stage. In the chrysalis, the caterpillar will liquefy (5)_____ a soup of living cells.
Then, it will reorganize into a butterfly and the metamorphosis is complete. In
later parts of the chrysalis stage, you (6)_____ see the forming butterfly through
the chrysalis. When the butterfly emerges from the chrysalis, it pumps its
(7)_____ to send blood through them so that (8)_____ can fly.
(9)_____butterflies only live a couple of weeks, just enough time to drink flower
nectar and to mate. Some, like the Monarch Butterfly, (10)_____, may live
many months.
#####
C20. Raisins are (1)_____ grapes that have been eaten for thousands of years.
Nearly 3,500 years ago, the first raisins were discovered as grapes that

(2)_____drying in the sun on a vine. In medieval Europe, raisins were used as
sweeteners, medicine, and even as a form (3)_____money. In America, raisins
were first grown after an 1873 heat wave in California destroyed its valuable
grape crop, leaving only dried, wrinkly, but tasty grapes on the vines. Soon,
farmers (4)_____ developing seedless grapes in California that were thinskinned and sweet. These grapes (5)_____ purposely dried in the sun and
became the popular dark raisin we eat and enjoy today. Later, a golden
(6)_____of raisin was made by treating grapes with a chemical (7)_____ sulfur
dioxide and using special methods to dry them. Today, central California
(8)_____ the center of the world’s raisin industry, (9)_____ nearly 95 percent of


the world’s raisins. Its green valleys, sunny climate, and hot temperatures
provide the perfect conditions for grapes (10)_____are dried into raisins.
#####


READING COMPREHENSION (20)

C1.Ant colonies have their own personalities, which are shaped by the
environment, a US study suggests. Colonies of several hundred ants show
differences in the way they behave, just like individual people do. The study is
published in the journal 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B'.According to
ecologists, having a personality means showing a consistent pattern of behaviour
over time. Researchers from the University of Arizona studied colonies of rock
ants across the western US, both by following them in the wild and by taking
whole colonies back to the lab.They found that certain risky behaviours, like
foraging widely for food and responding aggressively to a threat, went together,
and colonies further north tended to take more of these risks. The study suggests
those more adventurous personalities could be an adaptation to the limited
window of activity left by the long, snowy northern winter.

#####
C2.Scotland has voted to stay in the United Kingdom. Around 85% of voters
turned out to vote in the referendum. A total of 2,001,926 people voted 'No' to
independence, whilst 1,617,989 voted 'Yes'. It's been history in the making. The
people of Scotland have decided to continue their 300-year union with England.
So the UK survives. Pro-independence campaigners say they're disappointed,
but insist the high turnout shows there's an appetite for change. Few would
disagree, and accept the result doesn't mean Britain goes back to business as
usual. In the hours and days ahead, the Prime Minister David Cameron and the
other party leaders will now have to deliver on their promise in the last days of
the campaign to give Scotland more powers. And no-one believes that can be
done without a wider shake-up of how the rest of the UK is governed.
#####
C3. Walking or cycling to work instead of driving a car can improve people's
feelings of health and happiness. That's what a study at the University of East
Anglia in the UK suggests. For many people commuting is a necessary evil.
Most see going by car or van as the 'least worst' option. This study by the
researchers at the University of East Anglia challenges that assumption. It
suggests walking, cycling or travelling by public transport can lift the mood.
Crucially, it suggests those who switch from the car to an active commute feel
better across a range of psychological measures, including concentration,
decision making and the ability to face up to problems. The researchers say
policies encouraging people to leave their cars at home could have a dramatic
impact on public wellbeing.
#####


C4. The Earth's protective ozone layer is starting to repair itself, according to a
panel of United Nations scientists. The main reason behind its recovery, they
say, is the fact that certain chemicals, such as those used in aerosol cans, were

gradually banned in the 1980s. It was in the 1980s that many of us became
aware that small individual actions could harm the planet itself.Hairsprays were
cited as one of the causes of the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer. People were
told to wear sunscreen to avoid skin cancer as the layer thinned and more UV
light got through.By 1987 world governments had agreed to ban most of the
ozone-eating chemicals.The World Meteorological Organisation say at last the
ozone layer is showing signs of thickening, although it will be a while before
they know if the hole is actually healing.The same organisation warned earlier
this week that climate change was heading in the opposite direction with
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a record level.
#####
C5. You can live without air conditioning and indoor plumbing, but there are
some true necessities of life. You can't survive for long without food, water,
sleep, or air. Survival experts apply the ‘rule of threes’ to lasting without
essentials. You can go about three weeks without food, three days without
water, three hours without shelter, and three minutes without air. However, the
‘rules’ are more like general guidelines. Obviously, you can last a lot longer
outside when it's warm than when it's freezing. Similarly, you can last longer
without water when it's humid and cool than when it's hot and dry.The technical
name for starvation is inanition. It is extreme malnutrition and calorie
deficiency. A starving person is less sensitive to thirst, so sometimes death is
from the effects of dehydration. Vitamin deficiency may also lead to death. If a
person lasts long enough, the body starts using protein from muscles, including
the heart, as an energy source. Usually, the cause of death is cardiac arrest from
tissue damage and electrolyte imbalance.
#####
C6. Water is an essential molecule for life. Depending on your age, gender, and
weight, you consist of around 50-65% water, which is used to digest food, carry
oxygen and nutrients through the bloodstream, remove wastes, and cushion
organs. Since water is so critical, it should come as no surprise that dying from

dehydration is an unpleasant way to go. Oh, in the end, a victim is unconscious,
so the actual dying part isn't so bad, but that only occurs after days of pain and
misery.Lack of water causes cracked skin and a dry, raspy cough. Coughing
won't be the worst, though. While you might be out of fluids, that won't prevent
vomiting. The increased acidity of the stomach can produce dry heaves. Blood
thickens, increasing heart rate. Another unpleasant result of dehydration is a
swollen tongue. While your tongue swells, your eyes and brain shrink. As the
brain shrinks, the membrane or meninges pulls away from the bones of the skull,
potentially tearing. Death can result from liver failure, kidney failure, or cardiac
arrest.
2


#####
C7.Any new parent can verify it's possible to go days without sleeping. Yet, it's
an essential process. While scientists are still unraveling the mysteries of sleep,
it's known to play roles in memory formation, tissue repair, and hormone
synthesis. Lack of sleep (called agrypnia) leads to decreased concentration and
reaction time, diminished mental processes, reduced motivation, and altered
perception.How long can you go without sleep? Anecdotal reports indicate
soldiers in battle have been known to stay awake for four days and that manic
patients have lasted three to four days. Experiments have documented normal
people staying awake for eight to ten days, without any apparent permanent
damage after a night or two of normal sleep to recover.The world record holder
was Randy Gardner, a 17-year-old high school student, who stayed awake for
264 hours, around 11 days, for a science fair project in 1965. While he was
technically awake at the conclusion of the project, he was completely
dysfunctional by the end.However, there are rare disorders, such as Morvan's
syndrome, which can cause a person to go without sleep for several months! The
question of how long people can stay awake ultimately remains unanswered.

#####
C8.How long a person can go without air is really a question of how long he can
go without oxygen. It's further complicated if other gases are present. For
example, breathing the same air over and over is more likely to be lethal because
of the excess carbon dioxide rather than the depleted oxygen. Death from
removing all oxygen,like a vacuum, may occur from the results of the pressure
change or possibly temperature change.When the brain is deprived of oxygen,
death occurs because there is insufficient chemical energy to feed brain cells.
How long this takes depends on temperature, metabolic rate, slower is better,
and other factors.If oxygen deprivation occurs some other way, perhaps from
drowning, for example, a person loses consciousness between 30 and 180
seconds. At the 60 second mark brain cells start to die. After three minutes,
lasting damage is likely. Brain death typically occurs between five and ten
minutes, possibly fifteen minutes.However, people can train themselves to make
more efficient use of oxygen. The world record holder for free diving held his
breath for 22 minutes and 22 seconds without suffering brain damage!
#####
C9. Studies suggest that teenagers often sacrifice their sleep time when it comes
to making choices about time management. The problem is, studies also show
that they need a lot more sleep than they probably get. More and more studies
are showing that there is a direct link between sleep and academic
success.According to a study by sleep expert Mary Carskadon, PhD, teens
should receive more than nine hours of sleep every night.Dr. Carskadon's study
suggests biology might be the cause for sleep deprivation among teens. Their
internal time clocks are just a little different during teenage years--and late
3


nights and sleep-ins are a natural part of growing into adulthood.Lack of sleep
makes it more difficult for students to concentrate in school, especially during

those early-morning classes.A more recent study shows that sacrificing sleep to
study actually does more harm than good. The sleep that you miss when you
stay up late to study will cause ‘academic problems’ the following day. It's just
not worth sacrificing sleep to study!
#####
C10. What can you do if you know you aren't getting enough sleep?Turn off the
TV at night. The TV noises and flashing lights will only keep you from getting a
sound sleep. If you can remember anything you hear during your sleep, it's a
sure sign you're not sleeping well.Reduce caffeine by switching to something
healthier, like bottled water.Limit after-school activities. It's hard to do, but try
to limit your extracurricular activity. Sometimes you just have to make a hard
choice and stick to it.Don't think too hard right before bed time. Turn off the cell
phone. Keep track of time. Often, students have great intentions, but other tasks
seem to keep them up late, time after time. Play music if you want, but not too
loud. Many people play music at night. If it doesn't bother you, go ahead. Do
you really need that after-school job? This might be a really tough decision, too.
Some students need to work so they can pay for car insurance or save up for
college. You'll just have to decide on your own, what's necessary and what's not.
#####
C11. Sleeping in the ocean is definitely different than sleeping on land. As we
learn more about sleep in marine life, we're learning that marine animals don't
have the same requirements for long periods of undisturbed sleep that we do.
Here you can learn more about how different types of marine animals
sleep.Cetaceans,i.e. whales, dolphins and porpoises are voluntary breathers,
meaning they think about every breath they take. A whale breathes through the
blowholes on top of its head, so it needs to come up to the water surface to
breathe. But that means the whale needs to be awake to breathe. How's a whale
going to get any rest? The answer may surprise you. Research on captive
animals shows that cetaceans rest one half of their brain at a time, while the
other half stays awake and makes sure the animal breathes.Sharks need to keep

water moving over their gills so that they receive oxygen. So that means they
need to keep moving all the time... or do they? Some sharks do need to move all
the time, and these sharks seem to be ‘sleep swimming,’ with some parts of their
brain more active than others. Other sharks can rest, using spiracles to draw in
oxygenated water.
#####
C12. Money doesn't have any inherent value. Unless you enjoy looking at
pictures of deceased national heroes, money has no more use than any other
piece of paper until, as a country and an economy, we assign value to it. At that
4


point, it does have value, but the value isn't inherent; it's assigned and generally
agreed upon by users worldwide. It didn't always work this way. In the past,
money generally took the form of coins composed of precious metals such as
gold and silver.The value of the coins was roughly based on the value of the
metals they contained, because you could always melt the coins down and use
the metal for other purposes. Until a few decades ago paper money in different
countries was based on the gold standard or silver standard or some combination
of the two. This meant that you could take some paper money to the
government, who would exchange it for some gold or some silver based on an
exchange rate set by the government. The gold standard lasted until 1971 when
President Nixon announced that the United States would no longer exchange
dollars for gold. This ended the Bretton Woods system, which will be the focus
of a future article. Now the United States is on a system of fiat money, which is
not tied to any other commodity. So these pieces of paper in your pocket are just
that: pieces of paper.
#####
C13.If we print more money, prices will rise such that we’re no better off than
we were before. Why will prices go up after a money supply increase?In short,

prices will go up after a drastic increase in the money supply because:If people
have more money, they’ll divert some of that money to spending. Retailers will
be forced to raise prices, or run out of the product.Retailers who run out of
product will try to replenish it. Producers face the same dilemma of retailers that
they will either have to raise prices, or face shortages because they do not have
the capacity to create an extra product and they cannot find labor at rates which
are low enough to justify the extra production.Inflation is caused by a
combination of four factors:
The supply of money goes up.The supply of goods goes down.Demand for
money goes down.Demand for goods goes up.This gets us to why drastically
increasing the money supply on the surface seems like a good idea. When we
say we’d like more money, what we’re really saying is we’d like more wealth.
The problem is if we all have more money, collectively we’re not going to be
any more wealthy. Increasing the amount of money does nothing to increasing
the amount of wealth or more plainly the amount of stuff in the world. Since the
same number of people are chasing the same amount of stuff, we cannot on
average be wealthier than we were before.
#####
C14.Between 2000 and 2012, deforestation occurred on 888,000 square miles
globally. This was partially offset by 309,000 square miles where forests grew
back. The net result is an average forest loss of 31 million acres per year during
that period – that’s about the size of the state of Mississippi, each year.This
forest loss trend is not distributed evenly over the planet. Several areas are
experiencing important reforestation, the regrowth of recently cut forest, and
5


afforestation, the planting of new forests were none were in recent history, i.e.,
less than 50 years.Intensive forestry in subtropical areas and in boreal forests is a
major agent of forest loss. The vast majority of forest loss in tropical areas

occurs when forests are converted to agriculture production and pastures for
cattle. Forests are not logged for the commercial value of the wood itself, but
instead they are burned as the fastest way to clear land. Cattle are then brought
in to graze on grasses that now replace the trees. In some areas plantations are
put in, notably large palm oil operations. In other places, like Argentina, forests
are cut to grow soybeans, a major ingredient in pig and poultry feed.
#####
C15.The loss of forests means disappearing habitats for wildlife and degraded
watersheds, but it also impacts our climate in a multitude of ways. Trees absorb
atmospheric carbon dioxide, the number one greenhouse gas and contributor to
climate change. By cutting down forests we reduce the planet’s capacity to pull
carbon out of the atmosphere and achieve a balanced carbon dioxide budget.
Slash from forestry operations is often burned, releasing in the air the carbon
stored in the wood. In addition, the soil left exposed after the machinery is gone
continues to release stored carbon into the atmosphere.Forest loss affects the
water cycle, too. The dense tropical forests found along the equator release
phenomenal amounts of water in the air through a process called transpiration.
This water condenses into clouds, which then release the water further away in
the form of torrential tropical rains. It is too soon to really understand how
deforestation’s interference with this process affects climate change, but we can
be assured that it has consequences within and outside tropical regions.
#####
C16.Behavior is what we humans do. Behavior is observable and measurable.
Whether it is walk from one place to another or to crack our knuckles, behavior
serves some ‘function’ or the other.Applied Behavior Analysis, the research
based approach to modifying behavior, seeks to find the ‘function’ of an
inappropriate behavior in order to find a replacement behavior to replace it.
Every behavior serves some function, and provides a consequence,
reinforcement, for the behavior.When we successfully identify the ‘function’ of
the behavior we can reinforce an alternate, acceptable behavior that will replace

it. When the student has that particular ‘need’ or function fulfilled by an
alternate means, the mal-adaptive or unacceptable behavior is less likely to
reappear. If a child needs attention, and we give them attention in an appropriate
way because of appropriate behavior, we cement the appropriate behavior and
make the inappropriate or unwanted behavior less likely to appear.
#####
C17. The clearest evidence of how a behavior functions for a child is seen in the
Antecedent and the Consequence. The Antecedent is everything that happens
6


immediately before the behavior occurs. It is sometimes also referred to as ‘the
Setting Event’ but a setting event may be part of the antecedent, but not the
whole. The teacher/ABA practitioner needs to ask ‘Is there something in the
environment that may lead to the behavior i.e., escaping loud noises, a person
who always presents demand, a change in routine that might seem frightening to
a child?’ Is there something that happens in that environment that seems to have
a causal relationship, like the entrance of a pretty girl, attention, or a loud
noise?The Consequence In ABA, the term consequence has a very specific
meaning, which at the same time is broader than the use of ‘consequence’, as it
usually is, to mean ‘punishment’. The consequence is what happens as the result
of the behavior.
That consequence is usually the ‘reward’ or ‘reinforcement’ for the behavior.
#####
C18.During Grace Abbott’s early childhood in Grand Island, Nebraska, her
family was fairly well off. Her father was the Lieutenant Governor of the state,
and her mother was an activist who had been an abolitionist and advocated
women’s rights including woman suffrage.But the 1893 financial depression,
plus the drought afflicting the rural part of Nebraska where the family lived,
meant that plans had to change. Grace studied at and graduated in 1898 from

Grand Island College, a Baptist school. She moved to Custer County to teach
after graduation, but then returned home to recover from a bout of typhoid. In
1899, when Edith left her teaching position at the high school in Grand Island,
Grace took her position.Grace was able to study law at the University of
Nebraska from 1902 to 1903. She was the only woman in the class. She taught
at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration from
1934 to 1939, where her sister was the dean. She also served, during those
years, as editor of The Social Service Review which her sister had founded in
1927 with Sophonisba Breckenridge. In 1935 and 1937, she was a United States
delegate to the International Labor Organization. In 1938, she published the 2volume treatment of federal and state laws and programs protecting
children, The Child and the State.
#####
C19. The name ‘Canada’ comes from ‘kanata’,the Iroquois-Huron word for
village. Aboriginal people used the word to describe the village of Stadacona
(present-day Quebec City) to French explorer Jacques Cartier during his trip
along the St. Lawrence River in 1535. Cartier used the word Canada to refer to
both the settlement of Stadacona as well as the surrounding area, which was then
under the purview of Iroquois Chief Donnacona.By 1547, maps were showing
the name Canada applied to everything north of the St. Lawrence River. Cartier
referred to the St. Lawrence River as the ‘riviere du Canada’ and the name
began to take hold. Even though the French called the region New France, by
1616 the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was
7


still called Canada. As the country expanded to the west and the south in the
1700s, ‘Canada’ was the unofficial name of an area spanning the American
midwest, extending as far south as what is now the state of Louisiana. After the
British conquered New France in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of
Quebec. As British loyalists began heading north during and after the American

Revolutionary War, Quebec was divided into two separate parts.
#####

C20.Socialism is a political term applied to an economic system in which
property is held in common and not individually, and relationships are governed
by a political hierarchy. Common ownership doesn't mean decisions are made
collectively, however. Instead, individuals in positions of authority make
decisions in the name of the collective group. Regardless of the picture painted
of socialism by its proponents, it ultimately removes group decision making in
favor of the choices of one all-important individual.Socialism originally
involved the replacement of private property with a market exchange, but
history has proven this ineffective. socialism cannot prevent people from
competing for what is scarce. Socialism, as we know it today, most commonly
refers to ‘market socialism,’ which involves individual market exchanges
organized by collective planning.People often confuse ‘socialism’ with the
concept of ‘communism’. While the two ideologies share much in common, in
fact, communism encompasses socialism, the primary difference between the
two is that ‘socialism’ applies to economic systems, whereas ‘communism’
applies to both economic and political systems.
#####

8


MULTIPLE CHOICES (200)

1. They would_____consider him their son.

2. If you don't understand what ______, please ask him after class.

3. The clowns in the circus made us______a lot.

4. Under no circumstances _________ animals.

5. We don’t take the umbrella. We wish that we would _____it.

6. ________ doesn’t surprise me at all.

7. The Pyramids ______ by the ancient Egyptians.

8. ________ me so disappointed.

9. You______not read those magazines.

10. Youthink that he will help you doing your homework, _____?

11. She is afraid of______.

12. They like Mathematics better ______.

13. The match brought excitement to thousands of TV_____too.

14. Measles _____ sometimes a serious disease.


15. A film is __________.

16. I'm tired ______ such repeating work.

17. ________ help us see and hear things happening on the other side of the

earth.

18. You don’t want another cake, ______ ?

19. I did __________________.

20. You don't need to start _______.

21. She has seen____________.

22. Paul spends much time _____games every day.

23. Peter is not old enough ________ there.

24. Don't drink so much beer. It’s harmful_____your stomach.

25. My sister has complained about her teeth ________.

26. She's not sure where she may go for summer holidays. _____the end, she
decides to stay at home.

27. Must the decaying tooth come out? _________.


28. My uncle will go to Ho Chi Minh city_____ the end of this month.

29. Do you enjoy ______ a computer?

30. Let's go to the beach for summer holiday,________ ?

31. The young man _____a phone call.

32. He met his wife_____ a party.

33.He often goes ______ every morning.

34. Jack and his friends are talking to_______.

35. Because they don't have enough money to buy a bigger house, they must
make up their _____here.

36. She has a_____bill.

37. Daisy has been a teacher______three years.

38. Everybody was surprised____the news.

39. Shall we ring ____ a taxi?

40. This dress is too small_____me.

41. He lives _____ Hoang Dieu street.


42. If Daisy gets up early, she_____time for breakfast.

43. Peter is 37 years old, but he still lives _____his parents.

44. This girl is clever ____ to make fine things from paper.

45.

Mr. Young is not only healthy_____also cheerful.

46.

He was delighted______the show.

47.

Peter is not proud____what he did.

48.

Her show was quite different_____what I expected.

49.

Don't eat sweets, they're bad______your teeth.

50.

Jane ____ to Hanoi three times this year.

51.

Would you like a piece of cake _____ your coffee?

52.

I'm afraid there isn't enough _____ in the car for everyone.

53.

_____ beautiful collection of coins you have!

54.

My father_____three years ago.

55.

Do you mind if I turn on the radio? _________.

56.

The train_____

to Rome before I arrived.


57.

He has got a very good_____with that company.

58.

A football match is divided into two______.

59. The_____from Nha Trang to Da Lat was very interesting. It was almost

unforgettable for me.

60.

I am_____my wife to drive.

61. Parents often make sacrifices____
education.

62.

their children may receive a good

They ____us some new magazines and books if they come.

63. The class discussion was short; _____, we gained some new knowledge
from it.

64.

They _____ on a camping trip next week.

65.

The more paper we save, ______ preserved.

66.

The circus shows are______exciting that the whole family enjoy them.

67.

His girlfriend stayed_____

68.

He_____the door, gets into the room and sits down.

69.

Lan has to look ____

70.

I don't know ___________

the farm alone for two weeks.

her sister tonight because her mother is absent.


71.

My children are looking forward _____ Christmas.

72.

I will fix your bicycle if I_____a screwdriver of the proper size.

73.

Mother's Day is the day when children show their_____to their mothers.

74.

Mary asked her mother _____ her more about the fairy story.

75.

At seven o'clock last night I_______to the radio.

76.

I _____ haven't hadan enjoyable evening for months.

77.

I'm really longing _____ the Tet holidays.

78.

Janet was_____ clever that she could make a dress by hands.

79.
The librarian told the students not
library.

_____ reference books out of the

80. Most of the civil servants are _____to pass the entry examination into the

national civil service.

81.

Civil servants won’t leave their offices ______ 5 p.m.

82.

These piles of books are ____ cleaner than the others.

83.

Do you enjoy______ legal documents?


84.

She is _____ acadres nor an architect, she is a public employee.

85.

The man

86.

Steven gave you the book yesterday,_____?

87.

The movie “Me before you” was _____for her to see again and again.

88.

The more we study, the _______ we are.

89.

I _____________ a letter from my family yet since I came here.

90.

When it began to rain, my mother

91.

She helped her mother _______ the house clean.

92.

She couldn't find his number in the telephone _________.

93.

I wish I

94.

Mary can't speak French. __________.

95.

They waited for a bus

96.

How long will it________ you to get home from work?

97.

The _______ of a football team usually wears a colored armband.

98.

Milk is used for _____ many products

______ a blue shirt is my brother.

____ in the kitchen.

_____ last year.

. ____ the end, they gave up and walked.


99.

Tom wants to ______the army.

100. My uncle's house, ______is beside the lake, is very beautiful.

101. The farmers are working _____the farm not the field-in.

102. It was _____ a difficult question that they couldn't explain even in their
mother-tounge language.

103. There are many ______for new immigrants in Australia.

104. Thank you! It was very kind ____you to think about me.

105. This magazine is_____ once a month.

106. As _____, there weren’t many people at the meeting last week due to yearend workload.

107. She is going to_____a reading.

108. I need some _____before I can let you cash this cheque.

109. If I ____you, I wouldn't take him to the exhibition.

110. The client wants to buy some vegetables. I show him the way to the ____.

111. Miss White would answer the phone if she ______ in the living-room.

112. People will laugh _____ you if you wear that silly hat.


113. His father warned that this pool was_____shallow to swim in.

114. It seemed a long day, but _____it came to an end.

115. The road built in 1980 ______ now.

116. The interview for local civil servant _____ next month.

117. New machines ______used on this farm now.

118. The weather was fine, and you could_____ along the beach.

119. Have you got _____doctor's phone number?

120. Reading is helpful in _____ the researchers’ knowledge.

121. His class kept ____on the book report last week.

122. We couldn't see the moon because there were so many

123. That's the hall _____ the meeting will be celebrated.

124. I am not able to go to see Mary with you. I wish I ____ go.

125. Team-work helps to strengthen our ______ both at work and in life.

126. Paul asked a stranger ________.

127. Traynor wishes Joana _____him, but she doesn't.