28 thuc trang su dung cac ngon ngu dan toc thieu so o DNB

TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOI s 6 8(168)-2012

THUC TRANG SU" DUNG CAC NGON NGU DAN TOC
THlfeU s d d DONG NAM BO
NGUYEN KlfeN TRlfdNG
TOM TAT
Bii viet gom 3 phin. Phin 1 niu vii ndt
khii quit vi cinh hudng eic ngdn ngir
dan tde thieu sd d Bdng Nam Bd. Phin 2
li ndi dung chinh, neu thuc trang sir dung
tiing ndi vi chir viit ciia cie din tde thieu
so d Bdng Nam Bd. Phan Kit luin khing
dinh sw cin yiu phai quy nhdm ngdn ngir
din tde thiiu sd theo ranh gidi dia If (Bdng
Nam Bd), y nghTa eua cac kit qui dat
dwae vi nhung ban chi kem nguyen nhin
trong su- dung.

1. KHAI QUAT ve NGON NGO" DAN TOC
THifu sO a DONG NAM BO
1.1. Thanh phin t i e ngyyi. ngin ngy. sy
phln b i dan cy kem ngon ngy v l dia bin
sy dgng
Dya vao mpt s i bio d o thing k l . bio d o
hanh chinh i m i l s i dia phyyng vung dan
tie thilu so i Ding Nam B i v l dya vIo
d e kit qua dilu tra. khao sit, nghiln ciru
tO' 2007 d i n nayj e i I h i phae hpa m i l birc
tranh ting quan v l tpc danh, dan s i (linh
din 2008), dia b i n phln be d i n cy, thinh
phin l i e ngyyi v l ngin ngy (kIm m i l s i

phyyng ngir).
Dan tde Stieng (ein dyyc ghi I I Xtieng,
Sdieng, Sadiing) c i 54.000 n g y i i . ding
nhit treng cae dan t i e thilu s i i tinh Binh
Nguyen Ki§n Trydrng. Tien sT. Trung tam
Nghien eyu van hia Vi|n Phat triln Bin vCrng
viing Nam Bd.

Phyic. cy tru t i p trung i ele huyln trong
tinh: Phyic Long. Lie Ninh. Binh Long.
Ding Phii. Bu Dang. Theo L l Khic Cyyng
(2007), Dilu Llnh (2007) v l mpt s l lac g i l
khic Ihl eing ding Stieng g i m cle nhim:
suing, Bu Lo, Bu Dip, Bu Deh, Bu Lanh.
Ta Mun. T h i . B l Ra. Rong. Ah. Bu Lah,
Bu Lich (cin dyyc ghi I I Lat, Lach). Cle
nhim chu y l u la Bu Ly (cy tru i ele xa:
Oik O, DIk Nhan, Thp Son, Thing Nhil,
d i u thuic huyln P h y i c Long), Bu Deh,
Bii Map v l Bu Bill (ei 11 I I Biit, l l n mpt
eing ding trong d i n t i c M'Ning, hi|n
phln b i i biln giii, ehu ylu i phin dit
thupe Campuchia). C i hai phyyng ngu'
Irong tilng Stieng g i n v i i hai nhim cing
ding I I Bu Deh va Bu Ly Tic danh Bu Ly
r i t g i n v i i tic danh Bu Nir chf m i l trong
s i d e Ihlnh phan eiia dan tpc M'Ning.
N g y i i Bu Ly phln b i y d c huyln thupe
tinh Binh Phyic: P h y i c Long, Lpe Ninh
v l Ding PhO.

Din tde Ka ho (cin dyyc ghi I I Kaho,
Kho, Ca-ho, Cd-ho, Ka Ho, Ka Hd, Kd-Hd,
v.v.) c i 98.000 n g y i i . Theo Huynh Oirc
Thiln (2007) v l m i l s i n h l nghiln c i u thi
n g y i i Ky ho phan b i chu y l u y tinh Llm
Ding ( d c huyln: Di Linh, DO'C Trpng, Lac
Dyyng, Dyn Dyyng, Da Huoai, Ihi xa Bao
Lie v l quanh thanh phi 0 1 Lat), mpt s i
cy t r i y mpt v l i nyi thupe tinh Binh Thuln
v l IFnh Ninh Thuan.
Cpng ding Ky ho e i d c nhim dia
phyyng la; Sre (cung dyyc ghi Xre, phan


NGUYEN KIEN T R U ' O N G - THU'C TRANG SCT DUNG CAC N G O N NGCT..

b l chu y l u y Dl Llnh). Nip (cOng dyyc ghi
Ndp, To Ndp, To La, cOng ey trii i Dl Linh).
Co Don (cin dyyc ghi Ca Ddn, cy trii i
ding nam huyln Di Linh. m i l s i cy tru i
vli dia bin thuic tinh Binh Thuln v l tinh
Ninh Thuln). Chil (cOng dyyc ghi Chin, cy
tru i cao nguyin Di Linh v l LSm Viln), Lit
(cOng dyyc ghi I I Lich, L$t, cy tru i xung
quanh thanh p h i 0 1 Lat), Ty ring (cOng
dyyc ghi T'ring), cy tru i huyln Dyn
Dyyng ciia tinh Llm Oing v l m i l v l i khu
vyc thuic hai linh Khinh Hia, Binh Thuln.
Din tde Chiu ro (cin dyyc ghi I I Chrau,
Cho ro. Chore, Chiu Ro, Charao, Chiuro,

Chore, Cho-ro, Choro, Ro, Chariy ro, v.v.)
c i 18 000 n g y i i . V l dia bin phln b l , theo
Nguyin Tuin Trilt (2007) v l m i l s i n h l
nghiln ciru dan l i e hpe thi n g y i i Chau ro
phln b i r l i rIc i h i u h i t d c huyln Ihi
cua hai linh Ding Nai v l B l R|a-Vung T l u ,
y 4 thin trin dia bin 3 huyln cua tinh
Binh Thuln v l mpt s i i linh Binh Phyyc.
Mit s i lac gia c i n chp b i l l thim: n g y i i
Chlu ro cy tru i d c huyln Chlu Thinh.
Xuyln Lie cua tinh B l Ria-Vung Tlu. i
huyln Oirc Llnh cua tinh Binh Phyic.
Din tde Ma (cin dyyc ghi la Chiu t\/la,
Chao Ma, Gau, Kho, v.v.) e i 27.000 n g y i i .
phln b i i Gia NghTa v l DIk R'LIp thuic
Dak Ning v l y Llm Oing (lai d c huyln:
Di Linh. Llm H I . Oa Huoai. Oa Te v l thi x l
Bao Lie). C I c nhim dia phyyng I I Ma
Ngin (Ma gic). Ma ty l l m (Ma viing d y i i ) .
Ma hoing (Ma Sip), To, Krung, Xip.
1.2, V i n d i loai hinh, quan h | va sy phln
b i ngin ngu' kem phyyng ngu'
Nhin Chung d c nha nghien ngin ngu'-din
tpc hpc y Vilt Nam d i u c i nh|n dinh k h i
thing nhit ve nguin gic. loai hinh. quan

h | hp hlng. ngO' h | ciia d e tiing Stiing,
Ky ho, Chlu ro, Ma ( v l d M'Ning i vung
gilp ranh): d i u thuic tilu nhim Nam
Bahnar trong nhim Nam Bahnar, hp Nam

A, M i l s i t i e g i l dung d c cgm tip khie
cho ciing n|l dung: d i u thuic ngO' chl
Bahnar Nam, nhim Min-Khmer, ngO' h |
Nam A, CIc cing ding nly d i u I I d i n l i e
thilu s i lai c h l . d i n b i n d|a, ey tru llu d i i
(tryic n g y i i Vi|t) i viing d i l Oing Nam
B i ngly nay, Ngin ngir cua hp (tilng m?
dl) dyyc coi I I bin ngO-hay ngdn ngCrbin
dia.
Sy tyyng ding v l khie bj|l i 4 ngin ngir
d i n t i c thilu s l v i ngu' I m v l t y vyng da
phln Inh s y chuyin di loai hinh (lir chip
dinh sang dyn l|p), v l s y tiip xue ( v l ea
sy giao thoa) ngin ngu', v i n hia, Ipc ngyii.
M i l s i cing trinh nghiln ciru c y ban da
lyu y d i n s y chuyin di tich eye va chuyin
di tilu cye i nhilu ngin ngu', c i lyg y din
mpt s i chgyin di ngin ngO' trcng d c ngin
ngO' dan t i e thilu s i i Oing Nam B i ,
1,3, Tinh hinh v l k i t qua nghiln eyu v l
nhim ngin ngu' d i n t i e thilu s l i Oing
Nam Bp
Nghiln ciru v l ngin ngu* d i n tpc thilu so
y Oing Nam B i dyyc thyc hi|n y d c giai
doan, t h i i ky (tir giu'a t h i ky XIX d i n 1945,
1945-1954, 1954-1975 v l tif 1975 din
nay),
Oing chil y I I h y i n g nghiln ciru v l d|c
dilm ngin ngu' i tiing Stiing, Ky ho,
Chlu ro v l Ma, chu y i u v l ngu' am.

K i t qua nghiln eu'u thyc trang sy dgng
ngin ngu' d i n t i c thilg s l y Oing Nam B i
c i n r i t han c h l . Cho d i n nay, m i i chi c i
m i t s l kit qga khao sit linh hinh sCr dgng
ngin ngO' d i n t i e thilu s i i Oing Nam B i


NGUYEN KIEN TRLTCNG - THl/C TRANG SCT DUNG CAC NGON NGQ'..

dli vdi mgt so ngdn ngCr vd gidi hgn trdn
mdt s l ITnh vye, binh di$n, nhu gido dgc,
giao tilp xd hgi, v.v, Hi$n cdn thilu nhilu
thdng tin v l viee sCr dgng hg thing ehu vilt
vd bien scan sdeh cdng cy (mac dCi dd cd
mgt so sdeh edng ey duyc bi§n soan), v l
tinh hinh giao dye song ngu- v l giao tilp
song ngir tren cdc binh di0n, ITnh vye, v.v..
d Ddng Nam Bg

Vi tu vi/ng. Do chua ed nhilu kit qua
nghien eCru trong m i l ngdn ngu cy t h i vd
thilu nhilu kit qua khao sdt v l ddc dilm
ehung cua h$ thing tCp vyng d 4 ngdn ngir,
n§n khd ed t h i md ta dly du cdc die dilm
v l nguin glc, c l u truc-ngCr nghTa vd pham
vi sir dyng.

ngCr am tilng Viet la: co phu to, cd m|t s l
phy am vd to hap phy dm, cd d i u phy,
khdng ed thanh dieu.

Ngodi cac ngdn ngu dan t|c thilu s l d
Nam Bp cd chCr vilt c6 truyin (Khmer,
Cham), vige xay dyng chu' vilt theo cac

Vi ngu- phip. Sy khdc bi^t giCra cdc ngdn
ngu trong nhdm 4 ngdn ngCr ddn t|c thilu
Cae kit qua nghien eCru ddc dilm ngdn
s l d Ddng Nam Bg vd giCra ea nhdm vdi
ngir, xay dyng vd hodn thien chCr vilt, bi6n
tilng Vigt, Id khdng Idn, khdng cd tde dgng
soan mpt so bd tCr diln, v.v. d i u cd y nghTa, manh cua ngu* phdp tilng Vigt trong qua
gia trj ly luan va thuc tiln, giup ich cho vige
trinh tilp xue Cd the dgc dilm ndy la mgt
thyc thi chinh sach ngdn ngCr dan tgc thilu
trgng nhirng nguyen nhan lam han c h l s l
s l d Ddng Nam Bg.
lugng vd quy md cua kit qua nghien eCru
v l d p dp ngir phap, mac du cdc nha
1.4. Khdi qudt v l dac diem ngu' am, tCr
nghien cCru da phai khao sat d l bien scan
vyng, ngu* phdp eua eac ngdn ngCr ddn tgc
cac loai sdch eong cy bang ngon ngCr ddn
thilu s l d Ddng Nam Bd
tde thilu so va sd dung cdc ngdn ngil' ndy.
vi ngu' am. Am tilt cua cae ngdn ngCr ndy
1.5, Ve sy tde dgng, anh hudng cua tilng
gilng nhau v l loai hinh, gim cdc tCr ngu*
Vigt den cac ngon ngir ddn tgc thieu s l d
dm dan tilt vd tCr dan da tilt. TCr dan tilt

Ddng Nam Bg trong qud trinh tiep xue
ed am ddu la phu am hoac t l hgp phy am
Theo Bui Khdnh ThI (2008) thi md-c dp tde
(cdn goi Id phu am kep), am dem (do ban
dgng phy thugc vao dia bdn (xa/gan do thj,
nguyen am u va / dam nhiem), am chinh
trung tdm kinh t l van hda, vd sy tap trung
(do cae nguyen am ddi, nguyen am ngdn
hay xen ke trong phan b l dan cu, tilp xOc
dam nhiem) vd am cudi (do mgt phy am,
mpt bdn nguyen dm hoac mgt to hgp g i m vdi ngudi Vigt. Hg qua tde dOng bilu hi$n
chu yeu d elp do ngir dm (the hign d xu
phy dm va mgt ban nguyen am dam nhi^m)
hudng dan tilt hda va bao hieu sy xuat
TCr dan da tilt la tCr cd hai am tilt tiln am
hign thanh digu, mgt phln d tCr vyng, (vay
tilt (presyllable) va dm tilt ehinh (main
mugn, sao phdng, v.v.) cdn tac dpng d
syllable). Hien cdn thieu cac kit qua
elp dp ngijt phdp la khong dang k l vi cdc
nghien eCru ve viee sCr dung cdc phy t l
ngdn ngO' deu thugc eung m$t loai hinh.
(dang cd xu hudng rai ryng). V l ca ban,
md hinh c l u true tCr ng&' am (nhlt Id tCr 1.6. Tiln trinh xay dyng va hodn thi^n chCr
dan tilt) d 4 ngdn ngir dan tpc thilu s l la vilt cho cae ngdn ngCr dan tgc thilu s l d
Ddng Nam Bp
gilng vdi tilng Viet. NhCrng diem khdc vdi


NGUYEN KIEN TRU'ONG - THl/C TRANG SCr DUNG CAC NGON NGO',,

miu ty Latlnh cho d c ngin ngO d i n t i c
thilu s i i phia Nam ehu y l u do n g y i i
Phlp (1861-1945), nhlt I I n g y i i My
(1957-1975) vi c i c nhi nghiln ciru ngin
ngy hoe eua Vi|t Nam (tir sau 1975) xly
dyng ho|c holn thi|n
Tinh din 2007, trong nhim 4 ngin ngiJ
d i n t i e thilu s i i Ding Nam B i , dS e i 3
h | thing chO' vilt 11 Stiing. Ky ho. Chlu
ro Rilng tilng Ma chya c i chCr vilt. Die
dilm Chung cua 3 b i chy vilt I I diu dung
miu ty Latlnh Sy khic bill I I i mgc dich.
phyyng thirc, chii I h l v l t h i i ky xly dyng
hole hoan thiln,

tilng I I Vilt-Chlu ro-Anh (tryic 1975), Tir
diin Vldt-Kaho (1983), Tir diin Viit-Chiu
ro (2007), ri> diin Vidt-Stidng (2007), Tir
diin Stiing-Vidt (2007), Tir diin VidtM'Ndng (2008), Tir diin
M'Ndng-Viit
(2008), v.v.

1 7, Vl|e biln soan d c loai tai li|u v l sleh
eing eu
Trong giai doan t r y i c 1945, c i m i l s i kit
qua bien soan, biln dich 111 li|u bing tiing
dan t i e dung d i phgc vg cho vi|c trgyin
giao, Ching han, d i i v i i tiing ChIg ro,
theo Nguyin Tuin Trill (2007), d l c i mpt
s i t l i li|u in bing b i chy dung miu ty

Latlnh Cae III li|u nay dyyc dung cho
vl|c truyin dao Tin Llnh, Cy Die. Mpt s l
i n ban bing chu' Chlu ro dyyc dich lir
Kinh Ihlnh.

2. THl,rC TRANG SCf DUNG T I E N G NOI

Tinh din 2011, d l c i m i l s i kit qua khao
sat, nghiln ciru cy ban v l nghien ciru O'ng
dgng dyyc sy dgng d l x l y dyng ho|c
hoan thiln ehO' viit (dii v i i d c ngin ngD'
dan t i e thilg s i chya c i chO' vilt ho|c d l
c i ehg' viit nhyng chya dyyc holn Ihiln),
biln soan mit s i b i tir diin dyn ngir v l ICr
dien d l i dich (tilng Vi|t - ngin ngu' d i n tpc
thiiu si).
Mit s i t i p tir vyng tilng dan tpc, tu' diln
dyn ngO v l tir diin d i l dich (tiing d i n tictiing Vi|t-tilng Anh-tiing Phap) d l dyyc
biln span, nhy: T i p tif vyng g i m 3 thir

Kit q u i biln soan sleh hpe bing 4 ngin
ngO d i n t i e thilu s l i Ding Nam B i che
d i n nay c i n r l l han chi, chi m i i e i leal
sleh hpe v i n tilng Ky ho, Stiing, Hi|n
c i n thilu sich hpe tiing d i n t i e dinh cho
hpc sinh d i n t i c thilu s i i b|c tilu hpc v l
cho d n b i , cing chirc eing t i c i viing
d i n tie.
VA CHO V I E T

NGON

NGIJ D A N TOC

THieu SO 0 O O N G NAM BO

2.1. Thyc trang sir dgng chO* viit
Thyc trang nly cho bilt chirc ning x l h|i
cua d c h | thing chu' viit d l xly dyng, d l
holn thiln d i u s y dgng m l u ty Latlnh,
hi|n c i n rit han c h l .
Ding lyu y I I kit qua x l y dyng hole hoan
thiln ehu' vilt i ngin ngu' c i d c phyyng
ngir (tiing dia phyyng). K h i khln thying
g i p I I phai chpn m i l phyyng ngO' llm chu
lye. l l m dai di|n eho d c phyyng ngO
Irong cung m i l ngin nqir (vi nhy cic
phyyng ngij' Bu Ly v l phyyng ngu' Bu
Deh trong tilng Stiing). D l y I I v i n d l t l
nhi. nhay cam. d l lao ra sy l y lin, m|c
cam, phln bi|t, v.v. M i l v i n d i dyyc d|t
ra I I m i i quan h | giu'a tri thirc khoa hpc
cua n h l nghiln cyu v i i ehu Inryng, dinh
h y i n g cua chinh quyin sy tai v l v i i
nguyin vpng ciJa ngyyi dan tpc thilu s l .
Dya v i e kinh nghilm chpn lya phyyng
ngO' ehu lye trong liing M'Ning (Preh),
Chung l i i cho rang nhan t l thu' ba (nguyin

NGUYEN KIEN TRU'ONG - THU'C TRANG Sl> DUNG CAC NGON NGlJ.,
vpng cua n g y i i dan t i c thilu si) la quan
trpng hang dau. Vi t h i c i n phll e i - nhyng
y Oing Nam B i ehya c i - kit qua dilu tra
ngon ngy hpc- xi h i i v l kha nSng, mire d i .
dac bill la thai d$ tilp nh|n cua cle Ihlnh
phin tpc n g y i i dang sir dgng d c phyyng
ngu' trong oiing ngin ngCr d i i vcrl tilng nii.
chy viit y phyyng ngu' dyyc chpn llm dai
di|n.
O i lim hilu nhyng v i n d l nly. thing
12/2011, Chung t i l da thyc hi|n m i l cuic
phing v i n v l vile tiip nh|n chO vilt tilng
Stiing y huyln Phyyc Long (Binh
Phyic).
Dly la dia bin ma n g y i i Stieng dang sy
dung phyyng ngu' Bu Ly trong tilng
Stieng. Oil tyyng dyyc phong v i n (nhin
chyng) d i u I I n g y i i Stiing. gom mot so
ngyyi dan, tri thire d i n t i e ( i d e x l DIk
O va xa Dak Nhan), giao viln ble l i l u hpe
v l trung hpc eung mpt s i d n b i quIn ly
giap dgc.
Khi dyyc hii ve eac chuin mye, y l u c i u
can dat dyyc y he thing chu' viit se dya
van sir dung chung cho n g y i i Stiing, c i
nhilu n i l dung Ira lyi bang nhilu cau
gilng nhau d y i i dly (dyyc in nghiing)
(phin Irong ngoae dyn la ghi chu, giai
thieh eua t i e gia bai vilt nly, khing phai la

l i i cua nhan chirng).

thil quen, tam \n g y i i sir dgng trin pham vi ring),
- Cii chw iy nd phii di viit, di dinh miy
vl phii tri nhiiu tiin thui (muin e i sy tl|n
dgng, glim b i t k h i khSn khi dung m i l s l
ehu' d i v l d i u phg di kIm de phln bi|t
m i l s l phg I m dan, phg Im k6p (vi dg: b
vi b'; nh v l n'h) va d c nguyin im ngind l i (vi du: i khie vd\ d c i diu ngu'a v; khi
dinh miy phai c i d c font chir, phln mIm
di|n tir rilng),
- Cii chir Stidng phii giong vdi chir Vidt, vi
Chung tdi biit ea tiing Vidt (tam ly song
ngCr v l nhu eiu sir dgng song ngy).
Dya vie d c phln tich dinh lyyng v l dinh
tinh d l i v i i d e leal kit qua dieu tra tren
dly, e i I h l khang dinh d c nguyen tie v l
chuin mye trong xay dyng va holn thien
chu' vilt la: dam bao tinh khoa hoe, linh
d p nhat. linh tiln dung, linh phi biin, sy
gin gOi v i i liing Viet.
Trong thyc t l , i linh Binh Phyic hiln nay,
chCr viit Stieng dang dyyc sir dgng. Ching
han, trin Dai Truyin hinh Binh Phyic da
sy dung ehu' vilt nay v l dua vIo d c h
phat am i ngyyi nil phyyng ngu' Bu Ly.
2.2. Thye trang sir dgng trong ITnh vye
gilo dgc, dIo tao

- Chir Stieng khi dpc nd ten thi tiing ciia
nd phii gidng vdi giong cua bi con chiing
tdi (hilu I I : h | thing ngu' I m - l m vi hpc I h l
hiln bing chO' c l i v l d i u phu phai phan
Inh m i l each khach quan, chinh x l c v i
trang thai hi|n lai cua tiing n i i m l n g y i i
Stieng dang su' dgng).

Oly la v i n d l Igin dyyc ban thao, mang
tinh bye xue nhit tir Iryyc din nay, gim
d c v i n d l gilo dgc ngin ngu' dan t i c
thilu s i va giao dgc song ngu' i vung dan
tpc thiiu s i . Diiu nly I h l hl|n i thye
trang giac dgc trong d c c h l dp ehinh tri
khic nhau (tryic 1945, 1954-1975 v l tU'
1975 d i n nay).

- Cd nhieu ngwdi d cae bon khie, noi khic
eung diing nhw chiing tdi liu nay (van d l

Giao due ngin ngy din tpe thiiu s i t r y i c
1975 y phia Nam da dyyc triln khai, da c i


NGUYEN KIEN TRU'ONG - THI/C TRANG SOl DUNG CAC NGON NGO...
m i l s l kit qua biln soan sleh hoc v i n
bing tilng d i n tie. Llnh vyc nly khing
dyyc thye hiln eho t i t d d c ngin ngy
din t i e thilu s i i T i y Nguyin vl nhilu
nguyin nhin, ehing han nhy do m i l s l

ngin ngy chya c i chir vilt, do m i l s i
vung e i chiln sy, v.v.
Theo Nguyin Van Tilp (2007), trong giai
doan 1954-1963. chinh quyIn Vl|t Nam
Cing hia d l d m day tilng me d l I I ngin
ngy dan t|e thilu s i i d c t r y i n g sy hpc
v l lilu hoe. chi day tilng Vi|t cho Ccic d i n
t i e Kinh (Vi|t) va Thyyng (tin gpi chung
chp d e dan t i c thilu s l y T i y Nguyen
trong nhyng nlm 1954-1975). Do d i . d c
loai sach hpc tilng d i n t i c thiiu s i va tir
diin tiing dan t i c da khing dyyc su' dgng.
Nhyng lu' 1963 d i n 1974, vi|c day ngin
ngir d i n t i c thiiu s i da dyyc l i l n hinh.
Tilu ban Nghien ciru d c sac tpc thiiu s i
Irong ehinh quyIn Vi|t Nam Cing hia da
dya ra mot so d l nghi I p dgng Chyyng
trinh gilc dgc tiing me de kIm theo
Chyyng trinh Quie ngir y b|c l i l g hpe.
Tilu ban nly da xin chinh quyIn tao dilu
ki|n nhilu mat cho sy nghilp gilo dgc O l
tnin khai vi|e giao dgc tilng d i n tic thilg
s i , B i Gilo dye trong chinh quyin Vl|t
Nam Cpng hia d l thia thuln v i i Vi|n
Chuyin khao ngu' hpc thuic Oai hpc North
Dakota cua Hoa Ky nham thyc hl|n Dy I n
hyp lac trong ITnh vyc nghien eu'u I h i ngO'
i d e ngin ngy d i n t i e thilu s i , trong d i
c i vile biln scan loai sach vy ling v l ngO'
vyng (ly vyng), sach lap dpc song ngO'

nam trong Chyyng trinh ching nan mil
ehu' va truyin ba Vi|t ngir. M i l s l ngin
ngu' dan tpc thiiu s i da dyyc day lir niln
khia 1967-1968, lir l i p Nam d i n l i p N h i l

(theo d c h x I p b|e hpe, c i p hpc eiia B i
Glle due Vl|t Nam Cing hia, khie vdi
d e h x i p trong h | thing gilo dgc cua Vi|t
Nam D i n ehu Cing hia). Hpc sinh dyyc
hpe tiing me de eiia minh nhy hpc mil
sinh ngO" ehlnh i b|e trung hpc. Luc diu,
d c ngin ngO' dyyc day I I £ d l , Jaral,
Bahnar, Ky ho. O i n niln khia 1968-1969
da che day d o tilng V I n Kilu, Stiing, Hre.
M'Ning. Chim y l i p Nlm. D i n tnric
1975. trong s i 4 ngin ngu' d i n t i c thilu s6
y Oing Nam Bp. da e i d e tilng Stiing,
Ky ho sir dgng chinh thirc trong linh vyc
gilo dgc. Nhy vly. ehinh sleh gilp dgc
cua chinh quyIn V i | l Nam Cing hia tir
1954 d i n 1975 la di lir vi|c ddng hda ngon
ngu' va van h i a (1954-1963) d i n eii cich
d l phll tnin v i n h i a v l day ngin ngO din
tpc thiiu s i (1963-1975), nhyng do chiln
tranh v l nhiiu nguyin nhin khic m l cic
hoat ding gilo dgc khing e i hi|g qga.
Tir sau 1975, nhit I I tu' 1980 din nay,
hoat dpng gilo dge, dao lao ngin ngy dan
l i e thilu s i v l gilo dgc song ngu' (tilng
Viet - ngin ngu' d i n t i c thiiu s i ) da dyyc

d e c i p chinh quyin, ban, nglnh i mpt sl
dia phyyng viing d i n t i c thiiu s i thugc
Oing Nam B i quan l l m , d i y manh. Co
m i l s i l l i li|u v l sach hpc da dyyc biln
soan, c i n thilg loai sich h y i n g d i n dch
day dinh cho giao viln.
Nghiln eirg v l thyc trang su' dgng ngon
ngO' d i n t i c thilu s i y Oong Nam B i trong
ITnh vyc gilo dgc, d i e tao, cho din nay
e i n thiiu nhilu k i t qua dilu Ira, khao sat
v l hilu q u i , nhO'ng thg|n lyi, k h i khln,
han c h l , nggyin nhin, v.v. Phin l i n mii
c i d e thing tin v l tinh hinh day v l hpc
tilng Vilt y b|o p h i thing trong n h l taring.


NGUYEN KI^N TRU&NG - THl/C TRANG SO" DUNG CAC N G 6 N NGO',,
Dli vdi ngudi Ka ho, trudc day do it giao
luu, tilp xue vdi ngudi Vigt, ndn vi§c day
vd hgc tilng Viet gdp nhieu khd khan, Cdn
hi§n nay, hgc sinh ngudi Ka ho hgc tilng
Viet (qua sdeh gido khoa) Id chu ylu, tCr
mIm non d i n trung hgc. Cf cdc huydn Dan
Duang, DCrc Trpng (Ldm Ding), hpc sinh
ngudi Ka ho cd t h i giao tilp bang tilng
Viet tCr Idp 1, Sy hilu bilt vd su* dyng tilng
Ka ho d cdc em cdn rit han chl, ngay cd
d hoc sinh d cap 2 vd elp 3 (b$c trung hgc
ea sd vd trung hgc p h i thdng). Tinh trang
luu ban. bd hpe, chit lugng, kit qua hgc

cdn kem, v.v. Id nhCrng hign tugng phi
biln d nhilu nai
V l viec day Quic ngCr (tilng Viet) cho
ngudi Chdu ro, theo Nguyin Tuin Trilt
(2007): TCr 1946, vung eu tru eua ngudi
Chau ro trd thanh can cCr khdng chiln, da
cd nhirng Idp binh dan hpc vy, da to chCre
hpc van hda, xda mu chir Gido vien ngudi
Chau ro day tilng Viet cho ngudi Chau ro.
TCr cuii 1948, phan Idn ddn cu da thoat
nan mu chCr. Cung theo tac gia thi eho din
nay chua ed nhieu kit qua gido dye song
ngir (tilng Viet - tilng Chau ro), vi dan so
thlp, cu tru khdng tap trung, quen sir dyng
tilng Viet, nhat la d Idp tre, dan den su
han c h l trong viec hpe vd sCr dyng tilng
Chau ro.
Hien cdn thilu kit qua tim hilu thyc trang
giao dye song ngCr d cdng ddng Stieng, Ma.
Tren day chi la vdi net sa luge v l vige gido
dye ngdn ngu' dan tpc thilu s l va tilng
Viet d bac hgc pho thong.
V l viec sir dyng ngdn ngir ddn tde thilu s l
de ddo tao can bd, cdng chCre dang cdng
tac d vung dan tgc thieu s l cd ehCr vilt
hoac ehu vilt da dugc hoan thign: Day Id

ehu truang cua Bp N|l vy tCr diu nhCrng
ndm 2000, kdm theo khung hudng din, dp
dyng cho t i t ed vung ddn t|e thilu s l tr§n

pham vi ca nude. O Ddng Nam B|, theo
kit qua dilu tra ehua dly du cua ehCing tdi,
cho d i n nay mdi cd tinh Binh Phudc dang
bi§n soan loai tdi Ii0u phyc vy eho mye
dich ndy.
V i n d l d p bdeh hign nay Id thilu giio
viin d^y tiing din tde ehc cdc logi d l i
tugng vd gido vien day tieng Vi^t cho
ngudi Idn tuli trong cdc cgng ding ddn tgc
thilu s l (cin xda mu chO")
Khi Idm vigc vdi cdc Sd Gido dye vd Ddo
tao g tinh Lam Ding vd tinh Binh Phudc,
trd Idi cau hoi phdng van ve nguin nhan
lye nay, lanh dao eac Sd deu cho biet: Dh
day tieng dan tgc thieu s l , Sd dd huy ddng
mpt s l tri thCre dan tpe, edng tde vien
ngydi dan tpe (gia lang, trudng bon), gido
vien ngudi Vi$t day cdc phan mdn Tiing
Viet, Ngu van, Lim vin d pho thdng, bilt
tilng dan tgc hoac mgt so it gido vien la
ngudi ddn tgc. Cac gido vien ndy trudc
day deu chi dat trinh dp cao ddng, hoac
trung cap d i n nay da dugc chuin hda (dat
trinh dp dai hgc, cd bang cu nhan tai chCre).
Tit ca cac d l i tugng day tilng dan tgc chi
dugc boi dudng, hudng ddn ngan han,
khdng qua ddo tao tap trung, chinh quy.
Hp giup eung elp v l kiln thCrc ngdn ngCr,
edn thilu kiln thCrc kem ky nang vd nghigp
vy su pham.

Viec xay dyng chuang trinh ddo tao loai
gido vien day tilng dan tpc thieu s l dd bat
d i u dugc chuin bi triln khai d Dai hgc
Khoa hgc Tay Nguyen.
Hoat dgng giio due, dio tao song ngu- d
Ddng Nam Bg cdn nhilu han chl, chua


NGUYEN KIEN TRU'ONG - THU'C TRANG SO DUNG CAC NGON NGCT...
phg hyp, chya d i p yng dyyc d c y l u c l u
trong vile thye thi ehlnh sleh ngin ngO
d i n t i e thilu s i v l nhu elu hpe Up, sir
dgng ngon ngCr d i n t|c kIm tiing Vi|l i
cing ding tai m i l s i dia phyyng. NhOng
nggyin nhSn ey ban I I : rIo d n ngin ngO;
nh|n thirc chya diing v l vile day v l hpc
spng ngir (vi dg ehc ring cing vile nly
chi diing d l sir dung tilng Vi|l dyyc thuln
ti|n hyn i thiri dai bung n l thing tin. giao
lu'u. h i i nhlp, tilp xue, v.v. dang diln ra
nhanh va manh), khing c i gilo viln day
tilng dan tie, day song ngy; thilu cing eu
day v l hpe la sleh hpe, sich h y i n g d i n
gilo viln; thilu cy s i v | l chit (trying, l i p ,
phyyng tl|n) phuc vg day. hpc. thyc hinh
song ngy. v.v. M i l nguyin nhin quan
trong nya I I chya xac dinh r i mge tilu
gilo dgc song ngO' la giai quylt m i i quan
he giu'a tilng nii-ehu' viit tiing Vi|t v i i
tilng nii-chu' viit d i n t i c thilu s i . Tilng

Vi|t la ngin ngti' dich (target language),
ein tilng d i n tpc la tilng me de (mother
language).
2.3. Thyc trang sir dgng ngin ngu' din t i c
thilu s i va tilng Vi|t i Ding Nam B i
trin d e binh di|n giao tilp
Dya vIo m i l s i k i t q u i nghiln ciru l y
t r y i c d i n nay v l kit qua dilu tra diln d l
Irong t h i i gian g i n dly theo phyyng phlp
cua ngin ngu' hpe-xl h i i i m i l s i d|a bin
v i i m i l vai ngin ngy d i n l i e thilu s l v l
trin m i l s i binh dl|n. tuy chya diy du
nhyng c i t h i phic thao v l i n i t v l thyc
trang su' dgng ngin ngu' d i n t i c thilg s l
va tilng Vi|t trong giao tiip ngin ngu' a
vimg dan l i e thieu s i tai Oing Nam B i .
Tinh da dang, sy phong phu v l e i phln
phyc tap trong giao tilp ngin ngO' I h l hi|n
i : pham vi (giao tilp trpng gia dinh. cing

ding, ding hp Ihl khic v i i giao tilp x l hii);
lira tuii ( n g y i i l i n khic l i p Ire), kiin thirc
ngdn ngir ( n g y i i b i l l d hai ngin ngO
nhyng e i I h l khing b i l l su' dyng ehO' vilt
thi khie v i i n g y i i chi b i l l m i l ngin ngO' II
tiing me d l . e i khi ndi dyyc ma khing viit
Suae, khing b i l l sir dgng hole ehya c i
d l sy dgng chO' viit cua chinh dan tic
minh, V v.); phwong thirc vi phwang tiin
giao tiip (giao tiip bing khiu ngO'-lil nii

khie v i i sir dgng chir vilt tr in v i n ban);
hinh thire giao tiip (dyn thoai khic v i i hii
thoai, vi dg: giao tilp m i t chilg trin Oil
Phit thanh-TrgyIn hinh khie v i i h i i thoai,
d l i thoai Iryc tilp giya d c chu I h l giao
tiip); v.v. D i I I chya k l d i n d|c dilm
rilng Irong giao tiip bing phyyng ngu' i
m i l s i ngin ngu' d i n t i c thilu s i v l mgc
dich, b i i canh, m i i tryyng, dilg ki|n giao
tilp y cac cpng ding song ngir, v.v.
Trong pham vi gia dinh, ddng hq, cpng
ddng. Giao tilp bing khig ngO', mang linh
ty nhiln, bing ngin ngu' d i n t i e thilu s l
I I ehu y i u . T i l nhiln, vi|c x l c dinh chu Ihl,
Ihlnh phin tham gia giao tilp chi I I lyyng
dil, vi Irong m i l s i gia dinh c i d nhO'ng
n g y i i thuic d i n t i c khac, sir dgng ngin
ngu' khic (vi nhy c i diu, ne, di, dwqng,
con nudi, v.v theo d c h gpi ciia ngyii
Vl|t). Vile xle dinh thinh phin ein phg
thuic vIo d c holn d n h giao tilp, vi nhy
e i liie than chO tiip d c loai khich II
n g y i i V i | l hole n g y i i d i n tpc khic. Ngay
trong giao tiip i pham vi gia dinh, ding hp,
cQng phai tinh d i n holn d n h , phyong
thirc v l phyyng ti|n giao tilp, vl nhy giao
tilp m i l chilu khi nghe dii, doc bao, xem
tivi (diu tilp nh|n liing Vilt), v.v.
Giao tiip dyn ngO' bing tiing d i n t i e Ihl
hi|n rit r i y n g y i i Ky ho. Tilng Ky ho It

NGUYEN KIEN TRyC^NG - THU'C TRANG SO" DUNG CAC NGON NGCf,.
tinh pha tap vi ngon ngCr nay t i n tai d mgt
s l cpng dong cdn mang tinh bigt lap tai nai
cu tru, nhat Id d hai huygn Ldm Hd, Lac
Duang d i u thupe tfnh Lam Dong. Theo
Pham Thanh Thdi (2007), ngudi Ka ho d
hai huyen Due Trgng vd Di Linh (cung d i u
thudc tinh Lam Ding), do tilp xCic nhilu
vdi ngudi Vigt, Igi eu tru g i n nai dd thj n^n
da sir dung tilng Vi$t d mCre dg cao, nhlt
la d Idp tre, ke ea hgc sinh pho thdng.
Trong smh hoat epng ding, ddng hg, nhlt
Id trong l i hpl, hogt dgng van hda dan gian,
V.V., ngudi Stieng, Mg, Chau ro, Ka ho d i u
dung tieng ndi cua minh, tham chl dung
them mdt s l tranh, anh, hinh ve cd ghi chu
bang chu- dan tpe. Vigc dung tieng dan tgc
the hien rat rd d ngudi Idn tuli, tilng ndi
ed ddi chut khac bigt vdi trang thdi ngu- dm
hien tai eua tilng dan tgc thilu so dang sir
dung d Idp tre trong cung cgng dong, Id
loai doi tugng thien v l su- dung tilng Viet
trong giao tilp xa hpi.
Tren binh dien giao tiip xa hdi Ngudi ddn
tgc thilu s l se dung ca hai thu* tilng neu
bilt tieng Vigt vd se nhd thdng djch, phidn
djch nlu khdng biet Vigc sCr dyng tilng
Viet Id pho biln, lam xuat hign nhu cau tim

hilu tam ly song ngu khi nghien eCru v l
giao tilp tren binh dign xa hgi, tim hieu cac
vin d l trdn ma, hda ma, ehuyin ma, doi
md, v.v, trong giao tilp eua ngudi dan tgc
thieu sd , vi nhu trong giao tiep cua ngudi
Stieng d phuang ngu- Bu La, cua ngudi
Chau ro d Dong Nai, v.v. Vdi ngudi Chau
ro thi viec sir dyng tieng Viet mang tinh
phi bien han vi hp cu tru chu yeu d vung
dong bang (Ding Nai, Ba Ria-Vung Tdu,
ed nhieu ngudi Vigt). Dilu nay ddn din
nhu c l u sCr dyng song ngu' tu nhidn vd
song nguxa hpi d ngudi Chau ro.

Cdc ngdn ngCr dan tpe thilu s l d Dong
Nam Bd dugc sCr dyng blng khiu ngCr
trong giao tilp xa hpi d mCrc dd thlp han
so vdi vigc sir dyng tilng Vigt. Phyc vy
cho giao tilp xd hgi cdn cd logi phuang
ti|n Id mpt s l van ban, tdi ligu, tranh c l
d0ng, dp phich, v.v sCr dyng ehu' ddn t$c
ho$e ChCr ddn t i e k6m chO' tilng Vi$t.
Vi$c sO- dpng sony ngO- trong giao tiip y^
hdi tai Ddng Nam BO t h i hi|n rit rd d cac
hoat dgng gdn vdi mdi trudng, hodn canh,
mye dich giao tilp cy t h i eua ngudi dan
tpe, nhlt Id trong giao tilp mua-bdn, giao
tilp nai edng cgng, nai diln ra cac hoat
dgng, djch vy, v v cd sy hign dign cua
nhilu loai thdnh phan tgc ngudi vd ngdn

ngCr khac nhau Muc dp su* dyng song ngu'
trong giao tilp xa hpi edn phy thugc vao
trinh dO, kha nang. thdi dp vd mCrc dg tilp
nhan ngdn ngu' ndi (khau ngu") d cae loai
doi tugng. Cd t h i do ludng, nhan xet,
ddnh gid ve thye trang ndy khi dya vdo
dac diem cua cdc chu thi, vai giao tilp
(thdnh phan tgc ngudi, gidi tinh, ICra tuli,
trinh dg van hda, nghi nghigp, hodn canh,
cdng vi^c, v.v.).
Giao tiep song ngCr d Ddng Nam Bg (chu
y l u dung tilng Viet va 4 ngdn ngO" dan tgc
thilu s6 da neu). Id hign tugng phi biln, vi
ban than moi dan tgc (Stieng, Ka ho. Ma,
Chau ro), v l ca ban, da la m l i cpng dong
song ngi/. 6" dia ban ndy cQng nhu d
nhilu nai, trgng thdi scng ngu' t h i hign d
moi quan hg va sy tac dgng qua lai giO'a
ngdn ngu 1 (tieng mg de tire tilng dan tpe,
ccn gpi la ban ngu, ngdn ngu- ban dja) va
ngon ngu 2 (tilng Vigt pho thdng) cd tde
dyng b l sung cho ngdn ngu 1. Ddi vdi 4
dan tpc thilu so d Ddng Nam B|, vi$c sir
dyng song ngu' trong giao tilp tren eac


NGUYEN KlEN TRU'ONG - THU'C TRANG SO DUNG CAC NGON NGU...
binh diln d l phan Inh trang thii song ngir
tw nhiin (ngyii sCr dgng khing oin hpc
qua t r y i n g Idrp) v l tinh khdng ding nhit

v l Irinh d i scng ngy Do d i , chya I h i d l
c|p din khli nl|m song ngir cin bing,
eing khong t h i d l c|p d i n khli nl|m song
ngir bit binh ding nhy di dung khi nghiln
ciru quan h | ngin ngO' H^n-Vi|t trong lich
sir phong kiln hole quan h | ngin ngO'
Phlp-Vilt (Quic ngy) t r y i c 1945.
M i l v i n d l nil cim, birc xue, mang llnh
t h i i sy hi|n nay. nhyng ehya dyyc cle
d p . d c nglnh i dia phyyng v l ngay c l
g i i l nghiln ciru v l ngin ngy din tic y
Ding Nam B i tim hiiu. xlc dinh r i I I
nhu'ng v i n d l cy ban liln quan din tim iy
song ngir ciia d c cing ding i dia ban
nly. Theo Oinh Ly Giang (2008). nhyng
v i n d l d i la: xac dmh ty d c h n g y i i song
ngu'; d c yeu l i . ding cy try Ihlnh n g y i i
song ngy; khuynh h y i n g thay d l i v l bao
toln d c ngin ngy tilp xue; thai d i d l i v i i
d c ngin ngO' trong cpng ding spng ngu';
sir dung m i l ma ngin ngy (qua trinh chpn
ma. hia m l . chuyin m l cua ngyyi song
ngy); d m nh|n ngO nghTa trcng hai ngin
ngy; vay myyn eac y l u t i eua ngin ngu'
nly v i e ngin ngir kia.
Nlu tim hilu l l m ly song ngu' theo d c v i n
d l ma t i c gia da nlu. thi dilu t r y i c tiln.
diim x u i l phit phll I I x l c dinh ngin ngu'
dich va ngin ngir ngudn i cing ding song
ngu'.

2 4 Su' dgng ngin ngO d i n t i e thilu s i
trong m i i quan h | ngin ngu' giu'a Nhl
n y i e va ngyyi d i n Ipc y Oing Nam Bp
Mac dil d l c i nhan thire dung v i vai t r i , vi
Ihi, chirc ning eua ngin ngu' d i n Ipc thiiu
s l v l nhu cau sCr dgng song ngti' trong

qgIn 1^ x l hii, nhyng vi|c thyc Ihi, v l ca
dinh h y i n g nghiln e i u , khao sit, sy dgng,
v.v. ein chya d i p irng dyyc d c nhg d u ,
y l g c l g cy bin. chya e i hilu qua. chya
dyyc thing nhil. do chya e i sy phln
eing, phii hyp re ring v l c h | l che giOa
ele ban. nglnh. do ehya su' dgng ngin
ngir v l chir vilt phu hyp vdi d i e dilm. llnh
hinh i dia phyyng.
ChO vilt eua d i n t i c thilu s i chya dyyc
sir dgng trong l l i li|g dgng d l p h i biln.
tgyin trgyin ehg tryyng, chinh sleh, phi
elp kiln thirc khoa hoe-ky thult, thyc hiln
chyyng Irinh xia d i i . giam nghlo, v.v.
V i i n g y i i Chag ro v l Stiing, khi d n soan
thao dyn tir, kiln nghi, d l xuit vdi ehinh
quyin mgt v i n 6^ nao d i , hp phai diing
v i n ban ghi bing tiing Vi|t. nlu khing
b i l l chii' Vilt thi nhy hole thul dich; ho|c
khi tiip nhin d e thing ly. chi thi. d c vin
ban p h i biln chinh sleh, chu tryyng cua
Dang v l N h l n y i c dyyc t h i hl|n bing
tilng Vilt (nii v l vilt), nhiiu n g y i i dan tic

thilu s l phai n h i ngyyi khie dich lai hole
n h i gill thich.
Khi p h i biln giing lua m i l , chuyin d l i d y
tring, v|t null va p h i biln kiln thCrc khoa
hpc ky thuat Irong m i l s i ITnh vye cho ba
con n g y i i Ky ho a L l m Oing v l cho
n g y i i Chlu ro y Oing Nai, d n bp ngyii
Kinh ehi dung t l i li|u tiing Vilt, c i lie phli
n h i m i l s i n g y i i n i i dyyc tiing Ky ho
hole C h l u ro glai thich thim. Q u i Irinh
nly d i n d i n mu'c dp tiip nh|n chya cap i
n g y i i d i n tpc thilu s l . Niu npi dung
h y i n g d i n dyyc I h l hi|n bing l l i lilu,
van ban ghi bing chu' Ky he, Chlu ro
hole e i SU' dgng hai bp chO' (Vi|t- Ky ho,
Vi|t-Chlg ro) thi hi|u qua s l l i n hyn. Kiin


NGUYEN KIEN TRU'ONG - THU'C TRANG SO' DUNG CAC NGON NGCT.
thic khoa hpc ky thuat la r l l d n thilt,
nhyng vi|c tilp nh|n cua n g y i i din t i c
thilu so la rit k h i khan, vi trinh d i d i n tri
cin thip, e i nhilu tir ngCr. thu|t ngy kinh
t i , khoa hoe ky thu|l, vin hoa, v.v. ehi c i
i tilng Vl|t, khing c i trong h | thing tir
vyng eua tilng dan t i c thieu s l .
Trong hoat dpng ty phlp v l Irong vl|c l l
chirc, quIn ly v l dilu hinh xa h i i n h i
ngin ngy va bang ngon ngCr trong giao
tiip hanh ehinh, trong vile giai quyet mil

quan h | ngin ngy glOa chinh quyin va
ngyyi din, la l i t y l u v l eung I I nhu eiu
elp blch y n g y i i d i n t i c thilu s l tren d e
ITnh vyc. Ngin ngu' dyyc sir dgng la tilng
Vilt nhyng tiing d i n tpc thilu s i eung
dyyc sir dgng. Trong Hien phlp 1992 va i
d c b i lull nhy Lull To chirc T i a I n nhan
din 1992, Phlp llnh giai quylt d c vg d i n
sy 1999, Lull T i tung hinh sy 1988,
1992, V V d i u da c i quy dinh quyin eua
cac dan l i e thiiu s i la dyyc sCr dung tiing
nil v l chir viit eiia minh trong hoat ding
ty phlp, to tgng hinh sy, v.v. Vi dg: Khi
ngyii d i n Ipc thilg s i tham gia to tgng
hinh sy. nig hp chya biit sCr dgng liing
nii. chO' vilt bing tilng Viet thi t i a s l cir
ngyyi thing dich, philn dich. Cho d i n nay,
trong d c cing vi|c, hoat dpng i ITnh vye
nly vin chu y l u dung tieng Vilt, t h i hi|n
re tren d c dia b i n c i ngyyi Stiing, Ky ho.
Ma, Chlu ro, v.v.
Chu tryyng su' dgng tilng d i n tpc thilu s i
Irong d e ITnh vyc quan ly xa h i i dyyc I h l
hien rit r i bang vile dya tiing dan tpc
thiiu s i vao chyyng trinh phll thanhtruyin hinh, nhyng m i i dyyc thyc hiln a
m i l so ngin ngu' (Stiing, Ky ho), va l i t d
diu chya dyyc diing i loai hinh bao chi
hang ngly.

N g y i i d i n tpc thilu s i r l l vui ming khi

tilp nhan d e chyyng trinh phll thanhtruyln hinh bing tiing cua hp
Vile dya tiing Sliing v l tilng Ky ho lln
sing phll thanh-truyin hinh da cho thiy
ich lyi to l i n trcng vi|c phi biln d y i n g ill,
chinh sleh, g i i l thilu v l cung d p In thye
khoa hpc ky thu|t, d e g i l tri vin hia v|t
t h i v l phi v | l t h i , v v, eho ngyii din t i ' thilu s i .
Oil v i i tiing Stiing, thee bio d o ciia
Ollu Lanh (2007), thi tilng Stiing da dyyc
sy dgng trin h | thing phat thanh va
truyin hinh i linh Binh Phyic, su' dgng
hai phyyng ngy 11 Bu Ly v l Bu Deh. Dal
Truyin hinh sCr dung them chir vilt Stieng
m i l dyyc hoan thien, sir dgng gipng n i i
chuin cua tilng Stiing ty phyyng ngu' Bu
Ly vl phyyng ngu' nay c i ding n g y i i sir
dgng Dai Phat thanh diing tieng Stieng
hang ngay. c i n tren Dai Truyin hinh c i 3
chyyng Irinh trong 1 tuan.
T i m lai. vi|c sir dgng liing Viet pho thing
hien nay ding vai I r i ehg dao d l giai quyit
d o m i i quan h | giu'a Nhl n y i c v l n g y i i
d i n l i e thilu s i a Oing Nam Bp. Dp d i .
vile c i p blch nhil hi|n nay I I day tiing
Vidt eho n g y i i l i n y d c cing ding dan
t i e thilu s l , g i n giong v i i hoat dpng xoa
mu chii' sau 1945. B i n canh d i , can phai
dya thim tilng nii-chy vilt dan l i e thiiu
s i vIo d o cing t i e t i ehyc, quan ly va
dilu hinh xa hii, su' dgng trong quIn

ly hinh chinh, trong d o hoat dpng tu phlp,
v.v.
2.5. Sy dyng liing n i l v l chy vilt trcng
vile bac l i n d c di san van h'ia i viing
dan tpe thiiu s i tai Oing Nam Bp
Viec bac Ion d c gia tri v i n hia i d c ngin


NGUYEN KlEN TRU'ONG - THU'C TRANG SO DUNG CAC NGON NGCT..:
ngy d i n t i e thilu s l tai Bing Nam B i luin
dyyc quan l l m , thyc hi|n theo ehlnh sich
ciia Ding v l Nhl n y i e . Nhyng kit q u i
nghiln cyu v i vl|e s i dgng chO vilt tilng
d i n t i c thiiu s i d l t h i hiln d c g i l tri d i
trgn Vein bin ein han c h l do nhilu nguyin
nhin, Iryc tiip nhit I I do c i loai ngin ngu'
chya c i chO vilt rieng, m i l s i ngin ngy
e i chir vilt nhyng chya dyyc holn thl|n,
cing t i e syu t i m , dich thult bing v i n b i n
c i n k h i khln, v.v. 6' d c eing ding d i n
t i e thilu s i tai Dong Nam B i , hiu hit d c
hoat ding giao tilp, k i c l trcng sinh hoat
van hia din gian, l i hii. v v d i u thyc hi|n
bing khiu ngu'. niu e i dung ehO' viit thi
chu y i u I I dung chu' tilng Viet. Vl|e
nghien ciru thyc trang sCr dgng chu" vilt
bing tilng d i n tpe thilu s i tren d e leal
van ban c i n i pham vi han hep. Trong khi
d i . da e i m i l so kit qua lim hiiu v i v i n
hia d i n gian. l i hii. tin ngyyng. phong tgc,

tap quan, d c gia In v i n hia i d 4 cing
ding d i n t i e thiiu s i . Ching han nhy d c
kit qua nghien ciru cua Phan An (2007) v l
Luit tue Stieng: Hdm qua vi hdm nay: cua
Phan XuIn Viln (2007) v i i Buoc diu tim
hiiu truyin cd Stieng, g i i l thilu d c t h i
loai van hpc d i n gian (thin thoai. truyin
thuylt. truyen co tich thin ky, truyin c l
tich I h i lgc, trgyin c y i i . v.v.) d i g t i n tai i
dang van ndi (ki). khing Ihiy t i e gia g i i i
thilu d c loai v i n ban dung chu- ciia tiing
suing d l t h i hiln.
Thyc trang trin day d i i h i i phai nghiln
cyu d i sir dgng chy viit d i n t i e thilu s i
tren d c loai t l i lilu. v i n ban the hiln d c
gia tri v i n hia eua d c cing ding ngin
ngy dan tpc thiiu s i i Oing Nam Bp. vi
bao ton van h i a g i n liln v i i b i o t i n
ngin ngu'. nhyng khing c i nghTa I I duy Iri

trang thii ngy I m t h i hl|n y chO viit ghi
cle g i l Iri vin hda ed truyin trong d c loai
vin bin d i .
2.6. Vile thyc thi ehlnh sleh ngin ngO din
t i c thilu s i i D i n g Nam B i
K i tir khi c i th§m d o dinh h y i n g , chii
tryyng m i i v i ehlnh sleh d i n t i c v l chinh
sich ngin ngO' d i n l i e thilu s i . d e dia
phyyng i ving d i n t i c thiiu s l tai Oing
Nam B i d l c i nhilu e i ging trong vi|c

giup ei>, lao dilu ki|n cho vi|c bao t i n , si>
dgng. p h i biin tiing n i l v l ehu' vilt din
tie, Cu t h i 11 da tao dilu ki|n thuln lyi
cho cing t i c dilu Ira. khio sit, nghiln ciru
ngin ngu' v l van h i a ciia d c cing ding
d i n t i c biln soan lir diln. m i t s l sich
eing eg d i n h eho gilo dgc tilng Vi|l vl
m i l s i hoat ding liln quan d i n giao dgc
tilng d i n tic.
Vile Iruyin Ihg ehu' vilt ehc n g y i i dan tic
thiiu s i I I h i t sCre ein thilt. nhyng hiln
nay chya dat mCre p h i biln. p h i d P . dai
t r i . chya c i nhilu kit qui. Thye trang nly
do nhilu nguyen nhin, trong d i c i d c
nguyin nhan chu y l u : thilu d c bfy sleh
hpc v l sleh h y i n g d i n d c h day, d c h sir
dgng; thilg gilo viln day tiing d i n tic; v.v.
Vile sy dgng ngin ngu' d i n Ipc trong cing
lac thing tin tgyIn truyin dya vIo cac
phyyng l i | n trgyin thing dai chung, Irong
d i c i he thing p h l l Ihanh-trgyln hinh i
Oing Nam B i , I I hit sire c i n thiit, nhyng
m i i chi dyyc sCr dgng y pham vi hep.
Hiln nay, Irong cing t i c qgan ly v l dilu
hinh x l h i i , y day v i n sCr dgng tilng Vi|t
la chinh, nhit la Irong giao tiip bing chir
viit. VI dg, d c c i p chinh qgyin chi tilp
nhin, giai quyit dan thy, kiln nghi, v.v.
ciia n g y i i dan t i c thiiu s i dyyc t h i hiln

NGUYEN KlEN TRU-ClyNG - THl/C TRANG SQ DUNG CAC NGCN NGCr ,
bang tilng Vigt; khi giai dap, tra Idi, eung
chf dung tilng Vigt. Trudng hgp rit ein
thilt mdi cho phidn djch, chuyin sang
tilng ddn tgc thilu s l .
Mac du cdc d p , cae nganh d cdc dja bdn
vung dan tpc thieu s l tai Ddng Nam Bg da
cd nhilu e l gang thye thi chinh sdeh ngdn
ngir ddn tde thilu s l , nhung k i t qud edn
han c h l , do: thieu sy phli hgp ding bp
giua cdc ban, nganh; nhgn thCre vd su
dyng tilng dan tgc chua phu hgp vdi ddc
dilm van hda-xa hgi d dja phugng; chua
chuin bi t i t cho vigc ddo tao, b l i dudng,
giao vien day ngdn ngCr dan tgc, nh$n thCrc
ehua dung v l giao dye song ngCr va bao
t i n van hda ddn tpc. Ngodi ra, d mgt so
dja phuang, vdn cdn cd nhan thCrc chua
dung v l vigc bao t i n ngdn ngu dan, tgc
trudc xu the todn elu hda ve ngdn ngu",
thdng tin, vv.
3. K£T LUAN
BCrc tranh phdc thao ting quan ve canh
huong ngdn ngir va vigc thyc thi chinh
sdch ngdn ngCr dan tgc thieu so d Ddng
Nam Bg tuy cdn nhieu c h l md nhat, tring
vang, dau do cd phan ngin ngang, nhung
vdn cd t h i giup hinh dung, nhan dign mpt
s l dudng net chinh.

3.1 Xdc djnh, quy nhdm 4 ngdn ngu- dan
tpc thilu so d dia ban Ddng Nam Bg - nai
giap ranh vdi vung nam Tdy Nguyen (edn
gpi Id cin Tay Nguyen) - la can thilt vi dac
dilm hpi ty thdnh mot khli cdc ngdn ngir
dan tgc thilu so cd quan h§ chat che vdi
nhau vd hpi tu xung quanh tiing Vipt; tCr do
cd t h i dp dyng ehung mgt md hinh, mOt
khung nghien eCru ting hgp. Tuy nhien,
vigc phan dinh theo ranh gidi dja, ly vd
ngdn ngO" dan tgc thilu so chf mang tinh

tuang d l i , vi khdng gian dia ly khdng phat
bao gid cung trung hodn todn vdi khdng
gian vdn hda, ngdn ngCr Vi dy d mpt s l
nai thugc tinh Binh Thugn (Nam Trung Bg)
cQng ed ngudi Ka ho su dyng tilng Ka ho
3.2. Mde du chua dat duge sy thing nhlt
trong xdc djnh, su dyng tde danh, phdn
loai cdc thanh phln, nhdnh, nhdm dja
phuang d mgt s l cgng dong, nhung cd t h i
khdng djnh: Cdc dan tgc thilu s l Ddng
Nam Bp d i u Id din tde thiiu sd tpi cho
(ban dja), xet v l nguin g l e vd sy hinh
thdnh tCr Idu ddi, vi t h i ngdn ngCr cua cac
ddn tgc ndy d i u dugc goi la ban ngO'
(ngdn ngCr ban dia)
Nhirng dac dilm ehung, nli bgt d 4 epng
ding sir dung 4 ngon ngCr da neu, bao
g i m ca v l n j ? ! nguin,gle, quan hg g i n

gui ve tpe ngudi, cdn ed nhO'ng diem rit
can phai luu y' a) Xet v l sy phan b l dan
eu: sy dan xen, xen ke n l i trdi han tinh tap
trung; b) Tinh tach bigt, bigt lap dang md
din, nhudng eho eho sy hda due, hda khoi,
hda nhap; c) Sy tilp xue, giao luu van hda,
tpe ngudi vd ngdn ngCr ngdy edng gia tang;
v.v. NhCrng dilu ndy da giup eho qua trinh
tim hieu sy tuang ding va khac bigt ve
ngdn ngu kem van hda giira cac ddn tpc
trong nhdm vd giu'a nhdm vdi cgng ding
Vigt kem tilng Vigt. Day eung la nhCrng
nhdn t l chi phli sy thuan Igi, khd khan
trong nghien cCru v l thye trgng sir dyng
ngdn ngu ddn tgc vd sCr dyng song ngCr d
vung dan tgc thilu s l tgi Ddng Nam Bp.
3.3. Cac kit qua nghien eCru, khao sat ve
dac diem, canh hulng ngdn ngO' vd thyc
trang sir dyng ngdn ngu* ddn tgc thieu so d
Ddng Nam Bd khd da dang, phong phu,
cap nhat, phan dnh mpt tiln trinh hinh


NGUYEN KIEN TRU'C:yNG - THl/C TRANG SO' DgNG CAC NGON NGCf,..
thdnh, t i n tai, biln dli, v l thyc trgng phdt
triln cua tilng ndi, chu vilt, tuy chua dufpfc
t h i hign d t i t cd cdc ngdn ngCr vd d cdc
phuang ngCr trong mOt vdi ngdn ng&. Ddng
chu y Id kit qua phan dnh trgng thdi ngCr
dm-tieng ndi d mgt s l ngdn ngCf trong

nhdm dugc gpi Id bin ngO: Cdc kit qud
ndy diu cd y nghTa, gid trj 1^ ludn vd thyc
tiln, phyc vy thilt thye, tao tiln d l cho cdc
cdng vigc ca bdn; tilp tye triln khai nghidn
cCru, SU" dyng, thye thi chinh sdch ddn tgc
thilu s l vd ehlnh sdeh ngdn ngCr ddn tgc
thilu s l d Ddng Nam Bg.
3.4. Tuy nhien. cdn thilu vdng nhilu kit
qua nghien cCru ve dgc dilm hg thing-elu
true, vigc sir dyng ehu" vilt, dgc bigt Id
nhO'ng hgn ehi trong su* dyng ngon ngCr
ddn tgc thieu so tren cdc ITnh vuc giao tilp
epng ding, giao tilp xa hgi, gido dye, ddo
tao song ngu, giai quylt m l i quan hg ngdn
ngCr giCra Nhd nude vd ngudi ddn tgc; bao
t i n vd phdt trien van hda, ngdn ngu"; dgc
biet la v l viec su dyng song ngu- (tilng
Vigt-tiing ddn tgc) Ddy Id ting hgp nhu'ng
han c h l trong nghien eCru vd trong thyc thi
chinh sach va ngdn ngCr dan tgc thilu s l d
Ddng Nam Bg cung nhu d nhilu ngi.
3.5. Tinh hinh do ddi hdi phai xay dyng
nhO'ng dinh hudng nghien eCru, djnh
hudng va bign phdp su dyng ngdn ngu'
ddn tgc thieu s l , sir dyng song ngO* nhim
thye thi ehinh sach dan tpe thilu s l va
ehinh sdeh ngon ngu- ddn t|e thilu s l d
Ddng Nam Bg trong thdi ky mdi. Mgt s l
v i n d l ndy da dugc trinh bay sa luge
trong mgt so ngi dung nghien cCru, tim hilu

v l thuc trgng sir dyng, nhung chua dly du,
chua dugc tgp trung, hg thing hoa, c i n
b l sung them trong cac cdng trinh tilp
theo. •

TAI Lieu THAM K H A O
1. Bui Khdnh ThI. 2008 Cii chung vi cii
riing cOa ngdn ngu- din tde & phin dit Nam
Vi0t Nam. Bdo edo trong Ky ylu HOi thdo
khoa hgc Vin di ngdn ngO- & cic viing din
tde thiiu s6: Tru&ng hp'p Nam Bd - /j? Iu$n,
hiin thi/c. chinh sich. Vi$n Khoa hgc Xd hOi
vung Nam Bd.
2. Ddo Thj Kim Nhung. 1998. Tiin dm tiit
trong tiing Ka ho. Tilu ludn t i t nghi$p dgi
hpc Dai hpe Ting hgp TPHCM
3. Dilu Ldnh. 2007. Tiing Stiing trong linh
vi/c phit thanh-truyin hinh. Bdo cdo trong
Ky y l u Hdi thao khoa hgc NhOng vin di
ngdn ngO vd din tde eua cdng ddng ngudi
Stiing. Binh Phudc. 7/12/2007.
4. Dinh Lu Giang, 2008. Vin di tim ly trong
song ngu. Tru&ng hpp song ngO- - Khmer t^i
ddng bing sdng Cuu Long. Bdo cao trong Ky
ylu Hpi thao khoa hpc Vin di ngdn ngi> 6
cic vung din tde thiiu s6: Tru&ng hpp Nam
Bd - ly luin. hiin thi/c, ehinh sich. Vi$n
Khoa hpc Xd hdi vijng Nam Bd
5. Hodng Tu|. 1984 Ngdn ngu eic din tde
thiiu s6 & Vidt Nam vi chinh sich ngdn ngijr.

Hd N0i: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xd hdi.
6 Huynh DCrc Thi^n. 2007. Gdp phin tim
hiiu d&i sing kinh ti, vin hda, xi hdi cOa
ngu&i Stiing & Binh Phu&c, Bdo cdo trong
Ky ylu HOi thao khoa hgc NhOng vin 3^
ngdn ngu' vi din tde cua cdng ding ngifcn
Stiing. Binh Phudc, 7/12/2007.
7. li Khdc Cudng 2000. Ca ciu ngu' im
tiing Stiing. Ludn dn tiln sT NgO' van. D^i
hgc Khoa hgc Xd hOi vd Nhdn vdn. Dgi hpc
Quic gia TPHCM.
8. Ld Khdc Cudng. 2007. H$ thdng chO' viit
tiing Stiing vi van di xiy di/ng tie chiiu Viit-Stiing, Stiing-Vi$t. Bdo edo trong
Ky y l u Hgi thao khoa hgc NhOng vin (^
ngdn ngO- vi din tde eua cdng ddng ngififi
Stiing. Binh Phudc, 7/12/2007.


NGUYEN KlEN TRLTO'NG - THU'C TRANG Sit DUNG CAC NGON NGCr..
9. Le Khie Cyyng. 2007. Bdi chiiu hd thdng
ngO' im cic ngdn ngir Nam Bahnar vdi tiing
Vidt Bao cao trong Ky yiu H|l thio khoa
hgc Nhimg vin di ngdn ngu- vi din tde cua
cdng dong ngwdi Stidng. Binh Phy^c,
7/12/2007.

17. Nguyin Van Ti|p. 2007, Tim hiiu chinh
sich giio due ddi vdi ddng bio dc din tic
thiiu sd tai chd d Tiy Nguyin eiia chinh

quyin Viit Nam Cdng hda (1955-1975). BSo
do trong H|l thao Khoa hpc Nhirng vin di
ngdn ngCr vi din tde cua cdng ddng ngwdi
Stiing. Sinh Phyyc, 7/12/2007,

10. Le Khic Cyirng. 2007. Ca ciu ngir im
ciia cic ngdn ngO- Nam Bahnar (Stiing, Ko 18 Pham Thanh Thdi. 2007. Bdi cinh xa hdi
ho, Chrau, M'Ndng). B^o do trong Ky ylu
vi mdt sd tinh hudng sir dung tiing Ko ho
Hpl thao khoa hpc Nhirng vin di ngdn ngir
cua ngwdi Ko ho d Lim Bdng. BSo cao trong
vi din tde cua cdng ddng ngwdi Stiing. Binh Ky ylu H|i thao khoa hpc Nhirng vin di
Phyde, 7/12/2007.
ngdn ngu' vi din tde eua cdng ddng ngwdi
Stiing Binh Phyyc, 7/12/2007.
11. Nguyin Ki6n Tnryng. 2011. Hoin thidn

phwong tiin diiu tra va phwong thirc sir dung 19 Phan An. 2007, Luit tue Stiing: Hdm
qua vi hdm nay. Bcio do treng Ky ylu Hpi
kit qua diiu tra ngdn ngu' din tde d Bdng
thIo khoa hpc Nhirng vin de ngdn ngu- vi
Nam Bd. Tap chl Khoa hpc Xa hpi. S i 12.
din tde ciia cdng ddng ngwdi Stiing. Binh
12. Nguyin Thi Phyyng Trang. 2007. Co
Phyde, 7/12/2007.
ciu ngir im tiing Stidng. Bao d o trong Ky
20. Phan Xuan Vl|n. 2007. Su*c diu tim
yiu Hpi thao khoa hpe Nhung vin di ngdn
ngy va din tde eua cdng ddng ngwdi Stidng. hiiu truyin cd Stieng. Bic d o trong Ky ylu
Hpi thao khca hpc Nhirng vin de ngdn ngir

Binh Phyyc, 7/12/2007.
vi din tde cua cdng ddng ngudi Stiing. Binh
13. Nguyin Tuin Trilt 2007. Sao gim xa
Phyyc. 7/12/2007.
hdi cic din tde thiiu sd vio khudn khd va
21. Ta Van Th6ng 1988. Mdi quan he giua
tinh hinh phit triin qudc gia ndi Chung:
Trwdng hop nguai Choro O l tai nghien ciru tiing Ko ho vi tieng Ma. Trong Nhirng van
di ngdn ngir cic din toe d Viet Nam va khu
khoa hoc cip Vien (Vi|n Khoa hpc X§ hpi
vwc Bdng Nam A. H I Npi: Nxb, Khoa hpc Xa
vting Nam Bp).
hpi.
14. Nguyen Tuin Trilt. 2008. Vi thuc trang
ngdn ngu- ciia ngwdi Choro. Bio d o trong 22. T6 Oinh Nghia. 2008. Song ngU vi giio
due song ngir trong cie din tde thiiu sd
Ky yiu Hpl thao khoa hpe Van di ngdn ngir
vimg Bdng Nam Bd. Ble d o trong Ky yiu
d cic vung din tde thiiu sd: Tnr&ng hap
Hii thao khoa hpe Vin de ngdn ngO' a cic
Nam Bd - If luin, hien thwc, ehinh sich.
vimg din tde thiiu sd: Trudng hop Nam Bd Vi|n Khpa hpc Xa hpi vung Nam BO.
ly luin, hidn thuc, chinh sich. Vi|n Khoa hpe
15. Nguyin VSn HuS. 2004. Hiin twang don Xa hpi vung Nam BO
tiet hda vi sy bien ddi ciia cac phu am dau
23. Trin Tin VTnh (Chii nhilm d l tai). 2007.
trong ngdn ngO' khu vwc Nam Bdng Dwang.
Nghien ciru biin soan tir dien Vidt-Chiu ro.
Luan an tiin sT Ngy van. Oai hpc Khoa
o i tai nghien ciru khea hpc cip tinh (BS Riahpc Xa hpi v l Nhan van, Oai hpc Quoc gia

Vung Tlu). Co quan chu tri: Liln hi|p d c
TP HCM.
hOl khoa hpc kj thult tinh B l Ria-VOng Tiu.
16. Nguyin Van Lyi. 1977. Sw phin loai vi
24. Trin Quang Vinh. 2004. H | thdng ngir im
tinh hinh phin bi ngdn ngir cic din tde d
(Xem tiip trang 82)
miin Nam nwde ta. Tap ehi Ngen ngy. S i 1.