Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 4 )

TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI
TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI
MÔN LỊCH SỬ


B S I dLT&n^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Ths. Truong Ngpc Thai

Ke hoach 5 n a m c6 n h i e m v u "phat trien t h e m m p t buoc, sap xe'p lai ca ca'u

+ Cai tao quan h§ san xua't
C o n g cuQC cai tao xa h p i chu nghla d u p e day m a n h v d i toe d p n h a n h t r o n g
cac v u n g m o i giai p h o n g 6 m i e n N a m . Giai cap t u san m a i ban b i xoa bo. D a i
bp p h a n n o n g dan m i e n N a m d i vao con d u o n g l a m an tap the, t h a m gia
nhCrng h i n h thuc to chuc san xua't p h u h p p , n h u to doan ke't san xua't, tap doan
san xua't, h p p tac xa san xua't.
Van hoa, gido due, y tc:

, ,

N g a n h giao due m a u giao, giao due pho thong, giao due d a i hpc va t r u n g
hoc chuyen n g h i f p phat trien m a n h , p h o n g trao b i n h d a n hpc v u da t h u h u t
dupe nhieu n g u o i t h a m gia.
M a n g l u o i cac benh v i ^ n , p h o n g k h a m ehCra b?nh, t r a m y te, nha hp sinh, eo
so dieu d u o n g d u p e m a r p n g . Cac hoat d p n g van hoa, van nghe, the d y e the
thao da tao t h a n h p h o n g trao quan c h i i n g t r o n g cac dja p h u o n g , x i n g h i ^ p ,

a day m a n h cai tai xa h p i chu nghia nen k i n h te quo'c d a n " n h a m ca ban o n
^ j n h t i n h h i n h k i n h te - xa h p i , dap u n g yeu cau cap bach thie't ye'u nha't cua
- Thanh tuu dqt dieoc:
Trong san xua't nong nghiep va cong nghiep da chan d u p e da g i a m sut cua

nhrnig n a m 1976 -1980.
Vexdy dung eo so vat ehat - ki thuqt, t r o n g 5 n a m da hoan t h a n h hang t r a m
cong t r i n h t u o n g d o i Ian, hang n g h i n cong t r i n h v u a va nho, t r o n g d o c6
nhung CO so quan t r p n g ve dien, dau k h i , xi mang, eo k h i giao thong, t h u y I p i ,
d^t... Cac hoat d p n g khoa hpc - k l thuat d u p e trien k h a i , gop p h a n thiic day san
xua't, nha't la san xua't n o n g nghiep.
Trong cai tai quan he san xua't, dai bp phan n o n g dSn m i e n N a m d i vao con
d u o n g l a m an tap the. C u n g v o i vi^e ap d y n g n h u n g t h a n h t u u ve khoa hpc -

t r u o n g hpc
- Nhung khfl khan, yen kern:

kl thuat, viec thuc hi#n rpng rai p h u o n g thue khoan san p h a m cuo'i c i i n g den

Ben canh n h i i n g thanh t u u , c h i i n g ta gap rat nhieu k h o khan, han che^ nha't

nhom va n g u a i lao d p n g theo dja Chi thj 100 ( n a m i 9 8 1 ) cua Ban b i t h u T r u n g
uong D a n g t u y chua hoan t h i ^ n va con nhieu thie'u sot, song da gop m p t p h a n

la t r o n g l i n h vuc k i n h te - xa h p i .
K i n h te'ciia ta m a t can do'i Ion, k i n h te quo'c doanh va tap the t r o n g san xua't
l u o n b i tho l6, k h o n g phat h u y dupe tac d u n g ; k i n h te t u n h a n va ca the bj
ngan cam, k h o n g the phat trien. San xua't phat trien cham, t h u n h ^ p quo'c dan,
nang suat lao d p n g tha'p, d a i song nhan dan gap rat n h i e u k h o khan.

quan t r p n g tao nen buoc phat trien san xua't n o n g nghiep, m o ra p h u a n g
huong d i i n g cho vi^c c u n g eo'quan h$ k i n h te'mdi 6 n o n g t h o n .
Cham lo dai song cua nhan la nhiem v y t h u o n g xuyen va he't sue k h o k h a n
ciia D a n g va N h a nuoc ta t r o n g hoan canh nen k i n h te'con ye'u k e m , thien tai

- Nguyen nhan eua nhung kho khan, ye'u kem:

don d a p , d a n so t a n g n h a n h . Cac nen k i n h te quo'c d a n da c6 t h u h u t t h e m

K i n h te'nuac ta v o n da ngheo nan lac hau lai bj chien t r a n h tan pha nang ne.

4 trieu lao d p n g . Su nghiep van hoa, giao due, y te, the due the thao, van hpc

Do chinh sach cam van cua M l l a m can t r o quan h ^ k i n h tegiua n u o c ta v a i cac

nghe thuat phat trien va c6 n h i r n g d o n g gop nha't d j n h vao viec xay d u n g nen

nuoc. Do s u lanh dao eiia D a n g va N h a nuoc c6 n h i i n g sai l a m t r o n g viee de ra

van hoa m o i , eon n g u o i m a i .

chu t r u o n g cai tao, xay d u n g k i n h te the h i f n 6 t u t u o n g chu q u a n n o n g v p i
t r o n g viec de ra bi?n phap to chuc va chi dao thue h i f n , q u a n If k i n h te theo
kieu bao t h i i , t r i tre.
2. K e hoach N h a n u a c 5 n a m 1981

-1985

- Nhiem vu va mue tieu:
D a i h p i d a i b i e u toan quo'c Ian t h u V cua D a n g h p p t u ngay 27 d e n ngay
31 - 3 - 1982 de ra n h i ^ m v y each m a n g giai doan tiep theo n h a m xay d u n g chu
nghla xa h p i va bao v? To quo'c xa h p i chu nghla, hai n h i ^ m v y chien l u p c d o
quan he mat thie't v o i n h a u .
D a i h p i khang d j n h tiep tyc d u o n g 161 c h u n g each m a n g xa h p i chu nghla
va d u o n g 16'i xay d y n g k i n h te trong thai k i qua d p bat d a u eo sy d i e u chinh,

bo sung, phat trien, cy the hoa cho t u n g chang d u o n g , t i r n g giai d o ^ n p h u h g p
v o i dieu k i ^ n lieh s u cy the.

- Nhifng kho khan, ye'u kem:
Ben canh n h i r n g t h a n h t u u , c h i i n g ta gap rat nhieu k h o khan, han che, nha't
la t r o n g l l n h v u c k i n h te - xa h p i .
K i n h te'cua ta m a t can d o i Ian, k i n h te'quoc doanh va tap the t r o n g san xua't
luon b i tho l6, k h o n g phat h u y d u p e tac d y n g ; k i n h te t u n h a n va ca the b j
ngan cam, k h o n g the phat trien. San xua't phat trien cham, t h u nhap quo'c dan,
nang suat lao d p n g tha'p, d a i song nhan dan gap rat nhieu kho k h a n .
- Nguyen nhan cua nhung kho khan, ye'u kem:
Cung la n g u y e n nhan khach quan, chii q u a n cua t h a i k i t r u o c chua d u p e
l«hac phue, nha't la n g u y e n nhan do "Sai lam, khuye't d i e m t r o n g lanh dao,
quan l i ciia D a n g va N h a nuoc gay n e n " .

^


I I . C O N G C U Q C D O I M O I D I L E N C H U N G H I A X A HQI (1986 - 2000)

* Doi nuri chinh tri:

1. Hoan canh dat nuoc va the gioi. Npi dung duang loi doi moi ve k i n h te va

Xay d u n g lai N h a nuoc xa hgi chii nghia, N h a nuoc cua nhan dan, do dan

chinh trj cua Dang.

va v i dan lay l i e m m i n h giai cap eong nhan, nong dan va tang l a p t r i thuc l a m

a. Hoan earth dat nude:
T r o n g h o n m o t thap k i thirc h i ^ n hai ke hoach N h a n u o c 5 n a m

nen tang cua N h a nuoc do D a n g Cong san lanh dao. Xay d u n g nen dan chu xa
(1976

hgi chii nghia, bao d a m q u y e n lye thuge ve nhan dan. T h y c hien quyen dan

1985), each m a n g xa hgi chii nghia 6 nuoc ta dat d u g c n h i r n g thanh t y u va uu

chu cua nhan d a n , chuyen chinh d o i v o i m o i hanh d o n g xam p h a m igi ich To

d i e m dang ke tren ITnh v y c cua d a i song xa h o i . Song each m a n g c i i n g gap

quoc cua nhan dan. T h y c h i ^ n chinh sach dai doan ket dan toe, tap hgp m g i lye

k h o n g it kho khan, dat nuoc l a m vao tinh trang k h u n g hoang, t r u o c het la

l u g n g cua dan tgc, phan dau sy nghiep dan giau, nuoc m a n h , xa hgi eong

k h u n g hoang k i n h te - xa h o i . M o t t r o n g nhi>ng n g u y e n nhan co ban cua kho

bang, dan chu, van m i n h . T h y c hien chinh sach d o i ngoai hoa b i n h , hOu n g h i ,

k h ^ n , ye'u k e m la d o mac phai "sai lam n g h i e m t r o n g va keo dai ve chu t r u o n g ,

h g p tac, "Viet N a m m u o n la ban ciia tat ca cac nuoc".

chirih sach Ion, sai l a m ve chi dao chien luge va to ehue t h y c h i ^ n " .

2. N h i ^ m vu va muc tieu cua timg ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 -

De khac phuc sai lam, khuye't d i e m dua dat nuoc v u g t quan k h u n g hoang
va day m a n h each m a n g xa hoi chu nghia tien len. D a n g va N h a nuoc ta phai
tien hanh d o i m o i .
b. Hoan canh the gioi:

1991 - 1995, 1990 - 2000.
Cac ke hoach
Nha nuoc 5 nam
1986-1990

D u o i tac d o n g cua each m a n g khoa hoc - k l thuat l a m cho quan h ^ cua cac

Can tap t r u n g sue n g u o i , sue cua t h y c hien bang d u g c
tituc, thuc pham, hang tieu dimg va han;:; xuat khau

Cugc k h u n g hoang toan d i ^ n , t r a m t r g n g cua L i e n X6 va cac nuoc xa hoi chu

M u o n thuc h i ^ n n h u n g m u c tieu cua Ba c h u o n g t r i n h

nghia khac cijng d o i hoi D a n g va Nha nuoc ta phai tien hanh d o i m o i .

k i n h te, t h i n o n g nghiep, ke ca l a m nghiep va n g u

N h u vay, d o i m o i la van de cap bach, c6 y nghia song con d o i v o i chii nghia

nghiep phai d u g c dat d u n g v i t r i la mat tran hang dau

xa hoi 6 nuoc ta d o n g t h a i la van de p h u h g p v o i xu t h e c h u n g cua thoi dai.

va d u g c u u tien n h u eau ve v o n dau t u , ve nang lye, vat

c. Noi dung duang loi doi moi vekinh leva chinh tri cua Dang
D u o n g loi d o i m o i cua D a n g dugc de ra dau tien tai D a i hoi V I (12 - 1986),

N h i f m vu, muc tieu

n h i e m v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chiam;^ trinh kinh te'va hmng

nuoc thay d o i theo xu t h e ' m a i .

dugc dieu chinh, bo sung phat trien Dai hgi V I I (6 -1991), Dai hgi V I I I (6 - 1996),

1990,

lye, lao dong, k ! thuat v.v...
1991

-1995

Day l i i i va kiem soat d u g c lam phat. O n d j n h phat
trien nang cao hieu qua nen san xuat xa h g i . O n d j n h va

D a i hoi IX ( 4 - 2 0 0 1 ) .

t u n g buoc cai thien nang cao d o i song nhan dan. Bat dau

* Doi moi kinh te:

CO tich lijy ngi bg k i n h te.

Phat trien k i n h te'hang hoa nhieu thanh phan theo d j n h h u o n g xa hgi chu

De t h y c hien m u c tieu tren, phat h u y sue m a n h ciia cac

nghia, n h a m phat huy sue manh cua cac thanh phan k i n h t e v a tao sue manh

thanh phan k i n h te, day m a n h Ba c h u o n g t r i n h kinh te

tong h g p eiia nen k i n h te nhieu thanh phan.

v o i n h i r n g ngi d u n g cao han truoc va t u n g buoc xay

Cai tao quan he san xuat, cac thanh phan k i n h te'lae hau k i m ham su phat
trien. Cai tao d i d o i v o i s u d y n g va thiet lap quan he san xuat xa hgi ehu nghia.
Cai tai phai d u g c coi la n h i e m v u t h u o n g xuyen, lien tuc t r o n g suot t h o i k i qua

d y n g CO eau k i n h tetheo yeu eau eong nghiep hoa.
1996 - 2000

Day m a n h eong cugc d o i m o i m o t each toan dien va
d o n g bg, tie'p tuc phat trien nen k i n h te hang hoa nhieu

d g . Xoa bo co c h e q u a n l i k i n h te tap t r u n g , bao cap, h i n h thanh co che thj

thanh phan. Phan dau dat va v u g t m u c tieu tang t r u o n g

t r u o n g CO sy quan l i ciia N h a nuoc.

k i n h te'nhanh, hieu qua cao va ben vi>ng d i d o i v o i giai

T h y c hien chinh sach m o cua, m o rgng quan he k i n h t e d o i ngoai, m o rgng
su phan eong lao d o n g va h g p tac k i n h te'quoe tc, tich eye khai thae nguon
v o n , khai thae eong nghe k h a i thae t h i t r u o n g .
184

quyet nhi>ng van de buc xuc ve xa h g i ; cai thien d o i song
nhan dan, nang'cao tich l u y t u n g i b g den k i n h te.
185


3. Nhmig thanh tmi va yeu kem ve kinh te - xa hpi ciia nuoc ta trong t ^ g ke
ho^ch Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990,1991 - 1995,1990 - 2000.
Cac ke hoach

Thanh t\ru

Nha nuoc 5 nam
1986 - 1 9 9 0

Ve

luang

Yeu kem

N u o c ta v a n c o n la m p t

te d a y m a n h , nhieu m u c

trong nhirng nuoc

tieu c h u y e u cua ke hoach

tren t h e ' g i o i : l u c l u p n g san

5 n a m hoan thanh

xua't nho be, co so v a t chat

vupt

N e n k i n h te con m a t can

tit cho thieu an

d o i I o n , l a m phat v a n 6

K i n h te d6'i ngoai phat

mien, c h i i n g ta da

m u c cao, lao d o n g thieu

v u o n len d a p l i n g n h u cau

ngheo

- k l thuat lac hau; t r i n h d p

muc.

hpc va cong

ngh§

trien, t h j t r u o n g xua't nhap

chuyen bien cham;

nang

vi^c l a m tang, h i ^ u qua

khau

dupe

rpng,

suat lao d p n g , chat l u p n g

t r o n g nuoc, c6 d u tru va

k i n h te tha'p, nhieu ca so

nguon

v o n dau t u ciia

san p h a m , chat l u p n g cong

xua't khau, g o p phan quan

san xua't d i n h d o n keo d a i .

n u o c ngoai tang nhanh.

trien

trong on dinh

d o i song

Che

mo

Khoa hoc va cong nghe

d p tien l u o n g bat

khoa

t r i n h tha'p.
T i n h trang t h a m n h u n g ,

nhan d a n va thay d o i can h o p l i , d o i song ciia n h u n g

CO buoc phat trien m o i ,

lang p h i , b u o n lau, l a m an

can xua't - nhap k h a u .

n g u o i lao d p n g chii y e u

van hoa xa h p i c6 n h i i n g

p h i phap c u n g n h u hien

bang l u o n g hoac t r g cap xa

chuyen bien tich cue.

t u p n g tieu cue t r o n g bp

Hang hoa tren t h i truong,

O n d j n h tinh hinh chinh

nhat la hang tieu dung, d o i h p i v a cua m o t so b p phan
dao, da dang va l u u thong
t u o n g d o i thuan Igi.
K i n h te d o i ngoai

t r j - xa h p i d u p e g i u v u n g ,

n o n g dan b i g i a m sut.

Su

qu6'c p h o n g va an n i n h

n g h i ^ p v a n hoa c6

phat

n h i i n g m a t tiep tuc x u o n g

trien m a n h , m o rong Hon

cap, tinh trang tham nhung,

truoc

ve q u y m o , h i n h

an hoi 16, m a t dan c h i i , bat

thuc... da g o p phan quan

cong xa h p i va nhieu hien

Mo

muc tieu kinh te - xa hoi.
Da

k i m che dugc m o t

b u o c da lam phat.
Buoc dau h i n h thanh nen
k i n h te

hang hoa nhieu

thanh

phan,

v a n hanh

theo CO che t h i t r u o n g c6
s u quan h' ciia N h a nuoc.
Nhirng

thanh

tuu, uu

diem,

tie'n b o dat d u g c

chung

to d u o n g 161 d o i

moi

ciia D a n g

la d u n g ,

b u o c d i ciia cong cupc d o i
m o i ve co ban la p h u hgp.

ne v a p h o bieh.

m a y N h a n u o c ehua d u p e
ngan chan triet de.
Su p h a n hoa giau ngheo
gii>a cac v u n g , g i i i a thanh

d u p e Cling c6'.

trong vao vi^c thuc h i ^ n cac t u p n g tieu cue khac nang

186

N h i p d p phat trien k i n h

thyc

pham,

thuc,

"^991 - 1 9 9 5

r o n g quan

h$ d o i

thj v a n o n g t h o n , giira cac

ngoai, p h a the bao v a y ,

tang

lop cu

dan

tang

t h a m gia tich cue vao cac

nhanh. D o i song ciia m p t

hoat d p n g ciia cpng d o n g

bp p h a n n h a n d a n , nhat la

qu6'c te.

n h u n g v u n g sau, v i m g xa,
con nhieu k h o k h a n .

1996-2000

te v a n g i i i

N e n k i n h te phat trien

d u p e n h j p d p tang t r u o n g

chua v i r n g chac; nang suat

kha, CO cau k i n h te co s u

lao d p n g hieu q u a va sue

chuyen d j c h tich cue.

canh tranh tha'p. - M p t so

Nen kinh

Can

can d o i chii yeu

vah de buc xiic ve van hoa -

t r o n g nen k i n h te da d u p e

xa h p i con cham d u p e giai

dieu c h i n h thich h p p

quye't.

K i n h te d o i ngoai phat
trien
Khoa hpc va cong n g h ^
CO b u o c chuyen bien tich
cue. Giao d u e va dao tao
CO b u o c phat trien m o i ca


10 I

'Iff i
1-)t.))

ve q u y

inu)

mo, chat

lugng.

cAu

H i n h t h i i c dao tao va co so

lU 1. Sau thang i p i khang chien chong MT c i i u nuoc, each m a n g 6 hai m i e n

vat chat.

- N a m CO n h u n g t h u a n i p i va kho khan gi? N h i i n g thanh t u u dat d u p e 6

Cac ITnh vuc van hoa - xa
hpi

CO buoc

phat

lam sau nam 1975.

trien

,

d a n g ke.
[

Cau 2. D a n g va c h i n h q u y e n each mang da c6 n h u n g chu t r u o n g va bien

'j

T i n h h l n h chinh trj - xa
i i

p h o n g - an n i n h duoc tang

; '

duoc

I rong.

Cau 3. T r o n g viec t h y c hien k e h o a c h N h a nuoc 5 nam 1976 - 1980 va 1981 j985, nuoc ta dat dupe n h u n h thanh t u u g i , co n h u n g kho khan va yeu kem gi?
fjguyen nhan cua nhOng kho khan, yeu kem do.

c u o n g ; quan h^ d o i ngoai
ngung

phap g' nhSm giai quye't n h i i n g n h i e m v u cap bach sau k h i cupc k h a n g chien
chong MT ke't thiic?

hoi CO ban on djnh; quoc

khong

Hdii O N T A P

mo

Cau 4. Viet N a m thuc h i ^ n d u o n g loi d o i m o i t r o n g hoan canh dat nuoc va
gioi n h u the nao? N e u n p i d u n g d u o n g loi d o i m o i ve k i n h te'va c h i n h t n

\

4. Y nghia cua n h u n g thanh tuu ve k i n h te - xa hpi nuoc ta trong 15 nam

(1986 - 2000) thyc h i ? n duong loi doi moi. N h u n g kho khan yeu kem
a. Nlmri*; thanh tyu vc kinh tc'- xa hoi nuvc ta tron^ 15 nam dot m&i (1986 ~
2000) CO y n^hia v6 cutig^ quan tron^, do la:
Da tang c u o n g siic m a n h t o n g hop cua dan toe tren tat ca cac ITnh v u c kinh
te, c h i n h t r j , xa hoi, van hoa, giao due.
C o n g cupc d o i m o i v o i n h u n g thanh t u u dat d u o c t r o n g 15 n a m qua da lam
thay d o i bo mat cua dat nuoc va cuoc song cua nhan dan.
N h O n g thanh t u u cua cong cupc d o i m o i gop phan c u n g co v u n g chac doc
lap dan tpc va c h e d o xa h o i chu nghia, nang cao vj t h e v a u y t i n ciia V i ^ t Nam
tren t r u o n g quoc te.

It

aia Dang.
Cdu 5. N e u n h i e m v u va m u c tieu ciia t i r n g k e h o a c h N h a n u o c 5 nam: 1986 1990, 1991 -1995, 1990 - 2000.
Cdu 6. T r i n h bay n h i r n g thanh t u u va yeu kem Ve k i n h te - xa h p i cua nuoc ta
trong t u n g k e h o a c h N h a nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990, 1991 - 1995, 1990 - 2000.
Cdu 7. D o i m o i dat nuoc d i len chii nghia xa hpi t u D a i hpi V I (12 - 1986) ciia
D^ng dupe hieu n h u the nao? N e u y nghTa ciia n h i i n g thanh t u u ve k i n h te - xa
hpi nuoc ta t r o n g 15 nam (1986 - 2000) thuc hien d u o n g 161 d o i m o i .
Cdu 8. So sanh cong cupc cai to cua Lien X6 v o i cong cupc d o i m o i 6 Viet
Nam theo yeu cau sau:
Tieu chi
so sanh

h. NhCmg kho khan va yeu kem vekinh tc- xH hoi cua nude ta sau 15 nam (1986 - 2000)

hi#u qua va sue canh tranh tha'p. Chat l u p n g san p h a m chua that s u tot, gia
thanh van con cao. Quan he san xuat mot so mat chua phu hop. K i n h te'Nha nuoc
chua dupe cung c o t u o n g x u n g v o i vai tro chu dao. K i n h te'tap the chua manh.

Hai la, m o t so van de van hoa - xa hpi buc xiic va gay gat cham dupe giai
quye't. Cac boat d p n g khoa hoc va cong ngh^ chua dap u n g tot y e u cau cU'i
cong n g h i f p hoa, hien dai hoa, xay d u n g va bao ve To quoc. T i le that n g h i ^ p
thanh thj va thie'u viec l a m 6 n o n g thon con 6 m i i c cao.
Ba la, t i n h trang tham n h u n g chua dupe khac phuc tri^t de.

Vi^t Nam

Boi canh

thifc hien difdn^ loi doi moi.
Mot la, nen k i n h t e p h a t trien chua that s u v u n g c h i c , nang sua't lao dong,

L i e n X6

• Doi moi
; chinh trj

'i

Doi moi

i | j < i n h te
fChinh sach
^ o i ngoai
jiCaM 9. N e u n h i r n g thang Ipi Ijch su tieu bieu cita each m a n g V i e t N a m d u o i
I lanh dao cua D a n g t u n a m 1930 den nay. N g u y e n nhan co ban va bai hpc
n i ; h i e m ciia thang Ipi d o la gi?
!^«« 10. L a p b a n g ve n h i i n g s u kien tieu b i e u gan v o i t i r n g giai d o a n t r o n g
t r i n h Ijch sir V i e t N a m tir sau C h i e n t r a n h t h e ' g i o i t h i i nha't (1919) d e n

l y (2000).

1X8


Chuy§n di 6: TdNG K^T LICH SU VI$T NAM 1919 - 2 0 0 0
1. N h u n g t h ^ n g Igri l i c h s u t i e u b i e u cua each m a n g V i f t N a m d u o i s\ Ig^j^
dao ciia D a n g tvr n a m 1930 den nay. N g u y e n n h a n co b a n cua t h ^ n g I g i do

- Nhung thang Icn tieu bieu:
D a n g C o n g san V i ^ t N a m ra d o i vao ngay 3 - 2 - 1930, m o ra m p t bu6c
ngoat Ijch s u v 6 c u n g q u a n t r o n g t r o n g lich su cua d a n tpc ta.
Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 thang Igi, m o ra m o t k i n g u y e n m o i cho
dan tpc: k i n g u y e n doc lap dan tpc gan lien v o i chii nghla xa h p i , giai p h o , ,
d a n tpc gan lien v o i giai p h o n g giai cap.
Chien d i c h D i ? n Bien Phii thang I p i n a m 1954, bupc thuc dan Phap k i ke't
H i f p d i n h G i o n e v o , cong nhan dpc lap chu q u y e n , t h o n g nha't va toan ven lanh
tho ciia ba nude D o n g D u o n g , ke't thuc cupc khang chien chong t h y c dan Phap
va can t h i ^ p M i , d u a m i e n Bac tien len xay d u n g chii nghla xa h p i .
Cupc l o n g tien cong va n o i day m i i a Xuan n a m 1975, d a n h bai am m u u
x a m lupc cua M i 6 V i ^ t N a m , d u a ca nude b u o c vao t h a i k i xay d u n g chu
nghia xa h p i .
C o n g cupc d o i m o i dat nude d u p e de ra t u D a i h p i Ian t h i i V I cua Dang,
khae phuc n h i i n g k h o khan, sua ehua sal l a m , d u a dat nude v u p t qua thoi ki
k h u n g hoang, day s u nghiep each m a n g xa h p i chii nghla tien len.

- Nguyen nhan thang Igi:
N h a n dan ta doan ket m o t long, giau l o n g yeu nude lao d p n g can cii sang
tao, chien dau kien c u d n g v i dpc lap t u do. T r u y e n t h o n g d o ciia d a n tpc duoc
phat h u y cao d p t r o n g t h a i k i each m a n g do D a n g lanh dao.

D a n g C o n g san Vi?t N a m d o C h u tjch H o C h i M i n h sang lap, la d p i tien
p h o n g ciia giai cap cong nhan, dai d i f n tieu bieu cho q u y e n I p i cua giai cap va
dan tpc. Su lanh dao sang suot ciia D a n g v d i d u d n g 161 each m a n g d i i n g dan,
sang tao, dpc lap, t u chu la nhan to thang Ipi hang dau, chi p h o i cac nhan to
khae ciia each m a n g Viet N a m .
2, N h i h i g b a i hpc k i n h n g h i ? m cua each m ^ n g V i ^ t N a m t i r n a m 1930 den
n a m 2000
N a m viiTig d u p e n g p n ed dpc lap dan tpc va ehu nghla xa h p i , m p t bai hc^'
xuyen suot qua t r i n h each m a n g nude ta.
Su nghiep each m a n g la eiia nhan dan, d o nhan dan va v i d a n . N h a n dan 1''
n g u d i l a m nen thSng I p i lich su.
K h o n g n g i r n g eiing cd, tang c u d n g doan ket: dogm ket toan D a n g , doan ket
toan dan, doan ke't d a n tpc, doan ket quoc te.
ion

KKe't hpfp sue

m a n h d a n tpc v d i sue m a n h t h d i dai, sue m a n h t r o n g nude v d i

sure m a n h quoc te.
Svr l a n h dao d i i n g d i n cua D a n g la nhan to hang dau bao d a m thang I p i cua
each m a n g Vi?t N a m .
3, N h u n g s v k i ^ n t i e u b i e u g i n v d i t i m g g i a i doan t r o n g t i e n t r i n h l i c h s u
V i ? t N a m t i r n a m 1919 den n a m 2000

a) Tit nam 1919 den nam 1930
T h u c dan Phap tien h a n h k h a i thae thupe dia Ian t h i i hai, xa h p i Vi?t N a m
CO n h i f n g bien d o i sau sac. M a u thuan dan tpc va giai cap gay g i t .
Phong trao d a u t r a n h chong t h y c dan Phap d o giai cap t u san v a tieu t u san
b i i n g no, euoi eiing that bai.

N g u y e n A i Quoc t i m d u d n g euu nude den v d i chu nghla Mac - L e n i n , t i m
ra con d u d n g each m a n g d i i n g dan, d d la con d u d n g each m a n g v 6 san. L a n
lirgrt t r u y e n ba chii nghla Mac - Len n i n vao V i ^ t N a m .
Phong trao d a u t r a n h ciia giai cap cong n h a n V i ^ t N a m tir n a m 1919 -

1925

con m a n g t i n h t u phat.
T o chiic c h i n h t r j ciia giai cap v 6 san: H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien
thanh lap (6 - 1925); ciia tang Idp tieu t u san: Tan V i f t Cach m a n g dang (8 1928) l a m n h i ? m v u t r u y e n ba chii nghla Mae - L e n i n vao V i ^ t N a m de chuan
b i cho s y h i n h t h a n h dang ciia giai cap v 6 san; to ehue c h i n h t r i ciia giai cap t u
san d a n tpc: V i ^ t N a m Quoc dan dang t h a n h lap (12 - 1927) to ehiic cupc k h d i
nghla Yen Bai bj that bai, cham d i i t vai trd d o i v d i each m a n g Vi?t N a m .
Phong trao d a u tranh ciia cong nhan t r o n g n h i i n g n a m 1926 - 1929 ehuyen
sang d a u t r a n h t u giac, tao d i e u k i ^ n cho ehii nghla Mac - L e n n i n d u p e t r u y e n
ba sau r p n g vao V i ^ t N a m .
Ba to ehiic epng san n o i tiep n h a u ra d d i n a m 1929, chuan b j t r y e tiep cho sy
t h a n h lap D a n g C p n g san V i ^ t N a m .

Dang Cong san Viet Nam ra dai (3 -2 - 1930) ma ra mot buac ngoat lich su vd
cung quan trong trong lich sit dan toe Viet Nam. Dang ra dai la su chuan bi td\
dau Hen c6 tinh quyet dinh cho nhitng buac phat trien nhay vot tiep theo trong lich sit
dan toe Viet Nam.
b) Tit nam 1930 den nam 1945
Tac d p n g ciia cupc k h u n g hoang k i n h te tren the g i d i 1929-1933 eiing v d i
cupc " k h i i n g b d t r a n g " ciia Phap sau k h d i nghla Yen Bai (9 - 2 -1930), da l a m
b i i n g no p h o n g trao each m a n g ciia q u a n c h i i n g ca n u d e t r o n g n h i r n g n a m
1930 - 1 9 3 1 . Sy lanh dao ciia D a n g Cpng san Vi?t N a m da d u a p h o n g trao len
t d i d i n h cao v d i sy thanh l ^ p X6 viet d N g h ? T i n h . Phong trao tir cudi n a m

191


Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vi^t

1931 d i vao thoai trao, each mang Vi$t N a m chuyen sang dau tranh n h 3 m phuc

trudc chien d i c h Bien g i d i t h u - d o n g 1950) va Tien cong ( t u chien djch bien g i d i

hoi p h o n g trao (1932 - 1935).

t h u - d o n g 1950). D i e n Bien Phu la tran t h i n g quyet d i n h d i den v i f c k i ket

T r o n g boi canh lich su nhfrng nam 1936 - 1939, k h i chu nghla phat xit xua't

H i ? p G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g .

h i ^ n , de doa hoa b i n h tiie gioi va p h o n g trao chong phat xit 6 Phap gianh

d) Tit nam 1954 den nam

thang \gi b u o c d a u , 6 nuoc ta day len p h o n g trao dau tranh cong khai rong

Sau H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o , M i nhay vao m i e n N a m V i f t N a m t h y c h i ^ n m u u

Ion. Phong trao da t h u hiit d o n g dao quan c h u n g t h a m gia d u o i sir lanh dao

do x a m luge n u d e ta. Xua't phat t u t i n h h i n h dat nude b i t a m t h a i chia cat l a m

ciia D a n g , dau tranh d o i t u d o dan sinh, dan chu, c o m ao, hoa b i n h . Day la

hai m i e n . D a n g de ra n h i e m v u cho each m a n g hai m i e n , m o i quan he giCra

p h o n g trao q u a n c h i i n g c6 muc tieu, h i n h thuc dau tranh m o i me 6 nuoc ta va

each m a n g khae n h a u va nhiem v u c h u n g cho each m a n g hai m i e n , m o i q u a n

rat hiem c6 m o t nuoc thuoc dja.
Cuoc Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai (1939 - 1945) da tac d o n g den toan the

1975

g i i i a each m a n g hai m i e n . N h i f m v u chung, d d la "nhiem vu khang chien
chong Ml ci'fu nuac".

g i o i . Cugc chien dau cua nhan dan Lien X6 va cac luc l u g n g dan chu the gioi

6' mien Nam, tien hanh cugc each m a n g dan tgc dan chu nhan dan phat

chong phat xit thang Igi da tao dieu ki?n thuan Igi cho each m a n g nuoc ta va

trien len khai nghla ( t u 1959 - 1960) rdi chien tranh giai phong ( t u giOa 1961), ket

nhieu nuoc tien len giai p h o n g dan tgc.

hgp k h d i nghla v d i chien tranh qua 5 thdi k i ta Ian l u g t d a n h bai 4 chien luge

Dau n a m 1941, N g u y e n Ai Quoc ve nuoc true tiep lanh dao each mang, tai

thong t r j va x a m luge thuc dan m o i ciia MT' 1954 - 1960 d a n h bai chien luge

h g i nghj T r u n g u o n g 8 (5 - 1941) da hoan chinh chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g dau

"Chien tranh d o n p h u o n g " cua Aixenhao; 1961 - 1965 d a n h bai " C h i e n tranh

tranh de ra tai hgi nghj T r u n g u o n g 6 (11 - 1939): G i u o n g cao h o n nua nggn c6

dae b i e t " cua K e n n o d i ; 1965 -1968 danh" bai chien luge "Chien t r a n h cue bg cua

giai p h o n g dan tgc, giai quyet van de dan tgc t r o n g p h a m v i t i t n g nude 6 D o n g

G i d n x o n ; 1969 - 1973 d a n h bai hoan toan chien luge "Viet N a m hoa chien

D u o n g . T u day, each m a n g nude ta day m a n h ehuan bj tien t d i k h o i nghla

t r a n h " ciia N i c h x o n va Pho, tien len "Danh cho n g u y nhao".

gianh ehinh q u y e n .

O mien Bac, t h u c hien n h i i n g n h i ^ m v u ciia each m a n g t r o n g t h d i k i qua do

K h o i nghla gianh ehinh quyen d u a den thSng Igi Caeh m a n g thang T a m 1945

d i len chii nghla xa hgi la san xua't, lao d o n g xay d u n g , va k h i M i m d rgng

la ket qua cua qua t r i n h ehuan bj va tap d u g t t r o n g 15 n a m t u k h i D a n g ra d o i .

chien tranh pha hoai bang k h d n g quan va H a i quan t h i m i e n Bac ket h g p chien

D a n g da lanh dao cugc dau tranh qua nhieu t h o i k i m toan d i ^ n va true tiep

dau va san xua't. D o n g t h d i nhan dan m i e n Bac eon l a m n h i ^ m v y cua hau

nhat la t h a i k i tien t d i ehuan bj T o n g k h o i nghla 1939 - 1945. Cugc k h d i nghla

p h u o n g ehi v i | n cho tien t u y e n m i e n N a m va thuc hien n h i ^ m v u quoc t e ' d d l

t h i n g Igi, ehinh q u y e n ve tay nhan dan, nude Viet N a m D a n chu C o n g hoa

v d i Lao, Campuehia. M i e n Bac da gianh thang Igi t r o n g cugc chien dau ehd'ng

d u g c thanh lap.

cugc chien tranh pha hoai eiia de'qudc MT: Ian t h u nhat bat dau tir ngay 5 - 8 -1964,

c) Tit nam 1945 den nam

1954

T r o n g h o n n a m dau sau Cach m a n g thang Tam, dat nude gap m u o n vang
k h d khan t h u thach, t i n h the he't sue hiem ngheo khae nao "N;^an can trco sai
toe". N h a n dan ta vua xay d u n g chinh quyen each mang, xay d u n g che d p dan

chinh thiic ngay 7-2

- 1965 den ngay 1 - 11 - 1968; Ian t h u hai bat dau ngay 6 -

4 - 1972, ehinh thuc t u ngay 16 - 4 -1972 den ngay 15 - 1 -1973.
Cugc Tdng tien cong va ndi day Xuan 1975 da giai phdng hoan toan mien N a m ,
thong nhat dat nude, sau d d dua ca nude tien len xay d u n g chii nghla xa hgi. .. ;

ehu nhan d a n , giai quyet nan d o i , nan d o t va n h i r n g k h d k h a n ve tai c h i n h , vua

e) Tit nam 1975 den nam 2000

dau tranh ehd'ng ngoai xam ngi phan, bao ve nen dgc lap. T u euoi nam 1946, toan

T r o n g 10 n a m dau (1976 - 1986), nhan dan da thuc hien ke hoach N h a nude

dan ta tien hanh cugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap tren p h a m v i ca nude.

,5 n a m (1976 - 1980 va 1981 - 1985) do D a i hgi I V (thang 12 -1976) va D a i hgi V

Cugc k h a n g chien chong Phap (1945 - 1954) tien hanh t r o n g d i e u k i ^ n nude

(thang 3 - 1982) ciia D a n g de ra. Ben canh nhieu thanh t u u va u u d i e m ta gap

ta da gianh d u g c doe lap va ehinh quyen. V i vay, vira k h a n g chien v u a kien

k h d n g i t k h d khan, ye'u kem, ca sai lam, khuye't d i e m . K h d k h a n ciia ta ngay

qudc la hai n h i ^ m v u chien luge each mang nude ta t r o n g giai doan nay.

cang I d n , sai l a m cham d u g c sua chua, dua den k h i i n g hoang ve k i n h te - xa

Cugc k h a n g chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luge, va t u n a m 1950 ehd'ng ca
su can t h i ^ p cua de qudc M l , trai qua hai giai doan Phong ngu (tir dau den

h g i , d o i hoi p h a i dd'i m d i .

Cty TNHH MTV PWH Khan^ ViSt

Dirang lo'i doi mai dugc

de ra tu Dai hpi V I (1986) nham khac phuc kho

chinh quyen, quan dpi, mat tran thong nha't
dan tpc, cong tac tai chinh.
Bau Ban Chap hanh Trung uong mai, do
Ho Chi Minh lam Chii tjch Dang va Trudng
Chinh lam Tong Bi thu.

khan, san xua't sai lam, vugt qua khiing hoang, day manh sy nghi^p each mang
xa hoi chu nghia tie'n len. Trai qua gan hai thap ki, nhan dan ta da thuc hien
thing lo'i 3 ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (va dang thuc hi?n ke hoach 5 nam laVi
thu t u 2001 - 2005) do Dai hoi V I (thang 12 -1986), Dai hpi V I I (thang 6 - 1991),
Dai hpi VIII (thang 6 - 1996) va Dai Hpi IX (thang 4 - 2001) cua Dang ta de ra.
Cong cupc doi moi da va gianh dupe thang Ipi. ThSng Ipi da dem lai nhieu
thanh tuu quan trpng ve cac mat chinh trj, kinh t e - xa hpi, van hoa - giao due

"sT^aJ hpi T u ngay 5 den
la'n thii III

va quan h^ doi ngoai. Dong thoi tung buoc thuc hi^n tien trinh cong nghiep

ngay 19 - 12 -

each mang ca nuac va nhi^m vy ciia each

1960

mang tung mien; ehi ro v\, vai tro ciia
each mang tung mien, moi quan hf giiia

hoa, hi^n dai hoa dat nuac nham muc tieu dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hpi cong

each mang hai mien.

bang dan chii van minh. T h i n g Ipi khang dinh duong lo'i doi mdi ciia Dang la

Cach mang hai mien c6 quan h ^ mat

dung, budc di cua cong cupc doi moi la phu hpp.

thiet, g i n bo vdi tac dpng Ian nhau nham

4. Tom tit npi dung mpt so dai hpi tieu bieu ciia Dang: tir Dai hpi Ian thii I

hoan thanh cupc each mang dan tpc dan

den Dai hpi Ian thu VIII
Cac Ian

Thoi gian

chii nhan dan trong ca nude, thuc hi^n hoa

Npi dung

binh thong nha't dat nude.

Dai hpi
1) Dai hpi

Thang 3-1935

Ian thu I

Xac dinh ba nhi^m vy ciia Dang trong
thai gian truoc mat la: ciing c6' sir phat trien
Dang; tranh thu quan chiing rpng rai; chong
chie'n tranh de'quo'c.
Thong qua Nghj quyet chinh tri, Dieu 1^
Dang, cac nghj quyet ve v|in dpng cong
nhan, nong dan, binh h'nh, phu nir ; ve cong

Thong qua Bao cao chinh tri, bao cao sua

\
"ff

chira doi Dieu 1^ Dang va thong qua ke
hoach Nha nude 5 nam thii nha't (1961 1965) nham xay dyng budc dau co so vat

(t

chat - k l thuat ciia chii nghia xa hpi, thyc
hi^n mpt budc cong nghif p hoa xa hpi chii

It

nghia.

}

Bau Ban Cha'p hanh Trung uong mdi ciia

tac trong cac dan tpc thieu so', ve dpi t u v f
va cuu te'do.
Bau ra Ban Chap hanh Trung uang va bau
Le Hong Phong lam Tong Bi thu ciia Dang.
Nguyen A i Quoc dupe cii lam dai di$n cua
Dang ben canh Quoc te Cpng san.
2) Dai hpi

Tu ngay 11 den

Thong qua Bao cao chinh trj ciia Ban

Ian thu II

ngay 19 - 2 -

Chap hanh Trung uong Dang do Chii tich

1951

Ho Chi Minh trinh bay.
Thong qua bao cao "Ban ve each mang Vi^t

Nam" do dong ehi Truong Chinh trinh bay.

IQ4

Dai hpi de ra nhi^m vu chie'n lupc ciia

Dang. Ho Chi Minh dupe bau lam Chii tich
Dang, Le Duan gii> chiic Bi t h u thii nha't

H

ciia Dang.
4) Dai hpi

Tir ngay 14 den

Da de ra duong loi xay dyng chii nghia xa

Ian thii IV

ngay 20 - 12 -

hpi trong pham vi ca nude, duong loi chung

1976

each mang xa hpi chii nghia va dudng loi
xay dyng kinh te trong thai ki qua dp.
Dai hpi quyet dinh phuang hudng, nhi?m
vy va mye tieu ciia ke hoach Nha nude

'J

5 nam (1976 - 1980), la xay dung xa hpi chu
nghia, nham hai mye tieu ca ban: xay dung

Thao luan va quyet djnh nhieu chinh sach

mot bmc ca sa vat chat - ki thuat cua chu nghta

CO ban ve cong tac xay dung va ciing co

xa hoi, bmc dau hinh thanh ca cd'u kinh temai
I AC


cong

nghiep

Ian

den ngay 1 - 7 -

d u o n g loi d o i m o i , de ra chii t r u o n g , nhiem

1996

vu trong n h i e m k i m o i .

nghicp

vd cdi thien

mot

thii'

VIII

Khang d j n h tiep tuc n i m vCrng hai n h i e m
v u chien luge xay d y n g va bao v ^ to quoe

Da d a n h gia t i n h h i n h dat nuoc, kiem
5) D a i h o i

Tix ngay 15 den

d i e m s u lanh dao ciia D a n g , vai tro quan l i

Ian t h u V I

ngay 18 - 12 -

cua N h a nuac t r o n g thap k i dau ca nuoc d i

1986

len chu nghla xa h p i , t u d o xac d j n h n h i e m
v u , m u c tieu ciia each m a n g t r o n g thai k i

xa hoi chii nghla.
De ra p h u o n g h u o n g , n h i e m v u , m u c tieu
k e h o a c h k i n h te - xa hgi 5 n a m 1996 - 2000.

L

« . V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g d o i v o i t h a n g I g i ciia each m a n g V i f t N a m

doi m o i .

T h a i k i l i c h sii

K h i n g d j n h tiep tuc d u o n g loi chung each
d u n g k i n h te xa hoi chu nghla d o cac dai
hoi I V va V cua D a n g de ra.

tranh chong thuc dan, p h o n g kien t r o n g p h o n g trao each
I'i) 1930-

1931

1

hoi t r o n g t h o i k i qua d o tiep tuc d u o c cu the

ji

dan Phap va p h o n g kien tay sai.
Phong trao da the hien d u g c vai tro lanh dao ciia D a n g

hoa tren ca so nang cao n h a n thuc ve dac

trong thuc tien dau tranh each m a n g . The hien d u g c sue

d i e m t h o i k i qua d o len chu nghla xa hoi 6

m a n h ciia lien m i n h eong - nong.

Viet N a m . T r u o c mat, t r o n g 5 n a m tir nam
den n a m

1990,

can

tap t r u n g

D a y la eugc dien tap Ian dau tien chuan bj cho Cach

sue

m a n g thang Tam n a m 1945.

n g u a i , sue cua thuc hien bang d u g c nhiem
v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chimng tnnh kinh

tevd

luang thuc, thuc pham, hang tieu dung vd hang

Mac dau bj thuc dan Phap dan ap, k h i i n g bo n h u n g
5) 1932-

1935

1991

27 -

6 -

p h o n g trao.

Da tong ket, d a n h gia viee thuc h i ^ n

Den thang 3 - 1935, sau k h i p h o n g trao each m a n g d u g c

d u o n g l o i d o i m o i cua D a i hoi V I , de ra chu

phuc h o i . D a n g ta tien hanh D a i hgi Ian t h u nha't de eiing

t r u o n g , nhiem v u n h a m ke thua, phat huy

C O to chuc D a n g va vaeh ra p h u o n g h u o n g lanh dao,

nhCrng thanh t u u , u u d i e m da dat dugc;

chuan bj cho m o t p h o n g trao each m a n g m o i .

k h i c phuc nhCrng kho khan, ye'u k e m mac

T r u o e n h i i n g bien doi ciia t i n h h i n h the g i o i va t r o n g

phai t r o n g b u o c dau d o i m o i .
Q u y e t d j n h m o t so van de ve chien luge
lau d a i . D o la t h o n g qua " C u o n g ITnh xay

d u o i su lanh dao ciia Dang, cac chien sT cgng san va quan
c h i i n g nhan dan van kien t r i dau tranh de hoi phuc

xud't khd'u.
ngay

m a n g 1930 - 1931 ma d i n h cao la X6 viet N g h ^ - T i n h .
Phong trao da giang m o t d o n quyet liet vao bgn thuc

De ra d u o n g loi xay d u n g chu nghla xa

1986

V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g
Vifa m o i ra d o i . D a n g da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau

m a n g xa hoi chu nghla va d u o n g loi xay

Ian t h u V I I

hifn

T u ngay

lao dgng.

Tir ngay 24 den

dat n u o c thuc

7) Dai hoi

bif&c dffi so'n<^ vat chd't vd van hod cua nhdn dan

6) D a i h o i

ket 10 n a m

cd nieac ma bo phdn chu ye'u Id ca cd'u
- nong

28-6

Tong

twng

nude. D a n g ta chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien
J) 1936-1939

luge, sach luge d i den thuc hien eugc v a n d g n g dan chii
voi muc tieu dau tranh doi t u do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh.

d u n g dat nuoe trong t h o i k i qua d o d i len

Q u a eugc van d g n g dan chii 1936 - 1939, D a n g da tap

chu nghla xa h o i " va "Chien luge on d j n h va

h g p d u g c m o t lue l u g n g c h i n h t r j quan ehung d o n g dao

phat trien k i n h te - xa hoi den n a m 2000".

va sir d u n g d u g c nhieu hinh thire dau tranh p h o n g p h u .

De ra nhiem v u , m u c tieu k i n h te - xa h o i
ciia k e h o a c h 5 n a m (1991 -1995).

D a y la eugc d i e n tap Ian thir hai chuan bj cho Cach
m a n g thang Tam nam 1945.


4) 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5
• a-

K h i Chie'n tranh the g i o i t h i i hai b u n g no, t h y c dan

-1975

Sau k h i H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o n a m 1954 d u p e k i ke't, m i e n
BSc nuoc ta d u p e hoan toan giai p h o n g , n h u n g m i e n N a m

Sau d o N h a t nhay vao D o n g D u o n g cau ke't v o i Phap dan

con b i de quoc M i va tay sai t h o n g t r j . D a n g ta da lanh

ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. V a n m ? n h cac dan tpc D o n g

dao nhan dan ta tie'n hanh hai n h i ^ m v u chie'n lupc: Xay

D u o n g bj de doa n g h i ^ m t r p n g .

d y n g chu nghia xa h p i 6 m i e n Bac va d a u tranh giai

T r u o c t i n h h i n h do. D a n g ta t r i ^ u tap H p i n g h i T r u n g
u o n g thang 11 - 1939 va H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8

p h o n g dan tpc 6 m i e n N a m .
Tie nam 1954 den nam 1960:

','

' •

(5 - 1941). Cac h p i n g h i nay da de ra va hoan c h i n h chu

D o i v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n d a n m i e n

t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien l u p c cho each mang,

Bac tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phue k i n h te^ han

dat v a n de giai p h o n g dan tpc len hang d a u , xay d u n g

gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh, tien hanh cai tao xa h p i chii

mat tran Vi?t M i n h , chuan b i luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , luc

nghia.

l u p n g v u trang, can c u dja each m a n g , da d o n va chop

D o i v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g de ra N g h j quye't 15 (1 - 1959),

t h o i CO lanh dao n h a n ta v i i n g day c u o p c h i n h quyen,

N g h j quye't chu t r u o n g cho d o n g bao m i e n N a m co the

d u a Cach m a n g thang T a m den thang I p i cuol c i i n g .

d u n g l y c l u p n g v u trang ke't h p p v o i luc l u p n g chinh trj

T h a n g I p i eiia Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 da dap

de dau tranh chong M i - D i ? m . D u o i anh sang cua N g h i

tan hai tang xieng xich cua Phap - N h a t ; d u a nuoc ta t u

quye't 15, dortg bao mien N a m da l a m nen cupc D o n g

m p t nude thupc dja nua p h o n g kien t r o t h a n h m p t nuoc

k h o i cuoi n a m 1959 dau n a m 1960, dua each m a n g m i e n

dpc lap CO chu q u y e n ; d u a dan tpc ta t u than p h a n no le

N a m tien len m p t buoe phat trien nhay v p t .

t r o t h a n h n g u o i l a m chii dat nuoc.
5)1945 - 1 9 5 4

6) 1954

Phap tang c u a n g dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g .

Sau Cach m a n g thang T a m , dat n u o c ta gap m u o n vang

Tif nam 1961 den nam

1965:

D o i v o i m i e n B3c: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n dan xay

k h o khan. D a n g da de ra n h i r n g c h i n h sach d o l d p i d u n g

d y n g CO so vat chat - k i thuat cho chu nghia xa h p i , thuc

dan, n h i r n g chinh sach d o i ngoai m e m deo, n h o vay ta da

hi?n ke'hoach nha nuoc 5 n a m (1961 - 1 9 6 5 ) .

g i i i v u n g dupe chinh quyen va xay d u n g dupe nen m o n g cho

che'dp m o i , bao v? dupe thanh qua Cach mang thang Tam.
K h i thue dan Phap t r o lai xam lupc nuoc ta. D a n g ta da
de ra d u o n g loi khang chien: Toan d a n , toan dien, lau dai
va t u l y c canh sinh va lanh dao nhan dan ta k h a n g chien.

D61 v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n
N a m danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i ^ t " cua M I ,
dua each mang mien N a m tien len m p t buoc phat trien m o i .
Tif nam 1965 den nam

1968:

D o l v o i m i e n Bac: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan d a n h bai

Sau gan 9 n a m khang chie'n t r u o n g k i , gian kho, nhan

cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nhat ciia M I , bao v?

dan ta da Ian l u p t d a n h bai m p i am m u u va t h u doan cua

v i i n g chac m i e n Bac, chi v i ^ n day d i i , k i p t h o i cho each

thuc d a n Phap va b p n can thiep M I , d u a cupc k h a n g chie'n

mang mien N a m .

den thanh cong.

D o l v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n m i e n N a m

T h a n g I p i cua cupc khang chie'n eho'ng Phap da cha'm

dau tranh d a n h bai chie'n lupc " C h i e n tranh eye b p " cua

d u t cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc, d o n g t h o i cha'm d u t ach

M I . C u n g v o i thang Ipi ciia q u a n dan m i e n Bac, bupc M I

t h o n g t r j ciia thuc dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t the k i tren da't

p h a i chap nhan ngoi vao ban d a m p h a n o H p i nghj Pari.

n u o c ta; m i e n Bac nuoc ta d u p e giai p h o n g , chuyen sang
giai doan each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia, tao co so de nhan
dan ta giai p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat To quoc.

Tif nam 1969 den nam

1973:

D o l v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao nhan d a n d a n h
bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai cua M I , tao nen
IQQ


m o t " D i # n Bien Phu tren k h o n g " . M i e n Bac tie'p tuc tro

den H o i n g h i Vecxai Ban yen sack cua nhan dan An Nam.

thanh hau p h u o n g Ian cho tien tuyen Ion 6 m i e n N a m .

yeu sach d o i C h i n h p h i i Phap va cac nuoc d o n g m i n h thira

D o l v o i mien N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n
N a m danh bai chien luge

" V i ^ t N a m hoa"

va

nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chii va q u y e n b i n h dSng ciia

"Dong

nhan dan A n N a m . Giira n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc

D u o n g hoa" chien t r a n h ciia MT. C u n g v o i thang Igi ciia

ban So thdo Ian thu nha't luan cwang vevd'n dcddn toe thuoc dia.

quan dan m i e n Bac, buQC M I phai chap n h a n lei ke't H i e p

L u a n c u o n g ciia Lenin da g i u p N g u y e n A i Quoc k h ^ n g

d j n h Pari nam 1973.

d i n h m u o n ciru nuoc va giai p h o n g dan tpc la phai d i theo

TiV nam 1973 den nam 1975: D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta
chop t h o i CO, T o n g tien cong va noi day m u a Xuan n a m

con d u o n g each m a n g v6 san.

1975 v o i ba chien djch: Tay N g u y e n , H u e - Da N a n g va

* Chudn bj ve tu tuang, chinh tri vd to chitc cho su thanh

chien d j c h H o C h i M i n h Ijch sir, giai p h o n g hoan toan

lap Dang:

m i e n N a m , thong nha't To quoc.
7) 1975

-1991

N g a y 25 - 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u D a i hoi

D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta khac phuc hau qua chien

cua D a n g Xa hoi Phap va bo phieu tan t h a n h gia nhap Quoc

t r a n h , k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te.
T r u o c nhi>ng k h o khan to Ion cua dat nuoc. D a n g de ra

^ix

t r o n g N g h j quyet Dai hpi Ian t h u V I (12 - 1986). N h o vay,

1925

Maroc,

T u y n i d i . . . N g u y e n Ai Quoc lap ra Hoi lien hiep thuoc dia 6

da't Phap. C o q u a n ngon luan ciia H o i la bao Ngirai cung kho.
cua

IK

N g u o i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dao, Dai
cong nhan...

song

va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phdp

(1925). T h a n g 6 - 1923, N g u y e n Ai

Quoc b i mat r o i nuoc

Phap sang L i e n X6 d u Hoi nghi Quoc te'Nong dan (Thang 10 -

1945

1923). N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, vira nghien c u u , hoc tap, vie't bai
Su ki^n

cho bao Su that ciia D a n g Cong san L i e n X6, tap chi Thu tin

* Tim duang cuu nuoc, den vai chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tint

Quoc tecua Quoc te'Cgng san. Tai D a i hoi Q u o c te'cpng san

ra con duomg cuu nuoc dung dan:

Ian t h u V (1924), N g u y e n Ai

N g a y 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , r o i ben cang N h a R o n g bat dau

Quoc t r i n h bay lap t r u o n g

CUQC

q u a n d i e m ciia m i n h ve v j t r i chien luge ciia each m a n g cac

hanh t r i n h t i m d u o n g c u u nuoc. C u o i nam 1912 N g u o i d i

n u o c thugc dja, ve m o i quan h f giira p h o n g trao cong nhan

M I , cuoi n a m 1913 tir M I t r o ve A n h . N a m 1917, Cach m a n g

a cac n u o c de quoc v o i p h o n g trao each m a n g 6 cac n u o c

t h a n g M u o i Nga b u n g no va thang l o i . N g u y e n A i Q u o c r o i

thuoc dia. N g a y 11 - 11 - 1924, N g u y e n Ai Quoc den Q u a n g

L u a n D o n ( A n h ) ve Pari (Phap). N g u o i t h a m gia boat d o n g

Chau ( T r u n g Quoc). Thang 6 - 1925, N g u y e n Ai Quoc thanh

t r o n g p h o n g trao cong nhan Phap va t i m hieu ve Cach

lap H o i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien de t r u y e n ba c h i i

m a n g thang M u o i N g a . N g a y 1 8 - 6 - 1 9 1 9 , thay mMt n h i r n g

nghia Mac - L e n i n ve Viet N a m .

n g u o i V i ^ t N a m yeu nuoc t^ii Phap, N g u y e n A i Quoc giri
200

nuoc ciia A n g i e r i ,

tuc tien len.

s u dan tpc ta tu nam 1911 den nam

1920

c i m g v o i m o t so' n g u o i yeu

Pari de tap h o p tat ca n h i r n g n g u o i dan thuoc dia song tren

6, Nhirng cong hien to Ion cua Nguyen A i Quoc - Ho C h i m i n h doi voi lich

den nam

te C p n g san va thanh lap D a n g Cong san Phap. N a m 1921,

dat n u o c da t u n g buoc v u g t qua con k h i i n g hoang va tie'p

Nam.

1911

1920

den n a m

Dang Id nhan toquyel dinh moi thdng loi cua cdch mang Viet

Tir nam

nam

d u o n g loi d o i m o i da't nuoc. D u o n g 16'i nay dug'c the hien

Tat cd cdc sif kien tren chi'mg to ran^, vai trb lanh dao

T h o i gian

Ban

1

201

A?/ duefng H5G L/ch Si? 12 - Jhs. Truong N0(>c Thai

Tny-nvrm

* Sang lap ra Dang Cgng san Viet Nam:

~~'

MI V LVVH Knan§ yiptr

T r o n g k h i chii t r p n g t o i cong n h a n va n o n g dan, N g u o i

N a m 1929, ba to chuc cpng san noi tie'p nhau ra d o i 6 V i ^ t

c i i n g T r u n g u o n g Dang con tranh t h u tap h p p r p n g rai cac

N a m : D o n g D u o n g Cpng san dang; A n N a m Cpng san dang
T u n a m 1929

tang l o p khac n h u sinh vien, hoc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san d a n

va D o n g D u o n g Cpng san lien doan. Su hoat d p n g rieng le

den nam

cua ba to chuc nay gay anh h u o n g k h o n g tot den tien t r i n h

tpc vao mat tran cuu nuoc. N a m 1943, D a n g d u a ra ban De

1930

each m a n g , can phai h p p nhat. N g u y e n A i Quoc thay mat
Quoc te'Cpng san to chuc va chii t r i H p i n g h j h p p nhat ba to
chuc cpng san de d i den t h o n g nhat thanh lap D a n g Cpng
san Viet N a m . H p i nghj con thao luan va t h o n g qua C h i n h
c u o n g van tat, Sach lupc vin tat, D i e u 1$ v a n tSt do N g u y e n

quoc Viet Nam va dang Dan chu Viet Nam d u n g t r o n g M a t
tran V i ^ t M i n h .
- Luc luang vu trang: C i i n g v o i vi^e xay d u n g luc l u p n g
c h i n h t r j , cong tac xay d y n g luc l u p n g v u trang each m a n g

A i Quoc soan thao. Day la C u o n g ITnh c h i n h t n dau tien ciia

d u p e H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g dac biet coi t r p n g .

D a n g n h a m vach ra nhCmg net co ban nhat ve d u o n g loi

Sau cupc k h o i nghla BMc Son that bai, m p t bp phan luc

chien lupc va sach lupc cho each m a n g V i ^ t N a m .

l u p n g k h o i n g h l a v u t r a n g c h u y e n sang xay d u n g t h a n h

* Ciing

Trung

ucmg Dang

huong chi dao chien

hodn

chinh

chii trucmg

chuyen

n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h hoat d p n g 6 n h i r n g c u d i a Bac Son Vu Nhai.

luoc:

Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh t h e g i o i t h u hai b i i n g no. M o t

Buoc san^ n a m 1941, n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h Bac Son

Ion

t h o i gian sau, nuoc Phap bj Due chien d o n g (6 - 1940).

m a n h len va thong nhat lai thanh Trung doi citu quoc quan I

N g a y luc ay, N g u y e n A i Quoc nhan d i n h day la t h o i co c6

(14 - 2 - 1941). C i r u quoc quan phat d p n g chien tranh d u

Ipi cho each m a n g Vi?t N a m . N g a y 28 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i

k i c h t r o n g 8 thang (tir thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 - 1942) de
d o i p h o v o i s u vay quet cua dich, sau d o phan tan thanh

Tir nam

1939

Quoc ve nuoc, tai Pae Bo - Cao Bang, N g u o i da to chuc va

den

nam

chii t r i H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g D a n g Ian t h u 8 ( t u 10 den 19 -

1945

cuang Van hod Viet Nam, van d p n g thanh lap Hoi van hod cuu

5 - 1941) de hoan thanh chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao
chien lupe dupe de ra t r o n g H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g thang 11
n a m 1939. D o la: G i u o n g cao h o n nua n g p n eo giai p h o n g
dan tpc. Giai quyet van de dan toe t r o n g k h u o n k h o tirng
n u o c D o n g D u o n g , thanh lap M a t tran Viet M i n h . De ra ehii

n h i e u bp p h a n de chan c h i n h luc l u p n g , gay d u n g co so
c h i n h t r i t r o n g q u a n c h u n g tai cac t i n h T h a i

Nguyen,

T u y e n Q u a n g , L a n g Son. N g a y 15 - 9 - 1941, Trung doi citu
quoc U ra d o i .
N g a y 22 - 1 2 -1944, H o C h i M i n h chi thj thanh lap Doi Viet

t r u o n g k h o i nghia gianh c h i n h quyen, tir k h o i nghla t i m g

Nam

phan phat trien len Tong k h o i nghla k h i t h o i eo thuan I p i ,

d a n h thang lien tie'p 6 hai tran 6 Phay K h a t va N a N g a n

dat n h i e m v u chuan bj k h o i nghla v u trang la t r u n g tam.

(Cao Bang). Can eu Cao - BSc - Lang d u p e eung eo va m o

* Cung Trung ucmg Dang xay dung luc luang each

mang:

tuyen truyen giai phong quan. Sau k h i ra d o i , d p i da

r p n g . T h a n g 4 - 1945, N g u o i eiing T r u n g u o n g D a n g t r i ^ u

- Luc luang chinh tri: De eo luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , N g u o i sang

tap H p i n g h i Q u a n s u each m a n g BSc K i . H p i n g h i quyet

lap M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h , m p t h i n h thuc m a t tran co to chire

d j n h t h o n g nhat eae lye l u p n g vu trang va nira v u trang;

khap ea nuoc do N g u o i d u n g d a u , la m p t t r u n g tarn doan

tich eye phat trien chien tranh d u kich. N g a y 15 - 5 - 1945,

ke't dau tranh chong Phap - N h a t gianh doe lap. M a t tran

t h y c h i ^ n quyet d i n h ciia H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g

Viet M i n h da thanh lap eac hpi cuu quoc de xay d y n g luc

D a n g , V i ^ t N a m C u u quoc quan va V i ^ t N a m tuyen t r u y e n

l u p n g ehi'nh trj cua quan c h i i n g rpng khap t r o n g ea nuoc.

giai p h o n g quan thong nhat thanh Viet Nam giai phong quan.
~

'

'

203


Cty TNHH MTV PVVH Khane Vi^t

* Ho Chi Minh cung Tning uomg Dang xay dung can cvc each

\. C o n g tac xay d u n g Mat tran ciia Dang ta trong each mang Viet Nam. Bai

mang:

I hpc ve xay dtmg Mat tran ciia D a n g ta.

Cong tac xay d u n g can c u dia each m a n g c u n g d u g c H o

* Cong tac xay dimg Mat tran:

Chi M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u a n t a m . V i i n g BSc Son -

D o xae d j n h cong - nong la lue l u g n g ciia each m a n g .

chuc xay d u n g can c i i each mang: ban dau la can cii' dja Cao

1) 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 3 1

B^ng, den thang 6 - 1945 thanh lap k h u giai p h o n g Viet Bac,
* Ciing Trung uong Dang lanh dao

Tong kh&i nghia

D a n g ta chi thanh lap " H o i d o n g m i n h p h a n de D o n g
D u o n g " , n h u n g chua thuc h i ^ n dugc.

bau U y ban giai p h o n g d o N g u o i d u n g d a u .
Tain

Mat tran

Thai ki

V i i N h a i d u o c xay d u n g thanh can c u dja each m a n g . To

H a n che: chua thay dugc kha nang each m a n g cua cac giai
thang

cap va tang l o p khae t r o n g xa hoi Viet N a m .

1945:

Can c u vao t i n h h i n h t h e ' g i o i va t r o n g nuoc n h i r n g n a m

N g a y t u ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, k h i nhan d u o c n h i r n g t h o n g t i n

1936 - 1939, d o n g thoi can c u vao chu t r u o n g cua Quoc te

ve N h a t dau hang, H o C h i M i n h cung T r u n g u o n g D a n g va

C o n g san, thuc h i f n chinh sach cua M a t tran N h a n dan

T o n g bo Viet M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khoi nghia loan
quae va ra "Qmn lenh sol"

2) 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 3 9

chinh thuc phap l^nh T o n g k h o i

Phap.

Tai H g i n g h i Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g Cong san

nghla t r o n g ea nuoc.

D o n g D u o n g (thang 7 - 1936), D a n g ta nhan d j n h : ke t h u

T u ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g

n g u y hiem, truoc mat ciia nhan dan D o n g D u o n g k h o n g

u o n g D a n g chi dao Hoi nghi loan quae cua Dang h o p 6 Tan

phai la thuc dan Phap noi c h u n g ma la bgn phan d o n g

Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet d i n h phat d p n g T o n g

khoi

thugc dja va tay sai ciia c h i i n g . Xae d j n h n h i e m v u chieh

nghTa t r o n g ca nuoc, gianh c h i n h q u y e n t r u o c k h i quan

luge ciia each m a n g t u san dan q u y e n D o n g D u o n g la

D o n g m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g ; quyet d j n h n h u n g v a n de

chong de'quoc va p h o n g kien; n h i e m v u true tiep, t r u o c mat

quan t r o n g ve chinh sach d o i noi, d o i ngoai sau k h i gianh

la dau tranh chong che do phan d o n g thugc dja, chong phat
xit, chong n g u y co chien tranh, d o i t u do, dan sinh, dan chii,

ditgc c h i n h quyen.

c o m ao va hoa b i n h .

Tiep do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc
dan d u o c tri^u tap 6 Tan Trao. D a i h p i tan t h a n h T o n g k h o i

H g i nghj chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan

nghTa ciia D a n g thong qua 10 c h i n h sach cua Viet M i n h , c u

dan phan de'Dong Duong.

ra U}/ ban dan toe giai phong Viet Nam d o d o n g chi H o C h i

Tai H g i nghj Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g thang 3 - 1938,

M l n h l a m C h u tich. Dai hoi quyet d j n h lay la c6 d o sao v a n g

M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan dan phan de D o n g D u o n g d o i

n a m each lam Quoe k i , bai hat tien quan ca l a m Quoc ca.

thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan chu Dong Duong, ggi tat la Mat

D u o i s u lanh dao eiia D a n g va H o C h i M i n h , Cach m a n g

tran dan chu Dong

thang T a m dien ra t r o n g 15 ngay ( t u ngay 14 den ngay 28 -

Duvng.

K h i Chien tranh the'gioi t h u hai b u n g no, thuc dan Phap

8 - 1945) va nhanh chong gianh d u o c thang I g i .

tang c u o n g dan ap, boc Igt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g , v a n

* Thdo vd doc Tuyen ngon Doe

m ^ n h eac dan tgc D o n g D u o n g bj de doa n g h i e m trgng. De

lap:

Sau k h i CUQC Tong k h o i nghTa thang T a m thang I g i , C h i i

g i a n h dgc lap, phai tap h g p rgng rai lue l u g n g dan toe, xay

tjch H o C h i M i n h thay mat D a n g va C h i n h p h u l a m t h d i

d u n g mat tran dan toe thong nhat. H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian

doe T u y e n ngon Doe lap do chinh N g u o i soan thao. T u y e n

3) 1939

-1945

t h u 6 (11 - 1939) da ehii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong
nhat dan tgc phan de'Dong D u o n g .

n g o n t u y e n bo khai sinh nuoc V i ^ t N a m D a n chii C o n g hoa,

M a t tran t h o n g nhat dan tgc phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g doan

d a n h dau thang Igi hoan toan euge Caenh m a n g thang T a m .

1^'

ket r o n g rai cae tang lop, eac giai cap, eac dan tgc, ke ca ea


nhan yeu nuac 6 Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thu
chii yeu truoc m i t la chvi nghia de quoc - phat xi't Phap Nhat, gianh dpc lap dan toe cho cac nuoc Dong Duong.
Den Hpi nghi Trung uong Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) duoi sy chii
tri ciia Nguyen A i Quoc chu truong giai quyet van de dan
toe, tap hgp luc lugng, xay dung mat tran thong nhat dan
tgc cho tung nude 6 Dong Duong. O Vi?t Nam, Dang ta
thanh lapVi^t Nam dgc lap dong minh (ggi tat la Mat tran
Viet Minh).
Mat tran Viet Minh lien hi?p het thay cac gioi dong bao
yeu nuoc, khong phan bi^t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai,
khong phan bi^t ton giao va xu huong chinh tri, dang ciing
nhau muu cugc dan tgc giai phong va sinh ton.
Mat tran V i f t Minh ra doi vao ngay 19 - 5 - 1941 va ton
tai den thang 2 - 1951. Mat tran Vi^t M i n h c6 vai tro to Ion

trong vi^c chuan bj va lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam nam
1945 th^ng Igi.
4)1945 -1954

Sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Dang ta thay Mat
tran Vi^t Minh van chua thu hiit tang lop tren va van nghe
SI... theo sang kien ciia Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh, thang 5 1946, Dang ta thanh lap Mat tran Lien Vi#t de thu hiit hp.

W * Bat hoc vexay dung Mat tran:
I

N3m vCrng tinh chat dan tgc ciia mat tran, chong tu tudng hiru khuynh va

ta khuynh trong van de xay dyng Mat tran.
Phai dung virng tren lap trudng eiia giai cap cong nhan de xay dung Mat tran.
phuong cham ciia Mat tran la doan ket - dau tranh. Doan ket de dau tranh
y(^i ke thu ed hi^u qua. Dau tranh la de dam bao khoi doan ket trong Mat tran
(Jugc virng chae han. NhiSng mau thuan trong ngi bg Mat tran la mau thuan
trong ngi bg nhan dan, chi cd the duge giai quyet theo phuong phap dau tranh
^ thuong lugng - nhan nhugng.
Khong ngung cving c6' va tang cudng su lanh dao ciia Dang doi vdi cong tae
Ivlat tran, trong dd, mau chdt la eiing co'khoi lien minh cong nong that viing chae.
Cd chii truong, chinh sach doan ket diing dan, dong thdi phai cd hinh thue
to chuc, tap hgp phong phii, linh boat, thi moi hinh thanh duge Mat tran dan
tgc thong nhat. Hinh thue Mat tran qua cac thdi ki phai thay doi cho phu hgp
vdi yeu cau, nhi^m vu each mang ciia tirng thdi ki. Phai xay dung nhieu Mat
tran khac nhau.
8. S\ nghi^p dau tranh ngo?i giao trong tien trinh each mang nuoc ta tu nam
1945 den nam 1973
Thdi k i

* Truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946: Dau tranh vai quan Trung

Cac to chuc quan chiing cua Mat tran cung ra dai.

Thue hien sdch luge hoa hoan vai quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc:

trien ciia each mang. Dang ta da thong nhat hai mat tran
Vi?t Minh va Lien Vi^t thanh mat tran Lien Vi?t, khoi doan

Nhugng cho cac dang Vi?t Quoc, Vi^t Cach tay sai ciia

ket toan dan cang duge tang cuong.

Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70 ghe trong quoc hgi khong bau

Sau khi phong trao Dong khoi 1959 - 1960 6 mien Nam

nay

cu, 4 ghe'Bg trudng trong Chinh phii lien h i f p chinh thiic.
Nhan nhugng cho Trung Hoa Dan quoc mot so quyen Igi

sau Dong khoi nen Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong mien Nam

ve kinh te, nhu cung cap mgt phan luong thue, thue pham,

Vi^t Nam ra doi vao ngay 20 - 12 - 1960. Mat tran Dan tgc

phuong ti^n giao thong van tai, cho phep dung tien Trung

giai phong mien Nam Vi^t Nam ra doi da tro thanh nggn c6

Quoc tren thj trudng.

de cuu nude ciiu nha.
den

1)1945 -1946

gianh duge thang Igi, do yeu eau ciia each mang mien Nam

doan ket 14 tri^u dong bao mien Nam dung len dau tranh
6) 1976

Hoa

Dan quoc va hgn phan each mang d mien Bac

Nam 1951, do yeu cau ciia cupc khang chie'n va su phat

5) 1954-1975

Dau tranh ngoai giao

Sau khi da't nude duge dgc lap, hoa binh va thong nhat.
Dang ta hgp nhat cac mat tran trong ca nude thanh lap Mat
tran To quoc Vi?t Nam de doan ket toan dan, xay dung chii
nghla xa hgi trong ca nude.

Doi vai to chuc phan each mang, tay sai cua Trung Hoa Dan
quoc (Viet Quoc, Viet each). Chinh quyen each mang dua vao
quan chiing, kien quyet vaeh tran am muu va hanh dgng
chia re, pha hoai eiia chiing. Nhij-ng ke pha hoai cd dii bang
chung thi bj trung trj theo phap luat. Chinh phii con ban
hanh mgt so sac lenh nh5m tran ap bgn phan each mang.
207


eSi du&ng H9G Ljch Sir 12 - Ths. Tnrcme Ngpc Thai

Nhimg bicn phdp sack lucre nhdn nhieang tren day da hqn chc
aic boat dong chohg phd cita Trung Hoa Dan quoc vd tay sai, Idni
that bqi dm mim Idt dochinh quycn each mqng ci'ia quart chting.
* Til-ngay 6-3
dayqudn

den 14-9-

1946: Hod hodn vcd Phdp

nhatn

Trung Hoa Dan quoc ra khoi nuac ta

Sau k h i chie'm d o n g cac do thj 6 N a m Bo va N a m T r u n g
Bo, thuc dan Phap de ra ke hoach tien quan ra BMc nham
t h o n ti'nh ca n u o c ta.

'

De tranh d u n g do vox luc l u g n g k h a n g chien cua ta, thuc
dan Phap dieu d i n h v o i C h i n h p h i i T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc, ki
hiep Hoa - Phap (28 - 2 - 1946), theo d o T r u n g Hoa dan
quoc d u o c Phap tra lai cac to g i o i va n h u g n g dja ciia Phap
tren dat T r u n g Quoc va d u g c van chuyen hang hoa qua
cang H a i I^hong va Hoa N a m k h o n g phai d o n g thue. De doi
l ^ i , Phap d u g c d u a quan ra Bac thay quan T r u n g H o a Dan
quoc lam nhiem v u giai giap quan N h a t Ban.
H i ? p u6c Hoa - Phap da dat nhan dan ta truoc su lua
chgn m g t trong hai con d u o n g : hoac cam sung chien dau
chong thuc dan Phap, k h o n g cho c h i i n g do bg len m i e n B^c;
hoac hoa hoan, nhan n h u g n g Phap de tranh t i n h trang phai
d o i p h o v o i m g t liic v o i nhieu ke t h i i .
C h i e u 6 - 3 - 1946, tai H a N g i , C h i i t j c h H o C h i M i n h
t h a y m a t C h i n h p h u Vi?t N a m D a n c h i i cgng hoa k i v o i
G. Xanhtoni - dai dien Chinh phu Phap - ban Hiep dinh So bo.
- Noi dung cua Hiep dinh:
C h i n h p h u Phap cong nhan n u o c Viet N a m D a n chu
C o n g hoa la m g t quoc gia t u do, c6 c h i n h p h i i rieng, nghj
vien rieng, quan d g i rieng, tai chinh rieng, va la thanh vien
L i e n bang D o n g D u o n g , nam t r o n g k h o i L i e n h i ^ p Phap.
C h i n h p h u V i ^ t N a m Dan chii C g n g hoa thoa thuan
cho 15000 quan Phap vao m i e n Bac thay quan T r u n g Hoa

ngoai giao ciia V i ^ t N a m , che d p t u o n g lai cua

Dong

D u o n g , q u y e n l o i k i n h te'va van hoa ciia n g u o i Phap 6 Vi?t

Nam.
Ki Hiep dinh Sa bo 6 - 3 - 1946, tqm thai hod hodn vai Phdp,
ta trdnh duac cuoc chien dau bat lai vi phai chong lai nhieu ke
thii Cling mot luc, day dugc 20 van quan Trung

Hoa Dan quoc

Cling ban tay sai ra khoi nuac ta, gidnh them thai gian hod btnh
Cling CO chinh quyen each mqng, chuan bi luc lugng cho moi

mat

cho cuoc khdng chien lau ddi chong thiec dan Phdp.
D o ta dau tranh kien quye't, cugc d a m p h a n c h i n h thuc
giira hai C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m va Phap da d u g c to chuc tai
Ph6ng-ten-no-bl6 tie ngay 6-7

- 1946. Cugc d a m phan that

bai. T r o n g liic do tai D o n g D u o n g , q u a n Phap tang c u o n g
boat d o n g k h i e u khich. Q u a n he V i ^ t - Phap ngay cang cang
thang, CO n g u y co no ra chien tranh.
T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , da k i v o i dai
d i ^ n ciia C h i n h p h i i Phap ban Tqm uac ngay 14 - 9 - 1946,
n h a n n h u g n g Phap m g t so q u y e n Igi k i n h te - v a n hoa 6
V i ^ t N a m . Ban Tarn uoc da tao d i e u k i ^ n cho ta c6 t h e m
t h o i g i a n xay d u n g , c i i n g co luc l u g n g , chuan b i b u o c vao
cugc k h a n g chien toan quoc chong Phap lau d a i .
* Hgi nghi Gioneva nam 1954 ve doc lap, chu quyen, thong
nhat vd todn

Idnh thocua ba nuac Dong

Duong:

Buoc vao d o n g - xuan 1953 -1954, d o n g t h o i v o i cugc tien
cong quan su, ta day m a n h cugc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o
ra kha n5ng giai quye't bang con d u o n g hoa b i n h cugc chien
tranh d Dong Duong.
Thang 1 -1954, H g i n g h i ngoai t r u o n g b o n n u o c L i e n X6,
M I , A n h , Phap h g p tai Beclin da thoa t h u a n ve vi#c t r i f u tap
m g t hgi n g h i quoc t e d G i o n e v o de giai quye't van de Trieu
Tien va lap lai hoa b i n h d D o n g D u o n g .

D a n quoc lam n h i e m v y giai phap quan N h a t , so quan nay

N g a y 8 - 5 -1954, H g i n g h j G i o n e v o bat dau thao luan

se d o n g 6 n h i i n g dia d i e m quy d j n h va r i i t d a n t r o n g t h o i

ve van de lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g . Phai doan c h i n h

han 5 nam.

p h i i ta do Pho T h i i t u o n g P h a m V a n D o n g l a m T r u o n g

H a i ben n g i r n g m g i cugc x u n g dot a m i e n N a m va g i u
n g u y e n quan d g i ciia m i n h tai v i t r i cQ, tao k h o n g k h i thuan
Igi cho d i den cugc d a m phan chinh thuc ban cac v a n de

doan c h i n h thuc d u g c m o i h g p . D e n ngay 21 - 7 - 1954,
van ban ciia H g i n g h i dugc k i ke't.

cac


- Noi dung Hiep dinh Gianeva quy dinh:
Cac nuoc tham d u Hpi nghj cam ket ton trpng cac quyen
dan toe co ban la doc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho
ciia ba nuoc Vi?t Nam, Lao, Campuchia; cam ket khong can
thiep vao cong vi^c noi bp cua ba nuoc.
Cac ben tham chien thuc hi?n ngirng ban, lap lai hoa
binh tren toan Dong Duong.
Cac ben tham chien thuc hien cupc d i chuyen, tap ket
dpi quan 6 hai vung:
Hi^p djnh cam vi^c dua quan dpi, nhan vien quan sv,
vu khi nuoc ngoai vao cac nuoc Dong Duong khong dupe
tham gia bat ki khoi liem minh quan su nao va khong de
cho nuoc khac dung lanh tho cua minh vao vi^c gay chien
tranh hoac phuc vu muc dich xam lupc.
Viet Nam tien toi thong nhat b^ng cupc tong tuyen cu tu
do trong ca nuoc, se dupe to chuc vao thang 7 - 1956 duoi
su kiem soat va giam sat va kiem soat ciia mot Uy ban quoc
te (trong do A n Dp lam chu tich, cung hai nuoc Ba Lan va
Canada).
Trach nhi?m thi hanh Hi?p djnh thupc ve nhung nguoi
ki hi^p djnh Gionevo va nhiing nguoi ke tuc hp.
Hiep dinh Gianeva 1954 ve Dong Duong la van ban phdp li
quoc teghi nhan cdc quyen dan toe ca ban cm nhdn dan cdc nuac
Dong Duong va duac cdc cuang quoc cung cdc nua tham du Hoi

nghi cam ket ton trong.
No ddnh dau thang hi cugc khdng chien chong Phdp, song chua
tron ven vt mai gidi phong duac mien Bac. Cugc dau tranh each
mqng van phdi tiep tuc nhSm gidi phong mien Nam, thong nhat
dd't nuac.
Vai Hiep dinh Gianeva, Phdp bugc phdi cham diet chien tranh
xdm luge, rut hel quan dgi venudc; de quoc Mi that hai trong dm
muu keo ddi, ma rgng, quoc te hod chien tranh xdm luge Dong
Duong.
* Hgi nghi Pari veViet

Nam:

Ngay 31 - 3 - 1968, sau don bat ngo ctia cupc Tong tien
cong va noi day Tet Mau Than cua quan ta, Gionxon tuyen
bo ngung nem bom ban pha mien Bac t u vT tuyen 20 tro ra
210

va bat dau noi den thuang lugng vdi V i f t Nam.
) 1954 - 1973

Ngay 13 - 5 - 1968, cupc thuang lupng chinh thuc hai ben,
giua dai di?n Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va
dai dif n Chinh phii Hoa Ki 6 Pari hpp phien dau tien.
Hpi nghi bon ben ve Vi?t Nam chinh thuc hpp phien dau
tien ngay 2 5 - 1 -1969 tai Pari.
Quan diem ciia ta: doi MT nit het quan cua minh va quan
dong minh khoi mien Nam va doi hp ton trpng cac quyen
dan tpc CO ban ciia nhan dan Viet Nam va quyen t u quyet
ciia nhan dan mien Nam Vi^t Nam.

Phia M l CO quan diem ngupc lai, nhat la van de riit quan,
doi quan dpi mien Bac cung riit khoi mien Nam, va t u choi
ki d u thao Hi?p dinh do phia V i f t Nam dua ra (10 - 1972)
de mo cupc tap kich khong quan b5ng may bay B52 va Ha
Noi, Hai Phong trong 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 vai y do
bupc phia Viet Nam ki d u thao Hiep dinh do M i dua ra.
Nhung M l da that bai, Viet Nam da dap tan cupc tap kich
khong quan bang may bay B52 ciia M , lam nen tran "Trdn
Dim Bien Phii tren khong", sau do bupc Mi tro lai k i d y thao
Hiep djnh Pari do ta dua ra truoc do.
H i f p dinh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap la: hoa binh a
Viet Nam dupe ki tat ngay 23 - 1 - 1973 giua dai di?n hai
chinh phu Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va Hoa K i , va k i
chinh thuc ngay 27 - 1 - 1973 giiia bon Bp truong dai di^n
cho cac chinh phu tham d u hpi nghj tai Pari. Hi|p dinh Pari
bat dau CO hi^n luc tir ngay ki chinh thiie.
- Noi dung Hiep djnh gom nhitng dieu khodn co ban:
Hoa K i va cac nuoc cam ket ton trpng dpc lap, chu quyen,
thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia Vi?t Nam.
Cupc ngung ban 6 mien Nam Vi?t Nam dupe thuc hi^n
vao 24 gia ngay 27 - 1 -1973. Hoa Ki cam ket cham dut mpi
hoat dpng quan su chong mien Bac Vi^t Nam.
Hoa Ki riit het quan dpi cua minh va quan dong minh
trong thoi han 60 ngay ke tu khi ki hi?p djnh, huy bo cac
can cu quan sy M i , cam ket khong tiep hie dinh liu quan su
hoac can thi^p vao cong vi|c npi bp ciia mien Nam Vi^t
Nam.


-ujy r/vrm TvnvT'TTTTKnangyTVT

N h a n dan m i e n N a m Viet N a m t u quyet d j n h t u o n g lai
c h i n h t r j t h o n g qua tong tuyen cir t u do, k h o n g c6 s u can
thiep cua nuoc ngoai.

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1948 - 1950:
Ve chinh tri: D a u n a m 1 9 4 9 , C h i n h p h u quyet d j n h to chuc bau c u Hoi dong
nhan dan va Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh cac cap. T h a n g 6 - 1 9 4 9 , M a t tran V i ^ t

H a i m i e n N a m - Bac Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve vi^c
t h o n g nhat da't nuoc k h o n g c6 sy can thi^p cua nuoc ngoai.

M i n h va H g i L i e n Vi?t quyet d i n h tien toi t h o n g nhat hai to chuc.
Vekinh

te: C h i n h p h u ra cac sac l?nh g i a m to 2 5 % , g i a m tuc, hoan n g , xoa

H a i ben tien hanh trao tra tu b i n h va d a n t h u o n g bj bSt.

no, chia lai r u g n g da't cong, tam cap r u g n g dat v a n g chii, r u g n g da't cap t u tay

Cac ben cong nhan thyc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m c6 hai

de'quoc, bgn p h a n d g n g .

c h i n h q u y e n , hai quan d o i , hai v u n g k i e m soat va ba luc

C o n g n g h i e p va t h u cong nghi^p phat trien theo q u y m o n h o va p h a n tan,

l u g n g chinh t r i (luc l u g n g each mang, luc l u g n g hoa b i n h

chu t r g n g cong nghiep dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc p h o n g , dap u n g n h u

t r u n g lap va luc l u g n g chinh q u y e n Sai Gon).

cau can thie'l ye'u cua d o i song va chien d a u .

H o a K i cam ket gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g

Tren mat tran van hod, gido due: N a m 1 9 4 8 , tai H g i nghj v a n hoa toan quo'c,

chien t r a n h 6 Viet N a m va D o n g D u o n g tien t o i thiet lap

Tong Bi t h u T r u o n g C h i n h dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc va van de van hod Viet

q u a n he m o i , b i n h dang va cung c6 Igi giira hai nuoc.

Nam,

Uiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thang lai cua su ke\

gim

neu ro nen v a n hoa m o i each m a n g Viet N a m d u g c xay d u n g theo

p h u o n g cham: D a n tgc - Khoa hgc - D a i c h i i n g .

dau tranh quan su dau tranh chinh tri va dau tranh ngoai giao, la

Phong trao " B i n h dan hgc v u " va giao due p h o t h o n g cac cap d u g c d u y t r i

ket qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien cuang, bat khud't cua quan dan ta

va phat t r i e n . T h a n g 7 - 1 9 5 0 , C h i n h p h u de ra chii t r u o n g cai each giao due

a hai mien da't nuoc, mo ra buac ngoqt mai cua cuoc khang chien

pho t h o n g .

cho'ng Ml cuu nu&c cua dan toe.

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1951

Voi Hiep dinh Pari, Mi phdi cong nhan cac quyen dan tgc co
ban cm nhan dan ta, phai rut he't quan venudc.

Do Id thang loi

lich sie quan trong, tqo ra thai ca thuqn lai denhdn

dan ta tick

len gidi phong todn mien Nam.

-1953:

Ve chinh tri: T u ngay 3 den ngay 7 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , D a i hgi toan quoc t h o n g nhat
M a t tran Viet M i n h va H g i L i e n V i ^ t thanh m o t mat t r a n d u y nhat, lay ten la
Mat tran Lien hiep quoc dan Viet Nam ( M a t tran L i e n Vi$t).

Ngay 1 1 - 3 - 1951,

thanh lap Lien minh nhan dan Viet - Mien - Lao n h a m tang c u o n g h o n nCra t i n h
doan ket giCra n h a n dan ba nuoc t r o n g cuoc dau t r a n h chong ke t h u c h u n g la

9. Cong tac xay dimg hau phuong trong khang chien chong Phap va chong MI
a) Khang chien chong Phdp (1945

-1954)

* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhitng nam 1946

-1947

Ve chinh tri, C h i n h p h i i quyet d i n h chia ca nuoc thanh 1 4 k h u h a n h chinh.
Cac l i y ban h a n h chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh de thuc
hien n h i e m v u k h a n g chien va kien quoc. M a t tran d a n tgc t h o n g nhat dugc
m o rgng, thanh lap H g i Lien H i e p quoc dan Viet N a m (Lien Viet).
Ve kinh te, C h i n h p h i i de ra cac c h i n h sach n h a m d u y t r i va phat trien san
xuat, truoc he't la san xuat l u o n g thuc.
Vevdn

hod, p h o n g trao b i n h dan hoc v u tiep tuc d u g c d u y t r i va phat trien.

T r u o n g pho t h o n g cac cap d u g c xay d u n g . Viec cham soc sue khoe cho nhan
dan d u g c chu t r o n g .

thuc dan Phap va can thiep M I .
Phong trao t h i dua yeu n u o c ngay cang an sau, Ian r g n g t r o n g cac nganh,
cac g i o i l a m nay n o n h i e u d o n v i , ca nhan u u t u . N g a y 1 - 5 - 1 9 5 2 , D a i hgi anh
h u n g va chien sT t h i d u a toan quoc Ian t h i i nhat da tong ket, bieu d u o n g thanh

tich cua p h o n g trao t h i dua ai quoc va bau chgn 7 anh h u n g . D o la: CM Chinh
Lan, La Van Cau, Nguyen Quoc Tri, Nguyen Thi Chien, Ngd Gia Khdm, Tran

Dai

Nghia, Hodng Hanh.
Vekinh te: N a m 1 9 5 2 , C h i n h p h u de ra cuoc v a n d g n g san xuat va t h u c hanh
tiet k i ^ m . Cugc v a n d g n g da l o i cuon m g i nganh, m g i g i o i t h a m gia. San xuat
t h u cong n g h i e p va cong nghiep ve co ban dap i m g n h u cau ve cong cu san
xuat n h i r n g m a t hang thiet yeu cua d o i song.
D i d o i v o i day manh san xuat, Chinh p h i i de ra n h i m g chinh sach nham chan
chinh che do thue'khoa, xay d u n g nen tai chinh, ngan hang, t h u o n g nghiep.

"


De b o i d u o n g sue dan, nha't la nong dan, dau n a m 1953 D a n g va C h i n h p h u

* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1961 -1965:
Trong thai gian nay, mien BSc thue hi^n ke'hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1961 -1965).

quyet d j n h phat d p n g quan c h i i n g t r i f t de giam to va cai each r u p n g da't.
T u thang 4 - 1953 den thang 7 - 1954, ta thuc h i ^ n 5 d g t g i a m to va m g t dgt

N h i e m v u eo ban eiia ke'hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va n o n g

eai each r u p n g da't a 53 xa thuoe v i i n g t u do Thai N g u y e n , Thanh Hoa. Deh

nghiep, tie'p tuc cong eupe eai tao xa h p i ehii nghla, cung eo va tang c u a n g

euol n a m 1953, t u L i e n K h u I V t r o ra, each m a n g da t a m cap eho n o n g dan

thanh phan k i n h te quo'e d o a n h , eai thien m p t buoe d o i song vat chat va van

184.000ha r u o n g da't

hoa cua nhan dan lao d p n g , c u n g eo quoc p h o n g , tang c u a n g trat t u va an n i n h

Ve van hod, gido due, y te: Ta tie'p tuc euoe eai each giao due ( t u n a m

1950)

thue h i ^ n theo ba p h u a n g cham: phuc vu khdng ehie'n, phue vu dan sink, phuc vu
sdn xud't, gan nha t r u o n g v o l d o i song xa hoi. Van n g h | si hang hai t h a m nhap
m o i m a t eua d o i song, ehien dau va san xua't, h u o n g u n g l a i day eiia H o Chi
M i n h "Khdng ehien hod van hod va van hod khdng ehie'n".
Cong tae van d o n g ve sinh p h o n g b?nh, thue h i ^ n d o i song m o i , bai t r u me
t i n d j doan ngay eang eo t i n h chat quan c h i i n g r o n g Ion. C o n g tae cham lo sue
khoe eho nhan dan d u p e coi t r p n g . B^nh v i f n , benh xa, p h o n g y te, t r a m euu
t h u o n g d u p e xay d u n g khap n o i .
* Tdc dung cua hqu phuctng trong nhung nam 1951 -1953:
C u n g cap day d i i , k i p t h a i sue n g u o i va sue eua de d a m bao eho eupe khang
ehie'n gianh thang Ipi euo'i eiing. H a u p h u a n g la nhan to' t h u o n g xuyen quyet
d i n h den thang I p i eua ehien t r u o n g true tie'p gop phan vao thang I p i tren mat
tran quan s u t r o n g nhi>ng nam 1951 - 1953; Chien eupe D o n g - X u a n 1953 1954 va ehien djeh Ijeh sir D i ^ n Bien P h i i .
D a p u n g n h u eau bue thie't eiia eupe khang chien, day m a n h s u n g h i ^ p quoc
p h o n g , tao tien de (chinh quyen, eo so k i n h te, van hoa xa hpi) de tie'n len ehii
nghla xa h p i sau nay.

b) Khdng chien chong Mi (1954 -1975)

* Xay dung hau phuang mien Bac trong nhicng nam 1954 -1960:
Sau k h i hoa b i n h lap lai, m i e n BSe tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phuc
k i n h te'va han gan vet t h u o n g ehie'n tranh.

xa h p i .
Ve k i n h te: N g a n h cong nghiep dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . N o n g
nghiep, t u n a m 1961, cae dia p h u a n g thue hien ehii t r u o n g xay d u n g h p p tae
xa san xua't n o n g nghiep bac cao.
T h u o n g nghiep quo'e d o a n h dupe N h a n u a e u u tien phat t r i e n nen da chie'm
l i n h t h i t r u o n g , g o p phan phat trien k i n h te. C l i n g eo'quan h$ san xua't m o i , on
d i n h va eai t h i ^ n d o i song n h a n dan.
T r o n g giao t h o n g : H ^ tho'ng giao t h o n g d u o n g bp, d u o n g sat, d u o n g lien
t i n h , lien h u y ^ n , d u a n g song, d u o n g hang k h o n g d u p e c i i n g c6'. Viee d i lai
t r o n g n u a e va giao t h o n g quo'e te'thuan Ipi h o n .
Ve giao due, y te: H e tho'ng giao due t u p h o thong den dai hpe phat trien
m a n h . H ^ t h o n g y te, cham lo sue khoe d u p e dau t u phat trien. N h u n g loai
djch b ^ n h 6 m i e n Bae eo ban d u p e xoa bo.

* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1965 -1968:
T r o n g t h o i gian nay, m i e n Bac v u a c6 hoa b i n h , v u a phai d o i d a u v o i eupe
chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't eiia MT.
Mae dau vay, m i e n Bac v a n l a m nghla v u hau p h u o n g I a n ciia k h a n g ehie'n
chong MT euu nuoc, m i e n Bae l u o n h u d n g ve m i e n N a m . V i m i e n N a m rupt
thit, m i e n Bac p h a n d a u " M o i nguoi Idm viec bdng hai". V i tien tuye'n keu gpi,
hau p h u o n g s i n sang danh d a p lai "Thoc khdng thieu mot can, quan khdng thieu
mot nguoi".

T r o n g n h i r n g nam 1958 - 1960, m i e n Bac thue h i ^ n eong eupe eai tao xa hpi

Tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m m a n g ten H P C h i M i n h tren

chu nghla tren cae ITnh vue cpng nhi^p, thii eong nghiep, t h u o n g n g h i f p nho, cong

bp (dpe day n i i i T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo b o bien) bat dau khai thong t u

t h u o n g nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la h o p tae hoa nong nghiep.

thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay s6^ da noi lien hau p h u o n g v o i tien tuyeh.

Ke't qua cai tao la da xoa bo eo ban che'dp n g u o i boe Ipt n g u o i , c6 tae d y n g

Qua hai tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc do, t r o n g 4 n a m (1965 - 1968)

thue day san xua't phat trien, nha't la t r o n g dieu k i ^ n ehien tranh, h p p tae xa da

m i e n BMc da d u a h o n 300.000 can bp, bp d p i vap m i e n N a m t h a m gia ehien

bao d a m d o i song vat chat, t i n h than eho n h i r n g n g u o i ra d i chien d a u , phyc

d a u , phuc v u ehie'n da'u, xay d u n g k i n h te, v a n hoa tai cae v i m g giai p h o n g , va

v u ehie'n d a u .

cGng da g u i vao N a m hang ehyc van tan via k h i , dan dupe, quan trang, quan

D o n g t h o i v o i n h i ^ m v u cai tao xa h p i chu nghla, eong n g h i f p quo'e doanh

d u n g , xang d a u , l u o n g thue, thuc p h a m , thuoe men va n h i e u vat d y n g khae.

dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . Den nam 1960, m i e n Bae eo 172 x i nghiep Ion

T i n h c h u n g sue n g u o i , sue eiia t u m i e n Bae d i u y e n vao N a m t r o n g 4 n a m da

do T r u n g u o n g q u a n l i , tren 500 x i nghiep do dia p h u o n g quan l i .

tang gap 10 Ian so v o i t h o i k i truoe.

214


* Xdy dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1969 - 1973:
Tren k h 5 p m i e n Bac day len p h o n g trao t h i dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao d p n g
san xua't, n h 3 m t r u o c he't k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te - xa h p i .

^harLJ:
I

Trong nong nghiep, chan nuoi duoc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hgp tac xa
tich eye ap d u n g tien bo khoa hoc k l thuat, nhieu bien phap tham canh tang v u .

I

hoai nang ne d u p e khan t r u o n g k h o i phuc.
Van hod, giao due, y te, cCing nhanh chong d u p e k h o i phuc va phat trien. D o i

QIOI H E N D A I

N H U N G V A N D E ZQ B A N C U A L I C H S U T H E G I O I H I E N D A I

(tu ndm 1917 den ndm 1945)

VA CONG

CUQC

XAY D l / N G C H U N G H I A XA HQI 6 LIEN X 6

pha d u p e k h o i phuc nhanh chong. N h i e u cong t r i n h d a n g l a m dang d o dupe
He thong giao thong van tai, nha't la cac t u y e n giao t h o n g ehien lupe, bj pha

SO THE

I, C A C H M A N G T H A N G MLfCJI N G A N A M 1917

T r o n g cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep t r u n g u a n g va dja p h u o n g tan
u u tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, d u a vao hoat d p n g .

LICH

1. T i n h hinh nuoc Nga truoc each mang
,

D a u the k i XX, N g a van la m o t nuoc quan ehu chuyen che, d u n g dau la N g a
hoang N i c o l a i I I . Su ton tai ciia che dp quan chu va nhi>ng tan tich phong kien
k i m h a m nang ne s y phat trien ciia chii nghla t u ban 6 N g a . N a m 1914, Nga
hoang da day nhan dan N g a vao eupc chien tranh de'quoc, gay nen n h i i n g hau

song n h a n d a n on d j n h .
T r o n g k h i m i e n Bac tap t r u n g xay d u n g hau p h u o n g t h i M l tien hanh eupc

qua n g h i e m t r p n g cho dat nuoc. Phong trao phan d o i chien t r a n h , d o i lat d o

chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian t h u hai, m i e n Bac phai v u a san xua't v u a chong ehien

che d p N g a hoang Ian r p n g khap trong nuoc. C h i n h phu N g a hoang ngay cang

tranh pha hoai cua M l .

to ra bat lye, k h o n g eon kha nang tiep tuc t h o n g t r i d u p e nvta. N u o c Nga da

T r o n g d i e u k i e n t u o n g d o i hoa b i n h , ca t r o n g chien t r a n h pha hoai, mien
Bac da tap t r u n g I a n kha nang ve lue l u p n g va p h u o n g tien de khae phuc k i p
t h o i hau qua ciia nhij-ng tran d a n h pha ae liet, v u p t qua nhi>ng eupc bao vay
p h o n g toa gat gao cua djch, bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang v i e n t r p t u ben ngoai
va ehi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien t u y e n m i e n N a m , c6 ca chien t r u o n g Lao va
Campuchia.
* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1973

tien sat tai m o t eupc each m a n g .
2. Cach mang thang H a i nam.1917
Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang hai bat dau t u thang 2 - 1 9 1 7 . M o dau la
eupc bieu t i n h ngay 23 - 2 ciia 9 van nvt cong nhan o t h u d o Petorograt. N g a y
27 - 2, phong trao nhanh chong Ian rpng toan thanh pho va chuyen t u tong bai
cong c h i n h t r j sang k h o i nghla v i i trang. Quan k h o i nghia chie'm d u p e cae cong

-1975:

H i ^ p d j n h Pari n a m 1973 ve Viet N a m , q u a n M I bupe p h a i r i i t k h o i nuoe ta,

so, bat cac t u o n g ta eiia N g a hoang. Che d p quan chii chuyen che'sup d o .

l a m thay d o i so sanh lue l u p n g 6 m i e n N a m eo I p i eho each m a n g . M i e n Bac tro

T i n thang Ipi ciia eupc k h o i nghla o thii do da bay nhanh k h 5 p t r o n g nuoc.

lai hoa b i n h , tien h a n h khae phuc hau qua ehien tranh, k h o i phuc va phat trien

Chi t r o n g v o n g 8 ngay, tren p h a m v i ca nuoc, quan c h i i n g n h a n dan da v i i n g

k i n h te - xa h p i , ra sue ehi v i ^ n eho tien t u y e n m i e n N a m .

day lat d o che d p cij. N u o c Nga t r o thanh nuoc cong hoa.

Sau hai n a m (1973 -1974),ve eo ban m i e n Bac k h o i phuc x o n g eae eo so k i n h

Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang H a i thang I p i . T u y nhien, m o t tinh h i n h

te, cac h0 t h o n g t h u y nong, m a n g l u o i giao thong, cae cong t r i n h van hoa, giao

chinh t r j phuc tap chua t u n g eo da dien ra 6 nuoc N g a . D o la t i n h trang hai

dye, y te, k i n h te'co buoc phat trien.
D e n cuoi n a m 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, n o n g nghiep tren m o t so'mat tran
q u a n t r o n g da dat v u p t m u c n a m 1964 va n a m 1971 la hai n a m dat m u c cao
nha't t r o n g 20 n a m xay d u n g ehii nghla xa hpi a m i e n Bac. T h u c h i ^ n nghia v u
hau p h u o n g , t r o n g hai n a m 1973 - 1974, mien BSc d u a vao chien t r u o n g m i e n
N a m , Campuchia, Lao gan 20 v a n bp d p i , hang van t h a n h nien x u n g phong,
can bp chuyen m o n , nhan k l thuat d p t xua't t r o n g hai thang dau n a m

1975.

M i e n Bac gap r i i t d u a vao m i e n N a m 57.000 bp d p i ( t r o n g t o n g so 108.000 bp
d p i cua ke'hoaeh d p n g v i e n 1975).

chinh q u y e n song song ton tai. H a i chinh quyen nay dai dien cho I p i ich ciia
cac giai cap khae n h a u nen k h o n g the cung ton tai. T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, L e n i n
Va Dang Bonsevich da ehuan bj ke'hoaeh tiep tuc lam each m a n g , lat d o C h i n h
phii t u san lam t h o i .
3. Cach mang thang Mucri Nga nam 1917
a) Qua trinh chuyen tu Cach mang thang Hai sang Cach mang thang Mucri
Sau Cach m a n g thang H a i , nuoc N g a xua't hien tinh trang 2 ehinh quyen
Song song ton tai: C h i n h phii lam thai ciia giai cap t u san va X6 vie't dai bieu

Ve vat chat - k l thuat, m i e n BSc da eo n h i r n g no l y c p h i t h u o n g , dap u n g

Cong nhan va b i n h l i n h . Sau k h i nMm d u p e chinh quyen, C h i n h phii lam thai da

day d i i va k i p t h o i n h u cau to Ian va cap bach ciia eupc t o n g tien cong chien

khong giai quye't n h u n g van de da hua truoc d o n h u v a n de r u p n g dat ciia

lupe 6 m i e n N a m .

on


N g a y 3 thang 7, h a n 500.000 nhan d a n Petorograt x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h

n o n g dan, vi#c l a m cho cong nhan, tinh trang thie'u l u o n g t h y c va nhat la quy^j
theo d u o i chien tranh d e q u o c den ciing.

(Joi c h u y e n giao c h i n h quyen ve tay X6 viet n h u n g C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i da t u

T r o n g hoan canh d o , lanh t u cua dang Lenin tix T h u y ST t r a ve Phan Lan

cho'i va ra l ^ n h cho b i n h l i n h ban vao doan bieu t i n h . Sau d o , C h i n h p h i i l a m

ngay 3 thang 4 n a m 1917 da nhan diroc s y l i n g hp rat I a n ciia nhan da,^

thoi tien hanh d a n ap va bat cac dang vien Bosevich. Cac nha i n pha h i i y va

Petorograt. N g a y 4 thang 4 n a m 1917, Lenin dpc m o t bai phat bieu quan t r o n ^

bao b i cam xua't ban. C h u n g ra lenh t r u y na Lenin de d u a ra toa, cac d o n v j

CO nhan de "NhCrng n h i e m v u ciia giai cap v 6 san t r o n g cupc each m a n g hi{>,^

each m a n g bj t u o c k h i g i d i hoac bj day ra m a t tran. T i r do, t r o n g thang 7, t i n h

nay". Ban bao cao nay da d i vao Ijch s u v o i ten g p i "Luan c u o n g thang T u " chj

trang hai c h i n h q u y e n song song ton tai ke't thue v o i thang I p i thupe ve giai cap

ra con d u o n g chuyen t u each m a n g d a n chii t u san sang each m a n g xa hoi elm

tusan.

nghla. L e n i n chi ro rang can cham d u t t i n h trang 2 c h i n h q u y e n song song td,^

T r u o c tinh h i n h d o , tir ngay 26 thang 7 den 3 thang 8, D a n g Bosevich da

tai bang each chuyen giao c h i n h quyen ve tay eac x6 viet: "Dieu dpc dao tronp

hpp D a i h p i V I de d a n h gia tinh h i n h va vach ra sach luoc da'u tranh. D a i h p i

t h a i sv n u a e N g a c h i n h la buoc qua d p t u giai doan t h u nhat ciia each mang la

chi ro phai chuan bj chuyen sang k h o i nghTa v u trang de gianh c h i n h quyen.

giai doan da d e m lai c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap t u san tien len giai doan t h u hai

Dai h p i c u n g ehii t r u a n g t a m t h a i n i t bo khau hieu "Tat ca c h i n h q u y e n ve tay

ciia each m a n g la giai doan phai d e m l a i c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap v 6 san va

X6 viet" con L e n i n r i i t ve hoat d p n g b i mat. Ve phia C h i n h p h u l a m thoi, C h i n h

cho n h u n g tang l o p ngheo t r o n g n o n g dan". Ve p h u a n g p h a p da'u tranh, Lenin

p h i i lien hiep d u a Kerenski, l a n h t y dang Mensevich len l a m t h i i t u o n g a m

viet: " V u k h i 6 t r o n g tay nhan dan, k h o n g c6 s u c u o n g b u c nao t u ben ngoai

m u u thie't lap che'dp dpc tai quan sy.

d o i v o i nhan dan, d o la thue chat cua s u vat. D i e u d o cho phep va bao dam ' •

T r o n g hoan canh d o , L e n i n phat d p n g quan c h i i n g danh tan cupc n o i loan

phat trien va hoa b i n h cua each mang". T u y nhien, Lenin cijng chi ro phai san

dong t h o i vach m a t c h i n h p h i i Kerenski d o do, sau k h i cupc n o i loan b i d a p t i t ,

sang chuyen sang k h o i nghla v u trang m o t k h i hoan canh thay d o i .

uy t i n ciia D a n g Bosevich tie'p tuc dang cao. N h a n d a n d a n d a n thay the cac dai
bieu D a n g Mensevich va Xa h p i each m a n g bSng cac d a i bieu Bosevich t r o n g

De bay to s u l i n g hp dang Bonsevich, ngay Quoc te Lao dpng 18 thang 4 (1- 5)
n a m 1917, cong nhan N g a bieu t i n h d o i hoa b i n h , d a n chu. T r o n g k h i do bo

cac x6 viet. N g a y 31 thang 8, X6 viet Petorograt va sau d o ngay 5 thang 9, X 6

t r u a n g ngoai giao ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i giri cong h a m cho cac nuoc p!

viet M a t x e o v a da t h o n g qua eac nghj quye't cua D a n g Bonsevich va chuan b i

H i ^ p uoc cam ke't theo d u o i chien tranh d e n cung gay s u p h a n n p t r o n g d .

khoi nghla v u t r a n g g i a n h lai c h i n h quyen.

chiing. D u o i s u l a n h dao ciia dang Bosevich, ngay 20 va 21 thang 4, hang ch;

N g a y 7-10, L e n i n tir Phan L a n ve Petorograt, t r y e tie'p chi dao each mang.

van nhan d a n N g a x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h hoa binh, g i o cao k h a u h i ^ u "Tat

Cupc k h o i nghla bat d a u d e m 24 - 10 (6 -11). Cac d p i Can v? da n h a n h

chinh q u y e n ve tay X6 viet", "Hoa b i n h , r u p n g da't, banh m i " . N h i r n g cupc b i t -

chong chie'm d u a c n h i r n g v j t r i then chot a t h u do. D e m 25 -10 (7 - 11), quan

tinh nay lam cho Chinh p h i i t u san lam thoi k h u n g hoang. N g a y 2 thang 5 (15 - 5)

k h o i nghla c h i e m c u n g d i ^ n M i i a D o n g . C h i n h p h i i t u san l a m t h a i sup do.

truae ap l y e ciia quan chiing, bp t r u o n g ngoai giao va b p t r u a n g chien tranh

Tie'p theo thang I p i 6 Petorograt, c h i n h quyen X 6 viet d u p e thanh lap 6

phai tir chiifc. N g a y 5 thang 5, C h i n h p h i i lam t h o i tien hanh cai to va thanh K

Matxeova. D a u n a m 1918, each m a n g xa h p i chii nghla g i a n h d u p e thang l a i

c h i n h p h u lien hiep tang them so g h e c h o cac dang thoa t h i ^ p .

tren da't n u a e N g a rpng Idn.

b) V nghia Ijch sti' cua Cdch mang thang Muai Nga

N g a y 18 thang 6 (1 - 7), dang Mensevich va Xa hpi each m a n g da a m m u u to
chire m o t cupc bieu tinh quan chiing de bieu d u a n g l y e l u p n g n h u n g dang

I

Bosevich da t h a m gia cupc bieu tinh nay va bien no thanh cupc bieu tinh iing

,da't n y o c va so phan ciia hang trieu con n g u o i 6 Nga. M o t k i n g u y e n m o i da

hp d u o n g 16'i d a n g Bonsevich v o i cac khau h i ^ u : "Da dao chien tranh", "Tat ca

Mo ra cho Ijch sir nude Nga: Giai cap cong nhan, nhan d a n lao d p n g va eac d a n

chinh q u y e n ve tay cac x6 viet". N g o a i m a t tran, cupc tan cong ciia quan Ng'^

tpc d u p e giai p h d n g k h o i m p i ach ap hue, hoc Ipt, d i r n g len l a m chii da't nude

theo l ^ n h ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i vao lien quan Due, A o - H u n g that bai nang

Cach m a n g thang M y o i N g a thSng Ipi da l a m thay d o i hoan toan v a n m ? n h

| y a van m ^ n h ciia m i n h .

ne v o i 60.000 b i n h l i n h N g a bj bat va gie't. T i n that bai gay s y cam p h a n va bat
b i n h rat Ion t r o n g nhan d a n Nga.
218

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6 ty INHH MI y LWH

RtiShg

Vlfit

T h a n g IQ'I cua Cach m a n g thang M u o i da l a m thay d o i eye di§n the g i a i c6

troc, c u u dan. Sau n h i e u n a m bon ba 6 hai ngoai, den n a m 1920, sau k h i doc

v u m a n h me va de lai nhieu bai hoc quy gia cho p h o n g trao each m a n g ciia gigj

fga thao L u a n c u o n g ciia L e n i n ve van de d a n tpc va thupc dja, N g u y e n A i

cap cong nhan, nhan d a n lao d o n g va cac dan toe bj ap buc tren toan the'gioi.

Quoc da t i m ra con d u o n g c u u n u o c cho dan tpc Viet N a m . N g u o i da quyet

Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga 1917 duoc d a n h gia la m p t s u ki?n lich sir vT

t^m d i theo Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga, d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v6 san.

dai nhat t r o n g lich s u n u o c N g a va Ijch su nhan loai 6 t h e k i XX:

Sau k h i da t i m den chii nghla Mac - Lenin, N g u y e n A i Q u o c ra sire hoat

Cach m a n g thang M u o i d u a den viec thanh lap N h a n u o c xa hpi chii nghTa

dpng de t r u y e n ba chii nghla Mac - L e n i n ve Vi^t N a m . T h a n g 6 n a m 1925,

d a u tien tren the'gioi, co y nghla to Ion d o i v o i nuoc N g a va the'gioi.

[sjguyen A i Q u o c t h a n h lap H p i Vi^t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien. Tai cac l o p

Ddi voi nuoc N ^ a , no m o ra m o t k i n g u y e n m o i cho n u o c Nga, l a m thay d o i

hua'n l u y ? n cho to ehire nay, N g u y e n A i Quoc da t r u y e n ba t u t u o n g cua chii

v a n m ^ n h da't n u o c va so phan hang trieu con n g u o i 6 Nga. Day la Ian dau tien

nghla Mae - L e n i n va t u t u o n g ciia Cach m a n g thang M u o i N g a cho nhOng

t r o n g Ijch su, giai cap cong nhan, nhan dan lao d o n g va cac d a n toe d u o c gjai

thanh vien ciia H p i , t r o n g do dac b i f t l u u y den k i n h n g h i ^ m to chuc D a n g v 6

phong, thoat k h o i m p i xieng xich no le, l a m chii van m e n h da't nuoc. Su ra d o i

san kieu m o i 6 Nga.

cua nha n u o c xa hoi chii nghla da d u a nhan dan len n a m c h i n h q u y e n 6 m o t

Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga n a m 1917 anh h u o n g den Vi^t N a m t h o n g qua

n u o c chie'm 1/6 d i e n ti'ch the'gioi.

con d u o n g sach bao b i mat, t h o n g qua hoat d o n g ciia H p i Vi^t N a m each m a n g

no c6 anh h u o n g den p h o n g trao each m a n g the gioi, dac

Thanh nien. Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga t r u o c he't de lai bai hoc k i n h n g h i ^ m

biet p h o n g trao dau t r a n h gianh doc lap cua cac n u o c thupc dja va p h u thuoc.

quy gia cho each m a n g Viet N a m do la, m u o n d u a each m a n g den thang Ipi

Co v i i m a n h me phong trao each mang cvia giai cap cong nhan quoc te^ chi ra cho

phai CO vai tro lanh dao ciia c h i n h dang giai cap v6 san, 6 N g a la s u lanh dao

hp con d u o n g d i den thang Igi trong cuoc dau tranh chong chii nghla t u ban.

ciia D a n g Bonsevich, d o L e n i n sang lap. Tie'p nhan k i n h n g h i ^ m do nen ngay 3

Dd'i v&i the'gioi,

c) Vai trd cua Lenin doi v&i thdng lot cua Cach mang thang Mucri

Nga

thang 2 n a m 1930, N g u y e n A i Quoc sang lap ra D a n g C o n g san Viet N a m .

Su d u n g ye'u to cua t h o i dai, bien thanh t h o i co cho Cach m a n g thang M u o

Sau k h i D a n g C p n g san V i f t N a m thanh lap. D a n g da lanh dao nhan d a n ta

Nga. L e n i n chii t r u o n g : "Bien chien tranh dequo'c t h a n h n p i chien each m a n g '

dau tranh giai p h o n g d a n tpc v a giai p h o n g giai cap d i theo con d u o n g Cach

K h a i thac the ye'u va ban chat ciia c h i n h p h u lam t h o i de co lap va tach ho ra

mang thang M u o i Nga: sir d u n g bao luc each m a n g de gianh c h i n h q u y e n ve

k h o i nhan dan, the hien qua sach lupc " H o a b i n h - Banh m i - R u p n g da't".

tay nhan dan; t h u e h i ^ n lien m i n h cong - nong, lay lien m i n h cong - n o n g l a m
nong cot de doan ket cac luc l u p n g yeu n u o c n h a m d a u t r a n h c h o n g ke t h i i .

Thue hien each m a n g k h o n g n g u n g , do la chu t r u o n g ehuyen Cach mang
thang H a i sang Cach m a n g thang M u o i bang p h u o n g phap hoa b i n h va vu
trang de cuol c u n g "Tat ca c h i n h quyen ve tay cac x6 vie't".

N h o d i theo Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga, d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v 6
s a n , nen d u o i s u l a n h dao ciia Dang, nhan dan ta d a u t r a n h g i a n h thang Ipi

Kha n a n g tap h o p d o n g dao quan c h u n g nhan dan de d a u t r a n h d a n h do

trong Cach mang thang Tarn nam 1945; thang Ipi trong chien djch D i ^ n Bien Phii
nam 1954 va thang Ipi trong cupc khang chien chong M i c u u nuoc nam 1975.

giai cap p h o n g kien va t u san, gianh chinh quyen ve tay giai cap v 6 san.
d) Anh huang cua Cach mang thdng Muoi Nga dot vai each mang Viet

Nam

Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga la cupe each m a n g v 6 san no r a v a gianh than^

4. V i sao a n u o c N g a n a m 1917 l a i co h a i c u p c e a c h m a n g ?

I

K/1

O Nga n a m 1917 da xay ra hai c u p c each mang, do la Cach m a n g d a n chu t u

Ipi dau tien tren t h e ' g i o i . Day la cupe each m a n g d i theo con d u o n g v 6 san. Vi

I a n thang H a i va Cach m a n g xa hpi chii nghla thang M u o i . So d l co hai c u p c

vay, thang Ipi ciia Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga c u n g la thang Ipi cua con

pach m a n g nay v i :

d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san, cho nen Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga co anh huong

I

rat Ion den p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc 6 cac n u o c A, Phi, M I L a t i n h noi

^ o n g d a n Nga v o i che'dp p h o n g kien N g a hoang, giira giai cap v 6 san v o i giai

chung, dac b i ^ t la each m a n g V i ^ t N a m .

cap t u san, giua cac dan tpc t r o n g dequo'c Nga v o i cac de'quoe khae va che d p

T r u o c s u k h i i n g hoang ve d u o n g loi c u u nuoc ciia cac bac tien bol, l a m cho
each m a n g Viet N a m " d u o n g n h u n a m t r o n g d e m t o i , k h o n g co d u o n g r a "
Luc nay, n g u o i t h a n h nien V i ^ t N a m - N g u y e n Tat T h a n h ra d i t i m d u o n g ciHi

Vao dau t h e k i XX, d Nga van ton tai cac m a u t h u a n co ban: m a u t h u a n giira

uan chii c i i n g v o i s u ton tai n h i r n g tan tich p h o n g kien lac hau da k i m ham s u
hat trien ciia c h i i nghla t u ban Nga.


ch m a n g t r o n g va ngoai nuac. N a m 1920, chie'n su cham d u t , N h a nuoc X6

Cach m a n g thang H a i n a m 1917 no ra la do n h i r n g m a u t h u a n tren, song
cupc each m a n g th3ng I p i lat d o che dp quan chu, N i c o l a i I I thoai v i m o i chi

jg't d u p e bao v§ va giu v i i n g .

giai quyet d u p e m o t m a u t h u a n la giira n o n g dan v o i che d p p h o n g kien, con

i~ Thanh qua cua chinh quyen X6 viel d Nga: C h i n h quyen X6 viet da t h o n g qua

cac m a u t h u a n khac van con ton tai, d o i hoi phai tie'p tuc giai quyet. M a t khac,

l?nh hoa b i n h va Sac l?nh r u p n g da't. Thue hien cac b i ^ n phap nhSm t h i i

cupc Cach m a n g thang H a i t u y da lat do che d p p h o n g k i e n N g a hoang, song

jjgu tan tich ciia che d p p h o n g kien, xoa bo su phan b i ^ t dang cap, n h i i n g dac

eye d i e n c h i n h t r j dac biet d i e n ra 6 N g a : hai chinh q u y e n song song t o n tai:
C h i n h p h u l a m t h a i cua giai cap t u san va cac x6 viet dai bieu cong nhan, nong
dan va b i n h l i n h . C h i n h p h i i l a m t h a i t u san bat luc t r u o c n h i m g v a n de cap
bach cua da't nuac: hoa b i n h , r u p n g da't, c u u d o i . T i n h the cho m p t cupc each
m a n g v 6 san chin m u o i .
Truae t i n h h i n h do, L e - n i n va D a n g Bonsevieh da ehuan b i ke hoach tie'p tue
l a m each m a n g , d i i n g bao luc lat d o C h i n h p h u l a m t h a i , cham d u t t i n h trang
hai c h i n h q u y e n song song t o n tai.
N h u vay, t i n h h i n h truae va sau Cach m a n g thang H a i da l i giai n u o c Nga

quyen ciia Giao h p i ; thue hien n a m n\x b i n h q u y e n . T h a n h lap cac co q u a n
{fung u o n g va cac x6 viet a eae dia p h u a n g ; c h i n h q u y e n t u san, dia chii cac
j,g'p deu bai bo. H o n g q u a n eong n o n g d u p e t h a n h lap de bao v | ehinh quyen

p^oi. C o n g bo T u y e n n g o n ve q u y e n eae dan tpe 6 N g a , khSng d i n h n h u n g
j,guyen tac co ban ve q u y e n dan tpe t u quyet, b i n h dSng va ehii q u y e n ciia tat
cac d a n tpe 6 N g a . Quoe hmx hoa eae nha may, xi n g h i ^ p ciia giai cap t u san.
%'Tat ca cac vice lam cua Chinh quyen Xd viel dem Iqi lai ich cho toan the nhan dan
lao dong va cac dan toe a Nga. Dap img dmc yeu cau va nguyen vgng ciia nhan dan Nga.
6. So sanh " C h i n h sach C p n g san t h a i c h i e n " va " C h i n h sach K i n h te m o i "

vao n a m 1917 b u n g no hai cupc each m a n g noi tie'p n h a u la d i e u tat y e u . Thang

Tieu c h i

10 - 1917, cupc each m a n g t h u hai, dupe g p i la each m a n g xa h p i chu nghia, da

so sanh

no ra va g i a n h thMng I p i .

Hoan

5. C o n g cupc xay d u n g c h i n h q u y e n X6 v i e t

1918 - 1920, tien hanh chien

1921

canh

t r a n h each m a n g eho'ng t h u

n u o c buoe vao t h o i k i hoa b i n h ,

t r o n g giac ngoai.

xay d u n g xa h p i chii nghia.

Npi

- T r u n g t h u l u o n g thue thira.

- Bai bo che dp t r u n g t h u l u o n g

dung

- Quoe h i i u hoa toan bp x i

thue, thay bang thue l u o n g thue.

nghiep.

- T u do b u o n ban, m o lai eae chp.

- N h a n u a c n a m dpe quyen

- Cho phep t u n h a n m o eae x i

ve q u a n l i , p h a n pho'i l u o n g

nghiep nho.

thue, thue p h a m .

-

- T h i h a n h che dp lao d p n g

ngoai dau t u k i n h d o a n h a N g a .

N g a y t r o n g d e m 25 - 10 (7 - 11), D a i hpi X6 viet toan N g a Ian t h u hai khai
mac 6 d i ^ n X m o - n u i da t u y e n bo t h a n h lap ehinh q u y e n X6 viet d o Le-nin
d u n g d a u . N h i ^ m v u hang dau cua chinh q u y e n X6 viet la d a p tan bp m a y nha
n u o c cu cua giai cap t u san va dia chii, khan t r u o n g xay d u n g bp m a y nha
n u o c m o i ciia n h i r n g n g u a i lao d p n g .
Cae CO q u a n t r u n g ucmg va X6 viet cac dia p h u a n g d u p e t h a n h lap, ehinh
q u y e n t u san, dia ehii eae cap deu b i bai bo.
C u o i thang 11 - 1917, ehinh q u y e n X6 viet b u a c dau quoe huu hoa cac nha
may, x i n g h i ^ p eiia giai cap t u san. Thang 12 -1917, H p i d o n g k i n h te'quo'e dan

- Tap

C u o i n a m 1918, q u a n d p i 14 nuae de'quoe eau ke't v o i lue l u p n g p h a n each

dyng

m a n g t r o n g n u o c m a eupe tan eong v u trang n h a m tieu di?t nuoc N g a X6 viet
n o n tre. T r o n g suot ba n a m (1918 - 1920), nhan dan X6 viet da tap t r u n g toan
bp sue luc tie'n h a n h cupc chie'n dau eho'ng thii trong, giac ngoai t r o n g n h i h i g
d i e u k i ^ n v 6 c u n g k h o k h a n de giir vvmg chinh quyen X6 viet.
T u n a m 1919 nuoc N g a thue h i ^ n chinh saeh Cong san t h a i chie'n n h a m huy
d p n g toi da m p i n g u o n ciia cai, nhan luc cua da't nuoc phue v u cho cupc chie'n
n h a n dan X6 viet da t u n g buoe day l u i eae eupe tan eong ciia luc l u p n g p h a n

C h i n h sach K i n h te m o i

chien '

- 1925,

Khuyen

k h o k h a n k h i da't

khich

t u ban

nuoc

bat bupe.

toi eao d u p e t h a n h lap.

dau eho'ng t h i i t r o n g , giac ngoai. V u a chie'n d a u , v u a xay d u n g . H o n g q u a n va

C h i n h sach C p n g san t h a i

trung

toan bp

sue

- Phye hoX phat trien k i n h te^ cai

n g u d i , sue eiia de chong t h i i

t h i ^ n d a i song n h a n d a n .

t r o n g giac ngoai

- Tao ca so k i n h te^ c h i n h t r j cho

- Bao ve t h a n h qua ciia Cach

Lien X6 b u a c vao eong eupe xay

m a n g thang M u o i .

d u n g ehii nghia xa h p i .

Nfhan

Co the xem " C h i n h sach K i n h te'mai" la mpt buoe l u i n h u n g la mpt

Xet

buac l i i i can thiet de Lien X6 v u p t qua nhiSng kho khan t h u thach
tao da vCing buoe vao thai k i xay dvmg chii nghia xa hpi, the hi#n su

>

lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang B6n-se-vich d u n g dau la Le-nin.


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I I . Q U O C TE C Q N G S A N

j h o n g trao da'u tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc a cac nude thupc dja va p h u thupc t r a

1 . V a i net c h i n h ve Q u o c te C p n g san

l a n h m p t bp p h a n ciia each m a n g the'gioi.

T r o n g nhO-ng n a m 1918 - 1923, cac D a n g C o n g san Ian \\xqi dxxgc thanh lap

Quoc t e ' C p n g san tap h p p m p t l u c l u p n g each m a n g r p n g rai tren p h a m v i

Ftoan

0 cac nuoc. S u phat trien nhanh chong ciia p h o n g trao each m a n g the gioi
T r u o c t i n h do, d o i hoi p h a i c6 m o t to chuc quoc te'de tap hp-p l u c i u g n g va chi
dao p h o n g trao theo m o t d u o n g l o i d i i n g dan. D a p u n g y e u cau d o , thang 3

I

n a m 1919, D a i h p i t h a n h lap Quoc te C p n g san dug-c tien hanh tai Mat-xco-va.

Quoc te'Cpng san ra sue bao ve va phat trien hpc thuye't ciia Cac Mac, chong
chii nghla co h p i , phat trien cac hpc thuye't each m a n g cho p h i i h o p v o i hoan

Quoc te'Cong san t o n tai va hoat d p n g tir nam 1919 den n a m 1943. Quoc te

canh m o i ciia thai dai, d o la cac hpc thuye't ve each m a n g giai p h o n g dan tpc,

C p n g san tien h a n h bay dai h p i , de ra d u o n g 161 each m a n g phia h p p v o i turig

ve lien m i n h cong nong, ve doan ket quoc te.

t h a i k i phat trien ciia each m a n g the g i o i . Tieu bieu la hai dai h p i :

I I I . C U Q C K H U N G H O A N G K I N H TE 1929 -1933

* D a i h p i Ian I I (1920), giir m p t v j t r i n o i bat t r o n g Hch s u hoat d p n g en

1. N h i m g net c h u n g v e cupc k h u n g h o a n g

Quoc te C p n g san v o i vi?c t h o n g qua L u a n c u o n g ve v a i tro ciia D a n g Cpng

D o san xua't ao at, chay dua theo Ipi nhuan, hang hoa e thua, l i d p n g . N h u

san, L u a n c u o n g ve van de dan tpc va thupc dja, d o Le-nin k h o i thao.

cau va sue m u a ciia n g u d i d a n k h o n g gia tang t u o n g l i n g . C u n g v u p t qua xa

Qua L u a n c u o n g ve vai tro lanh dao ciia D a n g C p n g san da chi ra cho each

cau, s u m a t can b3ng ve k i n h te t r o n g npi bp t u n g nude va s u phat trien k h o n g

m a n g the g i o i , nhat la each m a n g v 6 san m u o n da'u t r a n h gianh d u p e thang Ipi

dong deu gii>a cac nude t u ban chii nghla. T u nhiimg l i d o d o da dan den cupc

phai CO c h i n h d a n g cua giai cap v 6 san. N o t r o thanh n h a n to q u y e t d j n h moi

k h i i n g hoang k i n h te'1929 - 1933.

thang I p i cua each m a n g v 6 san.

Qua t r i n h k h i i n g hoang: T h a n g 10 - 1929, k h i i n g hoang n o ra d M i , sau d o

Qua L u a n c u o n g ve van de dan tpc va thupc dia ciia L e - n i n da c h i ra cho

Ian ra toan b p the g i d i t u ban. D a y la cupc k h i i n g hoang thua, k h i i n g hoang

giai cap v 6 san va cac dan tpc thupc dja m u o n da'u t r a n h g i a n h t h a n g Ipi phai

tram t r p n g nhat, keo dai nhat t r o n g Ijch s u cac nude t u ban chii nghla.

lien m i n h , lien ket v o i nhau, thuc hi^n khau hieu ciia Le-nin: " V 6 .san tat ca cac

Cupc k h i i n g hoang da tan p h a k i n h te^ gay ra hau qua n g h i e m t r p n g ve

n u o c va cac dan tpc bj ap b i i c doan ket l a i " .
D a i h p i Ian V I I (1935), Quoc te'Cpng san da chi ro n g u y co ciia c h i i nghla
phat x i t va k e u gpi cac D a n g C p n g san tich eye da'u t r a n h t h a n h l a p cac mat

t h e ' g i o i de thanh lap m p t mat tran h u n g hau n h ^ m chong chii nghla phat

j(it, c h o n g chien t r a n h , bao v^ L i e n X6, bao ve hoa b i n h the'gioi.

chinh t r j - xa h p i .
H

H a n g chuc van cong nhan that nghi^p, nong dan m a t r u p n g dat, song t r o n g

tran t h o n g nhat cong n h a n va cac luc l u p n g tien bp n h a m m u c tieu chong phat

canh ngheo d o i , t i i n g quan. N h i e u cupc da'u tranh ciia n h i j n g n g u d i that

xit, chong chien t r a n h .

nghiep d i e n ra d k h a p cac nude. De doa s u ton tai ciia chii nghla t u ban.
K h i b j k h i i n g hoang, cac nude t u ban chii nghla giai quyet k h i i n g hoang

N h o CO chii t r u o n g ciia Quoc te'Cpng san tai D a i h p i V I I m a cac n u o c d a Ian
l u p t t h a n h l a p m a t tran n h a n d a n chong phat xit, chong chien t r a n h , bao

jfreo cac bien phap khac nhau.

hoa b i n h .

!

quan l i , to chiic san xua't.

M a t tran n h a n d a n cac nuoc ra d o i da tap h p p d u p e m p t l u c l u p n g each
m a n g d o n g dao l a m n h i e m v y chong phat xit, bao v | dpc lap d a n tpc.

D61 v d i Due, I-ta-li-a, N h a t Ban t i m k i e m 16'i thoat bSng h i n h thuc t h o n g t r j

2. V a i tro ciia Q u o c te C p n g san d o i v o i p h o n g trao each m a n g the g i o i

m d i . D d la thie't l a p cac che d p dpc tai phat x i t - nen chuyen c h i n h k h i i n g bo

T r o n g khoang 1/4 the'ki ton tai, Quoc te'Cpng san t r o t h a n h n h a n to hang

irCong khai ciia n h u n g the luc p h a n d p n g nhat, hieu chien nhat.

dau t r o n g v i f c thiic day p h o n g trao each m a n g the'gioi phat t r i e n .
Quoc te C p n g san chii t r u o n g thanh lap cac d a n g cpng san 6 cac n u o c tu

D o i v d i A n h , Phap, M i tien hanh cai each k i n h te - xa h p i , d o i m d i qua t r i n h

% K h i i n g h o a n g k i n h te va qua t r i n h D a n g Quoc xa l e n cam q u y e n b D u e
I

Cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te'the'gidi cudl nam 1929 da giang d o n nang ne vao

ban de lanh dao p h o n g trao cong nhan da'u tranh chong chii nghla tu ban

nen k i n h te'Diic. M a u thuan xa h p i va cupc dau tranh ciia quan c h i i n g lao d p n g

chong ap buc, boc lot.


Quoc te'Cpng san tao dieu ki^n thanh lap cac d a n g cpng san v a chi dao saU
sat cac d a n g cpng san va p h o n g trao each m a n g a cac n u o c thupc dia, l a m ch
224

'k^ong d i i sue m a n h de d u y t r i che d p cpng hoa t u san, d u a dat nude v u p t qua
^ U p c k h i i n g hoang d d .


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T r o n g b o i canh ay, cac the luc p h a n d p n g , hie'u chien, tap h ^ p t r o n g Dang

De dua nude M I thoat ra khoi cupc k h i i n g hoang, Tong thong Ph. Ru-do-ven

Cong n h a n quoc gia xa h p i (gpi tat la D a n g Quoc xa), ngay cang m o r p n g arih

da thuc h i ^ n c h i n h sach m o i . C h i n h sach m o i da giai quyet d u p e m p t so'van de

h u o n g t r o n g q u a n c h i i n g . D u n g dau la H i t - l e , ra sue t u y e n t r u y e n kich dorig

C O ban ciia n u a c M I t r o n g con k h i i n g hoang n g u y kich. N h a nude t u san da

chu nghia p h y c t h i i , chu nghla chong cpng va p h a n biet c h i i n g toe. C h i i truorig

tang c u o n g v a i t r o ciia m i n h t r o n g viec e i i u t r p n g u d i that nghiep, tao t h e m

phat xit hoa bp m a y nha nuoc, thiet lap che d p d p dpc tai k h i i n g bo cong khai,

nhieu viec l a m m d i , k h o i phuc san xuat, xoa d j u m a u t h u a n giai cap va gdp
p h a n l a m cho n u d e M I d u y t r i d u p e che d p d a n c h i i t u san. C h i n h v i the.

N g a y 30 - 1 - 1933, T o n g t h o n g H i n - d e n - b u a chi d i n h Hi't-le l a m T h i i tu6n.>

Ph. R u - d o - v e n la Tong thong d u y nha't trong lich s i i nude M I suot bon n h i ^ m k i .

va thanh lap c h i n h p h i i m o i , m o ra m p t t h o i k i den toi t r o n g lich s i i nude D i i c

Ve d o i ngoai, C h i n h p h i i Ru-do-ven de ra C h i n h sach lang gieng than thi$n

Tir n a m 1933, C h i n h p h i i Hit-le rao riet thiet lap nen chuyen chinh dpc tai, cong

n h a m cai thien q u a n he v d i cac nude M I L a t i n h , v o n dupe M I eoi la "san sau"

khai k h i i n g bo cac dang phai dan chii tieh bp, truoc het la Dang Cpng san Due.

d i a m i n h , va thiet lap ngoai giao v d i L i e n x6.

Thang 2 -1933, c h i n h q u y e n phat xit v u cao n h u n g n g u o i cpng san d o t chay

D o i v d i cac v a n de quoc te^ t r u d c n g u y co ciia chii nghla phat xit va chien

nha Quoc h p i , dat D a n g Cpng san ra ngoai phap luat va bat g i a m 10 v a n dang

tranh bao t r i i m toan t h e ' g i d i , quoc h p i M I da t h o n g qua hang loat dao luat de

vien cpng san.

igiu v a i t r o t r u n g lap t r o n g cac cupc x u n g d p t quan su ben ngoai nude M I .

N a m 1934, H i n - d e n - b u a qua d o i , H i t - l e t u y e n bo h i i y bo H i e n phap Vai-ma,

C h i n h sach d o da g d p p h a n khuye'n k h i c h c h i i nghla phat x i t t y d o h a n h d p n g ,

t u x i m g la Quoc t r u o n g suot d o i . N e n C p n g hoa Vai-ma hoan toan sup do.

gay ra cupc Chien t r a n h the'gidi t h i i hai.

Ve k i n h te, c h i n h q u y e n phat xit tien h a n h to chuc nen k i n h te theo huong

4. K h i i n g hoang k i n h te rtam 1929 -1933 d N h a t

t ^ p t r u n g , m # n h l ^ n h , phuc v u n h u cau q u a n su. Cac n g a n h cong nghiep dan

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dan d u p e phuc h o i va hoat d p n g het sue khan t r u o n g , dac b i ^ t la cong nghiep

Cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te t h e ' g i d i (1929 - 1933) da giang m p t d o n nang ne

quan su. Cac n g a n h giao t h o n g van tai, xay d u n g d u a n g sa d u p e tang cuong

vao k i n h te'Nhat: San xuat cong nghiep g i a m siit. K h i i n g hoang xay ra n g h i e m

de giai quyet nan that nghiep va phuc v u n h u cau q u a n su. N e n k i n h te'Diic da

t r p n g nha't la t r o n g n o n g nghiep. T h i t r u o n g t r o n g va ngoai nude b i t h u h?p.

thoat k h o i k h i i n g hoang.

K h i i n g hoang k i n h te day m a n h qua t r i n h tap t r u n g san xuat, tang c u d n g

Ve d o i ngoai, chinh quyen Hit-le tang cuong cac hoat dpng chuan bi chien tranh.
Thang 10 - 1933, n u o c D u e t u y e n bo' n i t k h o i H p i Quoc lien de d u p e t u do
hanh dpng.

N a m 1935, Hit-le ban hanh lenh tong dpng vien quan dich, tuyen bo thanh lap
dpi quan t h u o n g true va bSt dau trien khai cac hoat d p n g quan su a chau A u .
D e n n a m 1938, v o i d p i quan 1,5 t r i ^ u n g u o i cung 30000 xe tang va khoang

q u y e n l y c ciia cac tap doan t u ban I d n .
i

N h a m khac phuc n h u n g hau qua ciia cupc k h i i n g hoang va giai quyet k h d
k h a n d o thie'u n g u o n n g u y e n li#u va t h i t r u o n g tieu t h u h a n g hda, g i d i cam
q u y e n N h a t c h i i t r u o n g quan phiet hda bp m a y nha nude, gay chien tranh x a m
lupc, banh t r u d n g ra ben ngoai.
C u n g v d i v i ^ quan phi^t hda bp may nha nude, tang cudng chay dua v i i trang,

4000 m a y bay, n u o c D u e da t r o thanh m p t trai l i n h k h o n g 16, d i i sue tieh hanh

g i d i cam quyen N h a t Ban day manh cupc chien tranh xam lupc T r u n g Quoc.

cac ke hoach gay chien tranh x a m lupc.

IV. PHONG T R A O M A T T R A N N H A N D A N C H O N G PHAT XIT

3. Cupc khiing hoang k i n h te nam 1929 -1933 b M i

D o hau qua ciia cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te the g i d i 1929 - 1933 va sy xuat

T r o n g k h i giai cap t u san M I he't l o i ca n g p i su p h o n v i n h ciia nen k i n h te th'

hi?n chii nghla phat x i t de dpa su o n d i n h , hoa b i n h va an n i n h n h a n loai. Yeu

cupc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te chua t u n g thay bat n g d b u n g no vao thang 10 -1929,

cau t h a n h lap m p t M a t tran nhan dan de doan ke't n h a n dan cac nude chong ke

cham d i i t t h o i k i hoang k i m ciia k i n h te M I .

t h i i c h u n g la c h i i nghla phat x i t la can thiet.

Cupc k h i i n g hoang bat dau t r o n g l i n h v u c ngan hang. N g a y 29 - 1 0 -1929 1^

Thang 7 -1935, Quoc te'Cpng san tieh hanh D a i h p i Ian t h i i V I I chi dao cho

ngay hoang loan chua t u n g c6 t r o n g lich s i i t h i t r u o n g c h u n g k h o a n N i u Oo<^'

cac D a n g C p n g san t h a n h lap M a t tran nhan d a n chong phat x i t . T h y c h i ^ n chii

K h i i n g hoang pha h u y n g h i e m t r p n g san xuat cong nghiep, n o n g nghiep

t r u o n g ciia Quoc te C p n g san. M a t tran nhan d a n chong phat x i t d u p e thanh

t h u o n g nghiep ciia nuoc M I .

Igp d Phap, I-ta-li-a, T i ^ p Khac, H i Lap, Tay Ban N h a . . .


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M a t tran nhan dan Tay Ban N h a thanh lap vao thang 2 - 1936. M a t tran
nhan dan Phap thanh lap 5 - 1936.
Thang i g i cua M a t tran nhan dan Phap trong n h u n g n a m 1936 - 1939 la su
k i f n noi bat t r o n g cugc dau tranh chong chu nghia phat xit. T r o n g cugc torig
tuyen c u thang 5 - 1936, M a t tran nhan dan Phap g i a n h d u g c thang Igi, Jen
n a m c h i n h q u y e n a Phap va thanh lap chinh p h i i do Le-6ng B o - l u m d u n g dau
Phong trao M a t tran nhan dan da bao ve dugc nen d a n chu, d u a nuoc Phap
v u g t qua hiem hoa chii nghTa phat xit.
Dai hgi V I I Quoc te'Cgng san (1935) de cao viec thanh lap M a t tran nhan
dan Phap, coi d o la k i n h nghiem can pho bien rgng rai cho cac nuoc t r o n g cuoc
dau tranh chong phat xit va n g u y co chien tranh.
V . C H I E N T R A N H T H E G I O I T H l / H A I (1939 -1945)
1. C o n d u a n g dan den chien tranh (1931 -1939)
T u cugc k h u n g hoang k i n h te'(1929 - 1933), cac nuoc phat x i t Due, I-ta-ii-a
va N h a t Ban da lien ket v o i nhau thanh Lien m i n h phat xit, con d u g c ggi la
true Bec-lin - Ro-ma - T6-ki-6. K h o i nay vua chong lai Quoc te'Cgng san, vua

gay chien tranh chia lai the g i o i . T r o n g boi eanh do, cac c u o n g quoc t u ban va
L i e n X6 lai k h o n g c6 d u o n g 161 hanh d g n g c h u n g . Cac n u o c phat x i t da Igi
d u n g t i n h h i n h d o de t h u c h i ^ n muc tieu gay chien t r a n h xam luge eiia m i n h
T r u o c he't H i t - l e quyet d j n h sap nhap A o vao n u o c Due, roi tien hanh xam l u g i
cac nuoc khac. Tiep do, H i t - l e yeu eau C h i n h p h i i Tiep Khac chuyen giao xu
Xuy-det cho n g u o i Due.

Phe True xam chiem va thong tri phan lan ehau Au: thang 4 - 1940, quan Due
chuyen h u a n g tan cong t u phia d o n g sang phia tay, chiem hau he't cac nuoc t u
ban chau A u n h u D a n Mach, N a U y , Bi, Ha Lan, Liic-xam-bua va d a n h t h i n g
i | v a o nuac Phap. T h a n g 9 - 1940, nhSm c i i n g co khoi lien m i n h phat xit, H i ? p
xxac Tam c u a n g Duc-I-ta-li-a-Nhat Ban dugc k i ket tai Bec-lin, thua nhan sir
thong trj cua D u e va I-ta-li-a a chau A u . T u thang 10 - 1940, H i t - l e chuyen sang
thon t i n h

cac n u a c D o n g va N a m chau A u . Cac nuac Ru-ma-ni, H u n g - g a - r i ,

Bun-ga-ri t r o thanh c h u hau cua D u e va bj quan D u e chiem d o n g . BMng v u lire,
quan D u e va I-ta-li-a t h o n t i n h N a m T u va H i Lap. D e n m i i a he nam 1941, phe
phat xit da t h o n g t r i p h a n l a n chau A u .
2. C h i e n tranh lan rpng kh3p the gioi
a. Due tan cong Lien X6: N g a y 22 - 6 - 1941, phat x i t D u e tan cong Lien X6
bat chap H i e p d j n h X6 - Due. D u e s u d u n g chie'n thuat "chie'n tranh chop
n h o a n g " d a n h v a o L i e n X6 theo ba h u a n g : D a o q u a n p h i a Bac d a n h vao
Le-nin-grat. Dao quan t r u n g tam tien vao ngoai v i t h u d o Mat-xco-va. Dao
quan phia n a m chiem Ki-ep va phan l a n U-crai-na.
Q u a n d g i va nhan dan Lien X6 kien quyet chie'n da'u bao ve To quoc. Thang
12-1941, H o n g quan L i e n X6 d o t u o n g Giu-cop ehi h u y da phan cong quyet
li?t, day l u i quan D u e ra k h o i cua ngo t h i i do. Chie'n tranh Mat-xca-va da l a m
pha san chie'n l u g e "chie'n t r a n h c h o p n h o a n g " ciia H i t - l e . Sau t h a t bai 6

Mat-xco-va, quan D u e chuyen m u i n h g n tan cong x u o n g phia n a m n h a m danh
chiem Xta-lin-grat. Cugc chien da'u keo dai h o n hai thang n h u n g quan D u e
khong the ehie'm d u g c thanh pho nay.

Ngay 29 - 9 - 1938, H g i nghj M u y - n i c h dugc trieu tap v a i s u t h a m gia ciia

Chie'n sir tai Bac Phi: N g a y t u thang 9 - 1940 quan d g i I-ta-li-a da tan cong A i

n g u o i d u n g dau cac c h i n h p h u A n h , Phap, D u e va I-ta-li-a. M o t hiep d j n h da

Cap. Cugc chie'n 6 day dien ra trong the'giang co, k h o n g p h a n thang bai giCra

d u g c k i ket, theo d o A n h , Phap trao v u n g Xuy-det ciia Tiep Khac cho D i i c dc

lien quan Duc-I-ta-li-a v o i lien quan A n h - M i . Thang 10 - 1942, lien quan A n h -

d o i lay su cam ket ciia H i t - l e ve viec cham d i i t m g i cugc t h o n t i n h a chau A u .

M I gianh thang Igi t r o n g tran En A-la-men ( A i Cap), g i a n h Igi u u the 6 Bac Phi

Dai bleu Tiep Khac d u g c m o i den M u y - n i c h chi de tiep nhan va t h i hanh H i e p

va chuyen sang phan cong tren toan mat tran.

d j n h . Sau k h i chiern Xuy-det, H i t - l e thon t i n h toan bg Ti^p Khac (thang 3-1939).

b. Nhat khai chien vdfiMi-Anh.

/tJrf

Chien tranh Thai Binh Duong: Ngay 7 -12 -1941,

K h o n g d u n g l ^ i 6 do, H i t - l e bat dau gay hah va chuan b i tien hanh chien tranh

quan N h a t bat ngo tan cong Tran Chau Cang - can c u hai quan chii yeu ciia MT

v a i Ba Lan.

6 Thai B i n h D u o n g . H a m d g i M i bj thi^t hai nang ne. C i i n g lue do, N h a t d o bg

Ch\m tranh the'i^i&i bat dan ^iua Di'ec vai Ba Lan, Anh, Phap: Rang sang ngay

6 N a m Thai B i n h D u o n g va Bac M a L a i . N h a t tuyen chien v o i M i - A n h . N g a y

1 - 9 - 1939 q u a n d g i D u e ta'n cong Ba Lan. H a i ngay sau, A n h va Phap bugc

1 - 1 - 1942, Lien X6, M i , A n h k i ban Tuyen ngon Lien hi^p quoc, khMng d j n h

phai t u y e n chie'n v o i Due. Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai bat d a u . V a i u u the

quyet tam chong phat xit.

tuyet d o i ve sue m a n h , quan D u e ap d u n g chien luge "Chie'n tranh chop
n h o a n g " va ehie'm d u g c Ba Lan sau gan m o t thang. Lien quan A n h - Phap dan
tran dgc bien g i o i phia tay n u a c D i i c , n h u n g k h o n g tan cong Due. Lien X6 tien
hanh m g t so boat d g n g quan sir va chinh t n de gianh lai lanh tho cua N g a cu.

Chien tranhVidi

Binh Duvn;^: K h i chien tranh Thai Binh D u o n g b u n g no,

N h a t tien hanh d a n h chiem k h u vuc D o n g N a m A : C h i e m Thai Lan, M a Lai,
Xin-ga-po. N h a t m o r g n g chie'n tranh Thai Binh D u o n g . D e n n a m 1942, N h a t
da banh t r u o n g toi da 6 D o n g A , D o n g N a m A va Tay Thai B i n h D u o n g .
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